TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Yan T1 - Study on Fromm's Consumption Alienation Thought [弗洛姆异化消费思想研究], Master thesis, Philosophy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 2021. N2 - Fromm is the representative figure of Western Marxism, is the international famous psychoanalysis humanism philosophers and psychologists Fromm based on humanism, chose cross perspective of philosophy, psychology, puts forward the unique analytical humanistic issues on human nature, he will be the macroscopic theory of Marxism and psychoanalysis of microscopic method, develop the research on the study of Marxist philosophy. Fromm proposed digestion of consumption alienation method, as well as consumption alienation research has important reference value for future generations. This article through three chapters to Fromm’s consumption alienation thought systematically in this paper, the first chapter elaborated Fromm’s consumption alienation thought source of social and cultural background and theoretical knowledge, Fromm’s rise in a consumer society disadvantages of capitalism appeared era, the development of people is faced with many grave problems In such a background, people gradually enveloped in content, is controlled by things Fromm actively seek to eliminate consumption alienation more advice on how to build a sound society. He absorbed Marx, Lukács, Marcuse’s theory of alienation to put forward his own theory of alienation of consumption. The second chapter is the main body of this paper, discusses from five sections, the first is Fromm definition of consumption alienation, in Fromm’s view, consumption alienation refers to the consumer in the consumer behavior, loss of subjectivity, consumption from means become purposes. The second is for researches in the cause of alienation spending, Fromm’s think that the emergence of consumption alienation has internal and external two aspects Internal cause is the person to escape the psychological mechanism of freedom, and the external cause is the pursuit of capital logic of capitalism, when value become capitalists focus, and the goods was abstracted into things. A third is Fromm the hazard analysis on consumption alienation Fromm’s thought consumption alienation will bring freedom illusion and false happiness can make a real loss of consumption experience can make the human to dry up four is Fromm to eliminate consumption alienation idea, he thought that if you want to build a healthy social, psychological and society as a whole to change simultaneously. From the psychological changes, Fromm’s claim to adhere to the survival way of life, to establish the productive character In terms of social change, Fromm advocated to the whole capitalist society economic, political and cultural change Fromm believed that as long as individuals and society worked together to reform, good results would be achieved. Five is the analysis of the value of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory, the theory has its rationality and limitations of anyone, Fromm’s consumption alienation idea is no exception Its superiority lies in the expanded the Marx’s theory of alienation, is on Marx inherited the spirit of the age, in addition, Fromm’s theory of man’s subjective spirit also attaches great importance to, but still cannot cover the defect of its theory, which has a dream. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Xiurong T1 - 佛洛姆(Erich Fromm)的政治思想 [The Political Thought of Erich Fromm], Doctoral dissertation, Political Sciences, Institute of the Three Principles of the People National Chengchi University, Wenshan District, Taipei,Taiwan 1990. N2 - 本文的主旨是企圖對佛洛姆的政治思想從事一全面性的了解,並加以評價性的討論。關於了解部分,乃是先設定一個研究架構,就其思想背景、人性理論、個人與社會的調適論、自由與權威的並重論以及世界新秩序的建立途徑,分別加以說明,並進一步指出其政治思想的重心以及整個體系之所在。關於討論部分,則在每章陳述佛氏思想內容之後,列出專節根據當代重要政治思想家某些論點與佛氏思想作比較並加以評論,最後又在全文的結論中,列舉佛氏思想的創義,作較深入的討論,以突顯其思想的主要價值並指出與當代改革潮流的相關性。本文的具體處理共分九章,約三十餘萬字。每章的標題如後:第一章緒論;第二章思想背景;第三章自我肯定的人性論;第四章個人與社會的互動關係;第五章不完全的社會;第六章健全的個人與健全的社會;第七章自由與灌威的協調; 第八章世界新秩序的建立;第章結論--對佛洛姆思想的一個評價。 N2 - The main purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive understanding of Fromm's political thought and to discuss it in an evaluative manner. In the section on understanding, we first set up a research framework to explain the background of his thought, the theory of human nature, the theory of the accommodation of the individual and society, the theory of the coexistence of freedom and authority, and the way to establish a new world order, and further point out the focus of his political thought and where the whole system is located. In the discussion section, after each chapter presents the content of Fromm's thought, a special section is set out to compare and comment on Fromm's thought according to some of the arguments of important contemporary political thinkers, and finally, in the conclusion of the whole paper, the originality of Fromm's thought is listed and discussed in greater depth in order to highlight the main value of his thought and point out its relevance to contemporary reform trends. The specific treatment of this paper is divided into nine chapters of about 300,000 words. The titles of each chapter are as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Background of Ideas; Chapter 3: Self-Affirming Humanism; Chapter 4: Interaction between Individual and Society; Chapter 5: Incomplete Society; Chapter 6: Sound Individual and Sound Society; Chapter 7: Reconciliation of Freedom and Inculcation; Chapter 8: The Establishment of a New World Order; and Chapter 8: Conclusion: An Evaluation of Chapter 8: The Establishment of a New World Order; Chapter 9 Conclusion: An Evaluation of Fromm's Thought. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 11/2022] Y1 - 1990 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Xiaohong T1 - Ethical Predicaments in Ian McEwan’s Major Novels, PhD thesis [伊恩•麦克尤恩主要小说中的伦理困境], English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. T2 - Ian McEwan is one of the most significant British writers since the 1970s. His early writings were controversial for their focus on violence, death and sexual deviance, which earned him the nickname >Ian Macabre<. Nevertheless, with 11 novels behind him a N2 - Ian McEwan is one of the most significant British writers since the 1970s. His early writings were controversial for their focus on violence, death and sexual deviance, which earned him the nickname >Ian Macabre<. Nevertheless, with 11 novels behind him and one winning the Booker Prize, McEwan is now lauded for the ethical vision in his works. Throughout his writing career, ethics have been his major concern, which require further studies. This dissertation is devoted to the exploration of ethical predicaments in his three major novels, aiming to shed light on the continuity and evolution of his investigation of ethics throughout his career. Varied ethical predicaments characterize McEwan’s major novels, including the paradox of freedom, the ethical dystopia, and the ethical dilemma. Each predicament is a response to the particular ethical concerns of his time, demonstrating artistic features of a specific phase of his career as well. >Ethics< not only refer to the accepted beliefs, principles, and rules about right and wrong that guide people in their conducts, but also encompass the contextualized personal understandings of right and wrong. Derived from >ethics<, >ethical< though it can suggest >morally< correct, >always denotes< of or relating to ethics in this dissertation unless specified as otherwise. Predicaments are particular situations that the individual finds difficult and unpleasant. Ethical predicaments as discussed in this dissertation refer to unpleasant situations where it is difficult or impossible for the individual to act rightly. It is discovered that ethical predicaments occupy a vital position in most of McEwan’s novels. Furthermore, the major ethical predicaments in his fiction generally follow a line of development, in response to the changing ethical concerns of his time and his developing artistic techniques and vision. In view of manageability, this dissertation focuses on ethical predicaments in McEwan’s three representative novels – >The Cement Garden<, >The Child in Time<, and >Atonement< – identifying a distinctive ethical predicament in each one, so as to reveal the continuity and development in his treatment of ethical predicaments. Chapter One consists of a brief introduction of McEwan’s standing in Contemporary British literature, a review of English and Chinese scholarship on Ian McEwan, with particular focus on ethical criticism, a definition of the key terms, and then a brief introduction of the scope and structure of the dissertation. Chapter Two investigates the predominant ethical predicament in The Cement Garden the paradox of freedom, with three sections respectively dealing with the ethical anarchy, the positive freedom, and the problematic freedom. Central to this chapter is the argument that the paradoxical features of freedom trap the children in an ethical predicament. Before plunging into concentrated discussions, the chapter first briefly examines the philosophical and cultural influence on McEwan, which may account for his special treatment of freedom in this debut novel.– Section One investigates how the children arrive at ethical anarchy through gradual removal of parental authorities. In the light of Erich Fromm’s theory, it could be discerned that the family is based on an authoritarian ethical system which forces the children to subjugate their freedom to conformity to social norms. Through subverting the patriarchal control and challenging the mother as a teacher of moral precepts, the children eventually enter an ethically anarchic situation.– The ensuing section, centering on the positive freedom, aims to uncover the constructive role freedom plays in reforming traditional ethics. Cross-dressing and incest, the children’s >deviant< behaviors, are often interpreted as signs of depravation brought about by their newly gained freedom. Admittedly, in ordinary circumstances the children’s transgressive acts seem pathological; however, with McEwan’s special artistic representation, their >deviance< affirming spontaneity and creativity, could be read as a critique of the oppressive, hypocritical facets of traditional ethics.– Section Three explores the other side of the paradox – the problematic freedom, disclosing the nothingness and loneliness resulting from their ethical anarchy. Without parental authorities in the house, there is no absolute criterion of moral goodness for the children who have not yet learned to create new values by themselves to confer meaning to life. Consequently, the children experience an excruciating sense of nothingness. Besides, their newfound freedom also results in agonizing loneliness, or a deep sense of unconnectedness, for the removal of the old authoritarian ethical system severs the established interpersonal relations, which, though oppressive to the children in varied ways, used to provide them with a sense of belonging. The markedly different directions the children take when freely developing their individuality also add to their loneliness. Therefore, freedom plays a constructive role in reforming the traditional ethics, but it also tends to bring about distressing nothingness and loneliness. This paradox of freedom constitutes the major ethical predicament in the novel, demonstrating the author’s critical reflections on the ethos of the 1960s and 1970s, as well as his preoccupation with the private domain and the inner world in his early works. Chapter Three moves to examine the ethical predicament in >The Child in Time< – the ethical dystopia – a fearful futuristic situation where the individual is involved in moral corruption or problematic ethical relations. This chapter also falls into three sections, focusing on the moral corruption of the political arena, the vulnerability of marital relations, and the disharmony between nature and humans. A brief examination of the related circumstances in Thatcher Britain precedes the detailed discussions.– Section One probes into the moral corruption of the political arena in the futuristic society, concentrating on the unsettling social injustice indulged by the government and the politicians’ abandonment of ethical principles. As for the first aspect of corruption, McEwan is mainly concerned with the distributive injustice, that is, the abandonment of fairness in the distribution of wealth and benefits among the people. For the second, the author mostly delves into the politicians’ dishonesty.– Section Two focuses on the vulnerable marital relations caused by male dominance. Stephen’s attempt to impose his outlook on Julie aggravates their marriage crisis, while Charles’ assumption that Thelma should act like a self-sacrificing mother distorts their marital relationship.– Section Three inquires into the disharmony between nature and humans, disclosing that humans’ lack of environmental ethics leads to the tattered ecosystem. To be more exact, McEwan seems to suggest that it is the government’s and males’ materialistic, anthropocentric view of nature that is largely responsible for the environmental crisis. On the whole, the chapter reveals three major dimensions to the ethical dystopia portrayed in the novel. It could be seen that the specific ethical concerns in the 1980s Britain and McEwan’s broadened vision carry forward his exploration of ethical predicaments. Chapter Four is devoted to the investigation of ethical dilemma in Atonement, examining in turn young Briony’s ethical dilemma, the ethical dilemma in war, and Briony the writer’s ethical dilemma. McEwan’s recent preference for character-led novels is briefly analyzed at the beginning to account for his scrutiny of ethical dilemma in most of his later novels.– Section One probes into the ethical dilemma that traps young Briony, analyzing the portrayal of the dilemma within two narrative frameworks so as to reveal its rich ethical implications. As a reader unaware of the revelation in the coda, one is invited to penetrate the surface of a personal dilemma to uncover the root causes of young Briony’s quandary rather than focus on the dilemmatic situation. However, when the coda is revealed, the motive behind such representation becomes suspicious.– Section Two explores the soldiers’ ethical dilemmas in the Dunkirk retreat, identifying their >prohibition dilemma< and >obligation dilemma<. McEwan’s vivid portrayal of the soldiers’ internal struggles in the dilemmatic situations lends a fresh perspective to the mythologized historical event.– Section Three examines the ethical dilemmas facing Briony the writer, focusing on her >externally-imposed ethical dilemma< and >self-imposed ethical dilemma<. The economic base proves to be the root cause of Briony the writer’s dilemma as to whether she should persist in publishing her novel or not. In this sense, the dilemma is externally imposed on Briony. Briony imposes another ethical dilemma on herself when attempting to atone through writing. Therefore, this chapter primarily investigates three major ethical dilemmas in the novel, demonstrating McEwan’s exertion to reveal the subtlety and complexity of ethical predicaments.– Chapter Five concludes the dissertation with a short summary of its main contents, which is followed by a brief account of the social and cultural backgrounds of the urgent ethical issues McEwan responds to in his major novels. It also examines the relevance of McEwan’s novels to our time by placing them in the postmodern context, finally winding up the discussions about ethical predicaments by placing McEwan in an enduring tradition. N2 - 伊恩•麦克尤恩如今已是蜚声当代英国文坛的大家,其作品得到了批评家和读者的一致赞誉。但在其事业早期,他的小说却因聚焦暴力、死亡、性乱等主题而备受争议,他也因此被戏称为>阴森的麦克尤恩<。三十多年的创作生涯中,麦克尤恩一直不断推陈出新,其后期作品的风格也与早期小说迥然不同,然而值得注意的是,在任何创作阶段麦克尤恩从未放弃对伦理困境的关注与探索,可以说伦理困境贯穿了其所有作品。批评家已经关注到麦克尤恩小说特殊的道德力量,但从伦理角度进行的研究仍处在起步阶段,伦理困境在其创作中的特殊地位尚未得到重视,这对于麦克尤恩小说研究来说不能不说是一个缺憾。因此本文尝试从伦理的角度切入,挖掘其主要小说中不同的伦理困境,以期揭示其创作中的传承与创新。麦克尤恩主要小说中的伦理困境包括:自由的悖论,伦理反乌托邦,以及伦理两难之境。小说中的每一个主要困境都来自他对时代伦理问题的关注与思考,同时也体现了他在不同创作时期的艺术特色。>伦理<在本文中主要指人们行动中所需遵循的是非观念与原则,同时也包含具体情境下人们对于是非的特殊认识与体验;>困境<意为困难的处境。伦理困境兼有两者之意,在此困难处境中人们或面对两难的伦理选择,或无法逃脱不道德的生活。研究表明,伦理困境在麦克尤恩的每部小说中都有体现,且呈现出阶段性的发展脉络,总体来说呼应了时代伦理环境的变化以及其自身艺术技巧的提升。将麦克尤恩的所有小说作为研究对象将更为理想,但考虑到论文写作的实际条件,本文将仅探讨其三部主要小说《水泥花园》、《时间中的孩子》、《赎罪》中的伦理困境,因所选小说为麦克尤恩三个创作阶段的代表作,其中的伦理困境也具有一定的代表性。本文共分五章。第一章为引语,简要介绍了麦克尤恩在当代英国文坛的重要性,并对国内外的麦克尤恩研究进行了一番梳理,指出了研究中尚存的不足,然后厘清了论文中所涉及的关键术语,最后介绍了论文的选题与结构。第二章探讨了《水泥花园》中的主要伦理困境,即自由的悖论,主要从伦理无序状态、积极的自由、以及消极的自由三方面切入。本章首先简述了小说创作背后的哲学及文化思潮,突出了时代的自由精神对于小说主题的影响。主体部分从探讨水泥花园中的孩子们如何摆脱传统伦理体系的约束开始,分析了家庭中紧张的代际关系,揭示了孩子们摆脱父权压制的欲望与行动,以及他们最终到达的伦理无序状态。自由具有积极意义,自由的获得释放了孩子们被压制的天性与创造力,营造了平等、宽容的气氛。汤姆的异性装扮以及姐弟的乱伦常被认为是伦理无序中的道德堕落或迷误;诚然,以传统道德标准来评判或者脱离小说情境来判断,两种现象几乎都是无法接受的变态或反常行为,然而,麦克尤恩所采用的一系列艺术手法、以及其对具体情境的凸显暗示了另一种伦理指向,引导读者注意反常行为可能具有的积极伦理维度。但是自由同时又带来痛苦,对传统伦理价值的否定以及伦理关系的颠覆使人陷入无尽的虚无与孤独。自由内在的悖论造成难以回避的伦理困境,这是麦克尤恩对二十世纪六七十年代自由精神的反思;同时小说探索自由悖论时对私密领域、个体心理的关注也体现了他早期小说的特色。第三章剖析了《时间中的孩子》所展现的伦理反乌托邦困境。在麦克尤恩创造的未来社会中,政界道德腐化、家庭婚姻关系脆弱、人与自然极端对立,个体处于无法逃脱的伦理困境之中;小说中的伦理反乌托邦影射了撒切尔政府时期英国的社会状况。社会分配的不公,政治家道德的堕落,两者有力地揭示了政界的腐化。根深蒂固的男权思想或加剧家庭矛盾或扭曲婚姻关系,男权思想既体现在丈夫将自我的世界观强加于妻子,又表现在对妻子无私母性的期望,两者都将预设的角色强派给女性。在人与自然的关系中,人类对环境伦理的漠视是两者关系紧张的主要原因;麦克尤恩暗示读者,政府以及男性的人类中心主义、工具理性破坏了人与自然的和谐。当然,仅以性别判断个体的世界观或者行为似乎不妥,麦克尤恩在2008年的采访中也承认这是浪漫主义的假想。本章共揭示了伦理反乌托邦困境的三个维度,由此可见,麦克尤恩一直积极关注当代英国社会的伦理问题,其创作视野也更趋广阔,两者将他对伦理困境的探索带入了一个新的阶段。第四章阐释了《赎罪》中的伦理两难之境,探讨了童年布里奥尼进退维谷的窘境、战争中军人的两难伦理选择、以及作家布里奥尼进退两难的困境。本章首先简要论述了麦克尤恩在创作后期对于人物主导型小说的青睐,这也许可以解释为何伦理两难之境成为麦克尤恩伦理困境探索的新焦点。对于童年布里奥尼的窘境小说中着墨并不多,但它具有不可忽视的伦理涵义。小说未突出小布里奥尼在进退维谷的窘境中如何选择,而是侧重表现她如何陷入这一窘境,以及窘境背后的社会、文化根源。这一表现策略在布里奥尼的作家身份未显现时可能会得到读者的赞同,然而身份一旦表明,这一表现策略的伦理涵义即发生改变,读者也必须重新阐释小布里奥尼的伦理窘境。小说第二部分展示了军人在敦刻尔克大撤退中所遭遇的伦理两难处境,促使读者以新的视角看待这一历史事件;其两难处境主要分为禁令两难和责任两难。本章最后讨论了作家布里奥尼进退两难的困境,困境一涉及小说的出版,困境二与布里奥尼坚持以写作赎罪紧密相关,从根本来讲,前者是外加的伦理两难之境,后者是自我强加的困境。本章中探讨的三大伦理两难之境表明,麦克尤恩在后期作品中更侧重于揭示伦理困境的复杂与微妙,这与其创作理念的变化相呼应。第五章对全文进行了总结,分析了每部主要小说所呼应的时代伦理问题,并在后现代文化与文学背景之下审视麦克尤恩小说的重要性,最后指出伦理困境的文学表达古已有之,而麦克尤恩的贡献在于他对于新时代伦理问题的高度关注与深刻思考,以及在表现手法上的探索。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Weihua T1 - A Study of Fromm’s Theory of Alienated Consumption, Master thesis, Philosophy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China 2024. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Alienated consumption, as a special phenomenon of the industrial era, has seriously damaged people’s physical and mental health. It has not only led to the collapse of the moral world within humans, but also triggered a severe crisis of human survival. Facing such a realistic dilemma, Fromm deeply revealed the close connection between consumption and human freedom and liberation. He delved into the inner world of modern humans and conducted a thorough analysis of human pain and anxiety. He believed that alienated consumption is like a heavy shackle that binds individuals in a capitalist society. Alienated con¬sumption makes people suffer from the rule and oppression of the objects, they have created with their own hands. Based on his profound criticism of the capitalist consumer society, he raised his voice and advocated a new way of a humane consumption, to break free from the shackles of materialistic indulgence. The theory of alienated consumption proposed by Fromm is rooted in the background of the era of industrialized mass production, and deeply reveals the internal evolution of capitalist consumer society. Given the serious consequences brought by the industrial society, people’s illusions about industrial civilization have been shattered. Starting from a radical socialist critical perspective, Fromm drew on the essence of diverse ideas such as Marx, Freud, Buddhism, and Judaism, and denounced the destruction and oppression of alienation on human spirit and body. He delved into the causes of alienated consumption and the serious consequences arising from it from both the individual and social levels. In the end, Fromm actively explored effective ways to solve the problem of alienated consumption in both social and individual dimensions, providing valuable theoretical references for addressing the challenges brought by capitalist consumer society. From the perspective of historical materialism, Fromm’s theory of alienated consumption enriches the manifestations of Marx’s theory of alienation and opens up a new approach to exploring human needs from the depths of one’s inner world. However, essentially, Fromm’s theory of alienated consumption is an ex¬ploration with reformist tendencies. Unlike Marx, it fails to transcend abstract humanitarianism and is ulti¬mately constrained by it, resulting in a certain degree of deviation from historical materialism. Therefore, when studying Fromm’s theory of alienated consumption, we must adopt a critical attitude, deeply analyze its theoretical connotation, fully explore its positive significance in promoting the theory of green con¬sump¬tion, and draw lessons from it. In the process of promoting a new socialist consumption relationship, we should adhere to the principle of seeing both material and human aspects, and jointly promote the construction of a new socialist consumption culture from multiple perspectives such as society, collective, and individual. We must not neglect the importance of the revolution in political economy, and always remember that critical weapons cannot replace the criticism of weapons. By sublating alienated consump¬tion, we can promote the healthy development of socialist consumption relations. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Sikai T1 - A Study of Fromm’s Thought of >Escape from Freedom< [弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 埃里希·弗洛姆是20世纪二十年代法兰克福学派的重要成员,其突出的理论贡献在于他结合弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思主义哲学理论,创造性的提出了>逃避自由<思想。在关注到现代人生存境遇时,他揭示了资本主义社会结构的不健全之处,以现代人的性格结构为出发点,对现代人普遍存在的>逃避自由<的现象做出了深刻分析,他借鉴弗洛伊德创立的精神分析方法,挖掘出现代人逃避自由的真正心理根源。弗洛姆的>逃避自由<的思想不仅能帮助寻求一种解决生存困境的途径,而且对积极自由之路的探寻和对理性信仰的构建以及对健全社会的设想都具有巨大的启示意义。本文基于前人研究的成果,在弗洛姆学术思想体系背景下,梳理了弗洛姆逃避自由思想的主要内容以及其论证进路,企图从弗洛姆对理想人格、理性信仰和健全社会的阐述中,挖掘解决个人自由却孤独的生存困境的启示。本文分为三个部分,第一部分阐释了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想产生的社会背景和理论渊源;第二部分主要是勾勒弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想的主要内容和弗洛姆论证现代人为何逃避自由的线索;第三部分分析了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想在揭示现代人生存困境、描绘理想性格、阐述理性信仰以及构建健全社会的启示,最后对这一思想理论的不足和存在的缺陷做一个简要的评析. N2 - Erich Fromm was an important member of the Frankfurt School in the 1920s. His outstanding theoretical contribution is that he combined Freudian psychoanalysis and Marxist philosophical theory and creatively put forward the idea of >escape from freedom< When he was concerned about the living situation of modern people, he revealed the imperfection of the capitalist social structure and made a profound analysis of the common phenomenon of >escape from freedom< by taking the character structure of modern people as the starting point. Fromm's idea of >escape from freedom< not only helps to find a way to solve the dilemma of existence, but also has great inspiration for the search of the path of positive freedom, the construction of rational beliefs and the conception of a sound society. Based on the results of previous researches, this paper, against the backdrop of Fromm's academic system of thought, examines the main contents of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom and the way forward in his argumentation, and attempts to find insights for solving the dilemma of individual freedom but loneliness in Fromm's exposition of the ideal personality, rational faith and sound society. The first part explains the social background and the theoretical origin of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom; the second part outlines the main contents of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom and Fromm's arguments for why modern man escapes from freedom. The third part analyzes the revelation of Fromm's idea of >escaping from freedom< in revealing the dilemma of modern human existence, depicting ideal character, expounding rational beliefs and building a sound society, and finally makes a brief analysis of the inadequacies and defects of this idea and theory. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Shiqi T1 - A Study of Fromm’s Humanism – From the Perspective of Marxism, Master thesis, Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2021. N2 - Erich Fromm(1900.03 – 1980.03)is not only a famous psychologist, philosopher and sociologist in the 20th century, but also a Western Marxist and one of the main representatives of Frankfurt school. He has made great achievements in many disciplines. Although his thought is broad, humanism is the core and an important symbol of his thinking system. China today has built a well-off society in an all-round way, and people’s livelihood is still the focus of attention. Fromm’s humanistic thought can also bring enlightenment for the Chinese government to improve public services and better meet the needs of the people. At the same time, in order to realize a harmonious society, we must enrich Marx’s thought of >human<, because it can promote the Sinicization of Marxism and implement the requirements of >people centered<. Fromm’s detailed description of the situation of people in the capitalist society makes us more aware of the real state of people in the capitalist society, which can not only resist the unhealthy trend of thought, but also make the development of Chinese society more stable. The study of Fromm’s humanism still has a certain reference value for us to study today’s capitalist society, especially the modern western society with highly developed commodity economy. Therefore, Fromm’s theory still has profound theoretical value and practical significance today, which is worth learning. This paper studies Fromm’s humanistic thought from the following four aspects: The first part is about the formation and development of Fromm’s humanism. We mainly discuss from two aspects, namely, the formation background and the theoretical source. The first angle is the theoretical background of Fromm’s humanistic thought, mainly including the collision of the three trends of thought and Fromm’s choice of thought; the second angle is Fromm’s personal experience. We introduce his family experience and academic experience, and discuss the influence of his personal background on his thoughts. We mainly discuss Fromm’s humanism from four aspects: how to inherit Marx’s humanism, how to carry forward Freud’s humanism, how to develop Maslow’s humanism and Frankfurt School’s humanism. This part summarizes and combs Fromm’s humanistic thought. This paper explores Fromm’s ideological system from three perspectives: the view of existence, the view of human nature and the view of freedom. Based on the analysis of Fromm’s works, this paper tries to restore the whole picture of Fromm’s humanistic ideological system. The third part focuses on the theoretical characteristics of Fromm’s humanistic thought. Taking >human< as the fundamental is the logical starting point of Fromm’s humanistic thought. Fromm describes the general nature and sociality of human, because human is always his most concerned problem. At the same time, Fromm also has a common characteristic of Frankfurt School scholars, he is also very good at using criticism to construct theory. He criticized from two dimensions of human and society. Most importantly, his value pursuit of human liberation makes his theory full of humanism and humanistic care. Finally, from the perspective of Marxism, this paper examines and analyzes Fromm’s humanistic thought. This paper affirms the constructiveness of Fromm’s humanistic thought in many fields, such as human nature theory, capitalist research, and the healing of society and human beings. On the other hand, it also finds its limitations by digging deeply into Fromm’s humanistic thought. The main mistake lies in the misinterpretation and deviation of some theories from Marxism. In addition, it also discusses the Contemporary Enlightenment of Fromm’s humanistic thought, that is, to reasonably enrich Marx’s >human< thought, to strengthen the direction of guiding social construction, and to continue to care about the living situation and mental health of modern people. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Mo T1 - Love for Human Nature’s Salvation [拯救人性的爱 - 弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想初探], Master thesis, Ethics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2005, 66 pp. N2 - Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was a famous socio-psychologist, humanistic ethicist as well as one of the main representatives of Frankfurt School. What he had presented to the human’s culture through his abundant works and research was far more than the fields of psychology and ethics, it nearly involved most of the main topics of social science which was from the macro-socio-economy, politics and culture to the micro-personal-psychology, behavior, emotions, character and temperament. He was an outstanding explainer of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis and the modern developer of this centurial significant achievement of psychology as well, therefore, he had obtained an academic status as >the Leader of New American psychoanalysis School<, Moreover, his attempts to starting up the new humanity science and the human’s deep psychology by synthesizing Marxism’s essence and Freud’s psychology, as a result, he obtained the name of >Psychology Analysis’s Marxism<. Fromm had built his system of humanistic ethics on the basis of synthesizing Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis and Marxism. Agape is the core concept of it, he had explained a series of theories and the main is about the origin, essence, purpose, use, basic elements and all kinds of expressive forms of love as well as discussions of practice of love, which is considered to be an unique one in the western ethical history. Fromm had based his theory of love on the critical inherit of traditional abstractive theory of human nature, compared with the traditional ones, his theory contains more abundant and profound connotations, firstly, his argument that love is the answer to the question of human being’s existence, which for the first time brings the issue of love into human being’s living fields, secondly, his conceive that the essence of love is giving, described the deep meanings of it. Lastly, his belief, love is an art of living which needs knowledge, power, ... N2 - 埃希里•弗洛姆(Erich.fromm,1900—1980年)是20世纪西方著名的社会心理学家、人道主义伦理学家和法兰克福学派的重要代表之一。他丰富的著作和研究给人类文化所展示的东西却远远超出了心理学和伦理学的领域,几乎涵盖了从宏观的社会经济、政治、文化到微观的个人心理、行为、情感、品格、气质特性等绝大部分社会人文科学主题。他是弗洛伊德精神分析学理论的卓越阐释者,也是这一具有世纪性意义的心理学成果的当代发展者,因此,他获得了作为“美国新精神分析学派领袖”的学术地位。而力图把马克思主义的理论精髓与弗洛伊德的心理学统一起来,创立新的社会人学和人的深层心理学。他因而又获得了“精神分析学的马克思主义”的称号。在综合弗洛伊德的精神分析理论与马克思学说的基础上,弗洛姆建构了他的人道主义伦理学体系。爱是弗洛姆人道主义伦理学体系的核心概念。在他的《爱的艺术》、《为自己的人》、《健全的社会》、《逃避自由》、《说爱》等著作中都阐释了有关爱的一系列理论问题。主要有关于爱的根源、爱的本质、目的、作用、爱的组成要素和各种表现形式以及爱的实践等问题的探讨。弗洛姆的爱的理论在西方伦理学史上可谓是独树一帜。弗洛姆是在批判和继承抽象人性论的基础上来阐述他的爱的理论,与传统的爱的理论相比,他的爱的理论内涵更为丰富,更为深刻。首先,他认为爱是对人类生存问题的解答,第一次将爱的问题纳入人类生存领域;其次,他认为爱的本质是给予,揭示了爱的深刻内涵;最后,他认为,爱并非是我们通常所认为的发生在异性之间的情感,而是一门融知识、力量、责任、关心于一体的人生艺术,这便为我们提供了爱的方法论。弗洛姆以爱为核心的人道主义伦理学理论是十分丰富和系统的。通过对人性和自由的探讨,他为人道主义伦理学体系重新建立了完整的人学理论基础,弗洛姆的社会品格学说的提出,不单是现代心理学史上的一项崭新成果,更重要的是为其伦理学建立了一种新的社会心理学方法论。这无疑是弗洛姆对现代伦理学理论发展的 Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Lin-na T1 - The Female Salvation in Hesse’s Novels of Early and Medium Stage [论黑塞早中期小说中的女性救赎], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 赫尔曼·黑塞(Hermann Hesse,1877-1962)是20世纪德国杰出的浪漫主义作家,被誉为>德国浪漫派的最后一位骑士<。黑塞深受浪漫主义影响,他将自己的小说称为>心灵传记<,在其创作中始终关注人与世界、与自身的关系,因此其小说全方位地展现了不同阶段的人与外界的矛盾以及因此产生的救赎渴望。本论文试图从黑塞的个人经历和思想入手,借助女性形象的分析,从自然之女、欲望的张扬、生活之母的伟大想象等三个层面上历时性地探讨黑塞小说中的女性救赎观念,并将其救赎道路的展开置于特定的时代背景和文学传统中,发掘其女性救赎背后独特的文化内涵及精神意义。论文主体分成四个部分,为四章。第一章主要从共时和历时两个角度,从黑塞的个人经历和文化传统两个方面入手,探究黑塞在个人与时代危机中的救赎意识的产生,并将作家置于文学传统中进行观照,指出其以女性为依托的救赎意识实际上来源于作家对浪漫主义文学传统即先代诗哲智慧的有益吸收。第二章以作家的早期作品《彼得·卡门青》为例,重点借用了生态女性主义和弗洛姆>爱的哲学<的某些观点,指出青年对心灵家园的困惑与追寻是其救赎的发轫,由此这一时期的女性典型地带有自然特性,正是在这个维度上,女性为男性指明了救赎之路,即爱的哲学。第三章以黑塞代表作之一的《荒原狼》为主要分析对象,是本文论述的重点和难点。本章以荣格的原型分析理论为架构,试图从原型角度论述小说中男性的分裂与冲突以及女性阿尼玛原型所具有的救赎意义,在此基础上揭示出黑塞这一时期的>幽默哲学<,其本质是一种苦难哲学和超越哲学。第四章着重探讨《纳尔齐斯与歌尔德蒙》中的女性救赎主题。首先借用尼采>成为你自己<的道德哲学来分析小说主人公歌尔德蒙的救赎之路的展开,即对真实自我的认识。在此过程中,女性扮演艺术和性爱女神,并在作家的塑造中成就了生活之母的伟大想象,第三节重点论述小说中体现的死亡哲学,即关于生与死、死与爱的关系。由此黑塞在技术与理性的时代氛围中,通过对感性之爱与死亡的吟唱,在一个审美的世界中表现了自身对个体救赎的内在探索。 N2 - Herman Hesse (1877 – 1962) was an outstanding German Romantic writer of the 20th century, known as >the last knight of German Romanticism<. Hesse was deeply influenced by Romanticism, he called his novels >spiritual biography<, he always focused on the relationship between man and the world and himself, therefore his novels comprehensively show the contradiction between man and the outside world at different stages and the desire for redemption that arises from it. This thesis attempts to discuss the concept of female redemption in Hesse's novels from the perspective of Hesse's personal experiences and thoughts, the analysis of female images, and the great imagination of the mother of life, etc. The thesis also places the development of Hesse's redemption path in the specific background of the times and literary traditions, so as to discover the unique cultural connotation and spiritual meaning behind female redemption. The main body of the paper is divided into four parts, consisting of four chapters. The first chapter focuses on the two aspects of Hesse's personal experiences and cultural traditions, from the perspectives of common time and epoch, to investigate the emergence of Hesse's redemption consciousness in the crisis of his personal and epochal times, and place the writer in the literary tradition for observation, pointing out that his redemption consciousness based on women actually originates from the writer's beneficial absorption of the Romantic literary tradition, i.e. the wisdom of the ancient poetic philosophy. The second chapter takes >Peter Camenzind<, one of the author's early works, as an example, and focuses on certain ideas borrowed from eco-feminism and Fromm's >philosophy of love<, pointing out that the young people's confusion and search for their spiritual home is the beginning of their salvation, and that women in this period typically have natural characteristics, and it is precisely in this dimension that women are the first to be redeemed by men. The path to redemption is indicated, i.e. the philosophy of love. The third chapter takes one of Hesse's masterpieces, >Der Steppenwolf<, as the main object of analysis, which is the focus and difficulty of this paper's discussion. Based on Jung's theory of archetypal analysis, this chapter attempts to discuss the male division and conflict in the novel as well as the redemption significance of the female Anima archetype from the perspective of archetypes, and reveals Hesse's >philosophy of humor< in this period, which is essentially a philosophy of suffering and transcendence. The fourth chapter focuses on the theme of female redemption in >Narziß und Goldmund<. First of all, we borrow Nietzsche's moral philosophy of >becoming yourself< to analyze the development of the salvation of the protagonist Goldmund, that is, the recognition of her true self. The third section focuses on the philosophy of death embodied in the novel, that is, the relationship between life and death, death and love. Hesse thus expresses his own inner search for individual salvation in an aesthetic world through the chanting of sensual love and death in the atmosphere of the age of technology and reason. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Juan T1 - A Study of Teacher Love Image: Problems and Possibilities [师爱样貌研究:问题与可能], Master thesis, Principles of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 2018. N2 - 教育是一项需要关爱的事业,师爱常常被视为教师从教的首要条件。但在现实教育场景中,教师辛苦付出的许多关爱行为却得不到学生的认可和回应,甚至遭遇反抗。只有对实践中的师爱样貌进行考察,分析当前师爱实践中存在的问题与改进的可能性,才有望让学生得到更好的关爱,并让学生在师爱的沃土中成长为有能力关心人、爱人也值得爱的人。本研究对S市A中学的10名教师和8名学生进行了半结构式访谈,并借助开放式问卷向30名学生收集了和主题相关的案例和资料,以此来考察实践中师爱样貌的复杂性,特别是存在的问题及改进的可能。本研究认为师爱是教师在教育实践过程中体现出来的真诚地关心爱护学生,为学生的成长和发展付出努力的专业精神和职业情感。本文参照弗洛姆和诺丁斯等学者对关爱的定义和理解,以及其他相关文献中对师爱内涵的讨论,并结合本研究实证资料中所显露的问题,建构了本研究的研究框架:(1)师爱之目的在于激发学生的潜能;(2)尊重学生是师爱之过程的必然要求;(3)面向全体学生,教师需要公平地分配关爱资源。依据收集到的观察与访谈资料,本研究发现师爱实践中存在以下的问题:(1)>为了学生好<的师爱滑向了弗洛姆批判的>占有式关爱<,表现出占有倾向,造成了对学生发展潜能的阻碍;(2)教师将关爱理解为单方面严格管控学生,缺少对学生的信任与尊重。这使得教师的关爱行为常常演变为控制行为,忽视了学生的自主和独立,表现出霸道倾向;(3)面向学生群体,教师忽视师爱作为职业爱的公平性要求,呈现出偏狭的师爱样貌。为改进上述问题,应从专业伦理的立场理解师爱的内涵,做到:(1)重视学生当下的感受和真实的需求,以激发学生的发展动力与潜能,让师爱变得更具生产性;(2)在规范学生和适度尊重学生自由之间保持一定的张力,让尊重成为师爱的根基;(3)克服人际偏见,认可每一个学生的长处,不断提升专业知识与技能,努力让每位学生都感受到被关爱. N2 - Education is a career which is full of love. Teachers’ love is often regarded as the primary requirement of being a teacher. However, in the real education settings, many of the teachers’ love behaviors are not acknowledged and responded to by students, and even confronted with resistance. Only by exploring the actual practice of teachers’ love, and analyzing the existing problems and the possibility of improvement, can teachers love students correctly and can students acquire better love. It is in the fertile soil of the teachers’ love that students can develop the capability of caring and loving other people. This study conducted a semi-structured interview with 10 teachers and 8 students of a middle school in S city. In addition, the relevant cases and materials were collected from 30 students by using the open questionnaire. In this way, we can explore the complex practice of teachers’ love, especially the existing problems and the possibility of improvement. This study believes that teachers’ love is the professional spirit and professional emotion that teachers take care of students and make efforts for their growth and development in education practice. The research framework of this study refers to Fromm and Noddings’ definitions of love, and the connotations of teachers’ love in other relevant literatures. Given the problems revealed by empirical data of this study, the theoretical framework of teachers’ love includes three parts, namely: (1) Motivating students’ potential abilities is the purpose of teachers’ love. (2) Respecting students is a necessary requirement for the process of teachers’ love. (3)Teachers need to distribute their love resources to all students fairly. Based on the collected observations and interview materials, this study found the following problems existing in the practice of teachers’ love: (1) Teachers’ love which is for the sake of the student’s good, slide into what Fromm criticized as >possessive love<. It shows a tendency to possess students, setting obstacles to students’ development. (2) Due to lack of trust and respect for students, teachers consider unilateral and strict control as a way to show teachers’ love. That makes teachers’ love turns into controlling behaviors, neglecting the independence of students. It shows domineering image of teachers’ love. (3) Facing to all students, teachers may ignore that teachers’ love is professional love, which has fairness requirement. It shows the unfair distribution of teachers’ love. In order to improve the above problems, we should understand the connotation of teachers’ love from the standpoint of professional ethics, and manage to: (1) Pay attention to the students’ current feelings and real needs, and stimulate students’ development momentum and potential abilities. That can make teachers’ love more productive. (2) Pay attention to the tension between regulating students and respecting student’s freedom, and make respect be the foundation of teachers’ love. (3) Overcome interpersonal prejudice, and recognize the strength of each student. By improving professional knowledge and skills, teachers should make every student feel loved.] [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Jifenglin T1 - The Exploration of Individual Freedom in Tennessee Williams’ >The Night of the Iguana<, Master thesis, World Literature, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) is renowned as one of the most outstanding American playwrights in the 20th century. >The Night of the Iguana<, written in 1961, depicts the ambivalent figure of Reverend Shannon, who yearns for social acceptance yet refuses to be bound by its norm. In the twentieth century, the social structure of America changed greatly due to the development of capitalism, and the conflict caused by the cultural difference between the North and the South forms one of the common themes in Williams’ works. With the prevalence of capitalism and the change of modern mainstream ideology, those who have changed some of the old ideas, whereas have not been completely assimilated into modern thought, represented by Shannon, are portrayed as the social marginals struggling with inner contradictions in Williams’ works. Based on Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom, this thesis interprets >The Night of the Iguana< by analyzing Shannon’s contradictory thoughts and behaviors in his process of pursuing individual freedom. It attempts to present how the marginalized people in modern capitalist society realize the freedom of individual’s full expression of his real personality by resisting the spiritual paralysis and oppression in society. This thesis consists of three parts. Firstly, it analyzes the protagonist’s self-consciousness against social knowledge, and explores the way to get rid of the automaton conformity by revealing the protagonist’s subversion of several stereotyped images perceived by the society. Subsequently, it discusses how Shannon establishes non-utilitarian interpersonal relationship under the influence of modern capitalist society. Then this thesis focuses on the natural setting in the play, exploring how the marginalized people who are isolated due to social exclusion build their secondary bonds with nature, so as to obtain spiritual salvation. Shannon’s pursuit of individual freedom exposes the shackles that the mainstream ideology of capitalist society imposes on modern people’s individuality. In addition, his exploration of both the internal and external world provides the possibility to break the shackles and realize the freedom of individual’s full expression of his real personality. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER -