TY - JOUR A1 - Anonymus-2011, T1 - Fromm [弗洛姆] JF - Chinese Nation [中国民族报], Beijing, June 14 (2011). N2 - 弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980)通常被归类为>新弗洛伊德<学派的成员。其思想体系建立在>人本主义的精神分析 <基础上,>人本主义的精神分析<的重点是指出:人类基本需求并非植根于他的本能,而是在人类生存的特殊情境,在于寻找人和自然新的关联性的需求——当人丧失 N2 - Fromm (Erich Fromm, 1900 – 1980) is usually classified as a member of the school of >new Freud<. Its ideological system is built on the basis of >the spirit of humanism analysis<, the spirit of humanism analysis focus: basic human needs are not rooted in his instinct, but in special situations of human existence, is looking for and the demand of the natural correlation – when people lose. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huang, Wendan T1 - On the Theme of Loneliness in >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter> [论《心是孤独的猎手》中的孤独主题], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2011 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 20世纪40年代美国女作家卡森•麦卡勒斯的长篇小说《心是孤独的猎手》是一部极具代表意义的作品。该作品中的人物都呈现一个共同特征:孤独。国内对该小说的研究甚少。本论文从埃里希•弗洛姆新精神分析理论的角度对小说的孤独主题进行分析。首先,论文运用>金字塔<的图式分析小说中人物孤独的表现。由哑巴辛格所做的金字塔之梦引出小说孤独金字塔结构,阐明主要人物在孤独金字塔中的地位;探讨金字塔的核心人物辛格的性格特征,并说明他是如何成为其他四人心目中的>上帝<;以小女孩米克和黑人医生考普兰德为代表分析金字塔低层被俘虏人群的孤独,指出他们每个人都有自己的梦,但每个人都是孤独的。其次,论文探讨小说人物孤独的原因。一方面,卡森•麦卡勒斯自身的孤独体验影响了小说的创作。其严厉的家庭教育,反复发作的疾病和痛苦的恋情导致麦卡勒斯长期处于孤独的情结之中,也成为《心是孤独的猎手》孤独主题的主要缘由之一。另一方面,当时的社会环境和个人行为影响人物心理。信仰的缺失,人物交流的受阻,自我身份的不确定和感情的无能为力使人物陷入深深的孤独之中。最后,论文挖掘小说人物逃离孤独的方式。主要包括酗酒,施虐与受虐以及音乐。然而,酗酒只能暂时麻醉人的孤独之感,施虐与受虐使人迷失自我因而感到更加孤独,音乐只能从表面缓解孤独。这表明,20世纪美国社会普遍存在的孤独心理无法避免,任何消解方式都是徒劳。 N2 - Carson McCullers is an American woman writer in the 1940s. >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter< is one of her most representative novels. The characters in this novel share a common feature: loneliness. In China, few works have studied this novel. This thesis analyzes the theme of loneliness in this novel by employing Erich Fromm’s Neo-Psychoanalytic theory. First, this thesis analyzes the manifestation of loneliness through the pyramid structure. By narrating the mute Singer’s dream, it reduces the pyramid structure of loneliness, and clarifies every character’s status in this pyramid; then it discusses the characteristics of the core character Singer and explains how he becomes the >God< in the hearts of the other four people; finally it chooses Mick and Copeland as representatives to present the loneliness of the captive crowd in the low layer of the pyramid, pointing out each of them has his dream, but each is lonely.– Next, this thesis probes into the causes of loneliness. On the one hand, McCullers’s personal experience of loneliness influences the creation of this novel. The strict family education, the chronic diseases and the painful love keep McCullers in the mood of loneliness, which in turn becomes the source of the loneliness of the novel; on the other hand, the social environment and individual behavior in that period affect the psychology of characters. The death of god, the breakdown in communication, the loss of identity and the inability of love result in the characters’ deep loneliness.– At last, it explores the ways to escape from loneliness, including alcoholism, sadism and masochism, and music. However, alcoholism can only temporarily paralyze the feeling of loneliness, sadism and masochism lead to disorientation, making people feel lonelier; music can merely relieve the loneliness on the surface. It demonstrates that in the 20th century, the social mentality of loneliness in America is inevitable, and all the efforts to avoid loneliness are in vain. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yanhua, Lu T1 - A Study of >Love Medicine< in Light of Erich Fromm's Love Theory [埃瑞克•弗洛姆爱的理论观照下的《爱药》研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2011 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Louise Erdrich is one of the most well-known and productive writers of contemporary American literature, a leading figure of the second American Indian literature wave. Her first novel and masterpiece >Love Medicine< was first published in 1984 and won a number of awards including the National Book Critics Circle Award for best work of fiction. >Love Medicine< is centered in the relationships between lovers and families. Its significance is also profound since it reflects the conflicts and synergies between Indian traditions and contemporary American society and culture. Love, being the theme of several of Erdrich’s works, is regarded as the most effective medicine of the painful soul. Love people, love your family members because only love can form them as one. Only love makes these possible – personal survival and cultural continuity. >Love Medicine< demonstrates how love integrate the separated and alienated into a coherent whole. Most of the characters living on the reservation throughout their life constitute a movement toward selfless love and forgiveness. Love, which is a intrinsic capability of human soul, enables those who are hurted to give up the notion of oneself as victim to transcend the individual limits and reach the highest spiritual realm of humanism. As its title suggests, love is the true >medicine<, bring a sense of wholeness and belongs, despite circumstances of loss or broken connection to those who reach for it. This thesis intends to make a progressing research on this theme in light of Eric Fromm’s love theory which is put forward in his the Art of loving. Introduction mainly introduces the theoretical frame of thesis, which is Eric Fromm‘s love theory.– Chapter One discusses the three types of love mainly reflected in the novel-love between family members; between male and female and among equals in the Indian world.– Chapter Two analyzes the essence of love in light of the love theory of Eric Fromm from three aspects.– Chapter Three attempts to illustrate that how love can resolve the problem of human existence by close-reading of the text and analysis of the specific scenes and characters. Through creating family ties the Indian people find a way to search for their self-identity and human survival. It tries to read and explain the complicated situation of both Indian and white culture continuity by means of love.– The thesis finally concludes that love, as a power of human heart, can be the most effective redemption to the hearted soul and at the same time, a revelation to an oblivious civilization. N2 - 路易丝•厄德里克是美国当代著名作家、印第安文艺复兴运动第二次大潮的代表人物。《爱药》是她的成名作和代表作,也是第一部被译成中文的当代美国印第安长篇小说。《爱药》主要描述了居留地印第安人的家庭生活和亲人、爱人以及整个部族成员之间的关系,也深刻地反映出印第安人的历史传统与主流社会的文化冲突与融合的现状。弘扬爱是厄德里克众多作品的主题,它被人视为心灵最有效的疗药。爱家庭,每个成员都会把自己看作是整体的不可分的一部分,并且整体是高于个体的。他们有强烈的群体意识,因为群体是他们的归属,他们的需要。爱的传承,是保持传统生生不息的上上之策。爱之药能愈合人的创伤、民族的创伤和文化的创伤。《爱药》展示了爱,如何把被分裂的和疏离的个体融合成一个有机的整体。作品中那些生活在居留地上的人们,终其一生都在努力朝向爱与谅解。爱,作为一种人类心灵独特的能力,能够把人们从>受害者<的桎梏下解放出来,超越个人的局限,从而达到人道主义的最高精神境界。本论文以埃瑞克•弗洛姆的《爱的艺术》中爱的理论为指导,层层深入地分析了《爱药》中蕴含的爱的主题。前言介绍论文的文学背景和目的,介绍了理论框架即埃瑞克•弗洛姆在他的《爱的艺术》一书中提出的爱的理论。论文的第一章分析了作品中反应的三种爱,即亲情之爱,异性之爱和博爱。第二章以弗洛姆爱的理论为指导,分析爱对人类心灵的作用。通过文本细读的方法探讨和阐述爱的本质,即爱是什么。本章从爱是付出;爱是尊重和关怀;爱是理解这三个方面阐释爱的本质。第三章试图通过文本细读和特定情境及人物分析,展示了爱如何解决人类的生存问题。阐述了爱之药是如何地愈合人的创伤、民族的创伤和文化的创伤。爱之药是如何地维系着人类的生存和发展。结论得出,爱,作为人类心灵的力量,是一剂最为有效的疗药疗治人类心灵的创伤和一个日渐没落的文明。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lu, Ye T1 - On the >Dream< in the Works of Bulgakov [论布尔加科夫作品中的>梦<], Master thesis, Russian Language and Literature, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2011 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Mikhail Abramovich Bulgakov (1891-1940) was a famous Russian writer. His work in the form of eclectic, unique, both biting satire and magical color, full content of a humanitarian sense of justice and a sense of mission. In many works of Bulgakov uses dreams to reveal the characters' psychology, extended work space, the performance of their themes. Narrative theory, text analysis, combined with Freud, Jung and Fromm's dream theory to analyze the works of Bulgakov's dream. This article is divided into three chapters. The first chapter from the general description of the relationship between dream and literary works, some of the features of the dream narrative suitable carrier and summed >Dreamland< four works, second. The third Chapter analyzes particularly the dreamland in >Bai Weijun< and >Master and Margarita<, dreamland expounding the role and significance of the works of Bulgakov and summarizes Bulgakov’s overall creation of the analysis of the dreamland. [automatic translation] N2 - 米哈伊尔•阿法纳西耶维奇•布尔加科夫(1891-1940)是俄罗斯著名作家。他的作品在形式上不拘一格、独树一帜,既有辛辣的讽刺又具有魔幻主义色彩,在内容上充满了人道主义的正义感与使命感。在很多作品中布尔加科夫利用梦境来揭示人物心理,扩展作品空间,表现作品主题。本文以叙事学理论为基础,采用文本分析法,结合弗洛伊德、荣格和弗洛姆的有关梦的理论,来分析布尔加科夫作品中的梦。本文分为三个章节,第一章从总体上说明梦与文学作品的关系,梦的一些特点为叙事提供了合适的载体,并总结出梦境描写在作品中的四种作用;第二、三章具体分析《白卫军》和《大师和玛格丽特》中的梦境描写,分别论述梦境描写在布尔加科夫作品中的作用和意义,并通过对梦境描写的分析总结布尔加科夫整体的创作观。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Di T1 - Origins of Poe's Gothic Stories, Master thesis [坡恐怖小说的源流], English Language and Literature, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China 2011 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 19th-century American genius writer Edgar Allan Poe's works originality, unique. A large number of his works, especially the horror stories involving death, murdered, buried alive. His creative approach and literary theory is not accepted by the society at the time, has been excluded and combat. Until the 20th century was only writers and readers to accept. Has a different interpretation of why writing these write sophisticated horror fiction while pregnant with meaning. Edgar Allan Poe is an American talented writer in the nineteenth century, whose gothic novels are deliberately composed with specially terrifying contents Many of his gothic stories related to death, murder and burial alive the His works are not accepted by the society of that time because his writing skills and literary theories are so different from the mainstream literature; even he himself is severely criticized and attacked. Not until the twentieth century is he accepted by critics and readers. The examinations of his texts have always been taking a predominant position in researches on Poe these years. Though there are some explanations of the reasons for his creation of gothic novels, they only mention that his abnormal character is the main reason because of his personal experience. As to how his abnormal character is formed, little is probed. This paper will explore the psychological origin of his writing gothic stories analyzing his psychological structure; at the same time, other origins will be explored from the aspects of culture and market, with an attempt to understand Poe systematically.– In Chapter One the style and theme of Poe's short stories are briefly introduced. The gothic elements in his novels give the reader terrifying feelings and the novels like The Black Cat, The Fall of the House of Usher etc are taken as examples to show the horrible effects brought by his gothic novels. Then the theme of this paper is introduced. Part 2 in Chapter One is mainly concerned about literature review. Literature review chiefly states the basic information of study on Poe at home and abroad as a whole. The study on Poe focuses on his short stories, poem and poetry. Later, a new study is carried out from the perspective of historicism.– In Chapter Two the psychological origin of literary creation is discussed. The psychoanalytic theories are applied to the exploration. The psychological theories, Horney's neurotic anxiety and Fromm's psychoanalysis from social aspect are used to explain the psychological motives of gothic story creation. The misfortunes in Poe's childhood and the bad relationship between him and his father lead to his worsening neurotic anxiety. The main symptoms are the lack of safety sense, the inability to deal with conflicts and his terror of death. Because of the experiences of these emotions he could understand the inner plight of people's psychology and the pains brought by the changing society. By creating terror in his gothic novels, he could express his concerns over human's fate, and transmit the terror to the reader, with an aim to stimulate readers to think deeply about life.– Chapter Three analyzes the cultural origin of his gothic novels. The emergence and development of the gothic novel obviously has an impact on Poe's gothic novels. Poe's gothic novels clearly have the gothic elements like deserted castle, violence, death, murder etc. The sharing features explain why Poe's terrifying novels are also called gothic novels. Poe steps forward by changing the gothic novels into a tool to express the psychological traumas of people, the reflection on the destructive effects brought by capitalist development on traditional civilization and values, and the desperate and painful efforts human has made to adapt to a ever changing society.– Market origin is discussed in Chapter Four. Gothic novels can bring a special emotional experience to readers, so they were popular in the society of that time to some extent, which means one could make a living by writing gothic novels or stories. Combining the above origins, Poe starts writing gothic novels. Poe's gothic novels might be better understood if his writing motives are better understood, that is, the terror in his gothic novels which is the writer's own terror exists in people's heart, and human's psychological problems should be paid attention to. N2 - 美国十九世纪天才作家埃德加•爱伦•坡的作品独具匠心,别具一格。他的大量作品,尤其是恐怖小说都涉及死亡、谋杀、活埋等内容。由于他的创作手法和文学理论并不为当时的社会所接受,一直受到排斥和打击。直到二十世纪才被作家和读者接受。对于作者为什么写出这些编写精巧同时又寓意深刻的恐怖小说有着不同的解读。本文将从文化、心理以及市场的方面进行探讨,系统的梳理并揭示作者创作恐怖小说的源流。其中将应用现代心理学理论对其心理方面的动机进行详细解释。论文的第一章简要介绍了坡小说的风格和主题。正是因为坡恐怖小说中的恐怖要素给读者带来了强烈的情绪感受,并以他的小说《黑猫》,《厄舍老屋的倒塌》等为例来说明坡恐怖小说的恐怖效应。之后提出坡为什么倾向于采用恐怖小说的体裁这个问题,引入本文研究的主题。第一章的第二部分为文献综述。文献综述分别从国外的研究和国内的研究两个方面来叙述对于坡研究的总体情况。主要涉及到对于坡的短篇小说、诗、诗歌理论的研究以及当代应用新历史主义对于坡的研究状况。国内的研究总体上文章不少,但系统性和突破性的研究不多。第二章是本文的一个重要内容。主要应用现代心理学理论——霍妮的神经焦虑症和弗洛姆的心理分析,对坡的创作心理动机进行剖析。童年生活中的重要事件如父母的去世,与养父母的关系,从事文学创作与养父对其期望的冲突等等一系列事件造成坡的心理焦虑症及恶化。最主要的表现就是安全感的缺乏,处理冲突能力的缺失和对于死亡的恐惧等。是坡把他对于现实生活在的恐惧转化为了他的恐怖小说中的恐惧,在读者阅读的时候传导给读者。经历了恐怖死亡体验之后,读者或许会真正从更深的层次去思考生活和生命。第三章主要从文化的角度来分析坡恐怖小说的源流。本章首先梳理了恐怖小说的起源和发展过程,其在19世纪的美国亦拥有一定的读者,并有美国本土作者进行创作,推动了恐怖小说在美国的发展。坡的恐怖小说当然受到早期恐怖小说的影响,在许多的恐怖要素上,比如活埋、暴力、死亡、凶杀及阴森古堡等都有像似性。但与之前的恐怖小说相比,坡的恐怖小说多了新的表达功用:成为表达人内心恐惧的有效的工具,即把资本主义社会发展带来的种种后果对人性格的撕裂和对传统文明的摧残。第四章叙述了读者对于恐怖小说的阅读需求对于坡恐怖小说创作的影响。正是因为恐怖小说有一定的读者群,坡所写的恐怖小说才能够卖的出去,小说能卖出去才能够解决坡的生计问题。因此,经济窘迫的境况也是促使坡写恐怖小说的原因之一通过对于坡创作恐怖小说的源流进行分析,可以在更深层次上去理解坡的恐怖小说。尤其是通过关注坡恐怖小说创作的的心理成因,能够帮助理解人的意识和潜意识的深层领域,从而关注人的内心精神困境 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hao, Hongcui T1 - Response to the Behavior of Parents of Young Children’s Favorite Cartoon Hero Type [基于幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的家长回应行为研究], Master thesis, Pre-primary Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2011. N2 - Any questionnaire survey and It does not the present paper took the hero-type cartoon >Ultraman< as an example to study the actual state of the children's love about hero-type cartoons and the parents' response behaviors to it The author also in-depth analyzed the possible effects on children and reasons of parents' response behaviors. The survey found that most children like the hero-type cartoons. They like watching the cartoons, talking about them, imitating the hero and asking their parents to buy related productions for them. The reasons are that the great heroes, simple and repeated stories and the strong stimulation from screen not only attract children, but also cater to the children's psychological needs. In addition, the environments of family and community are influencing factors too. Based on the four types of children's reaction to the cartoons, parents' response behaviors are divided into four corresponding aspects. As for the first type that children like watching cartoons, parents' response behaviors are letting children watch TV themselves or watching cartoons with other children. In terms of children's talking about cartoons, parents usually refuse them, but only repeat what they say, or teach them what they should learn from the cartoons or rearrange and continue the stories. For children's imitating the hero, some parents prohibit their conducts while some other parents allow them to do so. For children's requirement of buying related productions, parents may refuse them, or meet their requirement immediately but with conditions.– According to Erich Fromm’s viewpoint, the author analyzed the possible effects which parents' behaviors may bring to children. The result is that parents' supportive actions ie watching cartoons with children, talking with children about cartoons and allowing them play games of super hero, are in favor of children's growth. On the contrary, the averse and restrictive behaviors are bad for children. The study analyzed the reasons of parents' behaviors using Charles H. Zastrow's Social ecosystem theory. The author found that parents' own factors are the main reason, while other persons' effects are the direct reasons for parents' response. Children's pressure of communication with companions makes parents have less control, and the social environment also imperceptibly influences parents' behaviors.– On the basis of the above results, the researcher gives some suggestions to parents and the society in order to help parents make better response to children. Parents should have correct ideas toward children. They may study by themselves and the society should set up schools for parents. In practice, parents must give children the correct guidance. They should watch cartoons with children together, talk with children about cartoons, allow children to play and meet children's requirements latterly. This study proposes the positive impact on children and takes away the negative impact. Consequently, children can get more benefits from the hero-type cartoons. N2 - 本研究以英雄型动画片《奥特曼》为例,采用问卷调查法和访谈法,对幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的现状和基于幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的家长回应行为现状进行了调查研究,并深入分析了家长回应行为可能对幼儿产生的影响及其成因。调查发现,多数幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片,主要行为表现包括四个方面:要求收看英雄型动画片;与家人、朋友谈论片中内容、模仿片中人物和要求购买相关产品。幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片,主要因为片中人物形象的伟大、故事情节的简单和重复、强烈的感官刺激吸引了幼儿,并迎合了幼儿自我实现与偶像崇拜的心理需求,另外也受到了家庭、社区等环境因素的影响。根据幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的行为表现,研究者将家长的回应行为也划分为相应的四个方面,分别进行了探讨。基于幼儿收看英雄型动画片,家长的回应行为分为让幼儿独自观看和陪同幼儿观看两种情况;基于幼儿谈论片中的内容,家长的回应行为主要包括拒绝幼儿谈论、简单附和幼儿、引导幼儿趋利避害和改编或续编故事情节;基于幼儿发起超级英雄游戏,家长的回应行为主要分为禁止幼儿游戏和允许幼儿游戏;基于幼儿购买相关产品的要求,家长的回应行为主要包括拒绝满足、完全满足和附条件地满足。本研究依据弗洛姆侵犯论的观点,对家长的回应行为可能产生的影响进行了分析。结果显示,家长陪同幼儿观看动画片、与幼儿共同谈论动画内容、允许幼儿的超级英雄游戏等支持性的行为,有助于满足幼儿的生效需求,保证幼儿自由活动的权利,有助于幼儿健康成长。相反,家长的反对、限制性行为束缚了幼儿的活动,不能为幼儿提供更多的启发性刺激,有碍幼儿健康发展。本研究运用查尔斯•扎斯特罗的社会生态系统理论对家长回应行为的成因进行了系统的分析。研究发现,家长自身因素对其回应行为起决定作用,他人的影响是家长采取回应行为的直接诱因,幼儿的同伴交往需求间接>迫使<家长放松对幼儿的控制度,社会大环境对家长的回应行为起着潜移默化的影响。根据以上研究结果,研究者从帮助家长树立正确观念和在实践中正确引导幼儿两个方面向家长提供了建议,以期家长能够更好地回应幼儿。正确观念的树立主要通过家长的自我学习以及积极参加社会开办的家长学校来实现。在实践中家长要尽量陪同幼儿观看英雄型动画片、正确指导幼儿超级英雄游戏、充分利用与幼儿谈论动画片的机会帮助幼儿趋利避害,并适当指导幼儿购买相关产品等。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Qiuxiao A1 - Wang, Hongwei T1 - Gregor's Alienation from Fromm's Human Alienation Theory View [从弗洛姆的人性异化论来看格里高尔的异化] [Application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Literatures (Theory Edition) [文学界(理论版)], No. 2 (2011), pp. 28, 35. N2 - 文章运用弗洛姆的人性异化论,对卡夫卡《变形记》中的主人公格里高尔人性的异化进行了全面的分析,揭示出人性的异化是资本主义社会不可消除的真实存在的危机。 N2 - Article using Fromm human alienation of Kafka >The Metamorphosis< in the hero Gregor alienation of humanity carried out a comprehensive analysis reveals the alienation of human nature is a capitalist society cannot be eliminated the real crisis. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Huang, Donghua A1 - Han, Hao T1 - The >1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts< Role in the Formation of Marxist Philosophy – On Marcuse’s and Fromm’s Misinterpretation [论《1844年经济学哲学手稿》在马克思主义哲学形成中的作用——兼论马尔库塞与弗洛姆对《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的曲解] JF - Bridge of Century [世纪桥], No. 5 (2011), pp. 45-46. N2 - 1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)以>实践<为核心概念,克服了近代哲学无法克服的心物、主客二元对立,也对克服现代西方哲学科学主义与人本主义的二元对立有相当的启示意义,在这个意义上,《手稿》奠定了成熟马克思主义的思维方式,预示着成熟的马克思主义的理论雏形。通过分析马尔库塞和弗洛姆对《手稿》的曲解,可以一步说明《手稿》在马克思主义哲学形成中所起的作用。 N2 - >Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 < (hereinafter referred to as the >manuscript<) as the core of the concept of >practice< to overcome the mind and matter that cannot be overcome in modern philosophy, subject and object binary opposition, but also overcome modern Western philosophy of science Marxism and humanism dualism considerable significance, in this sense, >Manuscript< laid the a mature Marxist way of thinking, and indicates that the a mature Marxist theory of the prototype. Through analysis of Marcuse and Fromm Manuscript, misinterpretation can step instructions Manuscripts role in the formation of Marxist philosophy. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Anheng T1 - A Neo-psychoanalysis of Emily’s Necrophilia Characteristics [新精神分析艾米丽的恋尸癖特征] [Application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Journal of Jiangxi Institute of Education [江西教育学院学报], No. 2 (2011), pp. 147-149. N2 - William Faulkner explores the variation process of Emily’s psychology through flashback narration with onlooking and collateral evidence. He discloses the mental factor behind a murder by the lover. Analyzed from the point of view of Fromm’s neo-psychoanalysis, Emily suffers necrophilia with its typical characteristics, which should be the mental cause of the murder. N2 - 福克纳以旁观和旁证的侧面回忆的叙事方式探索了艾米丽心理变异过程,揭示了恋人谋杀案背后的精神因素。从弗洛姆的新精神分析学的视角分析,艾米丽患有恋尸癖的典型特征,这是导致谋杀的精神病因。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Hailan T1 - The Love of Fromm’s Family Ethics [弗洛姆家庭伦理之爱研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2011. N2 - Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is a German-American Jews who is famous as a psychologist, a sociologist, an ethicist and a philosopher. At the same time, he is the important person who is the representative of Freudian Marxism and Frankfurt School. He is concerned about the human being’s living situation and tries his best to solve the problem. His Love Theory offers us a valuable consult, making us think society problems. By his book >The Art of Loving<, we try to explore the way of solving problems of our concern. It consists of three parts. Part One: the theory of Love, including the essence and basis of love. Part Two: the theory of family ethics. This part studies the relationship among families, giving some advice how to deal with the problems. Part Three: an apocalypse to our society. This part gives us the support of how to set up the Love points, family ethics points and values points in order to solve the problems we are facing. N2 - 埃里希.弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980),一个具有某种独特才能和魅力的美籍德国精神分析学家、社会学家、伦理学家和哲学家,>新弗洛伊德主义<的主要代表人物,法兰克福学派的重要代表人物。他关注人的生存状态,并致力于解决社会问题。他的一些关于爱的理论对于我们思考社会问题,提供了很大的参考价值。本文主要通过对他的《爱的艺术》一书中爱的思想的研读,试图探索找到一些社会问题的解决办法。全文分三个部分。第一部分:弗洛姆关于爱的本质和内容的基本思想。主要阐释了他的爱的基本理论。第二部分:弗洛姆的家庭伦理之爱。主要阐释了家庭成员之间的关系。特别是对家庭成员之间存在的问题,提供了一些建议。第三部分:弗洛姆家庭伦理之爱思想对当代中国社会的启示。他的家庭伦理之爱思想,对于我们树立正确的爱情观、伦理观、教育观都给予了一些理论支撑。我们倡导和谐社会,就是要帮助人们树立正确的价值取向,科学合理地处理生活中的矛盾和问题。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Jia T1 - On Human Nature Realization – Marx's and Fromm's Thought Comparison [论人的本质的实现 - 马克思与弗洛姆人学思想比较], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2011. N2 - Even we can say that philosophy is just the theory of humanity The study on man is Marx and Fromm also have his interest in the subject of man The scientific connotation of human nature and human form is an important part in philosophy his eternal topic. In this paper, according to learning the textbooks of the theory of humanity of Marx and Fromm, I will point out the features of the theory of humanity, and clarify different relative concepts and point out how different experts use them in different texts. This paper is based on three fundamental concepts: The >Essence of Man<, >Alienation< and >The Form of Human Essence<.– In the first chapter, I will inquire the concept of Human Essence of Marx and Fromm.– In the second chapter, I will inquire the form of human essence and theory of Communism about Marx and Fromm, criticizing different solutions on social problem.– In the third chapter, I will carried out on the comparative analysis of both of the theory of humanity not only they see similarities but also see differences. N2 - 从某种程度上来说,哲学就是人学。有关人的问题的讨论,在哲学研究中占有重要地位。马克思与弗洛姆的哲学同样关注人的问题,而人的本质的科学内涵以及实现形式是他们孜孜以求的话题。本文通过马克思和弗洛姆有关人学思想的研究,对相关概念进行历史梳理。分析相关概念的流变过程,比较马克思与弗洛姆人学思想的各自特色,探索他们关于人本质实现的主要理论,以期有益于我们更好理解和坚持以人为本的科学发展观。本文主体部分围绕三个概念展开分析:人的本质、异化、人的本质实现。第一章对人的本性和本质的概念进行了集中梳理。第二章通过马克思与弗洛姆对人的本质实现及共产主义理论的讨论,评价了不同社会改造方案的历史意义。在第三章,展开了对二者人学理论的比较分析,既看到了二者的共性,又看到了二者之间存在的差异。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Jia A1 - Meng, Xue T1 - Loneliness Everywhere – The Loneliness Theme in Chen Ran’s >The Other Ear Percussion< [无处不在的孤独——陈染《另一只耳朵的敲击声》中的孤独主题][Application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Anhui Literature (The Second Half) [安徽文学(下半月)], No. 3 (2011), pp. 16-17. N2 - 作为中国当代文学界一位出色的女作家,陈染以其独特的个人化创作进行着孤独主题的持续诠释。本文拟从弗洛姆的孤独理论探讨陈染的代表作《另一只耳朵的敲击声》。通过分析小说主人公黛二和她母亲生活环境的孤独以及心灵的孤独来揭露生活中无处不在的孤独。 N2 - As an outstanding contemporary Chinese literary authoress, Chen Ran with its unique personalized creation loneliness theme continued interpretation. This article intends to explore the loneliness theory from Fromm Chen Ran's masterpiece >The Other Ear Percussion<. By analyzing the protagonist Daier and her mother living environment loneliness and lonely soul to expose the loneliness of life everywhere. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Qingxia A1 - Wang, Xi T1 - A Study on Similarities and Differences of Alienation Theories between Fromm and Lukács [弗洛姆与卢卡奇异化理论的差异性探究] JF - Journal of Northeast Agricultural University (Social Science Edition) [东北农业大学学报(社会科学版) ], No. 6 (2011), pp. 113-117. N2 - The main representative Lukacs of the early western Marxism and important representative Fromm of the Frankfurt School have inherited the alienation theory of Marx, and they also carried on the in-depth research on the emerging of alienation phenomenon in the 20th century, and they both had a profound criticism on modern capitalism by using the alienation theories. However, the emergence of the backgrounds and concerns of alienation theories are different, meanwhile, the analysis on the causes of alienation, and the discussion on elimination of alienation ways also show the great difference. Therefore, this paper aims to compare the similarity and difference between Fromm and Lukacs' alienation theories, and provides a new understanding on contemporary alienation phenomena. N2 - 早期西方马克思主义代表卢卡奇和法兰克福学派的重要代表弗洛姆都对马克思的异化理论有所继承,也都对20世纪新出现的异化现象进行了深入的研究,二者都通过异化理论对当今资本主义展开了深刻的批判。但是,他们异化理论产生的时代背景、对异化现象的关注、关于异化原因的分析及消除异化途径的探讨又表现出很大的不同。本文旨在比较弗洛姆与卢卡奇异化理论的异同,使人们对当代的异化现象有新的认识。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peng, Bingbing T1 - Alienation and Its Overcoming – Fromm's Alienation Theory [异化与健全之路——弗洛姆的异化理论探析] JF - Jiangxi Social Sciences [江西社会科学], No. 9 (2011), pp. 37-41. N2 - 马克思的异化理论与弗洛伊德的精神分析为弗洛姆考察当代资本主义提供了重要的方法论基础。弗洛姆指出,在当代资本主义,异化不仅发生在经济领域,也发生在精神领域和政治领域。他主张在经济、政治和文化三个方面同时变革,从社会与个体特别是个人的心灵方面进行整体改造,才能克服异化。 N2 - Marx's theory of alienation and Freud's psychoanalysis for Fromm to examine incidents of contemporary capitalism provides important methodological basis. Fromm pointed out that, in contemporary capitalism, alienation occurs not only in the economic field, but also in the spiritual realm and the political realm. He advocated that the three aspects of the economic, political and cultural change at the same time, the overall transformation of human consciousness from the society and the individual, especially personal to overcome alienation. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Peng, Hongya T1 - Fromm's Concept of Happiness [弗洛姆幸福观研究], Master thesis, Henan University of Science and Technology, Ideological and Political Education, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China 2011. N2 - The 20th century famous humanism philosophers and psychologists Fromm’s, use spirit analysis, the paper analyzes the happiness and joy socialist happy the rationality and limitation of socialism happiness, definitely the happiness can serve as a kind of ethical value standard point of view. Fromm pointed out that human happiness was consistent with the nature of existence, to be happy means to be fully human birth, human potential to be the perfect realization of human survival the final answer.– The concept of happiness has three main contents: first, the need was the power of happiness. Fromm, starting from the nature of human existence into the needs of the people associated with, and beyond, roots, identity, commitment and other five and that five kinds of happiness to meet the needs of the minimum conditions. Second, the production was the core of happiness. Production was the full potential of people power, that everyone had an attitude, a positive and practical way of life, with productive person who, before having sex with the production. Thirdly, love was the source of happiness.– The nature of love to give, was a mutual respect and sharing with each other, improve and increase, both in love and get happiness. Fromm though the way that to achieve happiness, there were two, one individual psychological revolution, the second was social transformation. Through the psychological revolution, to achieve spiritual salvation, the twisted psychopathic personality molded into productive healthy personality. On economic, political and cultural transformation of the field, to achieve a state of equality, so that everyone could get material security, and lead a dignified life, restoration of human society, the highest status in the end to slavery were property situation.– Fromm’s concept of happiness was rooted in the alienation of capitalist society, the state of people, from a psychological dimension to explore in depth the well-being of the modern Western issues, building a harmonious society in China, the promotion of human happiness has some theoretical and practical value. N2 - 20世纪著名的人本主义哲学家、心理学家弗洛姆,利用精神分析法,分析了快乐主义幸福观与反快乐主义幸福观的合理性和局限性,肯定了幸福可以作为一种伦理价值标准的观点。弗洛姆在对四种快乐类型区分的基础上,提出了自己对幸福的看法:幸福是与人的本性相一致的存在,是理性充分发展的一种状态。获得幸福标志着创造性地实现自己的潜能,既与世界溶为一体,又维护自己的完整性。这种幸福观具有浓厚的心理学色彩,其主要内容有三方面:第一,需要是幸福的动力。弗洛姆从人的生存本性出发把人的需要分为关联、超越、寻根、认同、献身等五种,并认为五种需要的满足是人幸福的最起码条件。第二,生产性是幸福的核心。生产性是人充分发挥潜能的力量,是每个人都具有的一种态度,一种积极的生存方式,惟有生产性性格的人,才有生产性行为。第三,爱是幸福的源泉。爱的本质是给予,在爱的给予中双方都获得了幸福的体验。弗洛姆认为实现幸福的途径有两种,一是个体心理革命,二是社会改造。通过心理革命,实现心灵拯救,将扭曲的病态人格塑造成生产性的健全人格。通过对经济、政治和文化领域的改造,达到一种人人平等的状态,使每个人在物质上都能够得到保障,过上有尊严的生活,恢复人在社会中的最高地位,结束人被物奴役的局面。弗洛姆的幸福观根植于资本主义社会人的异化状态,从心理学层面深入地探究了现代西方人的幸福问题,对我国构建和谐社会,促进人生幸福有一定的理论价值和现实意义。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peng, Hongya A1 - Li, Tao T1 - On Fromm’s Happiness Thinking in Productive Connotation and Its Contemporary Significance [浅谈弗洛姆幸福思想中的生产性内涵及其当代启示] JF - Economic Research Guide [经济研究导刊], No. 23 (2011), pp. 296-297. N2 - 生产性是弗洛姆思想的主要内容。生产性不仅是人运用其自身的能量,实现内在于自身的潜在的力量,更是一种人生态度,一种积极的人生实践方式。在生产性行为中,人的潜能得以充分实现,完成了人与自身、人与外界的完美结合。在这种物我一体的人生体验中,人的情感,乃至生命得以升华,人达到了一种自足的状态。生产性是弗洛姆幸福思想的核心。 N2 - Productive thinking is Fromm main content. Production is not only people to use their own energy to realize the potential inherent in their own strength, it is an attitude towards life, a positive way of life practice. In the production of sex in human potential can be fully realized, complete with its own people, the perfect combination of man and the outside world. In such a thing in my whole life experience, human emotion, and even lives to sublimate, people reach a state of self-sufficiency. Productive thinking is the core of Fromm happiness. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shi, Yaowei T1 - Analysis on Master Degree, etc. Candidates' Academic Life in the View of Fromm's Theory [硕士研究生学术生活的弗洛姆式解读], Master Thesis, Mental Health Education, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2011. N2 - Generally speaking, master Degree, etc candidates begin to receive systemic academic training, they need to make their own efforts in academic research and exploration, which is something new in their former educational experience their school life is academic life to a certain Degree, etc. When master Degree, etc candidates face precipitate academic life, their mental disposition and behaviour choice, which may influence individual development, quality of the postgraduate education and academic sustainable development, is worthy of discussion. First, interviewing 15 interviewees is to collect abundant information, on base of which this study take advanced knowledge as a point of penetration, use Fromm’s social character theory for reference to analyze the marketing orientation, the receptive orientation, the boarding orientation, the exploitative orientation and the rational orientation in master Degree, etc candidates’ academic life.– In the end, to draw a conclusion that: First, different orientations don’t Influence individual alone, but mix with each other among four unproductive orientations, or between four unproductive orientations and the rational orientation. Second, many factors play a role in master Degree, etc candidates’ academic life, but academic interest is pivotal. This study suggests that unproductive orientations such as the marketing orientation, the receptive orientation, the boarding orientation, the exploitative orientation are dominant, the rational orientation has been weaken even exiled in master Degree, etc candidates’ academic life. The rational orientation is dominant in creative academic life, in which unproductive orientations can change into reasonable needs and play positive roles in a certain extent, and then avoid mutual dissimilation between scholarism and man, to lead a harmonious academic life. N2 - 一般说来,硕士研究生在学校教育中开始接受系统的学术训练,需要在学术研究和探索中作出自己的努力,这在之前的教育阶段是不曾有的,硕士研究生的学习生活在一定程度也成为学术生活。硕士研究生怎样应对突如其来的学术生活,会在其中产生怎样的心理倾向,会做出怎样的行为选择对个体发展、研究生教育质量以及学术事业的可持续发展会产生不同程度的、直接或间接的影响,是值得探讨的问题。本研究依照质的研究路径,深入硕士研究生的学术生活场景,对15个访谈对象进行访谈和观察,感受他们的现实处境和心理体验,搜集了丰富的第一手资料。在对访谈资料整理和分析的基础上,以>高深知识<为切入点,借鉴弗洛姆的社会性格理论主要解读了硕士研究生学术生活中的市场性格取向、接受性格取向、囤积性格取向、剥削性格取向等非生产性取向,以及作为生产性取向的理性力量。研究主要有两点发现:一是学术生活中的不同性格取向不是孤立地影响个体,而是混合交织在一起共同对个体发挥作用;二是硕士研究生的学术生活要受到多种因素的影响,但学术兴趣在其中扮演关键角色。本研究认为,市场性格取向、接受性格取向、囤积性格取向、剥削性格取向等非生产性取向目前在我国硕士研究生学术生活中占据了主导地位,而>理性<作为生产性取向的作用被弱化,甚至被放逐。具有创造性的学术生活需要理性占据主导地位,而那些非生产性取向则可以在理性力量的支配下,转化为人的合理需求,在一定的范围内释放它们的积极力量,这样既可以避免人的欲望异化学术,也可以避免学术的压制异化人,进而实现学术与生活的和谐统一 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Xiaohong T1 - Ethical Predicaments in Ian McEwan’s Major Novels, PhD thesis [伊恩•麦克尤恩主要小说中的伦理困境], English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. T2 - Ian McEwan is one of the most significant British writers since the 1970s. His early writings were controversial for their focus on violence, death and sexual deviance, which earned him the nickname >Ian Macabre<. Nevertheless, with 11 novels behind him a N2 - Ian McEwan is one of the most significant British writers since the 1970s. His early writings were controversial for their focus on violence, death and sexual deviance, which earned him the nickname >Ian Macabre<. Nevertheless, with 11 novels behind him and one winning the Booker Prize, McEwan is now lauded for the ethical vision in his works. Throughout his writing career, ethics have been his major concern, which require further studies. This dissertation is devoted to the exploration of ethical predicaments in his three major novels, aiming to shed light on the continuity and evolution of his investigation of ethics throughout his career. Varied ethical predicaments characterize McEwan’s major novels, including the paradox of freedom, the ethical dystopia, and the ethical dilemma. Each predicament is a response to the particular ethical concerns of his time, demonstrating artistic features of a specific phase of his career as well. >Ethics< not only refer to the accepted beliefs, principles, and rules about right and wrong that guide people in their conducts, but also encompass the contextualized personal understandings of right and wrong. Derived from >ethics<, >ethical< though it can suggest >morally< correct, >always denotes< of or relating to ethics in this dissertation unless specified as otherwise. Predicaments are particular situations that the individual finds difficult and unpleasant. Ethical predicaments as discussed in this dissertation refer to unpleasant situations where it is difficult or impossible for the individual to act rightly. It is discovered that ethical predicaments occupy a vital position in most of McEwan’s novels. Furthermore, the major ethical predicaments in his fiction generally follow a line of development, in response to the changing ethical concerns of his time and his developing artistic techniques and vision. In view of manageability, this dissertation focuses on ethical predicaments in McEwan’s three representative novels – >The Cement Garden<, >The Child in Time<, and >Atonement< – identifying a distinctive ethical predicament in each one, so as to reveal the continuity and development in his treatment of ethical predicaments. Chapter One consists of a brief introduction of McEwan’s standing in Contemporary British literature, a review of English and Chinese scholarship on Ian McEwan, with particular focus on ethical criticism, a definition of the key terms, and then a brief introduction of the scope and structure of the dissertation. Chapter Two investigates the predominant ethical predicament in The Cement Garden the paradox of freedom, with three sections respectively dealing with the ethical anarchy, the positive freedom, and the problematic freedom. Central to this chapter is the argument that the paradoxical features of freedom trap the children in an ethical predicament. Before plunging into concentrated discussions, the chapter first briefly examines the philosophical and cultural influence on McEwan, which may account for his special treatment of freedom in this debut novel.– Section One investigates how the children arrive at ethical anarchy through gradual removal of parental authorities. In the light of Erich Fromm’s theory, it could be discerned that the family is based on an authoritarian ethical system which forces the children to subjugate their freedom to conformity to social norms. Through subverting the patriarchal control and challenging the mother as a teacher of moral precepts, the children eventually enter an ethically anarchic situation.– The ensuing section, centering on the positive freedom, aims to uncover the constructive role freedom plays in reforming traditional ethics. Cross-dressing and incest, the children’s >deviant< behaviors, are often interpreted as signs of depravation brought about by their newly gained freedom. Admittedly, in ordinary circumstances the children’s transgressive acts seem pathological; however, with McEwan’s special artistic representation, their >deviance< affirming spontaneity and creativity, could be read as a critique of the oppressive, hypocritical facets of traditional ethics.– Section Three explores the other side of the paradox – the problematic freedom, disclosing the nothingness and loneliness resulting from their ethical anarchy. Without parental authorities in the house, there is no absolute criterion of moral goodness for the children who have not yet learned to create new values by themselves to confer meaning to life. Consequently, the children experience an excruciating sense of nothingness. Besides, their newfound freedom also results in agonizing loneliness, or a deep sense of unconnectedness, for the removal of the old authoritarian ethical system severs the established interpersonal relations, which, though oppressive to the children in varied ways, used to provide them with a sense of belonging. The markedly different directions the children take when freely developing their individuality also add to their loneliness. Therefore, freedom plays a constructive role in reforming the traditional ethics, but it also tends to bring about distressing nothingness and loneliness. This paradox of freedom constitutes the major ethical predicament in the novel, demonstrating the author’s critical reflections on the ethos of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as his preoccupation with the private domain and the inner world in his early works. Chapter Three moves to examine the ethical predicament in >The Child in Time< – the ethical dystopia – a fearful futuristic situation where the individual is involved in moral corruption or problematic ethical relations. This chapter also falls into three sections, focusing on the moral corruption of the political arena, the vulnerability of marital relations, and the disharmony between nature and humans. A brief examination of the related circumstances in Thatcher Britain precedes the detailed discussions.– Section One probes into the moral corruption of the political arena in the futuristic society, concentrating on the unsettling social injustice indulged by the government and the politicians’ abandonment of ethical principles. As for the first aspect of corruption, McEwan is mainly concerned with the distributive injustice, that is, the abandonment of fairness in the distribution of wealth and benefits among the people. For the second, the author mostly delves into the politicians’ dishonesty.– Section Two focuses on the vulnerable marital relations caused by male dominance. Stephen’s attempt to impose his outlook on Julie aggravates their marriage crisis, while Charles’ assumption that Thelma should act like a self-sacrificing mother distorts their marital relationship.– Section Three inquires into the disharmony between nature and humans, disclosing that humans’ lack of environmental ethics leads to the tattered ecosystem. To be more exact, McEwan seems to suggest that it is the government’s and males’ materialistic, anthropocentric view of nature that is largely responsible for the environmental crisis. On the whole, the chapter reveals three major dimensions to the ethical dystopia portrayed in the novel. It could be seen that the specific ethical concerns in the 1980s Britain and McEwan’s broadened vision carry forward his exploration of ethical predicaments. Chapter Four is devoted to the investigation of ethical dilemma in Atonement, examining in turn young Briony’s ethical dilemma, the ethical dilemma in war, and Briony the writer’s ethical dilemma. McEwan’s recent preference for character-led novels is briefly analyzed at the beginning to account for his scrutiny of ethical dilemma in most of his later novels.– Section One probes into the ethical dilemma that traps young Briony, analyzing the portrayal of the dilemma within two narrative frameworks so as to reveal its rich ethical implications. As a reader unaware of the revelation in the coda, one is invited to penetrate the surface of a personal dilemma to uncover the root causes of young Briony’s quandary rather than focus on the dilemmatic situation. However, when the coda is revealed, the motive behind such representation becomes suspicious.– Section Two explores the soldiers’ ethical dilemmas in the Dunkirk retreat, identifying their >prohibition dilemma< and >obligation dilemma<. McEwan’s vivid portrayal of the soldiers’ internal struggles in the dilemmatic situations lends a fresh perspective to the mythologized historical event.– Section Three examines the ethical dilemmas facing Briony the writer, focusing on her >externally-imposed ethical dilemma< and >self-imposed ethical dilemma<. The economic base proves to be the root cause of Briony the writer’s dilemma as to whether she should persist in publishing her novel or not. In this sense, the dilemma is externally imposed on Briony. Briony imposes another ethical dilemma on herself when attempting to atone through writing. Therefore, this chapter primarily investigates three major ethical dilemmas in the novel, demonstrating McEwan’s exertion to reveal the subtlety and complexity of ethical predicaments.– Chapter Five concludes the dissertation with a short summary of its main contents, which is followed by a brief account of the social and cultural backgrounds of the urgent ethical issues McEwan responds to in his major novels. It also examines the relevance of McEwan’s novels to our time by placing them in the postmodern context, finally winding up the discussions about ethical predicaments by placing McEwan in an enduring tradition. N2 - 伊恩•麦克尤恩如今已是蜚声当代英国文坛的大家,其作品得到了批评家和读者的一致赞誉。但在其事业早期,他的小说却因聚焦暴力、死亡、性乱等主题而备受争议,他也因此被戏称为>阴森的麦克尤恩<。三十多年的创作生涯中,麦克尤恩一直不断推陈出新,其后期作品的风格也与早期小说迥然不同,然而值得注意的是,在任何创作阶段麦克尤恩从未放弃对伦理困境的关注与探索,可以说伦理困境贯穿了其所有作品。批评家已经关注到麦克尤恩小说特殊的道德力量,但从伦理角度进行的研究仍处在起步阶段,伦理困境在其创作中的特殊地位尚未得到重视,这对于麦克尤恩小说研究来说不能不说是一个缺憾。因此本文尝试从伦理的角度切入,挖掘其主要小说中不同的伦理困境,以期揭示其创作中的传承与创新。麦克尤恩主要小说中的伦理困境包括:自由的悖论,伦理反乌托邦,以及伦理两难之境。小说中的每一个主要困境都来自他对时代伦理问题的关注与思考,同时也体现了他在不同创作时期的艺术特色。>伦理<在本文中主要指人们行动中所需遵循的是非观念与原则,同时也包含具体情境下人们对于是非的特殊认识与体验;>困境<意为困难的处境。伦理困境兼有两者之意,在此困难处境中人们或面对两难的伦理选择,或无法逃脱不道德的生活。研究表明,伦理困境在麦克尤恩的每部小说中都有体现,且呈现出阶段性的发展脉络,总体来说呼应了时代伦理环境的变化以及其自身艺术技巧的提升。将麦克尤恩的所有小说作为研究对象将更为理想,但考虑到论文写作的实际条件,本文将仅探讨其三部主要小说《水泥花园》、《时间中的孩子》、《赎罪》中的伦理困境,因所选小说为麦克尤恩三个创作阶段的代表作,其中的伦理困境也具有一定的代表性。本文共分五章。第一章为引语,简要介绍了麦克尤恩在当代英国文坛的重要性,并对国内外的麦克尤恩研究进行了一番梳理,指出了研究中尚存的不足,然后厘清了论文中所涉及的关键术语,最后介绍了论文的选题与结构。第二章探讨了《水泥花园》中的主要伦理困境,即自由的悖论,主要从伦理无序状态、积极的自由、以及消极的自由三方面切入。本章首先简述了小说创作背后的哲学及文化思潮,突出了时代的自由精神对于小说主题的影响。主体部分从探讨水泥花园中的孩子们如何摆脱传统伦理体系的约束开始,分析了家庭中紧张的代际关系,揭示了孩子们摆脱父权压制的欲望与行动,以及他们最终到达的伦理无序状态。自由具有积极意义,自由的获得释放了孩子们被压制的天性与创造力,营造了平等、宽容的气氛。汤姆的异性装扮以及姐弟的乱伦常被认为是伦理无序中的道德堕落或迷误;诚然,以传统道德标准来评判或者脱离小说情境来判断,两种现象几乎都是无法接受的变态或反常行为,然而,麦克尤恩所采用的一系列艺术手法、以及其对具体情境的凸显暗示了另一种伦理指向,引导读者注意反常行为可能具有的积极伦理维度。但是自由同时又带来痛苦,对传统伦理价值的否定以及伦理关系的颠覆使人陷入无尽的虚无与孤独。自由内在的悖论造成难以回避的伦理困境,这是麦克尤恩对二十世纪六七十年代自由精神的反思;同时小说探索自由悖论时对私密领域、个体心理的关注也体现了他早期小说的特色。第三章剖析了《时间中的孩子》所展现的伦理反乌托邦困境。在麦克尤恩创造的未来社会中,政界道德腐化、家庭婚姻关系脆弱、人与自然极端对立,个体处于无法逃脱的伦理困境之中;小说中的伦理反乌托邦影射了撒切尔政府时期英国的社会状况。社会分配的不公,政治家道德的堕落,两者有力地揭示了政界的腐化。根深蒂固的男权思想或加剧家庭矛盾或扭曲婚姻关系,男权思想既体现在丈夫将自我的世界观强加于妻子,又表现在对妻子无私母性的期望,两者都将预设的角色强派给女性。在人与自然的关系中,人类对环境伦理的漠视是两者关系紧张的主要原因;麦克尤恩暗示读者,政府以及男性的人类中心主义、工具理性破坏了人与自然的和谐。当然,仅以性别判断个体的世界观或者行为似乎不妥,麦克尤恩在2008年的采访中也承认这是浪漫主义的假想。本章共揭示了伦理反乌托邦困境的三个维度,由此可见,麦克尤恩一直积极关注当代英国社会的伦理问题,其创作视野也更趋广阔,两者将他对伦理困境的探索带入了一个新的阶段。第四章阐释了《赎罪》中的伦理两难之境,探讨了童年布里奥尼进退维谷的窘境、战争中军人的两难伦理选择、以及作家布里奥尼进退两难的困境。本章首先简要论述了麦克尤恩在创作后期对于人物主导型小说的青睐,这也许可以解释为何伦理两难之境成为麦克尤恩伦理困境探索的新焦点。对于童年布里奥尼的窘境小说中着墨并不多,但它具有不可忽视的伦理涵义。小说未突出小布里奥尼在进退维谷的窘境中如何选择,而是侧重表现她如何陷入这一窘境,以及窘境背后的社会、文化根源。这一表现策略在布里奥尼的作家身份未显现时可能会得到读者的赞同,然而身份一旦表明,这一表现策略的伦理涵义即发生改变,读者也必须重新阐释小布里奥尼的伦理窘境。小说第二部分展示了军人在敦刻尔克大撤退中所遭遇的伦理两难处境,促使读者以新的视角看待这一历史事件;其两难处境主要分为禁令两难和责任两难。本章最后讨论了作家布里奥尼进退两难的困境,困境一涉及小说的出版,困境二与布里奥尼坚持以写作赎罪紧密相关,从根本来讲,前者是外加的伦理两难之境,后者是自我强加的困境。本章中探讨的三大伦理两难之境表明,麦克尤恩在后期作品中更侧重于揭示伦理困境的复杂与微妙,这与其创作理念的变化相呼应。第五章对全文进行了总结,分析了每部主要小说所呼应的时代伦理问题,并在后现代文化与文学背景之下审视麦克尤恩小说的重要性,最后指出伦理困境的文学表达古已有之,而麦克尤恩的贡献在于他对于新时代伦理问题的高度关注与深刻思考,以及在表现手法上的探索。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dong, Xiaofei T1 - Fromm’s Social Ethics Thoughts [弗洛姆社会伦理思想探究] JF - Journal of Hotan Teachers College [和田师范专科学校学报], No. 1 (2011), pp. 16-17. N2 - 从>逃避自由<的人性学说出发,弗洛姆认为,当代资本主义社会是一个不健全的社会。究其原因,主要在于当代资本主义社会造成了人性的严重异化和个体的畸形发展。基于此,弗洛姆力图以>爱的理论<建构来克服当代资本主义社会的道德危机。尽管他的社会伦理思想存在着一些局限性,但其对当代资本主义的社会伦理批判理论,对我们当下坚持科学发展和以人为本有一定的理论价值和现实意义。 N2 - Starting from the humanistic theory of >escape from Freedom<, Fromm argues that contemporary capitalist society is an unsound society. The main reason for this is the serious alienation of human nature and the deformed development of the individual in contemporary capitalist society. For this reason, Fromm attempts to overcome the moral crisis of contemporary capitalist society with the construction of a >theory of love< Although there are some limitations in his social ethical thought, his critical theory of social ethics of contemporary capitalism has certain theoretical value and practical significance for our current adherence to scientific development and humanism. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gao, Hongying T1 - The Humane Development Path of the Technological Society – Analysis of Fromm’s >The Sane Society< [技术社会的人道化发展道路——浅析弗洛姆>健全的社会<] JF - The Merchandise and Quality [商品与质量], No. S1 (2011), p. 137. N2 - 弗洛姆认为目前的技术社会是一个病态的社会,病态的根源在于技术所导致的社会的非人道化发展,而要促成一个健全的社会,首先要将技术重新置于人的控制之下。弗洛姆通过对技术社会的分析以及其非人道化表现的描述,提出了实现技术社会人道化的途径。弗洛姆技术人道化思想的最终目的,是促成一个以人的福祉、人的自由、人的全面发展为最高目标的>健全的社会<。 N2 - Fromm argues that the present technological society is a sick society, that the root of the sickness lies in the dehumanization of society caused by technology, and that the first step towards a healthy society is to bring technology back under human control. Through the analysis of technological society and the description of its inhumane manifestations, Fromm proposed a way to humanize technological society. The ultimate goal of Fromm's idea of humanizing technology is to promote a >healthy society< in which the well-being, freedom and overall development of the human being are the highest goals. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2011 ER -