TY - GEN A1 - Qiu, Manxia T1 - The Alienation and Reconstruction of Stevens’ Identity in >The Remains of the Day<, Master thesis, Chonqing University, Shapingba District, Chonqing, China 2022 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - As one of the most prestigious writers in contemporary British literary circles, Kazuo Ishiguro won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Literature owing to the fact that his novel with great emotional force, >has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world<. Kazuo Ishiguro’s works have received a high degree of attention as soon as they were published. His works emphasize self-salvation and cherish the warmth of the world, break through the limitations of the theme of immigrant writers and set his sights on the universal human nature of the world. >The Remains of the Day< is the third novel published by Kazuo Ishiguro. It is known for its simplicity, elegance and subtle narrative style and it is also his most prestigious work so far. Kazuo Ishiguro succeeded in portraying the role of Stevens, a high-level butler who dedicated his life to the career of butlers in >The Remains of the Day<. The novel unfolds with Stevens, an ordinary British butler, using a reminiscence narrative approach. Stevens, the protagonist in his twilight years, has a reputation, but he is lonely, self-abased and helpless, and his identity is severely alienated. With Miss Kenton’s letter and permission from his new employer, Stevens sets off on a six-day trip. Through the memories of the past, the people he meets and the things he sees during the journey, he explores the true meaning of life and rebuild the alienated identity. The novel leaves the reader with a hopeful open ending, which implies that Stevens will embrace a more real life on a positive way in the rest of the time. Academia usually studies and interprets >The Remains of the Day< from the perspectives of post-colonialism, cultural studies and narrative techniques. Some critics also analyze the power mechanism embodied in the novel from the perspective of the image of the other. However, the research on Stevens’ identity cognition is not enough. Therefore, from the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis finds that Stevens’ identity cognition is seriously alienated. The influence of social environment, the relationship between the dominant and the dominated, and the human nature that is the fear of loneliness are the most fundamental psychological factors of Stevens’ identity alienation. From the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis will reveal the lonely and helpless living state of Stevens, the root of Stevens’ identity alienation under the influence of the change of the times and the people around him, and the road of redemption to rebuild his identity recognition. In the meantime, the thesis aims to explore the intention that Ishiguro Kazuo tries to achieve in depicting the living conditions of the universal individual in modern society. First, in view of the theory of >abstract< social psychological analysis, the thesis discusses the social and environmental factors which contribute to the formation and alienation of Stevens’ identity under the imperialist consciousness. Next, with the help of Fromm’s authority theory, the deep psychological causes of Stevens’ identity alienation from his treatment of father-son affection, loyalty and love are investigated. Then, from the perspectives of history and memory, love and emotion, the thesis analyzes the significance and value of Stevens’ salvation of identity alienation. >The Remains of the Day< enlightens us that we should recognize our own identities and adapt to society correctly. Even if our identities are alienated, we can be redeemed and rebuilt through our own efforts, rekindling hope in life. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puhl, Travis T1 - Goethes >Clavigo< unter der Ideologie eines patriarchalisch-präkapitalistischen Systems. Erich Fromms Gesellschaftskritik des 20. Jh. in Johann Wolfgang Goethes Trauerspiel des Sturm und Drang, Studienarbeit, Fachbereich Germanistik – Neuere Deutsche Literatur, Grin Verlag 2021, 34 pp. N2 - Schon Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wird die Thematik des Zusammenspiels von Patriarchat und Kapitalismus als konvergente Ideologie der Ungleichberechtigung der Frau in der literarischen Kunst sichtbar. Genauer: Goethes >Clavigo<, 1774 publiziert, thematisiert diese Thematik prototypisch. Doch wie kann diese Ideologie literarisch so umgesetzt werden, dass sie neben viel anderem Text auffällt, sichtbar wird? Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, jener Frage nachzugehen und diese nach folgenden Schritten zu beantworten: Zuerst werden anhand eines Theorieteils systemtheoretische Grundlagen zu Patriarchat, Männlichkeit und Fragilität, Präkapitalismus und dessen Ideologie des Habens, nach Erich Fromm, dargelegt. Nach einem Modell von R. W. Connell – und z. T. auch von J. Halberstam – wird eine Möglichkeit zur Bestimmung des Grads sozialer Männlichkeit angewendet; im Anwendungsteil wird hieran aber auch Kritik aufgezeigt und versucht, weitere Möglichkeiten/Kriterien zur Bestimmung des Grads der sozialen Männlichkeit anzuführen. Im zweiten Teil der Ausarbeitung wird sich mit der textuellen Anwendung der Theorie befasst: Anhand der beiden Figuren Joseph Clavigo und Marie Beaumarchais wird versucht, die genannte patriarchalisch-präkapitalistisch Ideologie im Stück aufzuzeigen und diese als Ursache für Figurenbeziehungen oder werkstrukturelle Abläufe zu betrachten, wie z. B. ein Figurentod – so die These. Hier werden u. a. der Warencharakter und die Fragilität der Marie Beaumarchais analysiert, aber auch der Grad der sozialen Männlichkeit Clavigos. [Weltbild.ch] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qin, Chuan T1 - The Research of Alienation Theme from >Hū lán hé zhuà<, Master thesis, Chinese Literature, Xihua University, Jinniu, Chengdu, China 2022 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - The human term is Marx’s lifelong theoretical subject. As the core connotation of Marx’s philosophy, Marx’s alienation theory expresses Marx’s profound thinking and active exploration of human value. Marx’s alienation theory differs from Hegel’s and Feuerbach’s theory. For Marx, he takes the realistic individual as the object of study, discusses four parts of alienation in >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844<. This book discusses about the four specific aspects of labor alienation theory. Marx’s alienation theory is not invariable, but with the maturity and deepening of Marx’s thought constantly changing and developing. >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844< as a concentrated expression of Marx’s early alienation theory, highlights the human alienation. At the middle and late of alienation theory focuses more on the level of methodology. After the publication of the 1844 manuscripts, western Marxists further enriched and developed Marx’s alienation theory. With Lukács and Fromm as representatives, they also proposed the alienation theory at the spiritual and psychological levels. Based on Marx’s alienation theory, this paper analyzes the theme of alienation in the novel from three aspects, including the alienation under the customs and conditions, the alienation of individuals and collectivity, and the alienation of family relations, by means of literature research, comparative analysis and other methods. The first level of alienation expresses existential alienation and spiritual alienation through some means of expression. The second alienation focuses on the three characters depicted by Xiao Hong, and reveals the alienation of individual and collective. The third level mainly focuses on the alienation of the sex and family in >Hū lán hé zhuà<. The significance and value of individual life and existence revealed in the novel can also play a certain role in warning and guiding the problem of alienation arising in the developing of society. More than one hundred years ago, when China was facing the choice of system, Marx’s alienation theory played a significant role. For the current reality, we need to combine Marx’s theory alienation with social development, and realize, criticize and improve ourselves in the new stage of social development, so realize liberation and the freedom of human. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Putterman, Theodore L T1 - Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty: A Reassessment and Revision JF - Polity, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 416-446. N2 - In distinguishing between negative and positive freedom, Isaiah Berlin expressed a preference for negative freedom. Given the track record of those who in the past have advocated positive freedom, this is not surprising. But advocates of positive freedom do not accept that tyranny necessarily results from embracing their conception of freedom, and they are convinced that a commitment to negative freedom is never enough to defend “freedom” against tyrants. They do, however, share one thing in common with those who favor negative freedom: both equate their conception of freedom with >true freedom,< and treat the other as either false or incomplete. This might suggest that Berlin's distinction is more a partisan's tool than a tool of analysis. I disagree. But rather than reducing it to a distinction between >freedom from< and >freedom to,< we need to expand it. Not only will this enable us to move beyond an important criticism of Berlin's conception of freedom, it will also provide a better explanation for why negative freedom is as likely as positive freedom to diminish “true freedom” and why positive freedom is as likely as negative freedom to increase it. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiu, Xuexian T1 - 弗洛姆的人生論及其在教育上的意義 [Fromm's Theory of Life and Its Significance in Education] JF - 臺南師院學報 [Journal of Tainan Teachers College], Vol. 25 (1992), pp. 123-134. N2 - 本研究旨在探討弗洛姆的人生論,並闡釋其在教育上的意義。本研究主 要採用理論分析法。 本文共分四部分,首先,探討人究竟是什麼;其次,分析當前的社會環境;再次, 指出人類的新希望;最後,詳述弗洛姆的人生論在教育上的意義。 N2 - The main purpose of this study is to expound Erich Fromm's life theory andits implication on pedagogy. There are roughly four parts in this paper: Firstly, to analyze the question-what is man? Secondly, to assess the sickness of the society; thirdly, to offer the wish of the human; And then to interpret some implications. Y1 - 1992 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Radziszewska-Szczepaniak, Danuta T1 - Koncepcja religii w pismach Ericha Fromma [The Concept of Religion in the Writings of Erich Fromm] JF - Humanistyka I Przyrodoznawstwo, No. 0 (1994), pp.131-142. Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabadanova, R. S. T1 - Erich Fromm as a reformer of psychoanalysis JF - философия и культура [Philosophy and Culture], No. 7 (2008). [ISSN: 1999-2793] Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Remer, Scott T1 - Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, and Pseudo-Populist Authoritarianism JF - New Politics Journal, New York January 21, 2022. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reichardt, Horst-Peter T1 - Partisanen der Humanität [Partyzanci humanistyki] [The Partisans of the Humanities] JF - Boguslav Stelcer et al. (Eds.): Zdrowy człowiek i społeczeństwo w wizjach Alberta Schweitzera i Ericha Fromma, Poznań (Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski in Poznań), Poland 2012, 68-75. N2 - Tytuł rozdziału zaczerpnięty został z tekstu Hansa Jurgena Schultza ukazują-cego pięć jego zdaniem kluczowych w kontekście walki o godność człowieka i ludzkości postaci dwudziestego wieku. Są to Martin Luther King, Dietrich Bon-hoeffer, Reinhold Schneider, Albert Schweitzer i Erich Fromm. Dwóch ostatnich, mimo tak odmiennych biografii i dziedzictwa rodzinnego połączyło szczególnie dobitnie wyrażanie szacunku dla pełnego rozwoju wszelkich form życia. Erich Fromm wskazywał że człowiek może i powinien znaleźć poprzez własne nieza-leżne i krytyczne myślenie o sobie, wolne od manipulacji i interesów politycz-nych, czy ograniczeń ekonomicznych ideał istoty biofilnej. Erich Fromm opisy-wał biofilność jako charakterologiczną podstawę swej analitycznej psychologii społecznej. Biofilność powoduje że człowiek jest przyciągany do innych istot żywych i potrzebuje kontaktu z naturą, aby być zdrowym, aby znaleźć sens swo-jego życia i realizować się w nim. Albert Schweitzer odnalazł kontakt z naturą w dżungli w Gabonie i w tym szczególnym odległym od cywilizacji miejscu reali-zował w praktyce idee szacunku dla życia. Jego biofilność bardziej niż w przy-padku Fromma, wyrażała się czynem. Dla obu filozofów życie jest podstawą ludzkiej egzystencji i gwarantem obecności najwyższych wartości kulturowych. Można ich traktować jak partyzantów humanistyki chociażby dlatego, że podob-ni są do oddanych swej sprawie bojowników na rzecz szlachetnego człowieczeń-stwa. Fromm zwrócił uwagę, że nie starczy życie zasobne, bogate, wolne od głodu, bez wewnętrznego rozwoju człowieka. Schweitzer z przekonaniem, że każdy ma swe własne Lamaberene, zwracał uwagę na praktyczne kształtowanie człowieka etycznego. Obaj ukazali że różne drogi prowadzą do wspólnego celu, odmienne światopoglądy wskazać mogą wspólny cel jakim jest poszanowanie życia. N2 - Hans Jürgen Schultz, in his view shows the five key persons in the fight for human dignity and humanity in twentieth century. These are the MartinLuther King,DietrichBonhoeffer, Reinhold Schneider, Albert Schweitzer, and ErichFromm. The last two, despite the different biographies and family background very clearly express respect for the full development of all forms of life. Erich Fromm pointed out that m an can and should be found through their own independent and critical thinking, being free from manipulation and political interests or economic restrictions pursue love of life that is biophilia. This concept is described by Erich Fromm as characterological basis of his analysis of social psychology. Albert Schweitzer found the contact with nature in the jungle in Gabon and in this particular location remote from civilization realized in practice the ideas of respect for life. His expression of love for lif e and humanity more than Fromm’s case, was expressed in action. For both philosophers, life is the foundation of human existence and guarantee of presence of the highest cultural values. They can be regarded as a partisans of the humanities perhaps because there are kind of fighters for a noble humanity. Fromm pointed out that life is not rich enough without internal human development. Schweitzer believed that everyone has their own Lambaréné, drew attention to the practical development of human ethics. Bot h appeared that different pathways lead to common purpose , different worldviews may indicate the common aim that is reverence for life. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rangga Erfizal, Muhammad T1 - Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam perspektif teori Agresi Erich Fromm The Scope of War in the Perspective of Erich Fromm's Aggression Theory, Bachelor thesis, Philosophy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia 2016, Indonesian. - Only abstract and content available. N2 - Penelitian ini berjudul >Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam perspektif teori Agresi Erich Fromm<. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh sebuah realita kehidupan manusia. Perang memiliki latar belakang dan tujuan berbeda dari masing-masing individu dan kelompok. Hal ini sering dipertanyakan apakah perang merupakan sebuah kehendak manusia. Peneliti tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih jauh mengenai pandangan masyarakat tradisional dan modern dalam memandang perang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengupas pandangan manusia dalam melihat perang dengan menggunakan teori Erich Fromm dalam konsep Agresinya. Kekerasan muncul disebabkan oleh kondisi eksistensial manusia yang tidak dapat berkembang ke arah kebaikan. Kondisi eksistensial yang buruk menyebabkan manusia bertindak sadis. Erich Fromm membagi ke dalam dua jenis agresi. Pertama, agresi defensif yang secara biologis telah terprogram dalam diri manusia, fungsinya sebagai alat bertahan, juga ada pada binatang yang muncul ketika kepentingannya terancam. Kedua, agresi destruktif yang tidak terprogram secara biologis dan hanya dimiliki manusia, agresi ini muncul semata-mata dipengaruhi oleh nafsu untuk mendominasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan sudut pandang masyarakat tradisional dan modern dalam memandang perang dengan tinjauan Teori Agresi Erich Fromm. Objek material dalam penelitian ini adalah kehendak berperang manusia. Objek formal penelitian adalah Teori Agresi Erich Fromm. Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian sistematis reflektif dengan pengambilan dan analisis data melalui studi pustaka, baik dari buku-buku, jurnal, karya ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan judul penelitian. Metode yang digunakan adalah sistematis reflektif secara filosofis. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan unsur metodis deskripsi, interpretasi, kesinambungan historis dan refleksi kritis. Hasil yang dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: memperoleh pemahaman mengenai kehendak berperang manusia yang menjadi realitas tidak dapat dihindari, sehingga membuat manusia berjuang untuk melakukan kekerasan. Dalam hal ini, kekerasan digunakan oleh manusia karena merasa terasing oleh keadaan di sekitarnya. Manusia tradisional maupun modern sering terjebak dalam keadaan destruktif yang memaksanya untuk melakukan kekerasan. Perkembangan masyarakat memaksa manusia untuk bergerak lebih dinamis, secara langsung menghubungkan manusia yang tadinya terpisah menjadi makhluk sosial, hal ini memotivasi manusia untuk mendominasi manusia lainnya. Perang merupakan keniscayaan hidup dalam perjalanan peradaban umat manusia. N2 - The title of this research is >Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam Perspektif Teori Agresi Erich Fromm<. This Background of this Research is base on reality of human condition. War is a reality of human being. It has many differences background and purposes for each group of society and individual. One which eventually commonly questioned in war is the will of a human itself. Researchers examine further about war on traditional society and modern society. This study aims to explore point of view from the human understanding by using the theory of aggression of Erich Fromm. Erich Fromm on aggression theory trying to uncover problems of violence. Violence exists because of the existential condition of human being which cannot develop into goodness. Bad existential condition will lead to sadistic act. Erich Fromm divided two type of aggression. The first, which he shares with all animal, is a phylogenetic programmed impulse to attack when vital interest are threatened. Secondly, is specific to human species and virtually absent in most mammals; it is not phylogenetic programmed and not biologically adaptive; it has purpose, and its satisfaction is lustful. Purpose of research is look at traditional society and modern society on warfare with aggression theory by Erich Fromm. The material object in this research is the will of human war. Subsequently, the formal object is aggression theory by Erich Fromm. This research is using systematic reflection, the data is taken library research, journals, and scientific works that associated with the title of the research. The method which used is philosophical reflection. The analysis of this research is using methodical elements of the description, interpretation, internal coherence and critical reflection. The final result of this research are as follows: gain an understanding. The will of human war signify a reality that an unavoidable with the result that man always take violence. Violence of human because war is form alienation of human. Traditional or modern human being still be caught in a snare in destructive situation which force them to do violence. Development of society force human to move more dynamic, directly to relate human which was separated into social beings, this matter motivates human to dominate other people. War is life necessity and way of civilization for mankind. Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rizqy Ramadhan, Puja A1 - et al, T1 - Dehumanization of Village Financial Management: Erich Fromm's Perspective Accounting Reconstruction JF - International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences, Vol. 2, No. 5 (2023), pp. 1638-1646. [Online ISSN: 2808-1765] [ijhess.com/index.php/ijhess/article/view/465/388] N2 - This study aims to reconstruct village financial management using modernity vis a dehumanization perspective. This study uses primary data obtained from observations and interviews with informants. The research approach used is a qualitative method. The research paradigm uses the paradigm of criticism with data collection procedures, data presentation, data reduction and conclusion/verification. The results showed that the modernization and digitization of financial management in Klambir V Kebun Village had an impact on social relations in the community, which became less harmonious. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out an accounting reconstruction based on modernity vis a vis dehumanizaton perspective that is relevant to be carried out in Klambir V Kebun Village. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ratner, Carl T1 - The Generalized Pathology of Our Era: Comparing the Biomedical Explanation, the Cultural-Political Explanation, and a Liberal-Humanistic-Postmodernist Perspective JF - International Critical Thought, Vol. 7, No. 1 (2017), pp. 72-92. [Online ISSN 2159-8312] [doi.org/10.1080/21598282.2017.1287586] N2 - This article seeks to problematize the issue of pathology and to render it intelligible. I elucidate a cultural-political model of a) why pathology is prevalent in numerous forms and social domains, and b) interventions for ameliorating widespread pathology, and ultimately eradicating it. This model draws on the work of Erich Fromm that articulates how pathology is characteristic of normal social, psychological activity in many or most societies. This article also discusses two ways in which prevalent pathology is misunderstood, and not corrected, eradicated, or prevented. One misinterpretation is the standard biomedical model of pathology. A second misinterpretation is a liberal, humanistic, postmodern position that denies all pathology and insists that behavior is a positive expression of choice and agency, which must be validated and accepted rather than corrected. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ratner, Carl A1 - El-Badwi, El-Sayed T1 - A Cultural Psychological Theory of Mental Illness, Supported by Research in Saudi Arabia JF - Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, Vol. 20, No. 3-4 (2011), pp. 217-274, [Online ISSN 1573-658X] [doi.org/10.1179/105307811805472710] N2 - This article proposes a theory of psychological disturbance (mental illness) as a cultural phenomenon. The theory is based on – and extends – the general cultural psychological theory of Vygotsky, Luria, and Leontiev, as well as the specific social approach to psychopathy of Fromm, Foucault, Laing, and Rieber. We demonstrate that the psychodynamics of individual disturbances are shaped by normative, macro cultural factors, such as gender norms, religious doctrine, family structure, architecture, and clothing. We illustrate this cultural psychological analysis of individual psychology with a case study of a 25 year old Saudi obsessive compulsive patient in Riyadh backed by 50 interviews with students about family relations in Saudi Arabia. We discuss the therapeutic and political implications of our cultural theory of psychological disturbance. Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ratner Rosenhagen, Jennifer T1 - Review Friedman, L. J.: The Lives of Erich Fromm: Love's Prophet JF - The Journal of American History, Vol. 101, No. 2 (Sep 2014), pp. 643-644. Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Radechovská, Dominika T1 - Filosofie Ericha Fromma a její přesah do současnosti [Philosophy of Erich Fromm and Its Impact on the Present], Diploma thesis, Philosophy, Hussite Theological Faculty, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic 2020, 55 pp. N2 - Cílem předkládané diplomové práce Filosofie Ericha Fromma a její přesah do současnosti bylo zasadit odkaz Ericha Fromma do filosofického kontextu. Diplomová práce obsahuje 4 hlavní oddíly. V prvním oddíle definuji klíčová slova potřebná k vykreslení filosofického pozadí, a to Privace; Hédonismus; Blaženost a Ctnosti. V oddílu druhém uvádím životní cestu a dílo Ericha Fromma. Úvodní biografie je následována oddílem třetím a nejzásadnějším, a to distinkcí dvou životních orientací. Frommovy existenční módy vlastnění a bytí seznamuji za pomocí podkapitol Řeč; Autorita a její uplatňování; Sebepoznání a rozvoj; Rozhovor a Strach ze smrti. Ve čtvrtém oddílu se věnuji vizi nové společnosti dle Fromma. V posledku nabízím kritické zhodnocení představených tezí. N2 - The aim of the diploma thesis >Philosophy of Erich Fromm and Its Impact< on the Present was to place the legacy of Erich Fromm into a philosophical context. The diploma thesis contains 4 main sections. The keywords needed to draw the philosophical background are defined in the first section, namely Privation; Hedonism; Eudemonia; and Virtues. The life and work of Erich Fromm are presented in the second section. Biography is followed by the third and most important section: the distinction of two life orientations. Fromm's existential modes of having and being are presented at the subchapters Speech; Authority and its application; Self-knowledge and personal development; Conversation; and Fear of Death. I focus on the vision of a new society according to Fromm's concept in the fourth section. In the last chapter, I offer a critical evaluation of the presented theses. Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rice, Earl L. T1 - Thrust and Parry: Erich Fromm to Mud Homes JF - Spartan Daily San Jose State College, Vol. 55, No. 136 (Friday, May 31, 1968). [scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5135&context=spartandaily] N2 - Editor: Response to Prof. Broyles’ letter (5-29) 1. Fromm mentioned as specific problems: a) Dehumanization of society by technology. b) The pragmatic approach to education which produces trained technicians (Industrial, Legal, Medical, etc.) but poorly educated, specialized human beings c) Human isolation and discontent which can produce, among other things, violence. (Watts, Berkeley. Oakland) Y1 - 1968 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rakhmanovskaya, E. A. T1 - Социальные смыслы свободы [Social Meanings of Freedom] JF - Психология и Психотехника [Psychology and Psychotechnics], No. 2 (2015), pp.122-134. [ISSN 2454-0722] N2 - Предметом исследования является феномен внутренней свободы и его связь с социальными детерминантами. Сопоставляются взгляды на проблему Н. Бердяева и Э. Фромма и делается вывод о более глубокой проработке темы свободы русским философом в силу религиозной направленности гуманизма последнего. Н. Бердяев рассматривает свободу как «безосновную основу бытия», как базис, с которого начинается всякое антропологическое философствование. Именно поэтому она не может быть социально обусловленной, напротив, именно свобода обусловливает все на свете. Свобода не определяется и не задается обществом, она – личностный выбор и вызов человека, основа его бытия, от которой он, впрочем, может отказаться. Свобода, как это ни парадоксально, напрямую связана с ограничениями. Именно ограничения, идущие непосредственно от самой личности, отличают свободу от своеволия, позволяют человеку освободиться от ненужного, наносного, мешающего самореализации. Автор ставит вопрос о соотношении свободы и своеволия через призму категорий добра и зла, исследует связь свободы и ответственности. В статье автор использует методы историко-философского анализа, исторического сравнения (компаративистики), а также философского постижения человека. Тема свободы занимала важное место в трудах многих философов, постоянно обнаруживая новые качества, смыслы и аспекты, однако в данном исследовании она впервые рассматривается в качестве внутренней свободы, т.е. свободы, источником которой являются не общественные отношения, а внутреннее самоощущение человека. N2 - This research is devoted to internal freedom and its links with social determinants. The author compared the views of Nikolay Berdyaev and Erich Fromm and made a conclusion that the Russian philosopher was deeper in the problem by virtue of religious basis of his humanism. Berdyaev believes that freedom comes from ungrund. It has no foundation but it is a foundation of everything. Freedom for him is the clue for any anthropological philosophizing. He denies any social determination of freedom as it appears to be personal challenge, but this challenge might be rejected nevertheless. The paradox is that freedom is much concerned with restrictions. Especially self-restrictions distinguish freedom from self-will; allow person to get free of everything useless, alien and destruction. The author considers the phenomenon of freedom and self-will in terms of good and evil, investigates relationship between freedom and responsibility. Research methods of historical and philosophical analysis, historic comparison and philosophical anthropology are used in the article. The phenomenon of freedom has taken place in the works of many philosophers and each time it presented new meanings and aspects. In this research however it appears as internal freedom which has an internal sense of personality but not social relationships as a source. Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Renaldi, Adi A1 - Wdyastuti, Dewi T1 - The Inauthenticity of the Main Characters as an Impact of Totalitarian System Seen in George Orwell’s >1984< [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Phenomena – Journal of Language and Literature, Vol. 15, No.1 (2015), pp. 20-35. [ISSN 1410-5691] [repository.usd.ac.id/1329/1/1588_phenomena%2Bvol%2B15-article.pdf] N2 - >1984< is a dystopian novel by George Orwell that clearly describes the life under totalitarian government. Totalitarianism is not merely a political system but also movement that goes beyond private, public, and political sphere. Totalitarian government dreams of uniformity in all aspects of life and they pursue for global domination. In order to reach for global domination and their ideal version of state, totalitarian government does not allow freedom in all aspects of life. The pursuit of global domination requires some strategies to make the society in uniformity. The strategies applied are propaganda, terror, and indoctrination. These strategies make the main characters lose the freedom and become alienated from the self and the society. Alienation and the lost of freedom also lead to inauthenticity, since they are related to each other. Inauthenticity can be caused by repression from external agents in which a person cannot do anything spontaneously since he is being dictated by other people and he cannot express what they feel freely. Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rius, Carles T1 - H. E. Richter: l’intent de relacionar psicoanàlisi i ciències de la cultura [H. E. Richter: the attempt to relate psychoanalysis and cultural sciences] JF - Idees: revista de temes contemporanis, No. 30 (2006), pp. 9-14. [Online ISSN 2385-765X] [ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2006/266992/idees_a2006n30p9.pdf] N2 - L’autor exposa i valora les idees principals de la filosofia de Horst-Eberhard Richter i de la seva l’empresa intel·lectual en el seu intent d’eixamplar les bases i els límits de la psicoanàlisi fins abastar el conjunt de les ciències de la cultura, camí que ja havien iniciat també altres autors com ara Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Bruno Bettelheim, Alexander Mitscherlich, Paul Ricoeur, entre d’altres. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Respati, Robertus Theo Elno T1 - Konsep being dalam >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm Concept of Being in >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm, Thesis (Undergraduate), Theology, Faculty of Philosophy, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 2017. repository.ukwms.ac.id/id/eprint/11002/1/ABSTRAK.pdf] - Only summary available. N2 - Penulisan skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keinginan penulis untuk merefleksikan situasi zaman dewasa ini. Penulis melihat bahwa situasi zaman dewasa ini semakin didominasi oleh keinginan untuk memiliki lebih. Keinginan ini sangat tidak masuk akal karena orang didorong untuk memiliki sesuatu yang sebenarnya bukan menjadi kebutuhannya. Bahkan, manusia modern cenderung mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan sesuatu yang mereka miliki. Tujuan hidup manusia direduksi hanya pada kenikmatan materi yang tiada habisnya. Pengaruh kapitalisme modern yang merasuk ke dalam semua aspek kehidupan manusia menjadi penyebab terjadinya situasi ini. Kehadiran kapitalisme mengubah orientasi manusia pada materi, apalagi dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin canggih. Manusia seolah bebas menentukan pilihan-pilihan dalam hidupnya. Namun, sebenarnya pilihan-pilihan tersebut telah ditentukan oleh sistem yang berlaku. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan manusia teralienasi dari kehidupannya. Konsumsi dan alienasi menjadi karakter yang utama di abad modern ini. Salah satu filsuf yang mengkritik situasi zaman ini ialah Erich Fromm. Ia mengajukan gagasannya tentang konsep being yang dibahas dalam >To Have or To Be< (1976). Rumusan masalah yang ingin dijawab dalam karya tulis ini ialah apa itu konsep being dalam >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. Pertanyaan ini dapat dijawab dengan menganalisa pemikiran Erich Fromm secara kritis dan sistematis. Dengan menjawab pertanyaan ini, penulis berharap agar skripsi ini dapat memberikan kritik sekaligus sumbangsih bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Metode penulisan yang digunakan dalam karya tulis ini ialah studi pustaka dengan sumber utama dari buku >To Have or To Be< (1976) karya Erich Fromm. Dari hasil studi pustaka, penulis menemukan bahwa konsep being yang diajukan oleh Erich Fromm berkaitan dengan dua modus eksistensi manusia yaitu being dan having. Keduanya menentukan karakter sosial dan karakter individu manusia. Orientasi hidup manusia juga berakar dari kedua modus eksistensi tersebut. Manusia dapat menentukan pilihan untuk menjadi semakin being atau semakin having. Erich Fromm mendefiniskan being sebagai sebuah proses, aktivitas, dan gerak. Definisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan bukan sesuatu yang berhenti, tetapi terus berproses. Erich Fromm mengartikan being dalam dua pengertian. Pertama, being sebagai eksistensi yang berbeda dengan having. Being mencakup keseluruhan realitas manusia, sedangkan having hanya merujuk pada benda. Kedua, being sebagai melampaui sesuatu yang nampak. Artinya, manusia dapat menyembunyikan diri di balik penampilan fisik dan perilakunya. Dengan demikian, being lebih rumit dan kompleks dibandingkan dengan having karena ia bukan sesuatu yang nampak seperti benda. Selanjutnya, Erich Fromm menunjukkan sifat utama being yaitu aktif. Keaktifan diartikan bukan sebagai aktivitas fisik, tetapi aktivitas batin. Syarat being adalah mandiri, bebas, dan kritis. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penggunaan akal budi untuk dapat memahami realitas manusia secara lebih mendalam. Selain itu, relasi dengan sesama juga membantu mengungkapkan realitas hidup yang sebenarnya. Erich Fromm juga menunjukkan aspek dari being yaitu kemauan untuk memberi, berbagi, dan berkurban. Aspek being ini lebih banyak ditemukan dalam situasi perang dibandingkan situasi damai. Pemikiran Erich Fromm ini bermuara pada terwujudnya sebuah masyarakat baru yang disebut dengan masyarakat being. Dari masyarakat being inilah akan muncul manusia-manusia baru yang mendasarkan hidupnya pada being. Manusia baru ini tidak menggantungkan hidupnya pada benda, tetapi pada dirinya sendiri. Setiap tindakan yang dilakukan berangkat dari dalam dirinya, bukan dari luar dirinya. Masyarakat being mengarahkan manusia untuk dapat mencapai kebahagiaan sejati. Erich Fromm mengartikan kebahagiaan sejati sebagai sebuah proses bertumbuh dalam kehidupan ini. Penulis menemukan tiga relevansi dari konsep being Erich Fromm bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Pertama, modus eksistensi being menjadi jawaban atas situasi masyarakat yang cenderung didominasi oleh modus eksistensi having. Kedua, relasi menjadi syarat penting dalam memahami sebuah realitas khususnya dalam memilih pemimpin. Ketiga, pilihan atas modus eksistensi being membawa manusia kepada kebahagiaan sejati. Konsep being juga sangat relevan dengan nilai-nilai Kristiani. Hal ini dapat ditemukan dalam kutipan-kutipan kitab suci yang menekankan pentingnya menggantungkan diri bukan pada materi. N2 - The background of this paper is motivated by the desire of the author to reflect on the situation of today. The author sees that the situation of the present age is increasingly dominated by the desire to have more. This desire is very unreasonable because people are encouraged to have something that is not really his needs. In fact, modern humans tend to identify themselves with something they have. The purpose of human life is reduced only to the endless pleasures of matter. The influence of modern capitalism that permeates all aspects of human life is responsible for this situation. The presence of capitalism alters the human orientation of matter, especially with the increasingly sophisticated technological development. Humans apparently seem to be free to make choices in life. But in fact these choices have been determined by the prevailing system. This is what causes humans to be alienated from life. Consumption and alienation became the main characteristics in this modern age. One of the philosophers who criticize the present-day situation is Erich Fromm. He proposed his idea of the concept of being discussed in >To Have or To Be< (1976). The formulation of the problem to be answered in this paper is what is the concept of being in >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. This question can be answered by analyzing Erich Fromm's thinking critically and systematically. By answering this question, the author hopes that this thesis can provide criticism as well as contribution to society today. The method used in this paper is literature study with the main source of Erich Fromm's >To Have or To Be< (1976) book. From the results of literature study, the authors found that the concept of being proposed by Erich Fromm relates to two modes of human existence of being and having. Both determine the social character and individual human character. The orientation of human life also stems from both modes of existence. Humans can make choices between more and more being or more and more having. Erich Fromm defines being as a process, activity, and movement. This definition shows that life is not something unchangeable, but continues to proceed. Erich Fromm defines being in two senses. First, being as a different existence fromm having. Being encompasses the whole human reality, while having only refers to things. Second, being as beyond what is apparent. That is, humans can hide behind their physical appearance and behavior. Thus, being is more complex and difficult than having because it refers to thing. Furthermore, Erich Fromm shows the main nature of being active. Activity is defined not as a physical activity, but an inner activity. The requirement of being is independence, freedom, and the presence of critical reason. In this case it is necessary to use reason to be able to understand the reality of man more deeply. In addition, relationships with others also help reveal the realities of life. Erich Fromm also shows the aspect of being: the will to give, to share, and to sacrifice. This aspect is more prevalent in war situations than in a peaceful situation. Erich Fromm's thinking leads to the realization of a new society called the society of being. From this being society, it will emerge new man beings who base their live on being. This new man does not depend his life on things, but on himself. Every action taken departs from within himself, not from outside himself. Society is leading people to achieve true happiness. Erich Fromm refers to true happiness as a proses of ever-growing aliveness. The author discovers three relevances of the Erich Fromm’s concept of being for society today. First, the mode of existence becomes the answer to a society’s situation which tends to be dominated by the existence of having mode. Second, relationships become important conditions in understanding a particular reality in choosing a leader. Third, the choice of the existence of being mode brings human to true happiness. The concept of being is also highly relevant to Christian values. This can be found in scriptural quotations that emphasize the importance of being self-reliance instead of relying on matter. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risthania, Olivia Fergie T1 - The Unrequited Love as Reflected in William Blake's >Love Secret< [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Lantern – Journal on English Language, Culture and Literature (Diponegoro University), Vol. 3, No. 4 (February 2014). N2 - The purpose of this final academic paper is to describe the love story which tells sadness in William Blake’s >Love's Secret<. The writer adopts Erich Fromm’s theory of unrequited love from >The Art of Loving<. This final academic paper concerns intrinsic and extrinsic side of the poem. In the intrinsic side, the writer discusses about the existing diction and figurative language such as denotation and connotation and imagery to understand the true meaning of the poem. The extrinsic side, the writer discusses about unrequited love. The writer used library research, note-taking and internet browsing for collecting the data. The result is that love does not only bring happiness but also deep sadness for the speaker of the poem as unrequited love which is reflected in >Love's Secret<. So, it succeeds in bringing the readers to feel what the speaker feels. Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richards, Barry T1 - Freedom Versus Belonging: A Core Ambivalence in Contemporary Political Dynamics JF - Frosh, S., Vyrgioti, M., Walsh, J. (Eds.): The Palgrave Handbook of Psychosocial Studies, Cham (Palgrave Macmillan) 2022, pp. 1-23. [Online ISBN 978-3-030-61510-9] [doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61510-9_41-1] N2 - This chapter presents several different conceptualizations of the ambivalence which, it argues, is a central feature of the psyche of the modern individual. It is produced by two basic but potentially contradictory needs – for the assertion of individuality, and for membership of a collectivity. The understanding of this ambivalence is an important contribution of psychoanalysis to psychosocial theory. It bridges between sociohistorical and clinical perspectives and throws light on many aspects of the contemporary world.– The starting point is Fromm’s >Fear of Freedom< (1942). Fromm describes the depth of fearful aloneness and vulnerability felt by the modern individual who has emerged from the very limited individuation of pre-modern societies. This leads to the dangers of a regressive escape from that fear, and into identification with an idealized collective, which is the basis of popular support for authoritarianism.– This remains a highly relevant analysis, though another, complementary dynamic must now also be considered. This involves a fear of the collective, a libertarian denial of the pains of separation, and an idealization of the unfettered individual. A deficit of confidence in the core, individuated self produces vulnerability to both of these anxieties, trapping us in an ambivalence between freedom and belonging, unable to feel fully secure with either.– Developments in post-Freudian theory have offered clinically-based elaborations and variations on this idea of a basic ambivalence. Here the focus is on Guntrip’s account of the schizoid dilemma, and on descriptions of a >core complex< (Glasser) involving agoraphobic and claustrophobic impulses and oscillations between them. These different formulations converge in their picture of a self unable to live either with or without human relationships.– A number of key topics in politics today are then considered in the light of this analysis: attitudes toward the state, national identity and nationalism, terrorism, and populism. In each area, the expression and interplay of these complementary anxieties and defences against them are seen to contribute to the present difficulties of democracy. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schäfer, Torsten T1 - >So richtig wie möglich leben<: Vier Studien über radikale europäische Humanistinnen und Humanisten aus dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert, Mainz 2021, 297 pp. N2 - Es wird die philosophische Frage nach dem richtigeren Leben aus ökologischer Perspektive gestellt. Sie wird mit Hilfe der Kritischen Theoretiker, Simone de Beauvoir und Jean-Paul Sartre, Erich Fromm und Ernst Bloch beantwortet. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scannell, Paddy T1 - The Pursuit of Happiness – Introduction JF - International Journal of Communication, Vol. 6 (2012), pp. 1262-1269. [Online ISSN 1932-8036] [ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/1629/762] N2 - In 1950, Elihu Katz submitted his MA thesis called >The Happiness Game – A Content Analysis of Radio Fan Mail< at Columbia University. It was supervised by Leo Löwenthal, and drew on recently published work by Paul Lazarsfeld, Robert Merton, and Erich Fromm. The topic for the thesis came from Löwenthal, who, as Katz now recalls, was then preparing to become Director of Research for Voice of America. Somehow, he obtained from CBS, perhaps through Lazarsfeld, several thousand letters sent in to the network during the early months of 1948. He was interested in letters sent by listeners in anticipation of such mail landing on his desk in his new position. The letters were sorted into different bundles and assigned to various graduate students for analysis. It was a happy chance that the bundle assigned to Katz were letters sent in by listeners (overwhelmingly female) in response to a request from a popular radio broadcaster of the day, Ted Malone. Malone asked regular listeners to his daytime show to note whenever they felt happy across the whole of February 1948 (a leap-year) and, at the end of the month, to send him a letter telling of their happiest day. Over two thousand letters were received, and from this, a sample of 236 letters was selected and submitted to a careful content analysis which formed the substance of the thesis. Immediately following this, Katz entered the doctoral program in the Department of Sociology and began to work with Lazarsfeld, a collaboration which culminated in Katz’s work on the Decatur survey material that Lazarsfeld had commissioned in 1943. It became his doctoral thesis and was published as >Personal Influence< (1955), co-authored by Katz and Lazarsfeld – a landmark in American sociological literature. Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaff, Adam T1 - El marxismo y la filosofía del hombre JF - E. Fromm (Ed.), Humanismo socialista, Buenos Aires (Editorial Paidós) 1968, pp. 161-171. Y1 - 1968 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaff, Adam T1 - Marxism and the Philosophy of Man (Japanese) JF - E. Fromm (Ed.), Shakaishugi humanizumu, vol. 1, Tokyo (Kinokuniyashoten) 1967, pp. 175.186. Y1 - 1967 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaeffer, Katharina T1 - Überlegungen zum Konsum in >Konsum und Schmerz< von John Berger sowie >Haben oder Sein< von Erich Fromm, Studienarbeit, Fachbereich Kunst – Allgemeines, Kunsttheorie, Alanus Hochschule für Kunst und Gesellschaft in Alfter, Grin Verlag 2014, 39 pp. N2 - Die Thematik des Konsums ist eine, die mich persönlich interessiert und immer wieder beschäftigt. Im Zuge des Seminars >Kunst und Gesellschaft, Ästhetik und Ethik bei John Berger< befassten wir uns ebenfalls mit Konsum, was mich dazu verleitete, diese Hausarbeit zu verfassen. Dabei werden neben John Berger verschiedene Autoren sowie deren Auseinandersetzung mit und Sichtweise auf den Konsum untersucht. Es handelt sich bei ihnen um die Werbe-Experten Kroeber-Riel und Franz-Rudolf Esch sowie den Literat Erich Fromm.Kurzbiografie sowie enge Textarbeit dienen dazu, einen möglichst guten und authentischen Einblick in Denk- und Schreibweise der Autoren zu vermitteln. So soll der Konsum aus verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten – persönlich, sozial-ethisch und ökonomisch – betrachtet werden. Nach einer Definition des Begriffes Konsum widmet sich der Essay diversen Fragestellungen rund um das Thema Konsum, die jeweils mittels Textauszügen erarbeitet und letztendlich beantwortet werden. Zunächst soll die Frage, wie der Konsum, wie wir ihn heute kennen, eigentlich entstanden ist. John Berger über die Zusammenhänge zwischen Konsum und Schmerz in seinem gleichnamigen Artikel Auskunft. Wie der Hyper-Konsum entsteht beziehungsweise mit welchen Strategien und Techniken die Werbung beim Verbraucher ein Pseudo-Konsum-Bedürfnis schafft kann anhand des Werkes >Strategie und Technik der Werbung< von Esch und Kroeber-Riel nachvollzogen werden. Wolf Lotter stellt in seinem brand-eins-Magazin die Frage nach dem richtigen Maß. Und Fromm >resümiert ... Gedankengänge früherer Werke< ... in seinem Buch >Haben oder Sein<. All diese Schriftstücke dienen als Grundlage für den Essay und sollen in einem umfassenden Fazit reflektiert und resümiert werden. [Exlibris.ch] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saunders, Shaun T1 - Fromm's Marketing Character and Rockeach Values JF - Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2001), pp. 191-195. [Online ISSN 1179-6391] [doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.2.191] N2 - The twentieth century is notable for the widespread growth of market-driven economies which have been associated with dramatic shifts in values both within and across cultures. The present study (N=101) aimed to assess the relationship between a measure of Fromm's (1955) marketing character (the SCOI) and Rokeach values. The hypothesis that the Rokeach value >Equality< would be ranked low when considered in terms of scores on the SCOI was supported, suggesting that social comparisons made in the consumer domain are made with the aim of determining relative success or failure rather than equality. Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Saunders, Shaun A1 - Munro, Don T1 - An exploratory look at Fromm's marketing character and individualism/collectivism JF - Social Behavior and Personality, Vol. 29, No. 2 (2001), pp. 153-158. [Online ISSN 1179-6391] [doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.2.153] N2 - Instruments designed to measure Fromm's marketing character (SCOI; Saunders & Munro, 2000) and the vertical and horizontal dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism (Singelis, Triandis, Bhawuk & Gelfand, 1995) were administered to 167 Ss. The hypothesis that scores on the SCOI would be positively correlated with Vertical Individualism was supported. However, there was only partial support for the hypothesis that scores on the SCOI would be positively correlated with Individualism, as the SCOI scores had the same relationship with Collectivism – which was unexpected. Y1 - 2001 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauvayre, Pascal T1 - The philosophical foundations of interpersonal psychoanalysis: Albert Dunham Jr. and racial politics JF - R. Frie and P. Sauvayre (Eds., Culture, Politics and Race in the Making of Interpersonal Psychoanalysis. Breaking Boundaries, London and New York (Routledge) 2022, pp. 111-137. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sjödin, Christer T1 - Reflections on dying patients, hospices, assisted suicide, and euthanasia JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 31 (No. 3, 2022), pp. 132-141. N2 - My parents’ death struggle, my clinical work with dying patients, the euthanasia of Freud, and a fear of dementia form the background to my reflections on dying patients, hospices, assisted suicide, and euthanasia. The change in public opinion has resulted in a displacement from Nazi crimes to the present focus on the right to self-determination. Consequently, a law allowing assisted suicide or euthanasia has been adopted in several locations, such as Oregon in the USA, the Benelux countries, Switzerland, and Canada. The fear of suffering, hopelessness, and inability are strong arguments to allow euthanasia and aided suicide. A compelling case against it is its negative social consequences, the infringement into the private sphere when the sick person and their family must decide if they are willing to accept assisted suicide or euthanasia. Although the >right to death< provides freedom to some, for others it is a forced choice that interferes with the dying process. I conclude by highlighting the palliative model, wherein death is perceived as a part of an individual’s life and as a normal process, although this task is hard for the family to contain, especially when the dying person is in pain and agony. Dying is not merely an individual process. It affects the whole family as well as the future generations’ views on reciprocity and responsibility. Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smith, Jennifer T1 - Pascual Duarte’s Escape from Freedom: A Study of the Authoritarian Personality and the Rise of the Authoritarian State JF - Letras Hispanas, Vol. 8, No. 1 (2012), pp. 5-19. [Online ISSN 1548-5633] [worldlang.txst.edu/letrashispanas/previousvolumes/vol8-1.html] N2 - In a 2002 article that appeared in El País, the Spanish writer Javier Cercas allies himself with other scholars who have argued that during the time of its publication he Family of Pascual Duarte (1942) by Camilo José Cela, served as an apologia for Franco’s dictatorship. Following the ideas articulated by Erich Fromm in Escape from Freedom (1941) about fascism as a reaction against the effects of individual isolation in the modern era, I relate Cerca’s political interpretation of the Family of Pascual Duarte with existential and psychological readings of the novel. I argue that the moral decline of Pascual Duarte is the result of his inability to live up to the existential burden of freedom in the seemingly uncaring, anarchical and meaningless universe associated, from the Nationalist perspective, with the political and social programs of the Second Republic. While Pascual tries to elude this responsibility through various mechanisms of escape, primarily through practices of submission and domination, the lack of any legitimate authority to submit to or of any sphere in which he can legitimately assert his own authority, leads Pascual to unwittingly present his meaningless and immoral life as a case for the reassertion of a dictatorial regime. N2 - En un artículo que apareció en El País en 2002, el autor español Javier Cercas se alía con otros críticos que han sostenido que, en la época de su publicación, La familia de Pascual Duarte (1942), de Camilo José Cela, sirvió como una apología a favor de la dictadura de Franco. Al seguir las ideas expresadas por Erich Fromm en Miedo a la libertad (1941) sobre el fascismo como reacción contra los efectos del aislamiento individual en la época moderna, relaciono la interpretación política de Cercas con lecturas existencialistas y psicológicas de la novela. Argumento que la decadencia moral de Pascual Duarte resulta de su incapacidad de cumplir con la responsabilidad de libertad en un mundo que parece indiferente, anárquico y vacío de sentido, un mundo asociado, desde la perspectiva nacionalista, con los programas políticos y sociales de la Segunda República. Aunque Pascual intenta escaparse de esta responsabilidad a través de varios mecanismos de escape, sobre todo a través de prácticas de sumisión y dominio, la falta de cualquier autoridad legítima a la cual someterse, o de cualquier esfera donde él pueda airmar su propia autoridad, hace que Pascual, sin querer, presente su vida inmoral y sin objeto como un caso a favor de un retorno a un sistema político autoritario. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skalovski, Denko T1 - Border Situations as Unchanging Human Situations (via Karl Jaspers, Erich Fromm & Noam Chomsky JF - Pannoniana, Vol 5, No. 1 (2021), pp. 163-183. [Online ISSN 2459-7465] [hrcak.srce.hr/en/file/402277] N2 - The first aim of this paper is to raise the interest in the works of three authors, Karl Jaspers, Erich Fromm, and Noam Chomsky. The second intention is to show and prove that despite being different in vocation, they essentially speak of the same social reality, regardless of the fact that they observe and reflect reality from different theoretical/scientific positions/aspects: philosophical, ethical/bioethical, anthropological, sociological, psychological, political, legal, economic, cultural, philological/linguistic, ideological. Despite certain differences, what brings them together spiritually/cognitively are the >diagnoses< of the diseased tissue of (post)modern civil society, as well as the assessments of the phenomenon of social/existential reality of our time. What unites them is the comprehensive humanism and care for the man and man’s psychosomatic health and their present and future life, at the time when civilization is on the verge of self-destruction. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Slosiar, S. T1 - Odcudzenie a jeho vplyv na sebapremenu človeka JF - Studia Sieradzana, No. 3, 2013, pp. 1-12. N2 - Filozofi si čoraz intenzívnejšie kladú otázku: V akom svete žijeme? Ktorý z nich je nám vlastný a ktorý cudzí? Čo spôsobuje odcudzenie a ako ho možno prekonať? Kult rozumu, ktorý sa zmenil na kult vedy a techniky, v ktorom sa človek namiesto autentického, neopakovateľného, slobodného prejavu stal neosobnou, funkčnou zložkou konformného správania dnešnej civilizácie, spôsobil, že intenzívnejšie prežívame pocity ohrozenia a odcudzenia. Preto sa tento problém stal premetom záujmu mnohých filozofov od Schopenhauera a Nietzscheho, ať po predstaviteľov postmoderny. Každý z nich poukazuje na povahu odcudzenia a možnosti jeho prekonania. Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Śliwerski, Boguslaw T1 - The Idea of the Exclusion of Necrophilic Attitudes in Critical Psychology of Erich Fromm JF - Interdisciplinary Context of Special Pedagogy, Vol. 28, No. 1 (2020), pp. 7-20. N2 - The subject of the analysis is the category of the inclusion as a process that does not only apply to people with special developmental or life needs, but also to social sciences, which as a result of the positivist research paradigm have divided and separated from each other. Meanwhile, human upbringing requires the inclusion of biophilic orientation towards life in all social sciences, whose achievements should be considered and applied to improve educational processes. The Author borrows inspiration from the typology of human attitudes of Erich Fromm, because it makes readers aware of the negative effects of necrophilia in interpersonal relationships. The Author analyses Fromm’s approach against the background of selected ideas of Polish pedagogical views. Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skovdahl, Kirsti A1 - et al., T1 - Dementia and aggressiveness: video recorded morning care from different care units JF - Journal of Clinical Nursing, Vol. 12, No. 6 (2003), pp. 888-898 [Online ISSN 1365-2702] [doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00809.x] N2 - The aim of the study was to illuminate, from video recorded sequences, interactions between individuals with dementia and aggressive behaviour and caregivers who reported problems dealing with such behaviour and caregivers who did not. Nine caregivers and two residents participated. The video recordings were later transcribed into text and analysed by using a phenomenological hermeneutic approach, inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy. The main themes that emerged from the analysis were >Being involved and developing a positive interaction< and >Being confined to routines and remaining in negative interaction<. The findings indicated the interactions either to be in a positive or negative spiral. Caregivers who had reported problems dealing with behavioural and psychiatric symptoms in dementia focused on accomplishing the task, where the main focus was on >the goal itself<. In other sequences with caregivers who had been satisfied with their capability the focus was placed on >how< the caregivers could reach their goal. Power was central in the material, in different ways, either as a possible way to handle the situation or as a possible way of defending oneself. Parts of Kitwood's framework and Fromm's theory about power >over< and power >to<, has been used in the comprehensive understanding. Our conclusion is that caregivers should use power 'to' when they have to help persons with dementia and aggressive behaviour, as a part of behavioural and psychiatric symptoms of dementia, for being able to give help in the best possible way. They should also act in a sensitive and reflective manner, with the individual in focus. Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smith, R. C. T1 - The Individual in Capitalistic Society JF - Society and Social Pathology. Critical Political Theory and Radical Practice, Cham (Palgrave Macmillan) 2017, pp. 169-248. [Online ISBN 978-3-319-50325-7] [doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50325-7_4] N2 - This chapter explores a fundamental alternative philosophy of the subject. Drawing inspiration from Adorno’s critical theory and from Fromm’s social psychology, Smith offers a contemporary, cross-disciplinary study of the subject, including the individual’s relation with society and social development. What emerges is a deeply insightful approach to understanding social interaction, developmental psychology and the problem of ego colonization. Enriching arguments laid out in early chapters, Smith employs a methodologically innovative conception of the development of the subject: from its (de)formation and early childhood development to more practical issues such as compassion fatigue, deficits of reason and empathy. Smith shows how negative social conditions foster emotionally overwhelmed individuals – a deeply repressed, closed, traumatized subject. This chapter also covers other important practical issues, such as the problem of economic coercion, pathological reproduction, cycles of domination and violence, and the everyday effects of >needless suffering< on the psyche. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smith, David Norman T1 - Introduction to Herbert Marcuse, >On the Critique of Sociology< JF - Mid-American Review of Sociology, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1992), pp. 1-13. [ISSN 0732913X] [jstor.org/stable/23254542] N2 - Critical Theory was born at a dark moment in world history. The Weimar Republic in Germany had given way to National Socialism, fascism reigned in Italy, and the Bolshevik revolution in Russia had begun its descent into the whirlpool of Stalinism. It became clear that >class consciousness< does not spring fully formed from economic crisis, as many Marxists had imagined, and that socialist democracy is far more difficult to achieve than even its enemies had believed. Nowhere was this more apparent than in Germany, wherein 1933 the proudest and strongest labor movement in history fell victim to a grotesquely reactionary regime. Democracy in every form seemed alarmingly fragile, too feeble and embattled to resist the >dictatorship of the corporals< that Max Weber had feared. This was the context in which the renowned >Frankfurt Institute< began its odyssey from traditional to critical theory. Y1 - 1992 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Storozhenko, N. V. T1 - Страх смерти на все времена [The Fear of Death for All Times] JF - Филология: научные исследования [Philology: Scientific Researches], No. 2 (2015), pp. 117-128. [ISSN 2454-0749] N2 - Статья автора посвящена рассмотрению феномена смерти в современном мире. В данной статье производится последовательный анализ отношения индивида к феномену смерти на основании классических текстов (Артур Шопенгауэр, Филипп Арьес, Эрих Фромм и т.д.) в совокупности с рядом статей современных авторов. Цель данной работы – выявление факторов современной действительности, которые являются регулятивными в вопросе формирования специфического отношения индивида к феномену смерти и его дальнейшей перспективы. Поскольку данный вопрос носит философско-антропологический характер, анализ данной статьи стремиться сохранить связь с такой опытной составляющей человека как прогрессивные технологии. Результатом работы является обнаружение специфических взаимосвязей феномена смерти с прогрессом и фантазмом, выявление специфики символизма феномена смерти в современном мире, расширение списка модусов иммортализации, а также намечаются перспективы дальнейшего развития феномена. Так как феномен смерти философски предстает одним из экзистенционалов человеческого бытия, то спектр применения наработок статьи оказывается достаточно широким. N2 - The article is devoted to the phenomenon of death these days. In this article Storozhenko performs the successive analysis of an individual's attitude to death based on classical works written by Arthur Schopenhauer, Philippe Ariès, Erich Fromm, etc. and a number of research articles written by contemporary authors. The purpose of the present research is to define factors of modern reality that regulate the development of a specific attitude of an individual to the phenomenon of death as well as further prospects of these factors. Considering the fact that this issue is of philosophical and anthropological nature, the analysis of the present article touches upon advanced technologies as the element of human experience. As a result of the research, Storozhenko finds out that there are specific relationships between the phenomenon of death and progress and phantasm, describes specific features of the symbolism of death in a modern world, extends the list of immortalization moduses and outlines the prospects for the further development of the phenomenon. From the philosophical point of view, the phenomenon of death constitutes one of human existentials, therefore there is a wide scope of practical fields the results of the research may be applied to. Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchodolski, Bogdan T1 - Umanesimo del rinascimento e umanesimo marxista JF - E. Fromm (Ed.), L'Umanesimo socialista, a cura di Erich Fromm, Bari (Daedalo Libri) 1971, pp. .45-55. Y1 - 1971 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchodolski, Bogdan T1 - Humanismo renacentista y humanismo marxista JF - E. Fromm (Ed.), Humanismo socialista, Buenos Aires (Editorial Paidós) 1968, pp. 47-57. Y1 - 1968 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchodolski, Bogdan T1 - Renaissance Humanism and Marxian Humanism (Japanese) JF - E. Fromm (Ed.), Shakaishugi humanizumu, vol. 1, Tokyo (Kinokuniyashoten) 1967, pp. 048-059. Y1 - 1967 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Su, Die T1 - Fromm's Theory of Consumer Alienation and Its Meaning Today [弗洛姆的消费异化理论及其当代思考] JF - Culture Journal [文化学刊], No. 7 (2022), pp. 109-112. N2 - 消费作为一种现象存在于人类的日常生活中,是人类生存需要使用的手段。随着科学技术的进步、生产能力的不断提高,人们在消费过程中其消费方式、消费目的不断发生着变化,甚至说是发生了某种程度上的异化。西方是最早进入消费社会的国家,消费异化现象较为突出,弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的代表人物之一,他在认真分析并借鉴马克思的劳动异化理论和弗洛伊德的精神分析学说的基础之上,又借鉴于卢卡奇的物化理论及马尔库塞的单向度理论,把社会批判理论作为其立足点,从社会心理学这样的全新视角诠释了他的乌托邦救赎之路。他针对20世纪资本主义社会的现实情况,剖析出消费异化的表现、危害、根源及其消除路径,指出消费不能仅仅是对消费品的消耗和浪费、占有和享乐,而是要在消费的过程中充分展现人的主体性,体现生命的价值和意义。消费应该是理性的、适度的,而不是盲目的、无止境的占有。在中国,伴随着全球化的发展,西方社会的生活方式、文化、价值观念等逐渐渗透到我国日常生活领域,因此,面对如今不同于20世纪的新的时代,弗洛姆的消费异化理论给我们带来了哪些思考,这是本课题的研究目的所在。 N2 - Consumption as a phenomenon exists in human's daily life and is a means of survival. With the progress of science and technology and the continuous improvement of production capacity, people's consumption patterns and purposes are constantly changing in the process of consumption, and even some degree of alienation has occurred. As one of the representatives of the Frankfurt School, Fromm carefully analyzed and drew on Marx's theory of labor alienation and Freud's psychoanalytic theory, and drew on Lukács's theory of reification and Marcuse's theory of one-dimensional man, and took social criticism theory as his foothold, and interpreted his Utopian theory from a social psychology. He interprets his utopian path to salvation from a new perspective of social psychology. He analyzes the manifestations, hazards, and root causes of the alienation of consumption and its elimination path in the light of the reality of capitalist society in the 20th century, and points out that consumption should not be merely the consumption and waste of consumer goods, possession and enjoyment, but should fully demonstrate human subjectivity and embody the value and meaning of life in the process of consumption. Consumption should be rational and moderate, not blind and endlessly possessive. In China, along with the development of globalization, the lifestyle, culture, and values of Western society have gradually penetrated into the field of our daily life. Therefore, in the face of the new era nowadays, which is different from the 20th century, what thoughts Fromm's theory of consumption alienation has brought to us is the purpose of this research. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 9/2022] Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Su, Die T1 - Research on Fromm's Consumption Alienation Theory [弗洛姆的消费异化理论研究], Master thesis, History of Economic Theory and Ideology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2023. [doi.org/10.27123/d.cnki.ghlju.2023.001682] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] With the continuous development and progress of science and technology, consumption occupies an increasingly important position in People’s Daily life. The >productive society< of Marx’s era was gradually replaced by the >consumer society< whose main activity was consumption. When the West first entered the consumer society, the consumption problem was more prominent. In this regard, the Western Marxists gradually turned from abstract theoretical research to positive exploration of reality. Fromm, with his unique perspective, revealed the consumption problem from the perspectives of psychology, sociology, philosophy and so on. Fromm believes that modern society is an unsound >artificial world<, where everything created by human beings is high above him. Individuals are integrated into a cultural chain woven by science and technology, mass culture and bureaucratic state, forming a cultural object lacking in criticism and self-awareness, which also causes the alienation of human nature. This alienation of human nature is especially obvious in the field of consumption.– This paper mainly discusses the consumption alienation in the developed industrial society. First of all, it combs the conditions of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation. Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation came into being under the influence of the cultural crisis of Western society in the 20th century and the social critical theory of Frankfurt School. Secondly, it traces the influence of Marx’s labor alienation theory, Freud’s psychoanalysis theory and Lukács’ materialization theory on Fromm’s consumption alienation theory. Then, it introduces the connotation, origin, harm and solution of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation, and compares it with those of Marcuse, Baudrillard and Ben Agger. Finally, based on Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation to reflect on the development of today’s world. The limitation lies in the fact that Fromm’s humanistic tendency lacks materialist foundation, and the utopian revolutionary road of subbing consumption alienation proposed by Fromm is bound to be unworkable. However, it is undeniable that Fromm’s consumption alienation theory provides practical reference and reflection for China to avoid the phenomena caused by this theory in the new era. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Su, Lina T1 - On Binx’s >Search< in >The Moviegoer< in the View of Fromm’s Freedom, Master thesis, World Literature, North East Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2022 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Walker Percy is a well-known southern American writer in the 1950s in the literary circles. He won the National Book Award in 1962 for >The Moviegoer<. In his works, Walker Percy unfolds people’s quests for the living ways and the diagnosis of contemporary American social problems. In >The Moviegoer<, the protagonist, Binx is engaged in a quest for a new living way, which is defined by himself the >search<; however, the >search< appears pointless and ambiguous. What is the >search< has been the focus of many scholars since its publication. Taking Binx’s >search< in >The Moviegoer< as the research target, this thesis employs Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom to interpret Binx’s plight and way out in a comprehensive way, pointing out that Binx >search< is a process from positive freedom to negative freedom proposed by Fromm. The thesis is divided into three parts: introduction, Chapter 1 to Chapter 3 and conclusion. The introduction summarizes Walker Percy’s life and literary creation experience, the research background of Walker Percy’s works at home and abroad and the introduction to Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom as the theoretical base. The first chapter explores that the origin of Binx’s >search< is that he falls into a stage of negative freedom, which is manifested in the rupture of the primary ties in society and family and in the isolation from the outside world. The second chapter analyzes the mistake of Binx’s >search< lies in his intention to escape from freedom. Binx is addicted to playing movie stars’ roles, submitting to anonymous authority, and being a consumer. In the view of Fromm’s theory of freedom, he escapes from freedom by submission and conformity. The third chapter studies that the solution of Binx’s >search< is to achieve positive freedom, which can be realized through love and creative work. Binx pursues love, creative work, and the uniqueness of the individual. Finally, this thesis concludes that Binx’s >search< is the realization of man’s free development defined by Fromm. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023] Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Storla, Clarence T1 - Review Fromm, E.: The Sane Society (1955a, Spanish) JF - The Midwest Sociologist, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Dec., 1958), pp. 60-61. Y1 - 1958 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sullivan, Gavin Brent T1 - Political Reactionism as Affective Practice: UKIP Supporters and Non‐Voters in Pre‐Brexit England JF - Politics and Governance, Vol. 9 (No. 3, 2021), pp. 260–273. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suh, Yusuk T1 - 한국 민주주의의 위기에 대한 철학적 성찰 [A Philosophical Consideration on the Crisis of Democracy in Korea] JF - 범한철학 [Pan-Korean Philosophy], Vol. 50, No. 3 (2008), pp. 1-20. N2 - 본고는 근자에 이슈가 되고 있는 >한국 민주주의의 위기<에 대한 철학적 반성으로서 다음 네 가지 점을 중심으로 살펴보고자 한다. 첫째 본고는 >한국 민주주의 위기<의 근원을 다름 아닌 <개혁의 실패 내지는 지체>에서 찾고자 한다. 둘째로, 민주주의 위기론과 관련하여 제기되고 있는 >민주세력 무능론<을 비판적으로 검토한다. 여기서는 민주 세력의 중요한 실책으로 >시민적 동의획득의 실패<를 지적하고 그 의미를 탐색해 보겠다. 세 번째로 보수화의 군중심리에 나타나고 있는 >박정희 신드롬<의 위험에 대해서 그리고 참여민주주의의 당위적 과제가 갖는 의미에 대해서 살펴보겠다. 결론에서는 한국 민주주의의 위기를 극복하기 위한 진보 세력 일반의 과제로서 >대안적 사회모델의 정립<, >국민적 동의획득의 노력<, >참여와 연대 문화의 확산<을 지적하고 이러한 상황이 철학에 부과하는 과제는 무엇인지 살펴보겠다. N2 - This paper is a philosophical consideration on >the crisis of democracy in Korea<. Its investigation consists in the following 4 points. 1) The crisis of democracy in Korea has been caused by the failure or lag of reformation. 2) One of the main failures of >the Roh’s participatory government< exists in the failure to get the consensus from citizen, to obtain the >hegemony< in Gramsci’s sense of the term. 3) >Appeal to the Dictator Park’s leadership<, conscious or unconscious, is one of the social >diseases<, similar with the psychological regression as it already was analyzed by E. Fromm in his Escape from Freedom. 4) Philosophy-engagers should be in charge of enlightening the people for them to improve critical thinking and insight, along with the efforts to help them to gain an insight into a new vision of Korean society. Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sulistiyo, Adhea Tsabitha A1 - Sylhabuddin, Sylhabuddin T1 - Cinta: Objek dan Puisi (Konsep Cinta Erich Fromm dalam Puisi-puisi Karya W.S Rendra) [Love: Objects and Poetry (Erich Fromm's Concept of Love in Poems by W.S Rendra)] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Jurnal Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Budaya, Vol. 2, No. 1 (2023), pp. 1-18. [Online ISSN 2962-1143] [journal.amikveteran.ac.id/index.php/jpbb/article/view/883] N2 - Love can be used as an answer to the question of human existence. So many philosophers from the west and east offer concepts about love, Erich Fromm is one of them who considers that love is an art. The purpose of this study is to classify five objects of love from Erich Fromm's thoughts in poems by W.S Rendra. Poetry was chosen as the object of research because poetry can be used as a means for someone to express love. This research method is a literature study as well as a literature review. The results of this study are five titles of poems that represent the five objects of love. First, object of brotherly love entitled >Aku Mendengar Suara< because this poem contains Rendra who loves his oppressed brothers. The object of maternal love titled >Ibunda< contains a mother's love that is like the earth that provides its fertility for her children to grow and sacrifices everything a mother has for her children, truly loving even though she does not get anything from the child. The object of erotic love with the title >Barangkali Karena Bulan< is about exclusive love to one person, namely the poet's love for a woman. Self-love with the poem titled >Orang Biasa< contains Rendra's love for himself. Last, the object of God's love titled >Tuhan, Aku Cinta Padamu< is about Rendra's desire to return to Him and achieve unification between the servant and his God. N2 - Cinta dapat dijadikan sebagai jawaban bagi pertanyaan mengenai eksistensi manusia. Maka banyak filsuf dari barat maupun timur yang menawarkan konsep mengenai cinta, Erich Fromm adalah salah satunya yang menganggap bahwa mencintai adalah seni. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengklasifikasikan lima objek cinta dari pemikiran Erich Fromm dalam puisi-puisi karya W.S Rendra. Puisi dipilih menjadi objek penelitian karena puisi dapat digunakan sebagai sarana seseorang mengungkapkan cinta. Metode penelitian ini adalah studi literatur juga kajian pustaka. Hasil dari penelitian ini terdapat lima judul puisi yang mewakili kelima objek cinta tersebut, pertama objek cinta persaudaraan berjudul >Aku Mendengar Suara< karena puisi ini berisikan Rendra yang mencintai saudara sesamanya yang tertindas. Objek cinta keibuan berjudul “Ibunda” berisi cinta ibu yang layaknya bumi yang memberikan kesuburannya bagi anak-anaknya agar tumbuh serta mengorbankan semua hal yang ibu punya bagi anak-anaknya, benar-benar mencintai meskipun tak mendapatkan apapun dari sang anak. Objek cinta erotis dengan judul >Barangkali Karena Bulan< mengenai cinta eksklusif kepada satu orang yaitu cinta penyair kepada seorang wanita. Cinta diri dengan puisi berjudul >Orang Biasa< berisi cinta Rendra pada dirinya sendiri. Dan terakhir objek cinta Tuhan berjudul >Tuhan, Aku Cinta Pada-mu< mengenai keinginan Rendra untuk kembali kepada-Nya dan meraih penyatuan antara hamba dan Tuhannya. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Suchodolski, Bogdan T1 - Humanismo da Renascença e Humanismo Marxiano JF - E. Fromm (Ed.), Humanismo Socialista, traducao de Artur Morao, Lusa (biblioteca 70) 1976, pp. 50-62. Y1 - 1976 ER -