TY - GEN A1 - Guan, Jian T1 - The Study of the Western Marxist Theories of Alienation [西方马克思主义异化理论研究], PhD thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2012. N2 - 理论的生命力深深地扎根于现实的土壤中,异化理论之所以倍受关注,是因为现代人仍未摆脱异化的生存境况。在资本主义社会中,异化所达到的程度远远超出马克思在自由资本主义时代描绘的异化劳动的范围,生活在当代资本主义条件下的人,经常处于剥削、失业、破产、危机和战争的威胁之中,感受着孤独、疏远、恐惧、绝望和多种焦虑心理的折磨,异化已经成为令人忧虑且十分普遍的社会现象。因此,正视当今社会存在的异化问题,比较西方马克思主义的异化研究与马克思的劳动异化理论之不同,探索克服异化的途径和方法,不仅可以丰富马克思的异化理论,而且可以赋予异化理论以新的时代内容。论文主要采用历史分析和逻辑分析相结合的方法和比较法。首先通过对西方马克思主义异化理论的历史考察,对其思想内容及其历史地位作出说明,揭示西方马克思主义异化理论在不同时期的继承性和差异性,突出其思想的系统性和逻辑性;其次,通过比较西方马克思主义异化理论与马克思异化理论的共同点和区别,详细分析当今西方发达国家与资本主义发展初期异化的不同表现。论文主要研究了以下几方面的内容:首先,考察西方马克思主义异化理论的思想渊源。包括霍布斯、卢梭、费希特、黑格尔、费尔巴哈的异化理论,重点分析马克思的异化理论。其次,概括西方马克思主义异化理论的发展脉络。包括早期西方马克思主义代表人物卢卡奇的异化理论、法兰克福学派霍克海默的理性异化观、马尔库塞的总体异化理论、弗洛姆的人的异化理论、哈贝马斯的交往异化理论、芬伯格的技术异化理论,还有存在主义萨特和列斐伏尔的异化理论及生态学马克思主义的代表人物阿格尔、莱易斯、奥康纳的异化理论,进而形成系统的、全面的西方马克思主义的异化理论。再次,依据上述理论观点,探讨当今社会异化的各种形式及相关内容,重点研究异化的本质、产生根源、主要表现、严重后果及消除异化的基本途径,特别是分析技术异化、交往异化、日常生活异化、消费异化、文化异化等各种异化产生的时代背景及它们之间错综复杂的关系,分析诸种异化造成的人的生存困境,探索人类社会发展与异化的关系,探究克服异化的方式。最后,分析西方马克思主义异化理论的成绩和局限。探索西方马克思主义异化理论对马克思异化理论的丰富与发展、比较马克思异化理论与西方马克思主义异化理论的不同,指出西方马克思主义异化理论的片面性与乌托邦性。与马克思所生活的时代相比,生产异化已不是最主要的异化,消费异化成为今天异化的主要内容,与此同时,科技异化和交往异化也是不可忽视的,这些在当今西方发达国家出现的异化现象值得我们反思和借鉴,西方马克思主义异化理论对我国现代化进程具有重要的启示。 N2 - The strength of theory is deeply rooted in the heart of realism. The increasing attention given to the Theory of Alienation is due to the fact that men living in modern times have not been able to shake off the survival situation of alienation yet. In a capitalist society, the degree of alienation has gone far beyond the labor scope depicted by Marx in the era of laissez-faire capitalism. People living under the circumstances of contemporary capitalism, constantly threatened by exploitation, unemployment, bankruptcy, crisis and war, are torn by various psychological feelings like loneliness, estrangement, fear, despair and other anxieties, so alienation has become a widespread social phenomenon raising much concern. Therefore, the existence of alienation in modern society should be properly dealt with and different ways and means to de-alienation should be probed into by a comparative study on the differences between the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation and the Marx's Labor Theory of Alienation; as a result, the Marxist Theory of Alienation can be enriched, but also the Theory of Alienation can be endowed with new content of times. - This paper takes on the approach of a comparative analysis as well as one with historical and logical analysis combined. To begin with, it's a study into the history of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation and the explanation of its ideology and historical status. Then the inheritance and the differences of it in different periods are revealed; the systematic and logical aspects of this idea are highlighted. - Secondly, after a meticulous examination and comparison between the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation and the Marxist Theory of Alienation, the outcome of analysis will show the obvious signs of division between developed countries in the west today and those at an early stage of capitalism. This paper mainly covers the following aspects: firstly, the ideological origin of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation, including the Theory of Alienation from the perspective of Hobbes, Rousseau, Fichte, Hegel, and Feuerbach, with special emphasis on Marx's Theory of Alienation. Secondly, the development of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation is generalized, including Lukács' Theory of Alienation of the early Western Marxism, Horkheimer's Rational Alienation of Frankfurt School, Marcuse's General Theory of Alienation, Fromm's Theory of Human Alienation, Habermas' Communicative Action Theory of Alienation, Feenberg's Technological Theory of Alienation; the existentialists Sartre's and Lefebvre's Theory of Alienation and the representative figures of ecological Marxism, and Agger's, Levin Lewis's, O'Connor's Theory of Alienation. All of which together, constitute a comprehensive system of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation. - Thirdly, at the heart of the aforementioned theories and viewpoints, various forms and subjects of social alienation in modern times are explored. A spotlight will be placed on the nature of alienation, origins, manifestations, consequences and the basic measures to de-alienation. especially on the analysis of the background and the intricate relationships of scientific and technological alienation, communicative action alienation, alienation of daily life, consumption alienation, cultural alienation and others; the survival difficulties caused by alienation of various kinds are also analyzed; and the relationship between the development of human society and alienation as well as the measures to de-alienation are explored. - Finally, the achievements and limitations of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation are analyzed. A study will be conducted on the contribution and development made by the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation to Marx's Theory of Alienation, and a comparison will be made between Marx's Theory of Alienation and Western Marxist Theory of Alienation. This will point out that the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation is one-sided and Utopian. Compared with our time to that of the one Marx lived in, manufacturing alienation is no longer the main division, but instead, consumption alienation has taken over as the leading role in today's modern society. Simultaneously, scientific and technological and communicative action alienation cannot be ignored. China needs to take into account and learn from its process of modernization as both of these occurrences have already taken place in developed western countries. Therefore, the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation has important implications for China's process of modernization. Y1 - 2012 ER -