TY - GEN A1 - Achten, B. T1 - Selbstliebe oder Selbstlosigkeit. Das analytisch-sozialpsychologische Verständnis von Selbstliebe und Narzißmus bei Erich Fromm und seine Bedeutung für die Sozialethik Diplomarbeit Theol. Ethik der Universität Tübingen 1986, 65 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1986 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ablinger, J. S. T1 - Beziehungskonflikte und deren Lösbarkeit auf der Grundlage von Sein und Haben [Conflicts in interpersonal interaction and their resolution based on being and having, Dissertation Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Salzburg 1987 (Typoscript), N2 - Ausgehend von den Entdeckungen und Erkenntnissen Sigmund Freuds wird deren Veränderung und Weiterentwicklung durch Erich FROMM dargestellt. Es wird berichtet, daß FROMMs Charaktertheorie eine Verbindung von Soziologie und Psychologie zu einer Sozialpsychologie sei. Die dem psychischen Geschehen zugrundeliegende Energie sei Ausdruck der gesellschaftlichen Kräfte. Sie resultiere aus jener menschlichen Situation, die entsteht, wenn das Individuum sich seiner Widersprüchlichkeit bewusst wird. Da die gesellschaftlichen Erfordernisse die psychische Struktur bestimmten, sei Therapie damit auch immer Gesellschaftskritik. FROMMs Versuch, im Begriff des Charakters die gesellschaftliche Existenz des Menschen zu respektieren und sein Verzicht auf die Libidotheorie führe zu einer Neueinschätzung des Selbstverständnisses der Psychoanalyse. Y1 - 1987 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Albrecht, Nobert T1 - Charakter und Gesellschaft bei Erich Fromm, Diplomarbeit am Fachbereich 9 (Erziehungswissenschaft – Soziologie – Publizistik) der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität, Münster 1983, 203 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1983 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Altrichter, H. R. T1 - Erziehung zu einem neuen Menschen im Sinne der >Humanistischen Psychologie< auf der Grundlage der >Revisionistischen Psychoanalyse< Diplomarbeit Universität Göttingen, 137 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1982 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Alvarez Fernandez, M. T1 - Etica, Individuo y Sociedad en el Pensamiento de Erich Fromm [Ethics, Man, and Society in Erich Fromm. Dissertation at the University Of Barcelona 1991, 387 pp. (Abstract in Vol. 54/04-c of Dissertation Abstracts International, pp. 992.) Publisher: Public Y1 - 1991 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Amis, William D. T1 - Social Structure and Personality: The Contribution of Erich Fromm to Sociological Theory, The University of North Carolina Dissertation, Ann Arbor 1960, 294 pp. Y1 - 1960 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ančić, Branko T1 - Erich Fromm i kultura kapitalizma (Erich Fromm and the Culture of Capitalism). Graduate Thesis Faculty Hrvatski studiji University - Sveučilište u Zagrebu, 2006. N2 - U radu se nastoji prikazati kultura kapitalizma iz rakursa Frommove teorije. Kapitalizam sa svojom kulturom stvara čovjeka kakav mu treba, čovjeka koji je podložan utjecaju i voljan da se njime kontrolira i upravlja. Stvaranjem čovjeka koji postavlja kao svoju kulturnu vrijednost sve što je tehničko i automatizirano, i on sam postaje takav. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Anzenberger, Hans T1 - Der Mensch im Horizont von Sein und Sinn. Die Anthropologier Paul Tillichs im Dialog mit Humanwissenschaften (Rupert Riedl, Erich Fromm und Viktor E. Frankl), St. Ottilien (Eos Verlag) 1998, 339 p. Y1 - 1998 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bader, Armin T1 - Erkenntnis und Liebe. Entwurf eines neuen Paradigmas von Wissenschaft, Weinheim (Deutscher Studien Verlag) 1988, 171p. [= Bader, A., 1987.] Y1 - 1988 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bader, Armin T1 - Erich Fromm: Seine Ethik und ihre Tradition Zulassungsarbeit zum Staatsexamen in Philosophie, Universität Stuttgart 1982, 126 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1982 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bader, Armin T1 - Erkenntnis und Liebe: Die implizite Erkenntnistheorie bei Erich Fromm Dissertation Universität Stuttgart, Philosophische Fakultät 1987, 170 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1987 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Arenz, R. T1 - Die Begründung aggressiven Verhaltens bei Erich Fromm – mit Erörterung einiger pädagogischer Konsequenzen Diplomarbeit Pädagogische Fakultät der Rheinischen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 1987, 182 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1987 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Aregger-Moros, Urs T1 - Das Konzept der Entfremdung im geschichtsphilosophischen Denken von Erich Fromm, Dissertation Philosophisch-Historische Fakultät der Universität Basel 1989, Bern 1989 (Suter Repro AG), 355p. Y1 - 1989 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Assemi, S. T1 - Erich Fromm – >Radikaler Humanismus<. Zur seelisch-geistigen Erneuerung von Politik und Gesellschaft, Magisterarbeit Universität München 1983, 183 pp. (Typescript) Y1 - 1983 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bareuther, Angelika T1 - Zur Kritik der Ethikkonzeption Erich Fromms, seines Gesellschafts- und Menschenbildes, Dissertation Universität Halle DDR 1981, 176 and 76 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1981 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Barheier, K. T1 - Das Menschenbild bei Arnold Gehlen und Erich Fromm. Vergleichende Perspektiven, Zulassunngsarbeit zum Staatsexamen, 105 pp. (Typescript). Y1 - 1983 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trebjasanin, Z. T1 - Frommovo shvatanje o ulozi drustva u formiranju licnosti. Thesis Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Beograd 1982, 287 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1982 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Trebjasanin, Z. T1 - Frommove dihotomike. Ljudska priroda i drustveni karakter, Dissertation University of Beograd 1983, 220 pp. (Serbocroatic with an English summary) (Nolit). Y1 - 1983 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wuenschmann, K. F. M. T1 - Frieda Fromm-Reichmann und ihr Heidelberger >Thorapeutikum<. Biographisch-theoretische Untersuchung zum >Jüdischen< am der Psychoanalyse. Magisterarbeit am FB Geschichts- und Kulturwissenschaften der Freigene Universität Berlin, Berlin 2006, 104 und XI S. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tauscher, Petra T1 - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Soziobiographie Adolf Hitlers. Eine sozialpsychologische Betrachtung, Diplomarbeit an der Freien Universität Berlin 1984, 96 and X pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1984 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Thomassen, B. T1 - Erich Fromms >Entwicklung des Christusdogmas< ist darzustellen und historisch und dogmatisch zu beurteilen, Wissenschaftliche Hausarbeit zum Ersten Theologischen Examen bei der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland 1985, 41 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1985 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Thomm, S. C. T1 - Authority, Social Character and Personality: Some Remarks on Concept Formation in the Social Thought of Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno and Erich Fromm, Australian University Dissertation 1976. Y1 - 1976 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tiedemann, R. T1 - Das Menschenbild bei Erich Fromm. Diplomarbeit für den Studiengang Sozialwesen an der Fachhochschule Nordostniedersachsen, Lüneburg 1985, 137 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1985 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Whalen, James William T1 - Erich Fromm's Theory of Personality, McMahon and Campbell's Theory of Christian Maturity; A Comparation, Master thesis, Faculty of Arts in Religous Studies, University of Ottawa, Canada 1969, 246 pp. Y1 - 1969 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Werneth, Christian T1 - Haben oder Sein im Unterrichtsfach Geschichte, Sozialkunde und Politische Bildung. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichtsdidaktik nach den bildungstheoretischen Betrachtungen Erich Fromms. Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung eines Magisters der Philosophie an der Universität Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Whelan, J. F. Jr. T1 - Authoritarianism as a Factor in Presidential Decisions Regarding the Use of Military Force. Dissertation at Massachusetts School of Professional Psychology 1993, 294 pp. (Abstract in Vol. 54/05-b of Dissertation Abstracts International, pp. 2777. N2 - This study explored the role of authoritarianism in presidential decision-making regarding the use of force. Harry Truman's decision to fight in Korea, John Kennedy's decision to increase American military advisers in Vietnam, Lyndon Johnson's decision to increase American forces in Vietnam, Richard Nixon's decision to invade Cambodia, Ronald Reagan's decision to invade Grenada, and George Bush's decision to attack Iraq were studied using the Revised Authoritarianism Questionnaire (RAQ), designed for the study on the basis of earlier field studies using the F-Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and R. N. Sanford, 1950) and the RWA scale (Altemeyer, 1988). The RAQ was used to do a content analysis of writings about the six presidents' decisions to use force in order to determine the degree of authoritarianism in the decision making process. – Theoretical literature on authoritarianism including Wilhelm Reich, Erich FROMM, Max Horkheimer, Abraham Maslow and others was reviewed. Field studies of authoritarianism: the F-Scale (Adorno, Frenkel-Brunswik, Levinson, and R. N. Sanford, 1950), the Authoritarian-Equalitarian Scale (F. Sanford, 1950), and the RWA scale (Altemeyer, 1988) were also reviewed. Precis of writings about the decisions were taken from the writings of the presidents, their aides and advisers, and other sources with first-hand information. Balance was sought among supporters and opponents of each president in the precis. The RAQ is a twelve item scale which assesses directly the factors of authoritarianism. It is scored using a five-point Likert scale. Using the RAQ an overall authoritarianism rating as well as ratings on each of the scale items was obtained for each president studied. Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Woermann, W. A1 - Poppensieker, E. T1 - Zur Genese der psychischen Suizidkonstellation am Beispiel mehrerer Kasuistiken. Diplomarbeit Fachhochschule für Sozialwesen Bielefeld 1985, 134 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1985 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wolf, C. T1 - Gesellschaftskritik und Sozialismuskonzept im Werk Erich Fromms, Staatsexamensarbeit im Fach Politikwissenschaft an der Universität Tübgingen 1992, 124 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1992 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zilberscheid, Uri T1 - Die Marxsche Idee der Aufhebung der Arbeit und ihre Rezeption bei Fromm und Marcuse, Dissertation Universität Frankfurt (= Europäische Hochschulschriften Reihe 20, 193), Frankfurt et al. (Lang) 1986, 155 p. Y1 - 1986 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zezulová, Lenka T1 - Erich Fromm A Jeho Pojetí Člověka. Bakalářská Práce, Pedagogická Fakulta, Masarykova Univerzita, Brno 2007, 45 pp. Y1 - 2004 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zderad, L. T1 - Erich Fromm's Concept of Man, Georgetown University Dissertation, Washington 1960. Y1 - 1960 ER - TY - GEN A1 - A, Weixing T1 - The Psychoanalytical Study of the Absence of Love in Toni Morrison's >Love< [对莫里森小说《爱》中爱的缺失的心理阐释], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Toni Morrison, the first black American Nobel Prize winner in American literature, has had a profound influence in the literary world. So far Morrison has published nine novels In her novel >Love<, published in 2003, Morrison continues to pay attention to the black women under the patriarchy, sexism and racism. In >Love<, Morrison focuses on the miserable life of the black women and explores the absence of love and its restoration in the black families and the black community. Based on Fromm's humanistic psychology, the present thesis intends to reveal the absence of love for the main protagonists in >Love< and interpret the causes of the absence of love in the black women by the psychoanalytic theory of transference, projection and repression.– Firstly, the author gives an account of Toni Morrison's literary career and critical reviews on her work, a summary of the main plot of Love, and some commentaries about it as well.– Secondly, by introducing Fromm's humanistic psychology, particularly Fromm's theory of love and the psychological mechanism in terms of transference, projection and repression, the author intends to reveal the absence of love in the black community: the loss of maternal love between May and Christine; the absence of friendship in the black women, focusing on the cold sisterhood between Heed and Christine. The psychoanalytic transference and projection are applied mainly to interpret the causes of their abnormal relationships.– Thirdly, the author aims to illustrate the absence of love in marriage, concentrating on Heed's and Christine's marriage lives and uses repression to interpret how the miserable marriage coming into being under the influence of patriarchy.– And then, the author tries to explore the restoration of love in terms of the sisterhood and the unity of black community to show that the communication and interdependence on black women will promise a healthy and normal future both for African American women and for the whole community.– Consequently, a conclusion is drawn that the absence of love leads to different tragedies in the black women; however, love can eventually be restored by the efforts of black women and the black community. It can be obviously seen that Morrison, as a writer who has exposed the absence of love in the black women in the novel Love, is also a psychoanalyst who provides a panacea for restoring it, that is to say, the union of the black community and the elimination of patriarchy. Through mutual communication, understanding and sympathy, love as the bond of the black people will be returned. N2 - 托妮•莫里森,是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国黑人女作家,在美国和世界文坛上起着重要的作用。迄今为止,莫里森共创作了九部长篇小说。在2003年出版的第八部小说《爱》中,她继续关注在父权制、性别歧视和种族歧视下生活的黑人女性。小说《爱》以>爱<的缺失和复原为线索,描述了黑人女性悲惨的命运和生存状况。本论文分析了小说中黑人女性生活中种种爱的缺失的具体表现—扭曲的母爱,缺失的姐妹情谊,错位的婚姻关系,并以心理学家弗洛姆人道主义心理理论为依据,应用弗洛姆心理分析中的转移、投射和压抑理论,阐释了这些缺失的爱产生的根源。作者首先介绍托妮•莫里森,包括她的生平、文学成就及其作品的学术研究成果,并且概述小说《爱》的故事脉络及其相关的评论。其次,通过阐述心理学家弗洛姆人道主义心理理论,特别是他有关爱和心理机制(移情、投射和压抑)的理论,作者力图揭示小说中黑人家庭中母爱缺失和黑人女性中友爱缺失的具体表现来看黑人社区中人与人之间的爱的缺失的具体表现,并且重点分析梅与克里斯廷之间扭曲的母女关系及探讨克里斯廷与希德间冷漠的姐妹情谊。将分别从心理理论上分析其爱的缺失的根源是家庭之爱缺失的移情与人性弱点的投射。作者旨在说明黑人女性无爱的婚姻,以及黑人家庭和黑人团体的父权主义的压抑是导致希德畸形的婚姻和克里斯廷失败的婚姻的原因。之后,作者探讨了在黑人女性和黑人社区的共同努力下,黑人女性间化解仇恨,使姐妹之间的爱得以回归。最后,作者得出结论:莫里森通过关注黑人家庭、黑人女性及黑人社区中爱的缺失,来反映黑人女性真实的生存状态和悲惨的人生经历,借此来唤醒黑人社区中爱的回归。莫里森在小说《爱》中揭示了黑人女性生活中爱的缺失,同时她也为黑人女性找回失去的爱指明了一条道路:即黑人社区内部的团结和父权主义的消除。爱作为黑人种族凝聚力的象征,在黑人种族相互交流,相互理解,相互同情的努力下最终会得以回归。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wehr, Helmut T1 - Das Subjektmodell der Kritischen Theorie Erich Fromms als Leitbild humanistischen pädagogischen Handelns (Studien zur Erziehungswissenschaft Band 27), Frankfurt/Bern/New York/Paris (Verlag Peter Lang) 1989, 290 pp. Y1 - 1989 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Witzany, G. T1 - Transzendentalpragmatik und Ek-sistenz. Dissertation an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität München, Typoscript, München (Druckerrei Copy'Shop München) 1983, 443 pp. [at the Fromm Archives only copies of pp. 199-443 – referring on Fromm] Y1 - 1983 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sun, Chunyan T1 - The Insane Man in Dilemma: A Humanistic Study of >American Pastoral< [生存困境中的不健全人 — 对《美国牧歌》的人本主义解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2013 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 菲利普•罗斯是杰出的美国犹太小说家。自1959年至今,五十余年中他笔耕不辍,塑造了一个个鲜活的人物形象,赢得了国内外学者、评论家的关注和好评。《美国牧歌》于1998年荣获普利策奖。它的出版标志着菲利普•罗斯的创作生涯迎来了新的高峰。国内外对《美国牧歌》的研究主要集中在作品主题思想以及创作技巧等方面。本论文尝试使用弗洛姆的人本主义理论,主要关注《美国牧歌》中体现的人类生存困境和不健全的人两个方面。本论文共分为五个部分,包括引言、理论介绍、两章正文和结论部分。第一章是引言,介绍菲利普•罗斯的生活经历、主要作品、小说《美国牧歌》的故事梗概以及《美国牧歌》的国内外研究情况,并且提出了本论文的研究意义及主要论点。第二章是理论介绍,介绍弗洛姆的生平及其人本主义理论。本章对人本主义理论的介绍主要包括该理论形成的影响因素、现代人的生存困境、现代人的需求以及不健全的人四个方面。第三、四章是论文的主体部分。第三章主要分析了《美国牧歌》中人物所面临的生存困境。在美国这片梦想成真的土地上,人们有信心能够创造自己的美好生活,但是在衰老、疾病及社会动荡等因素的综合作用下,人又受困于对死亡的忧虑。崇尚自由的现代社会给人们提供了追求幸福的机会,然而,自由的另一面却是各种社会冲突事件的频发,人们在冲突中处于一种孤立无援的境地。第四章主要分析了《美国牧歌》中不健全人的具体行为表现。当社会不能满足人的各种生存的需求时,人们表现出了对自由的逃避和人际关系的异化。求同和破坏是人们摆脱孤独,重拾安全感的两种方式。另外,人际交往中倡导的>市场倾向<评价标准导致了人们的异化关系。第五章是结论。本部分总结全篇,作者认为罗斯和弗洛姆都关注人在社会中的命运和生存状态。社会的发展尽管要追求物质利益,但是发展始终要以人为本,关怀人性,从而实现人的健康发展。 N2 - Philip Roth is an outstanding American Jewish writer who has never stopped his career of writing since1959 until now. He has vividly created a lot of figures in his books which are well accepted and focused on by scholars and critics at home and abroad. American Pastoral won him Pulitzer Prize in1998. It is the milestone which is regarded as the other climax of Roth’s writing career. Some critics interpret American Pastoral from the perspectives such as its themes and writing skills. This thesis tries to analyze it from the perspective of Fromm’s humanistic theory. Living dilemma and insane man are the main concerns of this thesis. - This thesis includes five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction to Philip Roth’s life experiences, main works, story of American Pastoral and the literary review of its research at home and abroad. The significance of the research and main arguments of this thesis are also presented in this chapter.– Chapter two is to introduce Fromm’s humanistic theory. First, Fromm’s life is introduced. Then, the introduction to Fromm’s humanistic theory is composed of the following four aspects: the influence of personal experiences on the creation of the theory, modern man’s living dilemma, modern man’s needs and the insane man.– Chapter three and four are the main parts of this thesis. Chapter three analyzes the living dilemma of the characters in American Pastoral. Man is determined to create happy life in America, the dreaming land. But man is also tortured by the fear of death when facing aging, disease and social turbulence. Freedom in modern society provides man with the opportunities to pursue happiness. However, the frequent happening of social conflicts brings loneliness and helplessness to man.– Chapter four explores the behaviors of the insane man. When the society can’t satisfy man’s needs stemming from living conditions, man tends to escape from freedom and becomes alienated. Conformity and destructiveness are two main ways to get rid of loneliness and regain security. Besides, the >market orientation< in personal communication results in alienated relationship.– Chapter five is conclusion. It points out that both Roth and Fromm care about the living conditions of modern man. In the process of social development, material is not the only aim. In order to keep mental health, man’s nature should also be paid attention to. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shen, Shenglin T1 - Lack of Love And Freedom – Interpretation of >Wonderland< according to Fromm [爱与自由的缺失 - 《奇境》的弗洛姆式解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China 2015 [application of Fromm's theories to art] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tang, Wanru T1 - Psychological and Aesthetic Probe on Fromm’s Self-love [弗洛姆自爱理论的心理学美学意义], Master thesis, Literary Theory, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2014 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - >自爱<不仅是一个重要的伦理学概念,也是一个重要的心理学概念。在自爱研究的谱系中,弗洛姆的自爱理论占据着重要的位置。他指出现代人为了找到自我,找到生存的意义,走出精神和道德的困境,必须建立一种以人为尺度,以人性为伦理道德之准则,以爱为核心内容,以人的幸福和自我实现为目标,借助精神分析与佛教禅宗净化人的心灵的人道主义伦理学。这一人道主义伦理学不仅对于个人良好人格的形成具有重要意义,作为一种>此在生存在世之诠释<的文学,书写者对世界的诠释也势必会受到这种人格形成之机制的影响。本文从社会心理学角度出发,对弗洛姆自爱理论对作家文艺创作及其作品的影响予以详尽分析,从学理上梳理了自爱对于主体性构建和话语模式构建的重要意义。本文第一部分梳理了自爱理论的历史沿革和产生根源。第二部分集中论证了弗洛姆自爱理论的基本内涵。爱的基础是二分,即>我<与>你<,而爱的结果是合一,即>我们<。因此自爱就是与自我的合一,即自我的恢复与完满。同时,自爱是其他一切爱的前提和基础,是爱的主体性的充分实现。第三部分从若干方面分述了自爱特质对于艺术家创作所产生的积极和消极的影响,指出不>自爱<固然可以为创作提供灵感,但是这种果实是残缺的、不完满的。只有充分自爱,与自我合一,与世界合一,才能创作出超越时间阻隔、超越个体经验、具有持久生命力的伟大作品。第四部分指出在弗洛姆的理论中自爱是恢复人的本性、实现人的价值的基本前提和必备条件,为艺术创作的发生阶段提供了良好的土壤。 N2 - Self-love is considered as an important concept both in ethics and in psychology. Fromm’s self-love theory is located at a decisive point in the analyzing pedigree about this concept, for his pursing to establish a human-scale humanitarian ethics that is based on human nature ethics guidelines, deemed love as the core, targeted to realizing people’s happiness and self-fulfillment and to purifying people’s soul in help with psychoanalysis and Buddhism Zen. This ethics benefits the forming process of one’s good personality, moreover the mechanism of forming personality will wield influence on the writer‘s interpreting way about the world both inside and outside in the view of literary as the Dasein subject)’s interpretation of being-in-the-world. - The influences of Fromm’s theory of self-love on the writes’ literary creating and their works have been analyzed comprehensively in terms of social psychology in this paper, and the profound significance of self-love theory to constituting subjectivity and the discourse mode is unfolded theoretically. The main aim of this paper is to make a philosophical and ethical inquiry of E. Fromm’s theory of self-love in light of literary creation and three conclusions could be attained that it is the prerequisite of constituting the subject properly and an essential condition f being with the other companionably, its practice could have significant implications for living and literary creation. - The origin and history of self-love theory present in the first part.– In the second part its theoretic content unfolds that the dualism of I-thou is negated into the unity of >we< as loving consequence, self-love means an unit with self and me that renders one self’s restoration and fulfillment, the basic and premise of other kinds of love and full-revelation of love’s subjectivity.– There are two analyses about influences of the qualities of self-love on literary creation in part three negatively inspiration of creation would be lightened without self-love but its fruits are insufficient and deformed, on the contrary that great works of enduring vitality being beyond time and individuality could be produced because of full self-love with unity of self and me and integrality of I and the world.– In the fourth part, the theory of self-love could provide the basement for backing to human’s nature and realizing human’s value, and the well-founded ground of literary creation in beginning phase. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Scudder, Timothy James T1 - Personality Types in Relationship Awareness Theory: The Validation of Freud’s Libidinal Types and Explication of Porter’s Motivational Typology, Dissertation Fielding Graduate University, 2013, 135 pp. Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sang, Dan T1 - >Out of Human Bondage< in Erich Fromm’s View of Freedom [《人性的枷锁》之弗洛姆自由观解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2015.[application of Fromm's theories to art] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ru, Xiumei T1 - The Psychological Need to Build a Harmonious Society [心理需要与和谐社会的构建], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. N2 - 本文以马克思关于>需要理论<和>社会和谐<思想在人的生存论上的一致性为基础,在哲学层面上提出和论证了以人的心理需要为核心构建和谐社会的思路。本文通过对心理需要理论的历史性梳理,折射心理需要与哲学本身所关注的人的解放、幸福密切相关。尤其在当代,关注人的心理需要,这是对人的存在的自我分裂和异化的克服和超越。哲学作为理论形态的人的存在的自我意识,自觉以人的方式关注和守望人的存在,这就决定了关注人的心理需要是理解哲学和构建和谐社会不可或缺的维度。以此为基础,本文从>需要理论<、>和谐<观念及>社会和谐<思想这一视角出发,对中西方思想史中关于心理需要的思想进行扬弃,特别是弗洛姆理论中的有关论点,以此论证了以人的心理需要为核心构建和谐社会的致思理路,进而深入探究了需要理论及其在建构和谐社会中的意义。 N2 - This article is based on Marx’s consistency about >need theory> and >social harmony< thinking on people’s survival theory. It also demonstrates the idea of building a harmonious society at the core of people’s psychological needs at philosophical level. By the historic destination of the psychological needs theory, this article refracts psychological needs closely relating people’s liberation and happiness which is concerned by philosophy. Especially in the contemporary, concerning the psychological needs, this is the overcoming and transcending to people’s existence of self-division and alienation. The philosophy, as a theoretical form of the existence of self-consciousness, consciously pays attention to the way of people’s existence: this has determined that concerning people’s psychological needs is the indispensable dimension to understand philosophy and building a harmonious society. On this basis, this paper is from the perspective of >needs theory<, >harmony concept< and >social harmony thinking<, extracting and abandoning the thinking of psychological needs in China and western’s thinking history, in particular Fromm’s theory of the argument, which argues the idea at the core of people’s psychological, needs to build a harmonious society, deeply explore the need theory in the construction of a harmonious society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qi, Liuzhu T1 - On the Aesthetic Actualization of Fromm’s Ideas about Freedom [论弗洛姆自由思想的审美性实现], Master thesis, Aesthetics, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China 2014 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 弗洛姆在20世纪生活了80年,时代的风云变幻在他心里留下了深刻的痕迹。犹太——基督教传统、弗洛伊德和马克思的思想对其思想的形成影响巨大。心理因素对自由的影响是弗洛姆考虑的主要问题。人类自由所遭受的最严重威胁,不在外部,而在人的内心之中。只有当人的内在的心理状况能确保人们的个性时,摆脱外在的权威才能持久地巩固。积极自由的实现有赖于人的整体性人格的实现,有赖于积极地表现人的情感的和理智的潜能的实现。实现自我的创造性是自发性活动的重要表现,实现与人交往的>爱<则是自发性的主要成分。人的情感情绪贯穿了审美活动的全过程。与一般意志相比,审美意志有着更大的自由度。它可以依据主体的目的、动机和理想等自由地选择审美客体、自由地运用想象和联想,从而对客体自由地判断和评价,创造审美意象。原创性是审美活动得以发展,艺术生命得以延续的根本原因。审美活动对原创性的需求是必然的,它的出现也是必然的。即便是在>发达资本主义时代<,艺术家仍然保持着难得的清醒,保留着自觉性和主体意识。主体的审美直觉,是整个审美活动的开端,是各种后继审美心理内容和审美形式的基础。它同时又沉淀、渗透于这些后继的心理内容和形式之中。从对审美直觉的分析可以看出,在审美交往的初级阶段,主体对客体已有从被动向主动发展的趋势。通过想象,人们可以对眼前的形象进行改造和创造,形成审美的联系。但审美主体对事物的改造并不是任意的。牢固的审美关系须建立在对审美对象的尊重之上。艺术家通过想象与对象融为一体,从而达到与物的交流。审美主体对客体从认识到接受是一个充满变化的过程。审美既是这一过程的结果,也是这一过程的目的。当这一目的实现之后,主体并不满足,而是继续发掘对象,深化审美的联系。自发性活动是解决自由问题的唯一办法,但现代社会却使人丧失了批判的能力,无法认识到真实的现实和真实的自己。人不能自发的实现自己,不能通过真实的自我而与周遭世界建立正常的联系,因而不但造成了人与世界的疏远和破坏,也造成了对自己身份认同的深切怀疑和恐惧。在审美的过程中,人们不但能够实现真正的自由,而且背弃自由的人也可以重新感受到真正的自由。审美追求是人对自我创造能力的全面实现和以爱连结万物的追求。它的动态的满足即为人的自发性的不断实现。因此,弗洛姆的自由思想便通过审美的方式得以实现。 N2 - Fromm lived in the20th century for 80years, during which the events and changes of the era had profound influence on his heart. The Jewish-Christian tradition, Freud and Marx’s thought had had a huge impact on the formation of his thought. The influence of psychological factors on freedom is the main problem that Fromm considered. The most serious threat to man’s freedom is not from the outside world, but man’s inner world. Man’s freedom consolidates abidingly only when his inner psy-chological status can ensure his personality and get rid of the influence of authority. The realization of positive freedom relies on the realization of the wholeness of the personality and that of man’s potential in expressing his feelings and intellect positively. The self-realization of creativity is an important performance of spontaneous activity, while the actualization of love in human relationship is the main composition of spontaneity. - The whole process of the aesthetic activities is run through with human feelings and emotions. Compared with common will, there is more freedom in aesthetic will, which can choose aesthetic objects and imagine and associate freely, basing on the aim, motivation and ideality of the subject, thereby freely judge and evaluate the objects and create imago. Originality is the fundamental reason for the development of aesthetic activity and the continuity of art. Originality is the inevitable demand for Aesthetic activity, and its emergence is also inevitable. Even in the >era of capitalism<, artists still remain lucid, keeping his consciousness and subject consciousness. - The subject’s aesthetic intuition is the beginning of the whole aesthetic activity and the foundation of all sorts of subsequent aesthetic mental content and aesthetic form. It also reflects in all sorts of subsequent aesthetic mental content and aesthetic form. From the analysis of aesthetic intuition, we can see the tendency that, in the early stages of aesthetic communication, the subject’s perception of the objects is becoming from passive to active. By imagination, people can modify and recreate the image within sight, thereby develop an aesthetic relationship. However, the aesthetic subject’s transformation of objects is not arbitrary. A strong aesthetic relationship must be based on the respect for the aesthetic objects. Artists become integrated with the objects through imagination, so as to communicate with them. The process of the aesthetic subject’s relationship with the objects, from understanding to acceptance, is full of changes. Aesthetic is both the result of this process and its goal. When this goal is realized, the subject is not satisfied, but continues to explore objects, deepen the aesthetic relationship. - Spontaneous activity is the only way to solve the problem of freedom, but modern society makes people lose the ability to criticize and unable to recognize the true reality and their real selves. Because people cannot actualize themselves spontaneous, nor can they establish the normal contact with the world around them with their true selves, the relationship between human beings and the world is estranged and even destructed, which makes people doubt and fear their self-identities. In the process of aesthetic, people can not only realize the real freedom, but also help people who have abandoned freedom to feel real freedom again. The pursuit of aesthetic is the overall implementation of self creation ability and the pursuit of connecting all things on earth with love. Its dynamic content is the continuous actualization. As a result, Fromm’s ideas about freedom are realized by means of aesthetic. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qi, Xia T1 - On Fromm's Concept of Personal Liberty [论弗洛姆的个人主义自由观], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 人类社会的历史就是不断争取自由解放的历史。个人的诞生、人类社会的出现使人们摆脱了传统的束缚,获得了自由的胜利,但是又因为对未来的不确定感和恐惧,将辛苦获取的自由拱手让出,依附于新的权威以获得心理上暂时的安全感,弗洛姆在分析这种心理形成机制的基础上,形成了关于现代人>逃避自由<的思想。在此之上,弗洛姆指出了人的真正自由之道即对积极自由的追求和自我的实现。弗洛姆明确提出自由是一种态度,是从对立的可能性中做出选择的能力,是成为自身的可能性,也是一个自我实现的机会,而这些观点与西方语境下的>个人主义<所要求的人的尊严、自主、隐私和自我发展是相一致的。个人主义强调个人的重要性,强调在社会面前保持自我,而弗洛姆的自由观就是将个人、个人发展以及个人的自我实现放在首位的自由观,即是提倡个人主义的自由观。且个人是自由的立足点,个人主义是自由的基础理论,没有个人之发展就无自由之发展。因此,弗洛姆的自由观是立足于个人的自由观,是建立在个人主义之上的自由观,是个人主义自由观。 N2 - The history of human society is constantly striving for freedom and liberation history. Individual and human society has made people get rid of the shackles of the traditional. However, people fear of the future, so they give up freedom. They cling to the new authority to obtain temporary psychological sense of security. Fromm set up the thought of escape from freedom on the analysis of this psychological. He pointed out that the real freedom is of positive freedom and the pursuit of self-realization. Fromm suggests that freedom is a kind of attitude, is the ability to choose from among the possibilities. It’s a self-fulfilling opportunity. These views of Fromm are consistent with the meaning of individualism. Individualism emphasizes the importance of the individual, and individual is the foundation of freedom; individualism is the basic theory of freedom. Fromm’s view of freedom is based on the individual’s view of freedom. Therefore, Fromm’s view of freedom is the freedom of individualism. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Miao, Weiping T1 - The Hope of Revolution – an Exploration of Fromm’s Theory on Liberation [革命的希望—弗洛姆的解放理论探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2014. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich•Fromm,又译作艾里希•弗洛姆、埃里克•弗洛姆或艾瑞克•弗洛姆)作为法兰克福学派的主战将之一,其思想不仅在学派内部独具一格,即使在整个二十世纪的西方马克思主义阵营中也独具匠心,他毕生关注>孤立无援的现代人<,并未止步于对现代社会的批判而是穷究病态个人和病态社会的根由,更致力于健全社会和健全人格的重建,因其人道化社会主义的解放理论充满理想化和浪漫主义色彩而获得>人类梦想家<的称誉。弗洛姆以一个心理学家的敏锐捕捉到现代人物质丰富精神痛苦的现状,以一个社会学家和哲学家的研究精神对之追根究源揭示出现代工业社会对人的匿名操纵致使现代人处于异化状态,人格畸变,在此基础上以人性为标尺讨伐现代社会,将自身终生的心理分析师实践所得成果结合于自己理解的人本主义的马克思主义,推出其解放理论——包括社会改革和个人性格革命两方面。弗洛姆的解放理论虽然因在哲学基础上就背离了马克思主义,在解放路径上也摒弃了马克思主义的暴力革命只在资本主义内部进行改良而注定无法达到预期目的,但是他对人类命运的关怀、对人类前途的积极探索值得我们学习,其理论中的合理成分、改革中的一些原则和具体方法即使初衷在于改进资本主义也并非便与社会主义水火不容,甚至对我们建设社会主义具有参考价值。本文拟从四个部分进行论述:第一部分为弗洛姆生平掠影,从弗洛姆所处的大时代出发勾勒出他的个人经历和思想发展历程;第二部分为弗洛姆解放理论产生的语境,以时间域和场域为背景从弗洛姆的思想源头阐述其解放理论的形成与发展;第三部分为弗洛姆解放理论的具体内容;第四部分为对弗洛姆解放理论的评价。 N2 - Erich Fromm is a prominent member of Frankfurt School, his thought is not only unique within the school, but also shows originality in the whole camp of western Marxist camp in the 20th century. He paid attention to the >isolated modern people< through his life, and he dedicated to the critique of modern society and seek the reasons of sick individuals and society, moreover, he devoted himself to rebuild sane society and cure individuals, he’s famous as a >human dreamer< because of his ideal and romantic humanistic socialistic liberation theory. As a psychologist, Fromm captured modern people’s painful situation: material wealth, mental suffering; as a sociologist and philosopher, Fromm searched in the reasons and revealed the industrial society’s anonymous manipulations on persons that leads to alienation and the distortion of personality, on this basis, Fromm critiqued the modern capitalistic society, taking human nature as yardstick, at the same time, he put his achievements of lifelong psychological analyst practices into the theory of humanistic Marxism – by his own under-standing, put forward his liberation theory, which including two parts – social reform and revolution of personal character. Although Fromm’s theory of liberation is deviated from Marxism because its basis of philosophy, and his liberation path also dismissed Marxist violent revolution, only improving in the interior of capital society, doomed to fail to achieve its expectations, his concern for human destiny, the active exploration of the future of the mankind, the reasonable compounds of his theory, the principle and specific method also worth to study, even if his purpose is to improve the capitalism but it’s not against the socialism, perhaps, have a reference value to the construction of socialism. - This paper separated into four parts: the first part is the chief introduction of Fromm, in the time ground, trying to outline his personal experience and the thought development; the second part is the environment of Fromm’s liberation theory, stating its formation and development in its background of time and field; The third part is the specific content of the liberation theory; the fourth part is the evaluation of Fromm’s theory of liberation. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gu, Lin T1 - Faith and Redemption – Shi Tiesheng’s Thought [信仰与救赎—史铁生思想研究], Doctoral dissertation, Literary Theory, Graduate School of Literature and Art, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing, China 2015 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 史铁生是文学家中杰出的思想者,他的思想具有明确一贯的主题。在个体生命的层面,基于对生命三大根本困境的认识,即命运之无常、死亡之必然、孤独之不可逃避,史铁生对命运、死亡与孤独进行了探索,而爱情拯救孤独,由此孤独与爱情联系在一起;在社会政治层面,则是史铁生对人道主义思想的阐发;同时其创作后期以基督教上帝观为核心的信仰探索也体现了他社会政治层面的现实关切。这些主题涉及生命的本源性问题及社会、国族发展的根本性问题,>信仰与救赎<成为一根主线在个体救赎与群体救赎两个层面将这些问题串联起来。本文由绪论、本论六章、补编一章及结语构成。绪论分为三部分。第一部分选题意义,论述了从信仰的角度对史铁生的思想进行探索的理论与现实意义;第二部分对当前国内外关于史铁生的研究进行了归纳与分析,并在此基础上从三方面申明了本论文的创新之处;第三部分简单陈述了本论文的逻辑结构和思路。第一章题为>爱命运<——史铁生的命运观。联系他痛苦的肉身境遇,指出他早年对绝望处境的坦诚书写是有意义的,其表明一个人敢于直面生命的悲剧而不是逃避。并联系蒂利希的思想对绝望的意义作了本体论上的阐发,指出对绝望的接受,本身就是信仰,体现了存在的勇气,不过史铁生基于肉身境遇关于命运初步的理性探索尚无哲学家超然的理性气质。史铁生关于命运的进一步探索则是受到圣经中约伯故事的启发,由此领悟到一种涉及宇宙整体与作为部分之个体关系的形而上学。藉此形而上学,他论证了人类苦难存在的必然合理性,阐扬了一种更为释然的面对命运的态度。但针对其在苦难问题上形而上学的预设和演绎,又提出了两点反思。第二章题为意义与永恒——史铁生的死亡哲学。在1986年的《我之舞》中,史铁生第一次对死亡展开理性的探索。但是他由否定绝对的虚无,继而否定死是虚无,从而推证出>我<不死,只是一种逻辑性的自洽,其论证没有充足有效性;而在以1999年开始发表的>病隙碎笔<系列为代表的作品中,他的论述摆脱了逻辑抽象性,有了更为具体的内涵。他将论述的重点放到了>我<上,提供了以下思路:一是佛教的>无我<观;一是基于一种建立在等级序列上的宇宙观和历史观所提出的>小我<融入>大我<以获得永恒的思路,但这一思路却使得意义与永恒之间构成了一种循环论证;不过,史铁生随后的作品所阐发的关于意义与永恒的新的认知,则启发我们意识到>我<之不死,>我<之永恒是建立在对生命意义的道德认知上。永恒指向质的而非量的无限性,它是精神人格的永恒,而非生物学意义上的无限,由此证明了其思想在救赎论上的有效性。史铁生坚信>我<之不死,也是因为他相信人确有灵魂而灵魂不死,他为此提供了几条实证思路;同时,他也从道德意义上论证了灵魂不死这一信念的重要性。而爱与求知应该成为生命最基本、最重要的主题,是史铁生的死亡哲学给予我们的重大启示。第三章题为孤独与爱的救赎——史铁生的爱情观。孤独意识具有二重性,这也体现了人本质的二重性:一方面,人需要走出孤独,走向群体;另一方面,人又需要确认他的独特性与不可替代性,由此人需要在群体中享有自我内在的封闭性,也即人有渴望孤独的内在需求。史铁生强调第一方面,却忽略了第二方面,这是他在孤独与爱情的探讨中陷入困境的根本原因。在其生命境遇中,他领悟到残疾与爱情是上帝向人类隐喻的两条最本质的人性密码,在孤独的意义上,残疾即指人间的防备、歧视等造成的人心灵上的压迫和损伤。他在前后期一系列的探索中都表达了消除人间防备、歧视的强烈渴望,但伴随而来的却是孤独是人之宿命的悲观体认。在此基础上,他指出唯有爱才能拯救孤独,而基于对人之孤独的救赎,他的爱指向了广博的爱愿,博爱是难以实现的理想,爱情是其中可实现的部分,由此他通过对爱情的探讨去表达消除孤独的渴望。但爱情的理想远景既然指向了博爱,便陷入了>爱情能否n对n<的难题。在《爱情问题》、《务虚笔记》、《我的丁一之旅》中他对这一问题的探讨逐次推进,但终未能得出令人信服的答案。论文最后联系弗洛姆的观点,回顾反思史铁生的思想,指出其在爱情难题上陷入困境的原因,并提出解决思路。第四章题为>上帝<与政治——史铁生的人道主义思想。史铁生社会政治层面的关切是以他的人道主义思想为核心的。他从>叛徒<的困境、>我们<的位置中,看到了人道主义应有之义,并联系基督文化、基督精神对人道主义的自由、平等、博爱的思想进行了深入辨析。在他看来,政治问题和>上帝<信仰是不可分的,人道之上有>神在<、有>天命<,只有站在信仰的高度,才能真正击中时弊,找到出路。第五章题为>看不见而信<——史铁生的上帝观(一)。在后期,史铁生以基督教上帝观为核心阐发了他对信仰的认识。他的信仰观主要从两个方面启发了我们的思考:一是认识论上,他强调>看不见而信<,也即强调信仰的非理性特质,这是本章要阐述的问题;二是在救赎论的意义上,强调人神距离说,这是下一章的内容。在史铁生笔下,始终有两种上帝的形象:一是创世主、一是救世主。在早中期多是创世主的形象,而在后期,救世主的形象与精神得到了格外强调,正体现了他对基督文化与基督精神的赞赏。基于基督教>三位一体<的学说,史铁生通过救世主的存在领悟到创世主冷漠背后的恩慈,从而在不自由的宿命下找回了人的自由,并由此阐述了信仰的真意。但上帝的存在也即上帝的本体论问题是谈论上帝不可回避的问题,却没有引起史铁生特别的重视。他简单明了地指出信仰的本义是>看不见而信<,因为信仰在于人的信心、信念,一旦要求实证,就谈不上是信仰;同时,理性的有限也使之无能论证信仰。在他的作品中,上帝是以一正一反两条思路自然呈现的:正向的思路是,由对人之有限的认识,推到了无限之在,而这无限之在,即指上帝;反向的思路是指他基于救赎的意义强调了上帝存在的必要与价值。但这两条思路只建立了上帝存在的可能性及上帝存有的价值,却尚未建立起其真实性。而不能在心中建立起上帝的真实性,对于某些人而言,便无法真正地走近上帝信仰。但上帝的真实性终是不可证明的,在现代基督教思想家约翰.希克的启发下,我们由关于上帝存在的推论的健全性转换成对史铁生上帝信仰之合理性的研究。在这种考察中,我们看到了一种扩大了的经验和理性的范畴。正是在这广义的理性和经验里,史铁生的上帝信仰具有了合理性,也为我们走近上帝信仰提供了启示。第六章题为>人与神有着无限的距离<——史铁生的上帝观(二)。基于对人力有限的客观认识,更主要是基于对人性之恶的洞察及对中国历史、文化与现实的认识,史铁生在救赎论的意义上,突出强调了>人神距离说<,人与神的距离具体便体现在人力、人性、人智的有限或残缺与神的全能、绝对的圆满与美善的比照。史铁生明确指出他的>人神距离说<是在刘小枫的《走向十字架上的真》中找到的答案,他的这一思想也确实会让人联想到刘小枫在书中极为推崇的卡尔.巴特的思想。但通过与卡尔.巴特思想的比照可以发现,卡尔.巴特极端的神人隔绝理论无限地贬低了人,彻底取消了人的主体性;而史铁生在>人神距离说<的视野下,对有限(人)和无限(神)的辩证论述,则在认识论而根本上是生存本体论的意义上,建构了一种关于人的自由的辩证法,在神设定的>不自由<下,导向了人的超越的主体性。同时,基于社会现实的解决方案,我们将史铁生的>人神距离说<与别尔嘉耶夫以个体人格自由为核心的思想进行比较,以期引起对这一问题的思考,即病根是在极权文化上,还是根本源于人的奴性意识?最后针对学界关于史铁生是个无神论者或无神论意义上的泛神论者的普遍观点提出进一步的思考,指出从认识论的角度,我们无法对史铁生是否相信上帝作出准确判断,但从救赎论的角度,也是基于史铁生自己的明确表述,我们可以给史铁生一个准确的赋名,即史铁生是一个宗教精神的信仰者,这也是学者们的普遍共识。史铁生的信仰观尽管是在耶佛的比照下,以基督教上帝观为核心进行阐发的,但他信仰的并非某一具体宗教而是一种宗教精神,文中从五个方面对其宗教精神进行了概述。补编是史铁生的佛教思想,史铁生对信仰观的阐述是在耶佛的比照下展开的,不过佛教思想经常是被作为反例来运用的。但总体来看,史铁生所批评的并非原旨意义上的佛教思想,而是流于世俗化、功利化的民间信仰,由此他对佛教的批判有失公允,这是需要指出并加以澄清的。按照史铁生的论述逻辑,应把其对佛教的认识放在上帝观的两章,但在具体论述中会破坏这两章的逻辑和结构平衡,因此将之作为补编。史铁生基于他的信仰观,对佛教的理性主义、佛教的>灭欲说<以及佛教的功利性提出了他的批评。不过,在他的论述中,我们看到其思想及精神实质与大乘佛教是契合的,大乘佛教的的利他精神、忧悲情怀也正是史铁生明确表示赞赏的。而从大乘佛教思想出发,能够激发我们对佛教的积极认识,以此也能回应史铁生对佛教的质疑。结语题为>未完成式<——思想的文学性书写。对史铁生的信仰之路作出总结,指出理性的精神是其主要的特征,也是其思想及思想的探索之于我们的最大意义;同时,就思想与文学性书写的关系,在昆德拉和陀思妥耶夫斯基的比照下,对史铁生的创作进行了简单的考察,指出在如何更好地融合思想的表达与文学性书写的关系上,史铁生的艺术探索仍是>未完成式的<,值得我们在此问题上继续思考。 N2 - Shi Tiesheng is an outstanding thinker in writers, and his ideas had clear and consistent themes. About individual life, Shi Tiesheng explored fate, death and loneliness, which was based on the un-derstanding of three fundamental living difficulties containing impermanent fate, death and inesca-pable loneliness. And love saves the loneliness, thus loneliness and love get the reactions; on the social and political level, Shi Tiesheng elucidated the humanism; and the Christian view of God as the core belief in Shi Tiesheng’s later writing reflected his practical concerning about social and political problems. These themes pointed to the origin of life and the fundamental issues of social and national development, which are connected by >faith and redemption< as a main line from the aspects of individual redemption and group redemption. This paper consists of the introduction, six chapters, a supplement and conclusion. Introduction is divided into three parts. The first part explores the theoretical and practical significance of Shi Tiesheng’s thoughts from the perspective of faith; the second part summarizes the local and foreign researches about Shi Dishing and introduces three aspects of this paper’s innovation; the third part statement’s the logic structure and the train of thoughts in this paper. The first chapter is entitled >loving fate – Shi Tiesheng’s view of fate<. Based on his painful body situation, this chapter points out that his early sincere writing without hopeless is significant, which shows that a person dare to face the tragedy y of life, and illustrates meanings of the ontology of despair in relation of Tillich’s thoughts, then points out the acceptance of despair itself is belief – which reflects the courage of existence, but these preliminary rational explorations about the fate had no a philosopher’s detached rational temperament. Shi Tiesheng’s further exploration was inspired by Job’s story in the Bible, thus realized one type of metaphysics relating to the universe as a whole and an distinct part. From this, he demonstrated the inevitable rationality of Human suffering, and expound s a more relieved attitude to face the fate. This chapter also puts forward two reflections based on his metaphysical presupposition and deduction about suffering Issues. The second chapter is entitled >the meaning and eternity – Shi Tiesheng’s philosophy of death<. In >My Dancing<(1986), Shi Dishing firstly launched the rational exploration of death. But he denied ab-solute nothingness and fatherly denied death is nothing, thus derived >I< won’t die, which was just a self consistent logic but without enough validity. In his representative works such as the >Bing Xi Sui Bi<, his discussions got rid of logical abstraction and had a more specific meaning. He focused on the >I< and provided the following ideas: one was >without me< of Buddhist concept; one was putting forward the >ego< into >I< which was based on the conception of universe and history according to a hierarchical sequence, but this idea made a circular argument between the eternity and significance; however, Shi Tiesheng’s subsequent works with analyses on the new cognition about significance and eternity enlightened us to realize that >I< won’t die and the eternal >I< were based on the moral cognition of life meaning. The eternity pointed to the matter of essence rather amount, and it was the eternal spirit of personality rather than the biological meaning of the infinite, which proved the validity of the thought of redemption. Shi Tiesheng believed that the >I< won’t die because he believed that people have the soul and the soul is deathless, and he provided a few empirical ideas; at the same time, he also demonstrated the importance of belief on the immortal soul from the moral sense. Love and knowledge should become the most basic and important themes, which was the inspiration provided by Shi Tiesheng’s philosophy of the death for us. The third chapter is entitled >loneliness and redemption of love – Shi Tiesheng’s love view<. Loneli-ness has duality to people, it also reflects the duality of human nature: on the one hand, people need to get out of loneliness, towards the community; on the other hand, people also need to confirm his uniqueness, so people eager to internal loneliness. Shi Tiesheng stressed that the first aspect, but ignored the second, which was the fundamental reason he was in trouble in the discussion on loneliness and love. Based on his life circumstances, he realized the disability and love were the two most essential humanity passwords which was the metaphor God gives to human. In the sense of loneliness, disability refers to oppression and damage on heart caused by human’s defense and discrimination. His exploration all expressed a strong desire to eliminate defense and discrimination against the world. Nevertheless, it was accompanied with the pessimistic recognition that loneliness was the human fate. On this basis, he pointed out that only love could save the loneliness. Based on salvation towards human loneliness, his love pointed to fraternity, but is difficult to achieve the fraternity, love is one of the parts can be realized. Thus he expressed the desire to eliminate lone-liness through the discussion of love. But the ideal vision of love pointed to fraternity, then it was in a problem of >love could n vs. n<. In >Love Problem<, >Ideological Notes>, >My Trip as Ding Yi< to explore the topic of successive advance, but failed to draw a convincing answer. The last part reviews Shi Tiesheng’s thoughts with the view of Fromm, points out the cause of the trouble in love problems, and puts forward the solution. The fourth chapter is entitled >God and Politics – Shi Tiesheng’s humanism<. For Shi Tiesheng, the social and political level was concerned with his humanitarian ideas as the core. From the >traitor dilemma< and >our position<, he saw the humanitarian meaning, analyzed the humanitarian freedom, equality, fraternity in depth associated with Christ culture and Christ spirit. In his opinion, political issues and >God< belief were inseparable, >God< and >destiny< were beyond humanity. Only standing on the height of the faith, can really hit the mark, to find a way out. The fifth chapter is entitled >belief because of invisibility – Shi Tiesheng’s concept of God (a)<. He expressed his understanding of faith based on the concept of God. His belief aroused our thinking mainly from two aspects: One is the epistemology, he stressed >belief because of invisibility<, which emphasized the irrational characteristics of faith, which this chapter is to elaborate. The other stress¬sed the eternal distance between human and God, which is discussed in the next chapter. In Shi Tiesheng’s works, there were always two kinds of God: one is the creator, the other is a savior. The creator appeared in the early stage, and in the later period, the image and spiritual of savior was particularly emphasized. This embodied his personal appreciation to Christian spirit and Christian culture. Based on Christian tritheism, Shi Tiesheng realized that the creator’s kindness behind indif-ference through saviors, so to find the human’s freedom in the fettered destiny. And thus he expound¬ded the meaning of faith. But the existence of God which is also called the ontology of the God cannot be avoided, but did not cause Shi Tiesheng special attention. He simply pointed out that the original meaning of faith was >belief because of invisibility<. Because faith is the confidence and belief of human, once it is empirical, there would be no faith. At the same time, the limited rationality also ma¬kes it impossible to demonstrate faith. In his works, God is presented through the pro and con ideas: the pro thinking is, by the limited knowledge of human, the infinite is realized. And this infinite being, refers to God. The reverse thinking is based on the significance of salvation that he stressed the ne¬cessity and value of the existence of God. But the two ideas only set up the possibility of the exis¬tence of God and God’s value, thus did not yet established its authenticity. However, it is not to establish the truth of God in mind, some people cannot really approach the belief in God. But it cannot be proved the authenticity of God, inspired by the modern Christian thinker John Hick, we transform the soundness of inference about the existence of God to the study of the rationality about the faith of God of Shi Tiesheng. In this study, we saw an expanded experience and rational category. It is in this broad sense and experience, Shi Tiesheng’s belief in God has rationality, also provides enlightenment for us to approach God faith. The sixth chapter is entitled >The hypothesis of distance between human and God – Shi Tiesheng’s view of God (b)<. Including the objective understanding of limited manpower, it is more mainly based on the understanding on the evil of human nature and China’s history, culture and reality. Shi Tiesheng, in the sense of salvation, highlighted the eternal distance between human and God. The distance between human and God is specifically embodied in the contrast, between the limited human power, human nature, human intelligence and the Go d Almighty, absolute perfection and goodness. Shi Tiesheng pointed out that >the hypothesis of distance between human and God< was the answer found from >The Truth on The Cross< of Liu Xiaofeng. His thought was indeed associated Carle Barth’s thought Liu Xiaofeng extremely respected. But with the comparison of Carle Barth can be found that, Carle Barth’s extreme isolation theory belittled human infinitely, completely dismantled human subjectivity. Shi Tiesheng set up the dialectic of human’s freedom through the dialectical discussion about Limited (person) and infinite (God) under the >The hypothesis of distance between human and God< At the same time, based on the social reality, we compares Shi Tiesheng’s >The hypothesis of distance between human and God< with Berdyaev’s individual personality freedom as the core idea, and think about such question: which is the root cause of the problem, the totalitarian culture or the person’s servility consciousness? At last, we put forward further thinking on that Shi Tiesheng is an atheist or a pantheistic on atheistic sense. From the perspective of epistemology, we cannot make accurate judgments whether Shi Tiesheng believed in God, but based on the per¬spective of redemption, and his own clear interpretation, we could give Shi Tiesheng an accurate name. He was a believer on religious spirit, which is also the consensus of scholars. An d we outline his religious spirit from five aspects. The supplement is Shi Tiesheng’s Buddhist ideas, and his exploration about the belief is in contrast between the Christian and Buddhism, but the latter is often to be used as counterexamples. But in general, Buddhism criticized by Shi Tiesheng is not the Buddhism in original sense, but a secular, utilitarian folk belief, thus his criticism of Buddhism is unfair, which is necessary to point out. According to Shi Tiesheng’s treatment logic, this chapter should be put in the two chapters about God, but will destroy the logic and the balance of the structure of those two chapters, so it is put as a supplement. According to Shi Tiesheng’s conception of belief, he critiqued Buddhism’s rationalism, utility and the conception of >extinguishing desires<. However, in his works, we can see the connection between his spirit and Mahayana Buddhism, and Shi Tiesheng ever clearly expressed his admiration to Mahayana Buddhism. From the perspective of Mahayana Buddhism, we can achieve the active understanding of Buddhism, which can responds to Shi Tiesheng questions on Buddhism. The conclusion is titled >unfinished – literary writing on thoughts<. This chapter mainly focused on the relationship between thoughts and literary writing. In contrast to Kundera and Dostojevskij, this chapter points out that Shi Tiesheng’s artistic exploration is still unfinished in how to better deal with the relationship between thoughts and literary writing, and we should continue to think about this issue. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Min T1 - Mental Health Research Viewed from the Perspective of General Problem-Solving [广义问题解决视野下的心理健康研究], Doctoral dissertation, Philosophy of Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 2912. N2 - 当今社会,人们的生活节奏不断加快,竞争压力越来越大,来自学习、工作、婚姻、交往等方方面面的问题使得越来越多的人难以应对,严重影响了人们的心理健康。追求心理健康已成为当代社会生活的最重要内容之一。然而,什么是心理健康?心理健康与哪些因素有关?如何才能更好保持心理健康状态呢?无数心理学家仍在寻求这些问题的答案。本文选取广义问题解决的全新视角,提出心理健康就是及时发现并成功解决问题所达到的心理平衡状态。此处的>问题<是广义的,既包括生活当中的各种外部问题(非心理问题),又包括个体内部产生的心理问题(内部问题)。广义问题解决指包括发现问题、评价问题、选择问题和解决问题在内的全过程。心理健康与个人(先天遗传因素与后天发展因素)、社会(家庭环境、学校教育、工作单位、社会氛围、互联网络等)、文化等多种因素密切相关。当任何因素导致个体无法成功解决生活中的种种外部问题时,就可能产生心理问题,严重者甚至导致心理疾病。因此要全面理解心理健康、更好保持心理健康,首先必须理清心理健康、心理问题、心理疾病三者之间的关系。什么是心理健康?什么是心理问题?什么是心理疾病?心理健康、心理问题、心理疾病三者之间有着怎样的关系?心理学家如何理解心理健康?为何选取广义问题解决的研究视角?基于广义问题解决的心理健康观有何特点?广义问题解决各环节与心理健康的关系如何?心理问题的成因是什么?解决心理问题的主要途径与基本方式有哪些?本文分六章来讨论以上问题。第一章>心理健康概述<首先考察健康与心理健康的定义及关系,然后考察心理问题的定义、分类及其与心理疾病的区别。接着考察心理疾病的定义。最后探讨心理健康与心理问题、心理疾病之间的相互关系,三者之间可以相互转化,而转化的关键因素在于广义问题解决。第二章>传统心理健康观评析<分别考察精神分析学派、存在-人本主义学派、认知-行为主义学派代表人物的心理健康观。精神分析学派考察了弗洛伊德、阿德勒、荣格、埃里克森、霍妮、弗洛姆的心理健康观。存在-人本主义学派考察了马斯洛、罗杰斯、罗洛•梅、弗兰克的心理健康观。认知-行为主义学派考察了斯金纳、班杜拉、乔治•凯利的心理健康观。以上心理学家向我们展示不同的视角和风格,为我们进行心理健康研究提供了参照和启发。第三章>基于广义问题解决的心理健康观<首先考察基于广义问题解决的心理健康观的特点,接着简述了广义问题解决的四个环节,然后分别探讨了发现问题与心理健康、评价问题与心理健康、选择问题与心理健康、解决问题与心理健康之间的关系,并分别结合典型案例进行具体分析。第四章>问题的分类及其成因<本文根据研究需要将问题划分为外部问题(非心理问题)与内部问题(心理问题)。外部问题主要包括学习成长问题、职业生涯问题、爱情婚姻问题、人际交往问题等,内部问题可根据其成因分为外因为主型心理问题和内因为主型心理问题,或根据其产生的时程分为急性心理问题和慢性心理问题。然后分析了外部问题与内部问题的成因。第五章>心理问题的主要解决途径<分别从个人视角、社会视角和文化视角探讨心理问题的解决途径。个人视角下的心理问题解决主要包括预防心理问题的发生和正确对待心理问题。社会视角下的心理问题解决主要依赖社会支持系统和专业治疗系统。文化视角下的心理问题解决主要运用哲学文化、科学文化、艺术文化和宗教文化所提供的思维方式。第六章>解决心理问题的三种基本方式<论述了顺应、反抗、超越这三种解决心理问题的基本方式,并进行典型案例分析。这三种基本方式并不是截然分开的,而是相互关联的。在心理问题解决的不同阶段、不同层次可能分别用到这三种基本方式。 N2 - In today’s society, the pace of people’s life continues to accelerate, competitive pressure continues to increase. More and more people have difficult to deal with problems from aspects of learning, working, marriage, and exchanges, which making a serious impact on people’s mental health. Pursuit of mental health has become one of the most important elements of contemporary social life. However, what’s mental health? What factors is related to mental health? How to maintain mental health status? Countless psychologists are still searching for the answers to these questions.– This paper selects the new general problem-solving perspective, proposing that mental health is achieving mental equilibrium by timely discovering and successfully solving problems. The >problem< here is in a broad sense, including various external problems (non-mental problems) in life, and mental problems generated internal (internal problems). General problem-solving refers to the whole process of discovering problems, evaluating problems, selecting problems, and solving problems.– Mental health is closely related to personal factors (genetic factors and acquired factors), social factors (family environment, school education, work units, social atmosphere, the Internet, etc.), cultural and other factors. When these factors cause individuals unable to solve external problems in life successfully, they may have mental problems, or even lead to mental illness. Therefore, to comprehensively understand mental health and better maintain mental health, we must sort out the relationship among mental health, mental problems, and mental illness.– What is mental health? What is mental problem? What is mental illness? What’s the relationship among mental health, mental problems, and mental illness? How to understand mental health by psychologists? Why select the general problem-solving research perspective? What are the characteristics of the concept of mental health based on general problem-solving? What’s the relationship between various aspects of the general problem-solving and mental health? What are the causes of mental problems? What are the main solutions and basic ways to solve mental problems? This article will discuss the above issues in six chapters. - The first chapter >Overview of mental health<: it investigates the definition of health and mental health and their relationship firstly, and then studies the mental problem definition, classification and distinction with mental illness. Then, it inspects the definition of mental illness. Finally, it discusses the relationship among mental health, mental problems, and mental illness. Between the three can be transformed into each other, and the key factor of transformation is the general problem-solving.– The second chapter >Traditional mental health concepts<: it reviews the concept of mental health from representatives of psychoanalytic school, being-humanistic school and cognitive-behaviorism school. In the psychoanalytic school, it reviews the mental health concept of Freud, Adler, Jung, Erikson, Homey, and Fromm. In the being-humanistic school, it reviews the mental health concept of Maslow, Rogers, Rollo May, and Frank. In the cognitive-behaviorism school, it reviews the mental health concept of Skinner, Bandura, and George•Kelly. The above psychologists show us different perspectives and styles, which providing reference and inspiration for mental health research.– The third chapter >the Concept of mental health based on general problem-solving<: it discusses the characteristic of mental health concept based on general problem-solving firstly, then outlined the four areas of the general problem-solving, and then respectively discussed the relationship between finding problems and mental health, evaluating problems and mental health, selecting problems and mental health, solving problems and mental health, which combined with typical cases analysis.– The fourth chapter >Classification of the problem and its causes<: According to the research needs, we divided problems into external (non-mental problems) and internal (mental problems). External problems are including learning and growth problems, career problems, love and marriage problems, interpersonal relationship problems. Internal problems can be divided into external factors predomi-nant mental problems and internal factors predominant mental problems according to its causes, or divided into acute mental problems and chronic mental problems according to its time. And then it analyzes the causes of external problems and internal problems.– The fifth chapter >the Main solutions of mental problems<: it explores methods to resolve mental problems, from personal perspective, social perspective and cultural perspective respectively. Mental problem-solving in the personal perspective mainly includes prevention of mental problems and correct treatment of mental problems. Mental problem-solving in the social perspective mainly relies on social support systems and professional treatment system. Mental problem-solving in cultural perspective mainly applies the way of thinking from philosophical culture, science culture, arts culture and religious culture.– The sixth chapter >Three basic ways to solve mental problems<: it discusses the three basic way of adaptation, resistance, beyond to solve mental problems, combining with typical cases analysis. These three basic ways are not completely separate, but interrelated. Different levels+J27413 or different stages of mental problem-solving, we may use different one of the three basic ways. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Han, Guichang T1 - An Marxist-Philosophic Analysis of Fromm’s Theory of Escape from Freedom [对弗洛姆逃避自由论的马克思哲学分析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy University: Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2015. N2 - 逃避自由论是弗洛姆思想体系中最为重要的理论之一。在《逃避自由》中,弗洛姆以归属感需求为其理论的逻辑基点,认为现代自由作为个体独立的过程意味着归属感的缺失,个体化的个人在与他人分离之际感到孤独进而开始逃避自由。自由导致归属感的缺失,孤独导致逃避自由,这是其核心观点。在此基础上,弗洛姆分析了逃避自由的心理机制及其社会表现,并提出了解决逃避自由问题的途径。然而,按照马克思哲学的立场和观点来看,归属感需求作为抽象的人性需求,以此为逻辑基点,其理论主体就是超阶级的个人,所追求的自由也是脱离现实的主体价值悬设。这样一来,现实的社会性问题就单纯是个人问题了,现代自由所存在的问题也被简单地归结为面对孤独的逃避问题。而这一超阶级的分析必然导致对资本主义条件下阶级压迫与不平等现象的视而不见,对个体不自由现状与无能为力心理状态的理论遮蔽。由于弗洛姆常常将孤独与无能为力混淆不作区分,基于归属感需求的逃避自由逻辑难以成立,那么,以孤独作为逃避自由的原因及其对自由出路的假设最终亦难以说得通。在马克思哲学的视域下,对逃避自由论的哲学扬弃应当回到马克思的起点,把人的需求建立在现实的、实践的基础之上,强调人的需求与自由是内在交织在一起的。以此为逻辑基点,在资本主义条件下自由并不意味着个人在境况上的个体化与心理上的孤独,而是个人与自由的异化。对弗洛姆逃避自由论中予以混淆的孤独与无能为力两种情绪,应当着重强调无能为力。基于此,本文对弗洛姆自由逃避心理机制的合理部分进行了扬弃,并认为自由的根本出路应当从现实的社会基础出发,以共产主义为社会理想,努力促进生产力的发展,并通过改革完善社会结构。对弗洛姆逃避自由论的哲学扬弃,作为对弗洛姆逃避自由论进行马克思哲学分析的最终结果,在对现实自由进行辩证否定的同时又赋予了我们追求自由的信念与现实力量。 N2 - The theory of escape from freedom, which lays the foundation of Fromm’s academic career, is the most central part of Fromm’s theory system. Assuming the need for the sense of belonging as the base point of logic of his theory, Fromm says in Escape from Freedom that freedom, as the process of individualization, means increasing lack of the sense of belonging, which causes that individualized individuals feel lonely when they leave others, and the intolerable loneliness make individuals begin to escape from freedom. That freedom leads to the lack of the sense of belonging and loneliness leads to escaping from freedom are the key point of Fromm’s theory. On the basis of this, Fromm analyzes the psychological mechanism and social performance of escaping freedom and comes up with the method of dealing with escaping from freedom. - During the Marx philosophical analysis on the theory of escaping from freedom, it must be considered that the need for the sense of belonging is an abstract need of human’s nature and the theory is based on this, so that the subject of this theory is individual who is beyond classes, and the freedom they pursue is a kind of image of individual value which is over reality. So, in Fromm’s view, the question of fact is only the question of individuals, and the question about modern freedom is only the question that individuals escape from freedom and loneliness when they face freedom. This must also make classes’ oppression and inequality under the condition of capitalist society’s abnormality unexplainable and make people ignore that individuals are not freedom and are powerless about it. So, there are errors in its psychological mechanism of escaping from freedom and the methods of solution. In the field of Marxism, re-explanation on Fromm’s theory of escaping from freedom should be considered that in the modern freedom’s analysis which is logically based on stage human need, freedom, under the condition of capitalism society, doesn’t mean individual’s individualization and loneliness but dissimilation of individual and freedom. It is not that loneliness cause escaping from freedom but that the desire for freedom is unaccomplished. Individuals find themselves powerless when facing freedom. Based on this point, this article re-explains Fromm’s mechanism of escaping from freedom and its social performance, assuming that starting from the basis of realistic society, pursuing communist society, developing productivity and improving social structure are the most fundamental way to accomplish freedom. - The transformation from loneliness to powerlessness, as the psychological state when human faces freedom, not only dialectically neglects realistic freedom but also gives us the faith and strength to pursue freedom. It is the result of Marxist philosophical analysis on Fromm’s theory of escaping from freedom and is the correct explanation on the psychological state of freedom which is on the basis of dialectically neglecting metaphysical materialist way of thinking. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dai, Xinchi T1 - An Analysis of Alienation in >Jude the Obscure< [《无名的裘德》的异化分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2014 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 托马斯•哈代是一位出生于十九世纪、跨越两个世纪的英国小说家,其小说有很强的现实主义色彩和一些现代主义格调。这一点在他的最后一部小说《无名的裘德》中表现尤为突出。在该作品中,他强烈批判了维多利亚时期社会存在的种种弊端,包括在宗教、社会制度、习俗以及家庭婚姻等方面。通过描写这些社会现象,他揭示出人们所处的生活环境和精神状态。《无名的裘德》的创作背景是十九世纪末的社会转型时期,在新旧观念和制度的对比下,人们在身体和心理上都遭受了巨大的创伤和苦难。其中,异化是这部小说表现最为鲜明的主题。哈代利用其超前的思维、敏锐的眼光以及自身的经历,仔细观察和感受周围的人和事,其作品反映出可能会成为一种未来趋势的诸多异化现象。小说的出版在当时遭到教会等舆论抨击,但就今天而言,小说揭示出来的思想和异化主题仍具有很重要的现实意义,值得当代人和整个社会去深思。在《无名的裘德》中,哈代聚焦于维多利亚时期社会转变的大背景,一方面描写了处于下层社会的一些有志青年,他们富有前卫的想法,渴望通过自身努力和奋斗达成目标,从而摆脱所处的贫苦环境;另一方面又展现了像阿拉贝拉这样不求上进、随波逐流的人,他们顺应社会变化,以利益为导向过着一种肉欲的生活。可悲的是,没有任何一方能够顶住社会的改革大浪而不被摧毁,他们最后都度过了悲惨的人生。从哈代对他们事业、宗教、婚姻、家庭等方面的描写,可以很清晰地看到每个人与社会、与他人、甚至与自己的异化矛盾。小说中的男女主人公无时不处于灵与肉的搏斗之中,精神饱受折磨,异己的力量时刻控制着他们。本论文主要以异化主题为中心,借助马克思劳动异化理论、弗洛姆的心理异化理论以及文学异化观点,对《无名的裘德》进行细致分析和解读。本文主要由三部分组成,分别为导论、正文和结论。主要内容如下:第一部分为导论,对作者以及作品进行简要分析,概述本研究领域的国内外研究现状以及本论文的写作目的和意义。第二部分为正文,由三部分组成:第一章主要阐释异化概念的形成与发展以及产生异化现象的社会背景。通过梳理异化概念,展现出马克思和弗洛姆对于异化的不同理解,以及异化在文学领域的蕴含。此外,论文通过分析工业革命、达尔文进化论、女性主义以及宗教影响等社会因素,进一步解释异化产生的根源,为下文深入分析异化主题奠定理论基础。第二章主要从社会异化的角度出发,分析人物的异化现象。主要从两方面入手,一方面是社会归属感的丧失,另一方面从马克思理论出发,分析主人公在社会中的劳动异化现象。通过对人物社会异化现象的分析,可以看出当时社会给人们带来的痛苦和折磨,让人们体会到通过自己的努力却无法获得认可和成功的心酸,进一步揭露出社会和人之间所产生的不可调和的异化矛盾与冲突。第三章主要分析小说中不同人物之间的人际关系的异化现象。小说中人际关系的异化主要表现在三个方面:一是裘德与阿拉贝拉之间充满激情而无爱的婚姻关系,二是裘德与苏之间不正当的精神恋爱关系,三是裘德和费劳孙之间疏远的关系。通过三方面的比较和分析,展现出当时社会人与人之间疏远、隔膜和彼此孤立的主题,进而揭示文学上的异化主题。第四章主要分析小说中的自我异化现象。裘德从奋斗到走向异化的过程,苏从反抗到妥协的变化,以及小时光老人扭曲的人性,分别从不同的侧面反映出主人公们自我否定的异化过程。最后一部分是结论。本部分概括论文主要观点,点明主旨,并结合现实指出可能产生的异化现象,提出当下避免异化现象的建议,揭示出本论文研究的现实意义。 N2 - As one of the famous English novelists, Thomas Hardy, born in the19th century, has lived through two centuries. Therefore, his novels are filled with a strong sense of Realism and some elements of Modernism, especially in his creation of the last novel >Jude the Obscure<. In this novel, he strongly criticizes the drawbacks in religion, social institutions, social conventions and even in families and marriages of the Victorian Age. Since the novel was created in the transitional period of the late of the 19th century, the conflicts between the old thoughts and the new ones have rendered people great pains and sufferings physically and psychologically. Among them, the theme of alienation is extremely obvious. With his leading thought, keen eyes as well as his own personal experiences, Hardy keeps a careful observation on the people and their lives around him, which enables him to reflect the alienation of people and society. Although this novel was severely attacked by the churches and many people at that time when it was published, its meaning is profound in today’s society. The thoughts and the theme of alienation reflected in the novel have a very constructive meaning for today and call for contemporary people and society to meditate. - In Jude the Obscure, under the background of social transition in the Victorian Age, Hardy, on the one hand, describes a group of the lower class youth with ambitions. They have the ideas in pace with the times and want to achieve success through their own hard work so as to get rid of their poor living conditions. On the other hand, Hardy also presents a group of people like Arabella, who make no efforts to seek progress and always drift with the current. They are obedient to the changes of the society and lead a carnal life which is only guided by interests and passion. However, pathetically, neither side can resist the wave of the social reform and avoid being destroyed. They all lead a tragic life in the end. From the description of different perspectives in their careers, religious beliefs, marriage and families, it is clear to see the alienated contradictions of oneself with the society and other people. The hero and the heroine always remain in the state of the struggle between the flesh and the spirit and to be tortured by the two. In the end, there generates an alienated power to control themselves. This thesis mainly takes the alienation as a focus to make a careful analysis of Jude the Obscure, in light with the theory of Karl Marx’s alienation of labor, Erich Fromm’s alienation in psychology and the views of alienation in literature. - There are three parts in this thesis, which contains an introduction, the main body and a conclusion. Its main contents are as follows: The first part is introduction. It mainly centralizes the short intro-duction of the writer and the novel Jude the Obscure. Besides, it will make a summary on the re-search status home and abroad in order to present a better introduction to the thesis, as well as the writing purpose and meaning of the thesis. - The second part is the main body, which is made up of three chapters: Chapter One tries to explain the development and background of alienation. Through the analysis of its development, the author tries to present Karl Marx and Erich Fromm’s different understandings on the alienated theme and the concept of alienation in literature. Besides, with the backgrounds of industrious revolution, evolutionary theory, feminism and the influence of religion, the thesis will further account for the roots for the generation of the alienation and lays the foundation for a better understanding of the theme.– Chapter Two mainly deals with the alienation arising from the society. It will analyze from two aspects. On the one hand, it is the loss of belonging. On the other hand, it concerns the reflection of the alienated labor in the novel. Through the analysis of the characters’ social alienation, it shows clearly that the great pains and sufferings have been brought to people by the society and people’s sad feelings on their failures despite of hard works, which further expose the irreconcilable alienated contradictions and conflicts between people and society.– Chapter Three concentrates on the interpersonal relationships, which contains the passion without love between Jude and Arabella, spiritual but illicit love between Jude and Sue and the estranged relationship between Jude and Philloston. Through the analysis and contrasts between them, it tries to reveal the estrangement between people, the lack of mutual understanding and the isolation from others in order to reflect the concepts of literary alienation.– Chapter Four focuses on the self-alienation of the characters, which consists of Jude’s struggle against alienation, Sue’s resistance to compromise and the distorted humanity of the Little Time Father. It aims to reflect the alienated process of their self-denial and self-destruction from different perspectives. - The last part is conclusion, which makes a conclusion of the previous chapters through the summary of each character so as to illustrate the subject of the thesis. In addition, it will describe some possible alienated phenomena generated from our daily life and put forward some suggestions to avoid the alienation. In conclusion, the analysis of the theme of alienation has its important realistic meaning. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hietalahti, Jarno T1 - The Dynamic Concept of Humor. Erich Fromm and the Possibility of Humane Humor, Jyväskylä (University of Jyväskylä) 2016. Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huang, Wendan T1 - On the Theme of Loneliness in >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter> [论《心是孤独的猎手》中的孤独主题], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2011 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 20世纪40年代美国女作家卡森•麦卡勒斯的长篇小说《心是孤独的猎手》是一部极具代表意义的作品。该作品中的人物都呈现一个共同特征:孤独。国内对该小说的研究甚少。本论文从埃里希•弗洛姆新精神分析理论的角度对小说的孤独主题进行分析。首先,论文运用>金字塔<的图式分析小说中人物孤独的表现。由哑巴辛格所做的金字塔之梦引出小说孤独金字塔结构,阐明主要人物在孤独金字塔中的地位;探讨金字塔的核心人物辛格的性格特征,并说明他是如何成为其他四人心目中的>上帝<;以小女孩米克和黑人医生考普兰德为代表分析金字塔低层被俘虏人群的孤独,指出他们每个人都有自己的梦,但每个人都是孤独的。其次,论文探讨小说人物孤独的原因。一方面,卡森•麦卡勒斯自身的孤独体验影响了小说的创作。其严厉的家庭教育,反复发作的疾病和痛苦的恋情导致麦卡勒斯长期处于孤独的情结之中,也成为《心是孤独的猎手》孤独主题的主要缘由之一。另一方面,当时的社会环境和个人行为影响人物心理。信仰的缺失,人物交流的受阻,自我身份的不确定和感情的无能为力使人物陷入深深的孤独之中。最后,论文挖掘小说人物逃离孤独的方式。主要包括酗酒,施虐与受虐以及音乐。然而,酗酒只能暂时麻醉人的孤独之感,施虐与受虐使人迷失自我因而感到更加孤独,音乐只能从表面缓解孤独。这表明,20世纪美国社会普遍存在的孤独心理无法避免,任何消解方式都是徒劳。 N2 - Carson McCullers is an American woman writer in the 1940s. >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter< is one of her most representative novels. The characters in this novel share a common feature: loneliness. In China, few works have studied this novel. This thesis analyzes the theme of loneliness in this novel by employing Erich Fromm’s Neo-Psychoanalytic theory. First, this thesis analyzes the manifestation of loneliness through the pyramid structure. By narrating the mute Singer’s dream, it reduces the pyramid structure of loneliness, and clarifies every character’s status in this pyramid; then it discusses the characteristics of the core character Singer and explains how he becomes the >God< in the hearts of the other four people; finally it chooses Mick and Copeland as representatives to present the loneliness of the captive crowd in the low layer of the pyramid, pointing out each of them has his dream, but each is lonely.– Next, this thesis probes into the causes of loneliness. On the one hand, McCullers’s personal experience of loneliness influences the creation of this novel. The strict family education, the chronic diseases and the painful love keep McCullers in the mood of loneliness, which in turn becomes the source of the loneliness of the novel; on the other hand, the social environment and individual behavior in that period affect the psychology of characters. The death of god, the breakdown in communication, the loss of identity and the inability of love result in the characters’ deep loneliness.– At last, it explores the ways to escape from loneliness, including alcoholism, sadism and masochism, and music. However, alcoholism can only temporarily paralyze the feeling of loneliness, sadism and masochism lead to disorientation, making people feel lonelier; music can merely relieve the loneliness on the surface. It demonstrates that in the 20th century, the social mentality of loneliness in America is inevitable, and all the efforts to avoid loneliness are in vain. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ji, Shuqin T1 - The Research on Erich Fromm’s Thoughts of Human Nature [弗洛姆人性思想研究], Master thesis, Ethics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2012. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆是法兰克福学派早期的重要成员,也是弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义流派的核心人物。弗洛姆从现实的社会生活出发来探讨人性,不仅强调生物因素对人性的作用,还重视社会政治经济结构对人性的影响,因此人性在结构上是一种囊括社会属性和自然属性、理性思维和情感意志、群体性和个体性等在内的多层次的总体人性。弗洛姆认为处在现实社会生活之中的个人性善或者性恶,不仅取决于家庭环境、文化氛围、社会环境等多种因素的影响,更重要的是具体个人自身选择的结果。弗洛姆鼓励人们抑恶扬善,努力实现善的潜能或倾向,逐步完善人性。弗洛姆也从生物进化学的角度对人性做出了解读,从人类所特有的生存境遇中来研究人性,提出>人的本质就是人的生存所固有的矛盾<的观点。根据这种生存境遇而产生的种种生存矛盾的不同表现,将此区分为>生存的两歧<和>历史的两歧<。由此出发,认为存在着>相关联的需要、超越的需要、生存根基的需要、自我认同的需要、倾向性与献身方式的需要<等五种心理需要。>性格<这一概念的引入是弗洛姆人性思想的一个重要创举,这根源于马克思把人性分为两类,一是>人的一般本性<,二是根据具体的历史时代情境而>发生了变化的人的本性<的观点。在有关性格<的问题上,他区分了个人性格和社会性格,并且把社会性格看作是经济基础与上层建筑之间一个桥梁或者纽带。这是对马克思主义理论的一个十分重要的补充,也为我们观察社会问题提供了一个崭新的视角。笔者认为,弗洛姆的人性思想,一方面在研究方法、现代社会人心内涵解读等方面存在着历史合理性;另一方面,也存在着对意志、情感等非理性因素作用夸大、思想内在矛盾等诸多理论局限性,这是由弗洛姆综合不同理论思想研究的特质所决定的。 N2 - Erich Fromm was an important figure of the Frankfurt School in its early stage, and also a core leader in the Freudianism Marxism. From the reality of the social life to explore the human nature, not only did he emphasize the effect of the biological factors, Fromm but also paid much attention on the social political and economic structure, so the human nature was a overall human nature of multiple levels, including social attribute and nature attribute, rational thinking and emotional activity, group and individual, and other aspects. Fromm thought individual good or evil in the reality of social live not only did depend on the family environment, culture atmosphere, social environment and other factors, but also was the results of the specific personal selection. Fromm encouraged people to speak well of your friends, say nothing of your enemy, strived to achieve good potential or tendency, and gradually perfected the thought of human nature. - At the same time, Fromm made an interpretation of the human nature from the evolutionary biology perspective, and studied the human nature deeply rooted in the unique of the human survival environment, and drew the conclusion that >the essence of man was the inherent paradox of the human existence<. According to such existence situation leading to a variety of different survival contradiction, Fromm made a distinction between >existential dichotomy< and >historical dichotomy<. In this view, he thought there existed five kinds of psychological need: the need of being related, the need of surpass, the need of finding survival root, the need of seeking confirmation, the need of tendency and devotion. - The concept of the character being introduced to Fromm’s thought of human nature was an important pioneering work, which derived from the Marxism that the human nature was put into two categories, one was >the general nature of man<, two was >the changed human nature< based on the specific historical context. About the character, Fromm made a distinction between individual character and social character, and treated the social character as a bridge or ligament between the economic foun-dation and the superstructure. It was an important complement to the Marxism, and provided a new angle of view to observe the social problems. - The author thinks, Fromm’s thought of human nature, on one hand has certain historical rationality of the study on the research method, the interpretation of modern social public feeling connotation; on the other hand, due to exaggerating the effect of the will, emotion and other irrational factors and inherent contradiction in the idea, his thought of human nature has some theoretical limitations. This is due to the trait of Fromm trying to synthesize different theories of different ideologists. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jia, Feifei T1 - On Holden’s Alienation in >The Catcher in the Rye< [论《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的异化], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - J•D•塞林格的代表作——《麦田里的守望者》,是当今美国文学史上最具影响力的作品之一。本论文主要采用了艾里希•弗罗姆的异化理论,基于文本细读的分析方法,从霍尔顿与社会、他人、自身三个角度分析了霍尔顿异化的表现和原因。第一章分析了霍尔顿与社会异化的表现和原因。霍尔顿在学校和纽约都是孤独的,而他很清楚自己的异化状态,在他的生活中他是一个典型的异化了的人或者说是局外人。他不能与母亲、自然和社会建立联结;而且他也无法实现自己做一名麦田守望者的目标。而霍尔顿在生存根基需求、定向与献身的需求上得不到满足,正是他与社会异化的原因。第二章研究了霍尔顿与他人的异化,包括他与老师、同龄人,甚至与父母的异化。信任的缺失和逐渐淡漠的亲情都显示了霍尔顿与他人的异化。而霍尔顿与他人异化的原因正是他在关联性需求方面的不满足——他无法与其他人建立联系。他想通过顺从或控制达到与他人的融合,却失败了;而且他也缺少兄弟之爱、母亲之爱和男女之爱。这些都揭示了他在关联性需求方面的不满足。最后一章研究了霍尔顿与自身的异化,即:他在身体和精神需求方面的矛盾和挣扎。在精神方面,霍尔顿想要一个没有伪君子的理想世界,但他却生活在充满伪君子的世界中。通过分析霍尔顿的性格,本论文得出论点:霍尔顿的性格弱点,如:自卑、幼稚、悲观,导致了他与自身的异化。本文结论指出:霍尔顿的异化正是由于他的性格弱点以及他个人需要三方面的不满足导致的,即:——生存根基的需要、关联性的需要以及定向与献身的需要。而为了解决他的问题霍尔顿必须竭力去满足自己的需要。霍尔顿所面临的异化问题正是战后美国青年面临的难题,因此,本文的研究也为当今社会青少年的心理健康提供了一些帮助。 N2 - J. D. Salinger’s master piece, The Catcher in the Rye is one of the most influential novels in modern American literature. By using the textual close-reading method, this thesis applies Erich Fromm’s theory to study Holden’s alienation from the following three aspects: his alienation from society, his alienation from others, and his alienation from himself.– The first chapter analyzes the manifestations and causes of Holden’s alienation from society. Holden is both isolated at schools and in New York City, and he is keenly aware of his alienation. He is a typical outsider or an alien in his existence. Holden can’t found his ties to his mother, to nature and to society; moreover Holden also can’t fulfill his goal to be a catcher in the rye. Holden’s discontentment with rootedness and a frame of orientation and devotion is the cause of his alienation from society.– Chapter Two studies Holden’s alienation from others, such as his teachers, his peers and even his parents. The loss of trust and the cooling affections show Holden’s alienation from others. And the cause of Holden’s alienation from others lies in his discontentment with relatedness – be fails to relate with others. He wants to unite with others through submission or domination, but he fails. His discontentment with brotherly love, motherly love and erotic love reveals his discontentment with relatedness.– The last chapter examines Holden’s alienation from himself which is manifested in his ambivalence and struggles in his natural and spiritual needs. His spiritual need is an ideal world without phonies, while he lives in a world replete with phonies. - By analyzing Holden’s personalities, this thesis concludes that the weaknesses of Holden’s personali-ties, such as inferiority complex, childishness and pessimism, lead to his alienation from himself.– Conclusion points out that Holden’s alienation result from the weaknesses of his personalities as well as his discontentment with three kinds of needs – rootedness, relatedness, and a frame of orien-tation and devotion. In order to solve his problems, Holden has to satisfy his needs. And Holden’s problems are also the problems of the postwar youngsters. In this way, this thesis will offer some help for the psychological health of the young in modern society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Juan T1 - Herman’s Sorrows: A Humanistic Interpretation of Singer’s >Enemies, a Love Story< [赫尔曼的忧愁:辛格《冤家》的人本主义解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 美国犹太文学自十九世纪形成后,越来越引起国内外读者的关注。犹太作家在当代美国文坛占据着举世瞩目的地位。1978年的诺贝尔文学奖获得者艾萨克?巴什维斯?辛格就是其中最著名的美国犹太作家之一。他以独特的艺术手法及丰富的作品内容,不仅形象描述了普通犹太人的生活,而且描绘了人类的普遍处境。《冤家》是一个反映普通欧洲犹太人在希特勒大屠杀战后悲欢离合的故事。辛格故事中的人物大都是一些被激情所驱使和折磨的人。《冤家》中的赫尔曼就是这样一个典型。像很多现代人一样,他陷于一系列矛盾的漩涡中,无力挣扎。五十年代以来,研究辛格及其小说的文章、书籍不断增加,评论家试图从多角度分析他的作品。关于《冤家》这部作品的研究主要聚集在两性关系、女性形象、犹太传统和美国文化的摩擦与融合以及对大屠杀的深思等主题上。但至今还没有人从人本主义的角度解析过赫尔曼的忧愁。本论文试图通过文本细读及弗洛姆的人本主义理论,研究赫尔曼的忧愁并找出一条可行的出路。本论文共分为三个部分:引言、正文及结论。第一部分为引言部分,简要介绍辛格及其作品《冤家》的国内外研究,并提出本论文的写作意义。第二部分包括四个章节。第二章简要介绍弗洛姆人本主义理论系统的基础:异化论,人性论及爱的理论。第三章具体描述赫尔曼与社会、他人及自己异化的表现。第四章从两个方面分析导致赫尔曼忧愁的因素。他不仅是纳粹的受害者,也是其自身病态性格的受害者。第五章首先分析了赫尔曼及作品中其他主要人物在矛盾、痛苦的生活中所寻找的出路,然后得出只有爱才是人类异化生活的唯一出路。给予、关爱、尊重、责任、理解作为爱的五个要素相互联系,密不可分。第三部分是也就是本论文的最后一章总结并强调《冤家》这部小说所具有的现实意义。对赫尔曼忧愁的人本主义解读有助于人们认识自我、消除异化、构建和谐社会。 N2 - American Jewish literature has attracted more and more attentions both at home and abroad since its foundation in the19th century. The Jewish writers occupy a remarkable status in the contemporary American literary world. Isaac Bashevis Singer, the Nobel laureate in literature in1978, is one of the most renowned American Jewish writers. Using impassioned narratives and rich contents, Singer not only describes the life of ordinary Jews, but also brings universal human conditions tolife. Enemies, A Love Story is a story about love and hatred after Hitler’s Holocaust. Most protagonists in Singer’s stories are droved and tortured by different passions. Herman in Enemies, A Love Story is a typical example. Like many modern people, Herman suffers enormous contradictions, and feels powerless to struggle in the complicated society. Since the1950s, a growing number of critics have shown great interest at Singer’s works, and tried to study his masterpieces from different perspectives. About Enemies, A Love Story critics mainly focus on the relationship between sexes, the female images, the conflict and fusion between the Jewish tradition and the American culture, the meditation on Hitler’s Holocaust, etc. But no one has ever tried to interpret Herman’s sorrows in humanism. - The thesis tries to study Herman’s sorrows and intends to find a way out by using the intensive reading to the text and E. Fromm’s humanism. There are three parts in this thesis: the introduction, the body and the conclusion.– The introductive part includes a brief introduction to the writer Isaac Bashevis Singer, the novel Enemies, A Love Story, and the significance of this thesis.– The second part includes four chapters: Chapter 2 briefly introduces the theoretical basis of E. Fromm’s humanistic structure: the theory of alienation, the theory of human nature, and the theory of love.– Chapter 3 analyses the alienation of Herman’s sorrowful life in detail. He is alienated not only from national responsibility, but also from other people and himself.– Chapter 4 tries to examine the two constructive factors to Herman’s sorrows. He is not only a victim of Nazis, but also a victim of his own morbid character.– Chapter 5 strives to find a way out in the contradictions by analyzing the different choices of Herman and other main figures. And then, it turns out that love is the only remedy of alienation. Giving, care, respect, responsibility, and understanding, as the five elements of love, are connected closely to each other.– The third part is the conclusion which summarizes the thesis and emphasizes the universal significance of studying this novel. A humanistic interpretation of Herman’s sorrows can help people to understand themselves, eliminate alienation and build a more harmonious society. Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Man T1 - A Comparative Study of Consumer Alienation Theory Marcuse and Fromm [马尔库塞和弗洛姆消费异化理论比较研究], Philosophy, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2014.[application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 消费是任何时代都存在的人类的一种基本活动,如今,消费已经成为人类赖以生存和发展的前提。我国正处于社会转型期,经济的快速增长和国民消费水平的不断提高,从消费观念到消费方式都发生了很大的变化,消费在满足人们所必须的物质需求的基础上还需要满足人们的精神需求,随之同时就出现了奢侈性消费和盲目性消费等消费异化现象。这些现象的存在不仅会带来一些社会问题,而且阻碍着人们消费质量的提高,还会严重制约经济的增长和整个社会的全面进步。因此,研究并解决消费异化现象问题就迫切地摆在人们面前。国内外许多学者从不同的角度对消费异化现象及其社会影响进行了深入研究,并提出了许多具有价值的观点,其中具有影响力的当推马尔库塞和弗洛姆的消费异化理论,考察唯物史观的创立发展过程,研究异化问题的产生和解决也是马克思考察社会发展问题的一种基本方法。本文立足于唯物史观的基本立场,比较分析了马尔库塞和弗洛姆消费异化理论的相同点和不同点,以及他们各自消费异化理论在社会发展中的影响作用,对我们寻找到解决消费异化问题的方法和途径、引导人们形成正确的消费观具有借鉴作用。通过对马尔库塞和弗洛姆消费异化理论的比较研究,可以看出马尔库塞的消费异化理论是建立在马克思的劳动异化理论的基础上,是对马克思人本主义理论的深刻延伸,是弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义;弗洛姆从社会制度入手,对消费异化的根源进行研究,他重视消费道德教育,提出根据各类人的消费心态和消费行为进行针对性的道德教育,对我们正确认识消费异化的根源,构建正确的消费观念具有重要的参考作用。本文认为在现代哲学的语境下,马尔库塞和弗洛姆的消费异化理论互相交融的可能性是很大的,通过对二者理论内涵和缺陷的分析研究,找出各自理论价值的合理性,从内容上相互补充和借鉴,试图创立符合现阶段我国国情的科学消费价值观,这对倡导人们树立正确的消费观、构建与社会经济发展相适应的消费模式、形成合理的消费行为、优化我国的消费结构具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。 N2 - Consumption is a basic human activity exists in any other era, and now, the consumer has become human survival and development of the premise. China is in a period of social transformation, rapid economic growth and increasing levels of national consumption, from consumer attitudes to consumption patterns have undergone great changes, not only to meet the material needs of the people of consumption necessary, but also to meet people spiritual needs, followed while there have been extravagant consumption and blindness consumption and other consumer alienation. The existence of these phenomena will not only bring about some social issues, but also more difficult to improve the quality of people’s consumption, but also seriously hampered economic growth and overall progress of society as a whole. - Therefore, the study of consumer alienation is an urgent problem for us. Many scholars from different angles on the consumer alienation and his in-depth study of the social impact of proposed many ideas have value, in which influential when pushed Marcuse and Fromm consumer alienation theory, study creation of Historical Materialism development, production and study of alienation is a basic method to solve the Marxist study of social development issues. This article is based on historical materialism of Marx’s basic position, comparative analysis of the same point Marcuse and Fromm consumption theory of alienation and differences, and their respective consumer alienation theory influence on social development and positive factors. By way of comparative study of both consumer theory of alienation, for us to identify consumer alienation problems and solutions, and guide people to form a correct view of consumption play a reference. This paper summarizes the positive factors comparative study Marcuse and Fromm consumer alienation theory has. - Marcuse’s theory of performance in response to the Marxist humanistic spirit, deepen and extend the critical spirit of Marxist theory, the establishment of a Freudian Marxists; Fromm’s theory includes the dimensions of the system carried out research on consumer alienation, a proper understanding of the essence of our capitalist society has important reference value, he’s spending on the construction of socialist ethics ethical consumption has important and prominent reference, from the moral point of view he start spending, consumer mentality for different people and consumer behavior, strengthen moral education, form a correct concept of consumption. - This paper argues that in the context of modem philosophy, Marcuse and Fromm consumer alienation theory has great possibilities blend, by analyzing their respective theoretical connotation and defect recognition of its value rationality content, learn from each other, integrate one, the creation of the scientific view of consumption in line with China’s national conditions, which advocates people to foster a correct view of consumption, building and socio-economic development to adapt consumption patterns, form a rational consumer behavior, and optimize China’s consumption structure and the formation of values and national health concept of happiness has played an important theoretical and practical significance. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Nan T1 - The Commentary of Western Marxist Consumption Alienation Theory [西方马克思主义的消费异化理论述评], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism, Southwest University of Political Science & Law, Yubei, Chongqing, China 2014. N2 - 消费异化是西方马克思主义的重要理论,是关于消费在现代社会发生异化的现象、原因及解决途径的理论。它分析了现代社会发展的弊病,描述了现代社会的消费主义大环境。西方马克思主义的哲学家们,通过对社会的观察结合马克思主义的基本观点提出了消费异化理论,说明了消费异化产生的原因及危害,从现实的角度描绘消费社会的基本状况,批判消费异化对人性地扭曲。本文通过西方马克思主义哲学家关于消费异化理论地论述分析西方马克思主义的消费异化观。鲍德里亚提出人已不再被人所包围而是被物所包围,人与人之间被重新以物为符号划分人的等级,这是非常恐怖的,人们为了自己的地位不得不努力地劳动而失去自我以适应新的社会现实,各类媒体的介入使的消费异化更加严重。弗洛姆以心理学的角度分析人在消费中内心的变化,这种变化逐渐地波及到人与人之间的关系,也影响到人对自己地定位发展,这些都是非常不利的。马尔库塞提出了消费异化是工业社会发展的必然结果地论断,说明福利社会是以糖衣炮弹的形式使具有反抗精神的消费人群成为顺民,进而完成统治的欲望。这些观点虽然都存在局限性,但为资本主义社会的分析做出了有益地贡献。在人们的观念中不断地形成了一种以符号为代表的等级社会,在这种社会中,通过对人占有物的程度划分人的等级,这是对人性地忽视。本文阐明消费异化的基本理论,梳理对比不同学者的理论观点,结合现代社会发展的具体情况,分析原因并试图提出解决途径。消费异化地发展,为分析现代的社会问题提供了良好的研究方向,通过对消费异化的探究,可以反思现代社会的弊病,对解决生态危机理论提供了有价值研究内容。 N2 - Consumption alienation which is an important theory in Western Marxism is about the phenomenon, cause and solution of consumption dissimilation in modern society. It analyses the problems in the development of modern society, and the environment of consumerism. Western Marxism philosophers have put forward Consumption Alienation Theory by combining the observation of the society with the basic ideas of Marxism Theory. They illustrate the causes and harms of consumption alienation, and described the realistic situation of consumer society, then criticize the consumption aliena-tion distorting human nature. This paper studies on the consumption alienation view of Western Marxism through the analysis of the Consumption Alienation Theory proposed by western Marxism philosophers. - Baudrillard has put forward that human are no longer surrounded by human but the material, and regarded by the material symbol. That is so terrible. Human has to work hard for their own status and lose themselves to adapt to new social reality. And consumer alienation becomes more serious for various media intervention. Fromm analyses the people’s inner change in the consumption on the perspective of psychology. These disadvantageous changes has gradually speeded to the relationship of people, and affected their own positional developments. Marcuse proposed consumer alienation is the inevitable outcome of the development of industrial society. It shows that the welfare so-ciety makes rebellious consumers docile in the form of sugar-coated cannonballs, and completes the desire of rule. - Although these ideas have limitations, they make a useful contribution to the analysis of the capitalist society. Hierarchical social represented by symbols has constantly formed in the people’s idea. In this society, it is a disregard of human nature through grading people on how many possessions they have. This paper expounds the basic theory of the consumption alienation, and compares different scholars’ theoretical views. Then it is combined with the specific situation of the modern society developing to analyze the cause, and try to put forward solutions. The development of consumption alienation provides a great research direction for analyzing modern social problems. Through the study of consumption alienation, we can reflect the modern social problems, and provide valuable research for solving the Ecological Crisis Theory. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jin, Jin T1 - The Research on Causes and Theories of Fromm’s Ethical Thought about Love [弗洛姆爱的伦理思想成因及其理论探析], Master thesis, Ethics, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2013. N2 - 在20世纪中期,德裔美籍哲学家弗洛姆创立了以爱为核心的人道主义伦理学,弗洛姆对爱的阐述,系统清晰、视角独特,他从社会文化环境、人的生存和需要等方面对爱做了全面的研读,探讨爱对人们生存的作用和价值,使人们对社会现状有准确的认识,促使人们对自身问题深刻反思。本文第一部分总结了国内外学者对弗洛姆的研究现状。第二部分阐述了弗洛姆爱的思想产生的背景和理论根源,爱的伦理思想的形成,与弗洛姆所处的战争与经济危机频发的动荡社会以及弗洛姆对其他思想的兼收博采是密切相连的。第三部分系统解读了弗洛姆爱的伦理的思想体系,弗洛姆认为,爱情作为一门艺术,是以给予为前提,实践为途径,同时爱包括五种对象,具有四种要素;在实践爱的过程中,要摆正爱的态度,尊重爱的对象,保持兴趣专心投入。文章的第四部分,把爱立足于人性解放,对人们生存的现状进行反思,探索爱的伦理思想的理论意义,把弗洛姆爱的思想与当下社会境况相结合,努力为树立良好的道德风尚提供几许建议。弗洛姆爱的伦理思想产生的时代背景,正是西方人道主义复兴时期,而当下的中国经济快速发展,人民日益增长的精神文化需求跟不上物质生活快步前进的速度的现象已日渐凸显,弗洛姆对爱的探讨跟当下中国建立小康社会、和谐社会的道德目标是一致的,针对我国社会转型时期出现的道德问题,弗洛姆爱的理论可以提供有效的借鉴和启示作用。 N2 - Erich Fromm, the German-American philosopher, created his humanitarian ethics, which as the core of Love, in the mid-20th century. His expounding on Love is a unique perspective. He made a comprehensive studying of Love, from the social and cultural environment to the survival and needs of human-beings, which explored the role and value of Love to the survival of human-beings.so that human-beings can had an accurate understanding of the social status quo and a deep reflection on their own problems.– The first part of this paper summarizes the status quo of studying from the domestic and foreign scholars of Fromm.– The second part describes the background and theoretical roots of the theory of Love from Fromm.– In the third part, there is a systematic explication of ideological system of Love from Fromm.– The fourth part of this paper puts Love on the basic of liberation of humanity, having a deep reflection on the status quo of human survival, combines the Love and the current social situation and tries to provide several recommendations of establishing a good morality or customs. Today, China’s economic development is faster than before, the problem that between the growing of spiritual and cultural needs from people and the legging material standard of living has been increasingly emerged. Fromm’s expounding on Love is consistent with the moral ends of establishing a harmonious society in China. Response to this phenomenon, the theory of Love from Fromm provides a valuable reference and inspiration. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jin, Wanying T1 - Ethics Thought in >The Art of Loving< [《爱的艺术》伦理思想探析], Master thesis, Ethics, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2013. N2 - 20世纪西方资本主义社会进入了一个经济平稳快速发展的时期,科学技术的进步使得生产力水平不断提高,但是,高度发达的经济给人们带来物质生活富足的同时,也使人们陷入了精神危机。面对这种矛盾与危机并存的状况,弗洛姆以法兰克福学派的社会批判理论、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说、马克思的历史唯物主义原理以及异化理论、禅宗佛学思想为理论渊源,针对人们的生存境遇以及病态的社会所导致的人们的精神困惑,提出了他的有关爱的伦理学思想。本文针对弗洛姆关于爱的伦理学思想分成四章来论述:第一章,首先阐述了弗洛姆关于爱的伦理学思想产生的背景及其理论渊源,紧接着论述了西方传统文化对爱的界定以及弗洛姆对于爱的解释;第二章,着重论述弗洛姆关于爱的伦理思想的理论体系,包括爱是对人类生存问题的回答,指明了爱的本质在于给予,构成爱的要素以及爱的具体表现形式;第三章,针对当代西方社会爱的现状引导人们进行爱的实践;第四章,对弗洛姆关于爱的伦理思想进行反思,指出其合理性及其对于我国当代社会建设的积极意义,并从弗洛姆对于爱的伦理思想的立论基础、理论内涵以及爱的真正实现三方面分析其局限性。 N2 - 20th century Western capitalist society has entered a period of stable and rapid economic development, scientific and technological advances constantly improve the level of productivity, however, highly developed economy created material wealth at the same time, also made it into a spiritual crisis. Faced with such a situation of coexistence of contradictions and crises, Erich Fromm’s social critical theory of the Frankfurt School of psychoanalysis, Freud, Marx’s theory of historical materialism and alienation theory and Zen Buddhist thought theory origin, against people’s existence as well as the spirit of sick people as a result of confusion, presented his ethics about love. - This article into four chapter addressed Fromm on love of ethics thought: the first chapter, first ex-pounded Fromm background thinking about the ethics of love and its theoretical origin, followed discusses the traditional Western culture the definition of love, and Fromm explanation for love.–Chapter II and III focus on Fromm theoretical system of thought about the ethics of love, love is the answer to the problem of human existence, specify the nature of love is to give, constitutes a concrete manifestation of the elements of love, and love; love for contemporary Western society the status quo and guide people to the practice of love.– Chapter IV Fromm’s thinking on the ethics of love reflection, pointed out its positive significance for the construction of China’s contemporary society, and ethics of love ideas from Fromm theoretical basis of theoretical connotation and love truly three aspects to analyze its limitations. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gallistl, Adrian T1 - Erich Fromms Studie >Social Character in a Mexican Village<. Einordnung, Analyse und Diskussion von Fromms Versuch der Empirisierung seiner theoretischen Konzeption und der Erprobung einer neuen empirischen Methodik. Masterarbeit im Fach Psychologie, Universität Trier 2014, 98 p. Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gao, Caihong T1 - A Comparative Study of Marx’s Alienation and Fromm’s Alienation [马克思与弗洛姆异化思想的比较研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China 2014. N2 - 马克思和弗洛姆分别是19世纪和20世纪对异化问题有深入研究的哲学家。马克思置身于手工制造业为主要社会生产方式的时代背景,看到的是高强度劳作对工人体能的摧残,因此他关注是人的劳动异化,并以此作为其异化理论的切入点;而弗洛姆所处的时代是机器大工业生产时代,那时机器相对解放了人的双手,但人的精神却日益空洞和贫乏,因此弗洛姆关注的是人的心理异化,并以此作为其异化理论的切入点构建其异化体系。马克思和弗洛姆分别从不同视角对异化问题进行了研究,马克思倾向从历史实践的角度,对异化问题进行外在性考察;弗洛姆倾向从心理体验层面,对异化问题进行内在性反思。一个向外考察,一个向内反思,基本涵盖了人类生存所面临的两个主要层面,这可谓相辅相承,互为补充。因此,重新对两人思想进行比较研究是十分具有理论意义和现实价值的。本文通过比较马克思和弗洛姆异化思想的前提、切入点及内涵的异同,尝试从两人扬弃异化的途径中挖掘出对我国当代建设具有启示性价值的思想。 N2 - [Karl Marx who lived in the 19th century and Erich Fromm who lived in the20th century both were the great philosophers who had deep study of alienation. In Marx’s period, handicraft manufacturing was the main mode of social production. He found out that the high-intensity physical labor was devastat-ing the workers, so his main concern was alienation of human labor and he took it as starting point of interpretation for his alienation theory. Erich Fromm lived in the era of the20th century which is a modern industrial society. During that time, machinery industrial production is the main mode of production which relatively liberated the workers’ hands but the human spirit was becoming empty and poor. So his main concern was human psychological alienation and he took it as a breaking point to build the entire system of alienation theory.– Marx and Fromm took different perspectives on the issue of alienation. Marx tended to study the alienation from a perspective of historical practice and inspect the issue outside; Fromm tended to study the alienation from a psychological perspective and think about the issue inside. Both of their alienation theories cover the two main aspects that human existence is facing and mutually complementary. Therefore, the studies and comparisons based on the two alienation theories again have great theoretical significance and practical value. In this paper, by comparing the premise, starting points and connotations of their alienation theories, we try to find out some revelatory and valuable ideas for contemporary building in our country from the way they sublate the alienation. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lei, Shaojun T1 - A Thematic Analysis of >The Adventures of Augie March<: Spiritual Pursuits in Alienated Environment [《奥吉•马奇历险记》主题分析:异化环境中的精神追求], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China 2015 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 作为当代美国文坛中最主要的作家之一,索尔•贝娄的文学成就可与福克纳海明威齐名。他的作品不仅为我们呈现了丰富的社会内容,也体现了他深刻的哲学思辨。作为一个充满社会责任感和历史感的作家,贝娄给我们展现了社会与个人之间不可调和的矛盾。基于贝娄所拥有的敏锐观察力以及对当代文化与心理的精妙分析,他给我们阐述了个人存在与价值在在异化环境中遇到的种种困难。1976年,他以>对当代文化富于人性的理解和精妙的分析<获得诺贝尔文学奖。作为贝娄的代表作,《奥吉•马奇历险记》是其写作生涯的转折点。贝娄将他自己的写作风格融合于传统的流浪汉小说之中,使这部小说具有深远的意义。这部作品也是对当时的美国社会以及时代风貌的艺术再现。《奥吉•马奇历险记》描绘了主人公奥吉马奇从20年代到40年代的人生历程。从小时候起他便遭受了异化。为了摆脱他人的控制以及异化的环境,他踏上了形骸流浪的道路。正是由于异化才导致了奥吉流浪的生活。然而在他坎坷的人生道路之中,他从未放弃过自己。他任然坚持他自己的原则而最终回归自我。本论文以弗洛姆的异化理论作为理论依据,结合小说中主人公的人生历程,旨在探讨《奥吉•马奇历险记》的主题。论文主要从以下两方面进行分析,第一以弗洛姆异化理论中异化的表现为基础,从社会关系、生产过程、消费过程以及政治生活四方面来分析奥吉所遭受的异化。通过对该小说中异化的表现的分析来体现主人公异化的周遭环境。第二分析主人公自我回归的原因,正是他不断的精神追求以及对他原则的坚守,促成了他最后的回归。通过对小说的主题分析,我们不仅能更好地理解索尔贝娄所隐含的深远意义,而且能体会他对人类命运的人文关怀。 N2 - As one of the most important writers in contemporary American literary world, Saul Bellow’s, literary achievements can be paralleled with that of William Faulkner and Ernest Hemingway. His works not only show us rich social contents of that time but also embody his profound philosophical speculation. As a writer with social responsibilities and sense of historical missions, Bellow profoundly showed us the irreconcilable contradictions between individuals and the society. Based on his keen observation and subtle analysis of culture and psychology of that time, Saul Bellow clarified numerous difficulties that personal dignity and values might face in alienated environment. Saul Bellow won the Nobel Prize in Literature >for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work< in 1976. >The Adventures of Augie March<, as his masterpiece, stands at the turning point of his writing career. Bellow blends his own Style with the traditional Picaresque Novel, thus this novel bears far-reaching significance. It is an artistic representation of American social status and features of that time. It shows us the protagonist Augie March’s life path from 1920 s to 1940 s. He encountered alienation from his childhood. To get rid of others’ domination and alienated environment, he set foot on physical wandering. It was because of alienation that impelled Augie’s wandering life. However, during his rugged path, he never gave up himself. He still adhered to his principles and finally restored himself. - Based on Eric Fromm’s Theory of alienation, combined with the life journey of the protagonist, this paper tries to analyze the theme of The Adventures of Augie March. It was analyzed from the following two aspects: first, based on Fromm’s alienation embodiment, alienation suffered by Augie was discussed from the aspects of alienation expressed in social relations, alienation expressed in the productive process, alienation expressed in the process of consumption and alienation expressed in political life. By analyzing the embodiment of alienation, the alienated surrounding environment of the protagonist was vividly reflected; Second, analyzing the reasons for Augie’s final self-restoration. Just because of his unceasing spiritual pursuits and adherence to his principles that contribute to his final restoration. By analyzing the theme of the novel we can not only better understand the far-reaching significance Saul Bellow implicated from another perspective but also feel his humanistic concern with the fate of humankind. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Qing T1 - A Study of Alienation in >Humboldt’s Gift< [《洪堡的礼物》中的异化主题研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Qufu Normal University, Qufu and Rhizao, Shandong, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 《洪堡的礼物》是美国犹太作家索尔•贝娄最杰出的代表作之一。贝娄是文学界继海明威、福克纳后最具魅力的人。小说自1975年问世以来,在国内外文学界引起了广泛的关注,并获得了1976年的普利策文学奖。同年贝娄因>对当代文化富于人性的理解和精妙的分析<获得了诺贝尔奖。通过对现代知识分子的描写,贝娄的作品深刻反映了当代美国知识分子的精神危机。在《洪堡的礼物》这部小说中,贝娄描写了诗人洪堡和传记作家兼剧作家西特林两位作家的不同命运,揭露了当代社会的文明破坏与精神危机。这部小说描写了19世纪60年代人们的异化与疏离,忠实地反映了现代人的困境、痛苦和挣扎。本文重点以《洪堡的礼物》为研究对象。研究者已经从多个角度对这部小说进行了分心,如小说的艺术特色、写作技巧、复调研究、叙事时间研究等等。国内已经有学者从异化的角度对贝娄的作品《赫索格》进行了分析,但是很少有学者从异化角度对《洪堡的礼物》做深入、全面的分析。本文采用马克思和弗洛姆的异化理论,尤其是文本分析的方法,详细地对小说中的异化主题进行分析,为读者提供了一个更加清晰彻底地理解贝娄作品主题的新视角,同时也是对《洪堡的礼物》研究的补充。本文包括六个章节。第一章是引言部分,对贝娄及其作品研究状况加以简要介绍,同时介绍了研究目的及论文框架。第二章总结了异化理论的起源及其发展,尤其是马克思和弗洛姆的异化理论,同时介绍了贝娄和异化主题的渊源。第三章主要从自我的异化、与外部世界的异化、人际关系的异化三个方面来分析小说中人物的异化。第四章讨论了引起主人公异化的原因。犹太身份、混乱喧嚣的社会、物质主的盛行,这些都是引起异化的主要原因。第五章讨论了小说中人物走出异化的途径——精神复苏。第六章为结论,总结全文,阐释了本研究的意义并指出存在的不足。通过对《洪堡的礼物》这部小说中异化主题的分析,揭示了美国知识分子的生活状况及精神危机,反映了贝娄一贯的对人类命运的关怀,同时本文希望能对中国的知识分子敲响警钟。本研究旨期望对《洪堡的礼物》的研究提供有力的补充 N2 - Humboldt’s Gift is one of the most outstanding masterpieces of Jewish-American writer Saul Bellow, who is the most charismatic person in literary circle after Hemingway and Faulkner. Humboldt’s Gift has been attracting much attention throughout the literati of America and other countries ever since its publication in 1975. Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for this novel the next year. In the same year, Bellow won the Nobel Prize for >the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary literature<. Through depicting modern intellectuals Bellow’s works profoundly reveal the spiritual crises of the contemporary American intellectuals. In Humboldt’s Gift, Bellow describes different fates of the two writers Von Humboldt Fleisher and Charlie Citrine. Through their different experiences, Bellow exposes the destruction of contemporary social civilization and spiritual crisis. This novel expresses people’s estrangement and alienation in the1960s, faithfully reflecting the plight, the pain and the struggle of the modern men. - This thesis puts emphasis on Humboldt’s Gift. Researchers have analyzed Humboldt’s Gift from different angles, such as the artistic features, writing techniques, polyphonic study, narrative time, etc. And there are already scholars in China analyzing Bellow’s Herzog from the perspective of alienation. But there are only few scholars in China do in-depth and comprehensive study about alienation in Humboldt’s Gift. This thesis adopts the approaches of alienation theory of Marx and Fromm, especially text analysis, to analyze the alienation theme in the novel in detail. It provides a new angle of view, which is obviously helpful to understanding the themes more clearly and thoroughly. Therefore it is a supplement to the research on Humboldt’s Gift. - This thesis is composed of six chapters.– Chapter One is an introduction. This chapter makes a brief introduction to Saul Bellow and his Humboldt’s Gift, and the literature review on them. In addition, this chapter contains the purpose and structure of this thesis.– Chapter Two summarizes the origin and development of the alienation theory, especially the alienation theory of Marx and Fromm. Besides, this chapter also shows the relationship between Bellow and alienation.– Chapter Three analyzes the two characters’ alienation of this novel from three aspects: alienation with the self, alienation from the outside world and alienated interpersonal relations.– Chapter Four discusses the causes of alienation. The Jewish identity of the characters, the chaotic and flash society and the prevalence of materialism are the main causes of alienation.– Chapter Five discusses the ways out for the characters’ alienation – spiritual recurrence.– Chapter Six is the conclusion. It summarizes the main idea of the thesis, pointing out its significance together with limitations. Through the analysis of alienation in the novel, the thesis exposes the living conditions of intellectuals and the spiritual crisis that Americans are facing. It shows Bellow’s consistent concern for human beings. At the same time, this thesis aims to ring alarm bells for Chinese intellectuals. The study is expected to make a powerful supplement to the research on Humboldt’s Gift. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yin T1 - Conformity or Freedom: A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of >The Flight from the Enchanter< [顺从还是自由 -《逃离巫师》的精神分析解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature University: Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China 2015 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 出生于都柏林的艾丽丝•默多克是20世纪英国最杰出的女作家之一。自1954年发表第一部小说《在网下》起,默多克在40余年的文学生涯中完成了26部小说、1部短篇小说集、6部戏剧和2部诗集的创作。这些成就为她在战后英国文坛的重要地位奠定了坚实基础。而作为一名哲学家,默多克也发表过5部重要的哲学著作。她早年曾在牛津大学萨默维尔学院学习哲学,战后则在联合国善后救济总署工作。两次世界大战导致了动荡不安的社会局势,动摇了原有的文化价值观念。默多克亲眼目睹了许多人因出身问题而遭受迫害。他们国破家亡,沦为难民,不得不选择移民,甚至被迫死亡。她的哲学思想也因此有所改变。她不再相信个人具有绝对自由,其小说也更加关注个人在社会上的生存和自由问题。作为犹太裔的精神分析家,埃里希•弗洛姆在二战时也遭到德国纳粹施虐统治的迫害。这种经历是他社会心理学理论的重要现实来源。他在《逃避自由》中提出了自己对社会性格的理解,分析了集权社会下的施虐-受虐性格倾向。他为健全的社会描绘了蓝图,也希望为现代人的民主和自由指明方向。因此,默多克和弗洛姆都试图为当代人在社会上的生存找寻出路,他们的观点不谋而合。本文将依托弗洛姆的社会心理学理论,分析默多克第二部小说《逃离巫师》中主要人物的施虐-受虐性格倾向,找寻众人物无法逃离>巫师<的心理原因,进而理解默多克在本小说中对自由的认识。文章共分成六个部分。第一章简单介绍默多克的生平及成就,对国内外默多克小说研究现状进行梳理,并提出作者研究《逃离巫师》的独特视角。第二章是论文的理论依据,综合论述弗洛姆提出的集权社会下的施虐-受虐性格理论。第三、四章为本文的主干,通过细读小说文本,分析代表人物的受虐倾向和巫师米沙的施虐统治,尝试解释受虐狂们无法逃离同巫师之间共生关系的原因,进而分析其各自集权主义性格形成的根源。第五章首先分析默多克个人对该小说人物悲剧的认识,随后指出其在该小说中的自由观,最后用弗洛姆的心理学理论对其评价,指出其不足之处。第六章作为结束章节,对全文进行概况总结。 N2 - [Iris Murdoch , born in Dublin, is one of the most outstanding female writers in Britain. After the publi-cation of her first novel Under the Net in 1954, Murdoch completed, in her literary career of more than 40 years, 26 novels, 1 short story,6 plays and 2 poetry collections. These great achievements help lay a solid foundation for her important position in British literature in the post-war era. Murdoch is also a philosopher who publishes 5 great works of philosophy. She studies philosophy at Somerville College, Oxford when she is young, and works for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration after the Second World War. The two world wars give rise to the turbulent social situa-tion, and shake the traditional cultural values. Murdoch witnesses that many people are persecuted just because of their origins. Their countries are ruined and perished, and they become refugees who have to emi-grate, or even are forced to death. Therefore, Murdoch also changes her philosophical thoughts to some extent. She does not believe in absolute freedom of individuals any longer, but pays more attention in her novels to the matters of individual existence and the way to freedom. - Erich Fromm, a psychoanalyst of Jewish parentage, is also persecuted for some time by the sadistic governance of the German Nazis during World War II. This experience is an important and direct source of his theory of social psychology. In his Escape from Freedom, Fromm proposes his under-standing of social character, and analyzes the masochistic and sadistic strivings in an authoritarian society. He draws a blueprint for a sane society, hoping to point out the direction of democracy and freedom for people in modern society. Therefore, both Murdoch and Fromm try to find ways out for people’s existence in the contemporary society, and they happen to hold similar views. Relying on Fromm’s theory of social psychology, the author of this thesis will make thorough analyses of sado-masochistic tendencies of major characters in Murdoch’s second novel, The Flight from the Enchan-ter , and find out the reasons for many characters’ inability to escape from >the enchanter<, so as to understand Murdoch’s view of freedom in this novel. - This paper is divided into six parts. In Chapter One, the author briefly introduces the life and achievements of Iris Murdoch, summarizes the criticism of Murdoch’s novels at home and aboard, and presents his unique perspective to analyze Murdoch’s second novel, >The Flight from the En-chanter<.– Chapter Two is the summary of Erich Fromm’s theory of sado-masochism in the authori-tarian society, laying a solid theoretical foundation for this thesis.– Chapter Three and Four are body parts of the thesis. The author makes thorough analyses of masochistic strivings of representtative characters and sadistic domination of the enchanter Mischa by close reading of this novel, trying to explain reasons for masochists’ inability to escape from the symbiotic relationship with the enchanter and find roots of their authoritarian characters.– In Chapter Five, the author first analyzes Murdoch’s understandings of the tragic destinies of the characters in FFTE, then points out her view of freedom reflected in this novel, and at last tries to evaluate her view of freedom and indicates the limitation of her theory by Fromm’s psychological theory.– Chapter Six is the conclusion of the whole thesis. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liang, Yi T1 - An Analysis of Fromm’s >Healthy Personality< [弗洛姆健全人格思想探析], Master thesis, Ideological and Political Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2014. N2 - 本论文主要研究当代美国著名哲学家、心理学家和社会学家埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980)关于人格的研究理论。人格理论是弗洛姆人学理论研究的重要一部分。>爱<是实现弗洛姆人学理论理想的重要途径,亦可以称之为他的理论重要支柱,他在著作《爱的艺术》中对>爱的理论<作了详尽地论述。本论文主要是在弗洛姆>爱<的理论语境下,以弗洛姆心理学和社会学相融合这一独特视角,对散见于弗洛姆不同著作中关于人格理论和思想进行挖掘、提炼并梳理,相对系统地对弗洛姆健全人格理论确定内涵和外延,以期从对>爱<这一理论地思考探索出通向健全人格之路。本论文在弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想的背景下展开弗洛姆健全人格理论三个组成部分即弗洛姆健全人格思想的成因背景、健全人格理论认识及塑造历程、健全人格的意义和价值为核心的系统研究。弗洛姆人格理论是在综合弗洛伊德学说与马克思学说基础上取得的重要成果之一,对现今人现实生活富足与精神世界虚无的矛盾状态下找寻伦理学向度的出路,在>爱<的理论这一捷径中,从爱自己到爱他人最终投向爱社会,彰显并肯定了弗洛姆健全人格理论对促进人地发展进步和幸福为宗旨的人道主义精神的价值坚守。我们可以清晰地明了健全人格与个人和社会的紧密联系,发现可资个人借鉴的精华和独特之处。虽然弗洛姆健全人格理论是基于资本主义社会背景中产生,但其独特的理论视角和理论个性对我国构建社会主义和谐社会有一定的启发意义 N2 - This thesis mainly studies the contemporary famous philosopher, psychologists and sociologists, Erich Fromm (Erich Fromm, 1900-1980) research on the personality theory. The personality theory is an important part of Fromm’s theory of human research. >Love< is the important way to realize Fromm’s theory of human ideal, also can call it important pillar, in his book >the art of love< to >the theory of love< as described in detail. This thesis mainly is in the context of Fromm’s theory of >love<, to Fromm the integration of psychology and sociology this unique angle of view, for referring to Fromm different writings about personality theory and thought of mining, refining and combing, relative system determine the connotation and denotation of Fromm’s healthy personality theory, in order to >love< from the theory of thinking to explore the path to a healthy personality. - This thesis under the background of Fromm’s humanistic ethics on Fromm’s sound personality theory three components of the Fromm the cause of formation of healthy personality thought background, knowledge and shape healthy personality theory, the meaning and value of healthy personality as the core of system research. Fromm’s theory of personality is based on the comprehensive theory of Freud and Marx’s theory of one of the important achievement, for nowadays people real life wealth and the spiritual world nothing contradictory condition look for outlet ethics angle, in the theory of >love< this shortcut, from love yourself to love others to love society, eventually reveal and affirmed the Fromm’s sound personality theory to promote the development and progress and happiness for the purpose of the value of the humanitarian spirit. We can clearly understand the healthy personality and personal and social ties, and found that the goodness of the personal reference and uniqueness. Although Fromm’s sound personality theory is based on the background of capitalist society, but its unique theory angle of view and the theory of personality of our country in building a harmonious socialist society has certain enlightening significance. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lin, Jing T1 - Fromm’s Freedom Thought and Its Value to Our Contemporary Country [弗洛姆的自由思想及其对我国当代的价值], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China 2015.[application of Fromm's theories to art] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mao, Lingjun T1 - Study on Current Situation of Teacher-student Relationship in >China-Canada Joint Class< and the Strategies to Solve Relevant Problem Based on the Study of Humanistic Psychology [>中加班<师生关系现状及其对策的研究 – 基于人本主义心理学的研究], Master thesis, Education Management, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 2014. N2 - 人本主义心理学是行为主义学派和精神分析学派以外,心理学史上的第三思潮。人本主义心理学理论强调以人为本,充分肯定人的尊严和价值,积极倡导人的潜能的实现。近几年来,人本主义心理学受到了教育理论界的广泛关注,它倡导教育部门应当积极的在教育实践中大量运用人本主义心理学理论指导具体工作。中外办学是当前教育交流国际化趋势下的一种的办学形式,中外合作办学班级学生在家庭教育教养环境、入学后的学习目的、学习内容等方面与普遍全日制班级有所不同,因此,这部分学生在学生期望、态度、行为习惯、甚至个性等方面都有一定的特殊性。本研究旨在探讨在实践中运用>真诚一致<、>无条件的积极关注<、>同理心”等这些人本主义心理学思想,实现中外办学班师生关系的良性发展。全文将分为六个部分:第一部分将阐述研究的理论、研究问题与研究意义;第二部分将回顾国内外师生关系的相关研究;第三部分将分析阐述人本主义的内涵、理论渊源、产生的理论基础及社会根源,并详细阐述马斯洛、罗杰斯和弗洛姆,这三位极具代表的人本主义心理学家对教育过程中教师和学生的基本认识和观点,最后分析人本主义心理学思想对当前教育的启示。第四部分主要是阐述我校中外办学班学生的特点,并对我校中外办学班学生师生关系现状进行分析,包括问卷的调查过程和调查结果;第五部分将通过对问卷的结果归纳,得出我校中外办学班师生关系存在的问题并分析造成问题的原因是什么;最后一部分将根据人本主义的心理学基本理论提出解决问题的建议。本文仅是从人本主义心理学的角度对教师如何与学生建立良好的师生关系进行了初步的探讨,还有待进一步的发展和完善。 N2 - Humanistic Psychology is the third thought psychology which outside of behaviorism and psychoanalysis school history. Humanistic Psychology theory is an emphasis on people-oriented, full recognition of human dignity and worth, and an active promotion of the realization of human potential. In recent years, humanistic psychology has been widely concerned by educational theorists, it actively advocates for the education sector in educational practice extensive using the human humanistic psychology theory to guide specific tasks. Foreign school is a new of school under the current trend of international educational exchanges from full-time students in Foreign cooperative educational students in widely differ family education, class upbringing environment, after school learning objectives and learning content so these students have certain particularity in expectations, attitudes, habits, and even personality. - This paper aims to use >good faith agreement<, >unconditional positive attention<, >empathy< to put the humanistic psychology into practice and to achieve the positive development of teacher-student relationship in the foreign cooperative school. The text will be divided into six parts: The first part of this paper will explain the theoretical background and the significance of the issues raised.– The second part is the analysis of human connotation of the doctrine.– The third part is the analysis of theory origin, the theoretical basis, the resulting social roots, and the elaboration of Maslow Rogers and Fromm with their basic understandings and perspectives of the teachers and students in the educational process in their great humanistic psychology theory The final analysis is the revelation of personal humanistic psychological thoughts on the current education.– The fourth part mainly explains the characteristics of the foreign cooperation program in my school and analyzes the relationship between teachers and students in the foreign cooperation school, including the investigation process and findings of the questionnaire; the fifth part is the summary of the questioned results. - In order to make a conclusion of the reasons for the problems of teacher-student relationship; the last part is the suggestion and solution of problem according to the basic theory of humanistic psychology. This article is only a preliminary discussion of how to establish a good relationship between teachers and student from the perspective of humanistic psychology which is to be further developed and improved. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lue, Yue T1 - Alienation and Restoration in >Herzog< [弗洛姆视角下赫索格的异化与回归], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2014 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 索尔•贝娄(1915-2005)是二战后美国杰出小说家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者。在其长达六十年的创作生涯中作品无数,尤以描写犹太知识分子的异化而闻名,并致力于阐释自我本质与生存现实之间的矛盾。其代表作《赫索格》因展现了西方当代知识分子的处境与命运而得到广泛关注。国内外学者多用存在主义、女性主义、原型批评等相关理论对小说进行分析,鲜有从弗洛姆的角度来解读赫索格的精神异化与心灵回归。本文试图运用弗洛姆异化理论对赫索格异化与回归的主题进行探讨。本文共分为六章。第一章简要介绍了贝娄的生平、作品及《赫索格》的故事梗概,并指出本论文的意义。第二章为文献综述,阐述了《赫索格》国内外研究现状。国外评论家从小说主题、艺术手法、作品特色等多方面对其展开研究;而国内评论者则多用存在主义、女性主义的理论对小说进行主题分析。第三章是本文理论框架。首先对异化哲学概念的发展历程作了简要回顾,继而着重阐释了弗洛姆人性异化理论及其用真爱来实现心灵回归的途径。第四、五章为本论文主体。第四章运用弗洛姆人性异化理论对主人公的精神异化进行了分析,赫索格的异化集中体现在他与社会、与他人、与自我、与大自然的关系方面。进而得出赫索格异化的原因。美国社会环境及赫索格的犹太背景是导致其异化必不可少的外因,同时赫索格又受自身学术研究的影响,致使他深深地陷入异化状态。第五章根据弗洛姆爱的艺术理论,从赫索格的自省、亲朋间的真爱和大自然的抚慰这三个方面探讨主人公心灵回归的途径。基于上述分析,第六章得出结论。贝娄通过这部小说展示了现代文明所引发的精神危机和现代人的生存困境,并试图为赫索格寻求一条既不逃避现实又独立于时弊之外的理想道路。因此,生活在困境中的现代人,应在真爱的基础上重塑健全人格,以独立完整的个体融入现实世界,追求有意义的生活,实现自身的人生价值。 N2 - Saul Bellow (1915-2005) is the outstanding American novelist after WWII and the Nobel Prize winner. He has countless works in his writing career as long as sixty years and is famous for the description of Jewish intellectuals’ alienation. Bellow applies himself to interpret the contradiction between human nature and living reality. His representative work >Herzog< gets a wide public concern which shows the predicament and destiny of western modern intellectuals. Most critics have a thematic analysis from the perspectives of existentialism, feminism, archetypal criticism; rare of them from the perspective of Fromm’s theory. Thus, this thesis tries to use Fromm’s alienation theory to probe the novel’s theme by analyzing Herzog’s alienation and restoration. - This thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter briefly introduces Saul Bellow’s life experi-ences, his works and the plot of Herzog, as well as the significance of this thesis.– The second chapter presents the foreign and domestic literature reviews on Saul Bellow and Herzog. Critics abroad have wide researches on novel’s thematic analysis, writing techniques, work characteristics and so on. While in domestic researches, existentialism and feminism are the common uses in thematic analysis.– The third chapter is the theoretical foundation of this thesis. It firstly takes a general review of the development of alienation, and then introduces Fromm’s alienation theory of human nature and his true love theory for restoration.– The fourth chapter and the fifth chapter are the main body of this thesis. The fourth chapter makes a thorough analysis of protagonist’s alienation which embodies on his relations with society, with others, with nature and with himself, and further reaches the causes of Herzog’s alienation. The American society and his Jewish background are the inevitable external causes. At the same time, Herzog is also burdened by his academic study.– According to Fromm’s theory of love, the fifth chapter discusses the protagonist’s restoration from three aspects of self-examination, true love and nature.– The sixth chapter is the conclusion. By this novel, Bellow shows the spiritual crisis in modern culture and the survival dilemma of modern people, and he tries to find a way neither escaping from reality nor staying with the ills of the day for Herzog. Thus, people who live in dilemma like Herzog should integrate into the realistic world by love with independent sane personality, and pursue meaningful life. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Jingsi T1 - Study on Erich Fromm’s Thought of The Sane Society [弗洛姆健全社会思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Theory, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China 2015.[application of Fromm's theories to art] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Wei T1 - Quest for Happy Life under Positive Freedom [在能动自由下追求幸福生活 - 论《金色笔记》中的自由观], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 《金色笔记》是多丽丝•莱辛在1962年出版的著作,许多学者从女性主义及心理学等不同的角度研究此文本。本文运用美国思想家埃里希•弗洛姆出版于1941年《逃避自由》中关于>自由<的观点分析《金色笔记》中的自由观。文中的自由女性陷入了消极自由而无法自拔,从而无法达到埃里希•弗洛姆所认为的真正自由,即积极自由。现代人在无法解决生活琐事时会感到困惑、挫败,而表面光鲜的自由女性也不可避免地陷入消极的自由状态。当小说中的自由女性意识到自己陷入消极自由状态后,采用各种方法摆脱困境,但却徒劳无用。因此人们积极地面对自由的人生,用无私的爱和自发性工作,达到积极自由从而过上幸福生活。作者想通过这一视角来分析这部作品中自由女性面临的各种问题,给与当代女性几点如何获取积极自由的启示。本文由导论,主体和结论三个部分组成。导论简单地介绍了多丽丝•莱辛的生活背景以及主要作品,同时综述评论界对《金色笔记》已有的研究成果。主体主要由四个部分组成,解决自由女性如何摆脱消极自由的困境,达到积极自由从而实现自我、获得幸福。第一部分主要介绍自由思想发展的历史轨迹。着重介绍弗洛姆在《逃避自由》中的自由观。他将自由分为积极自由和消极自由。弗洛姆认为真正的自由就是实现积极自由。因此,本文应用这一理论来分析《金色笔记》中的自由观。第二部分介绍文本中>自由女性<以及>自由女性<所被赋予的讽刺意味。第三部分讨论和审视自由女性在追求自由的过程中陷入消极自由后所面临的困境。小说揭示女性在陷入消极自由后所面临的困境和障碍。第四部分主要分析实现积极自由的四种途径。其中爱和自发性地工作是弗洛姆提出的实现积极自由的主要方法。肯定女性自身存在和满足女性与他人的关联的需求是实现积极自由的另外两种途径。通过这四种途径,女性可以摆脱消极自由,达到积极自由从而实现自我,因为积极自由能使人们积极面对生活,实现自我潜力。结论部分主要分析了现代出现的>自由症候群<这一群体出现的原因以及这一群体所具有的症状。这一群体中的人们面临着小说中人物所而临的困境。当她们陷入消极自由,她们开始用各种机制逃避消极自由,过着水深火热的生活。人们得到自由的目的是为了得到幸福的生活,所以即使陷入消极自由的困境,人们依然不能放弃追求自由。女性应该肯定自身存在,保持与他人的和谐关系,用自己无私的爱和自发性的工作实现自身价值,实现积极自由获得幸福的生活。 N2 - >The Golden Notebook< is Loris Lessing’s masterpiece which was published in 1962. Many scholars have analyzed it from many perspectives, such as feminism, psychology and so on. The thesis tries to apply in Erich Fromm’s views on freedom which had put forward in Escape from Freedom in1941to analyze the novel from the theme-freedom. Free women in the novel were just caught into negative freedom, so they were go into the wrong way and were remote to positive freedom. In the modern society, people feel puzzled and frustrated when they cannot deal with the matters of life. The flashy free women also cannot avoid falling into negative freedom due to all kinds of matters. When they realize that they are caught into negative freedom, most of people will take all kinds of measures to make them get rid of the plights, but their efforts were in vain. Therefore, people should adapt to their state actively, work spontaneously and love other people without rewards to get positive freedom, gaining a happy life. The author wants to analyze all kinds of matters that free women faced in the novel so as to give modern women some apocalypses how to get the freedom. - This thesis consists of three major parts: introduction, body and conclusion.– The introduction includes a brief introduction of Doris Lessing and a survey of studies on The Golden Notebook.– The body part has four chapters, dealing with how free women get rid of the plights with negative freedom and get real freedom with positive freedom.– The first part introduces the theoretical approaches to pursuing real freedom. At first, I make a summary of the development of freedom. This part gives a detail depiction of Fromm’s freedom conception-negative freedom and positive freedom. Furthermore it applies this conception to the novel in a general way.– The second part introduces two free women in the novel-Anna and Molly. In the meanwhile, it discusses the ironical sense of free women.– The third part further talks about dilemma of free women under negative freedom, telling the difficulties and confusions of female after they were caught in negative freedom in the process of seeking freedom.– In the fourth part. I analyze four essential ways to get positive freedom. Love and productive work are two essential ways which were put forward by Fromm. Self-identity recognition and satisfaction of associations with others can be treated as another two approaches to realize positive freedom. Then I analyze how the characters with a terrible state use these methods to cast off negative freedom and get positive freedom. After reaching positive freedom, they also realize their individuality, even though they return to a traditional life finally. Because positive freedom can help people live actively and realize their potentialities fully. - The conclusion analyzes the reasons why >Freedom Syndrome< appears in modern society and the features which the people own. People in this group have met the same matters which the characters had faced in the novel. When caught in negative freedom, they have used all kinds of approaches to escape this freedom. The purpose that people go after freedom is to gain a happy life. Even if caught in negative freedom, people still insist on seeking freedom. Therefore, modern people should make others recognize their identities and get a harmonious relationship with others, then work spontaneously and love others without rewards to realize positive freedom, living a happy life. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wen, Hongli T1 - Discussion on Fromm’s Theory of Human Nature [浅析弗洛姆的人性理论], Master thesis, Marxist Theory, Southwest University of Political Science & Law, Yubei, Chongqing, China 2014. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆是西方人性理论的代表者,他始终关注20世纪人的生存状况。他观察到现代经济条件下被异化了的人孤立无援的生存困境,在至高无上的权力制度和意识形态的压迫下,使人性发生了畸形的变化,精神也出现分裂的病态表现。弗洛姆的人性理论的核心就是阐述人的生存困境以及寻找一条使人走出这样困境的道路。弗洛姆批判资本主义异化的人以及异化的社会,使人认识到了自己的孤独、寂寞、恐惧与无助,认识到了自己正在这样的生活环境下不断地失去自我。因此,弗洛姆综合了弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思的主义理论中的人性理论精髓,提出了自己独特性的见解,设想通过各种形式的改革,来纠正人的扭曲人格,构建健全的社会,进而使人能够实现自我,充分展现人性的本然状态,消除人的心理疾病。本文主要对弗洛姆的人性理论进行系统分析与阐述。全文主要是围绕人性、异化、自由、健全的社会这四个关键词展开的。第一章阐述了选题背景、意义和国内外学者对人性理论的研究现状;第二章指出弗洛姆的思想是在综合弗洛伊德和马克思人性理论的基础上形成的;第三章阐述了弗洛姆关于人的异化理论,总结资本主义条件下人的全面异化以及制度的异化。第四章阐述了弗洛姆通过经济、政治领域的改革,从而构建健全社会的完美构想。第五章是对弗洛姆人性理论的总体评价,包括弗洛姆人性理论的局限性和对现代社会的指导意义。 N2 - As the representative of western theories of human nature, Erich Fromm has been always concerned about the living condition of those people in the 20th century, which is also his main research subject. He has also found that many people are living in an isolated environment that has been alienated by the modern economy and also oppressed by the overwhelming power institution and ideology, leading to a distorted human nature and mental breakdown. The essence of Fromm’s theory of human nature is to illustrate the living dilemma facing many people as well as find a path leading to the redemption. What is more, Fromm has also criticized the distorted human nature and society in the middle of capitalism so as to make them aware of their loneliness, fear and desperation as well as the loss of the self in such a living environment. By combining the psychoanalytic theory of Sigmund Freud with the essential theory of human nature in Marxism, Fromm has also managed to propose his own idea and even sought to carry out a variety of reforms so as to correct the distorted human nature, establish a complete society and achieve the status of natural self free from mental illness. - This paper has aimed to analyze and illustrate the theory of human nature proposed by Fromm in a systematic manner. The key words of the paper include the human nature, alienation, freedom and completeness.– The first chapter will focus on the background, meaning and current situation of research upon human nature both at home and abroad.– The second chapter has pointed out that the idea of Fromm is based on the theories of human nature by Freud and Marx.– The third chapter is concerned with the theory of Fromm about the distorted human as well as the complete alienation of people and institution in the capitalism.– The fourth chapter concerns itself with the reform in the field of politics and economy proposed by Fromm so as to achieve the goal of establishing a complete society.– The fifth chapter is an overall evaluation on Fromm’s theory of human nature, including its limitation and reference value to the modern society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Meng, Qiuli T1 - The Deep Exploring of Human Mind [人类心灵的深层探索], PhD thesis, Philosophy of Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2007, 171 pp. T2 - The unconscious, an authentic component in the depth of human being’s psyche, has been of great inter-est to the both eastern and western scholars. Many ideologists, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle is ancient Greece and Chuang Tsi in ancient China, N2 - The unconscious, an authentic component in the depth of human being’s psyche, has been of great inter-est to the both eastern and western scholars. Many ideologists, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle is ancient Greece and Chuang Tsi in ancient China, had initially carried on to the themes of unconscious problem. For example, Socrates’ dissertating >spiritualism<, Plato’s touching >enthusiasm<, and Aristotle’s differentiating consciousness into levels. Obviously, the researches they had done into this field were no more than obscure guesswork and had the color of mysterious doctrine. Western medieval ideologists Augustine and Aquinas came into Aristotle’s theories and further classified consciousness in the framework of theology. This approach indicated a direction for the later research and also laid foundation for the further study of the unconscious. If, say, western ancient and medieval ideologists mainly inquired into the un conscious field from the angle of philosophy, so in modern age, along with the further developments in philosophy, psychology, medical science and the physical science, some ideologists made fruitful researches in the field from newer angles such as philosophy, psychology and medical science, etc., and even expected to bring about a current of thought of the unconscious after 19th century. Descartes, Leibniz, Rousseau, Goethe, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Herder, Hartmann, Carls, Helmholtz, Fechner, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, etc, were outstanding elites during this period, they put forward various thought concerning unconscious. Such as the framework for analyzing consciousness and unconscious by Descartes; the >arithmetic of unconscious< concept by Leibniz; the >consciousness threshold< concept by Herbart; the >unconscious classification< by Hartmann, the >unconscious ratiocination< by Helmholtz; the theory >the subconscious be a mental energy< by Fechner; >subsisting consciousness< by Schopenhauer and the >power will< of Nietzsche, etc., were all achievements that became the premise of the Freud’s theory of the unconscious. The western scholars had already stepped onto a new stage in studies toward unconscious and developed fresher and clearer characteristics: – First, they not only definitely put forward the concept of >unconscious<, but also made use of the last word of aggressive results that obtained in philosophy and physical sciences at that time and in inheriting from ancient and medieval times, push the research of the unconscious to a new height, lay solid theories and methodology foundation for formation and systematization of theories about the unconscious.– Second, the method of positivism was adopted into the study of the unconscious which made the unconscious research change direction from philosophy to psychology, medical science, neurology and physiology, etc. having started to apply the concept of unconscious to experimental research.– Third, it brought about an unconscious current including mainly three kinds of thoughts as follows: namely supernaturalism unconscious, naturalism unconscious and non-rationalism unconscious. Although theories concerning the unconscious developed from ancient to modern times established thought premise for formation of the theories about the unconscious, they were just prehistoric theoretical thought. Freud originated the unconscious theory in late 19th and early 20th century. This article mainly studies the Freud’s theories since his individual unconscious theory and the internal skeletons. This article holds that the development of unconscious theories has gone through the following four stages: First stage: Systematization of unconscious theories Freud’s individual unconscious theories. Freud developed the useful and discarded the useless points of the previous achievements regarding unconscious and systematized them, combining his own clinical practice experience dealing with lunacy, put forward individual unconscious theories. The individual unconscious theories mainly include subconscious and consciousness, the unconscious and dream, the unconscious and appetency and Oedipus tendentiousness and etc. Freud divided human mental activity into two processes: the conscious and the unconscious processes, and he took the unconscious process as the major part. He held that the unconscious process is the foundation and source of the conscious processes, and even is the basis of the human mental system. It is a wide and mysterious realm, in which a great deal of instinctive drives and suppressed desires mutually hustled together and the social customs, morals taboos and the laws prohibited these things by the root. Through analyzing the psychopathic, dream etc., Freud uncovered the impulse in the most original instinct within unconscious realm and namely sexual instinct. He viewed it as the foundation and core of the unconscious, the most original desire of the unconscious, it is subject to consciousness, and usually can’t be satisfied but be suppressed, however, it is not exterminated, it has been acting secretly all the way and requesting directly or indirectly contented. The sexual instinctive impulse been suppressed is a so-called Oedipus tendentiousness. To be exact, these things from deep dominated the whole human mental activity and become the origin of motives and intentions of the person. Therefore, the unconscious is the decisive part in the person’s whole mental structure, is the core of mankind’s psyche, and is the internal drive of mankind behavior. Freud’s individual unconscious theories not only discovered the New Continent of mankind’s psyche, but also expanded the new realm of psychological research. Second stage: Expansion of unconscious theories Jungian collective unconscious theories. Being Freud’s student, basing on an extensive but comprehensive research of various social cultural phenomena, Jung carried on to active developing-and-discarding to his teacher’s individual unconscious theories, innovatively put forward >collective unconscious theories<. Jung hold that the most worthy part of Freud’s individual unconscious theories is the existence and function of individual unconscious, but the essence of human mental state isn’t unconscious, so Freud’s theories excessively exaggerative the function of the unconscious, further concluded the unconscious to sex instinct, impulse and desire and the vital motive of human behavior, summed human civilizations such as production, politics, science, arts and etc. to the suppression and sublimation of sexual drive, which not only turned the person’s mental back to the extreme of biology, but also >viewing the unconscious too narrowly<. Jung broke Freud’s individual unconscious theories from the limitation of the biological angle and, at vaster social aspect, took social cultural factors into consideration. Jung hold that collective unconscious is the sedimentary deposits of social milieu and cultural history factors in the living creature and during the process of evolution, is the bequeathing of experience and common human instinct that generally sediment in the depth of men’s psyche. Thereto, it is the result from both biological heredity and cultural inheritance, is the composition of >prototype<. The collective unconscious theories of Jung mainly studies prototype, then to cognition, motion, intention etc. the common transcendental mental responding modality, which is the basic mental structural pattern. The prototype includes a personality mask, Anima, Animus and shadow. The collective unconscious theories of Jung expanded the research realm of the unconscious theories and deeply influenced the research approach of unconscious theories. Third stage: Deepening of the subconscious theories. Fromm’s societal unconscious theories. By combining the biological points of Freud’s individual unconscious theories and the societal points of Jungian collective unconscious theories, Fromm developed >social unconscious theories<, deepening unconscious theories. He hold that >suppression< is the key to comprehend the unconscious, but not standing with Freud’s interpretation of >suppression<, he emphasized suppression can’t be comprehended unless being viewed more than the individual aspect, including social aspect. Fromm thought that no society is unable to determine which thoughts and emotion can reach consciousness level and which can exist in the unconscious only, so the social unconscious must be existent and closely related with individual unconscious. But social unconscious consists of those thought and emotion its members have but disallowed by the society Mainly refer to the widespread depressive part of spirits subjected to the society’s morals. Although Fromm agreed with Jungian collective unconscious theories, he insisted that the differentiation of collective unconscious and social unconscious lies in: The former refers to a kind of inborn spiritual phenomenon and can’t become consciousness; the latter refers to the suppressed part of general spirit. He further thought that this >suppression< is done through >social filters< which keep some experience out of social member’s consciousness, compressing down to the unconscious. The social filters work through three kinds of cultural factor occurrence a function again, these three main cultural factors are: language, logic ,and taboo, and these three factors constituted the main mechanisms of social unconscious. Fromm still made use of social subconscious and further studied social personality, social empathy and social narcissism and etc, driving the psychoanalysis across to social psychology realm. Fourth stage: The contemporary development of unconscious theories the springing-up of >cognitive unconscious theories<. Since 1950s, along with the development of cognition science and cognition psychology, the research of unconscious gets into a new development period. Cognitive psychologists, taking cognitive science as foundation adopting a methodology of cognition, launching systematic researches of the unconscious field, put forward so-called >cognitive unconscious theories<. Cognitive unconscious theories think the modern computer is the model to understand unconscious process. A great deal of on-board processes may run simultaneously without being noticed by any other process. The controlled information processing is done by individual control and occurs inside the cognitive process; but the automatic information processing has no command over, it occurs outside the cognitive process. The controlling process has something to do with the cognitive processing, but the automatic process have something to do with the unconscious or unconscious information processing. Cognitive unconscious includes all cognitive processes that can’t be cognized, without considering the reason why they can’t be felt. Therefore, the cognitive unconscious theories and psychoanalysis unconscious are different. Because its subconscious concepts are not applied to explain the consciousness compression, emotion, drive and protective function, the unconscious can be rational or unreasonable or get into consciousness through enforcement. Cognitive unconscious theories focus on two problems: the relation between unconscious and brain structure, and the relation between unconscious and implicit memory. To sum it up, cognitive unconscious theories not only extend subconscious realm, widening horizon of understanding unconscious phenomenon, but also be advantageous to promoting study, memory and mental states treatment. Based on all mentioned above, these four stages have intrinsic logic contact, that is to say, Freud’s individual unconscious theories is the systematization of the historical unconscious guess works; Jungian collective unconscious theory is the judgment and expansion of Freud’s individual unconscious theories; Fromm’s social unconscious theory is the combination and deepening of Freud’s individual conscious theories and Jungian collective unconscious theories; cognitive unconscious theories surmount the psychoanalytical unconscious theories represented by Freud, Jung, and Fromm, displaying the new development of unconscious theories. The unconscious theories open a wide door for human being’s self-understanding, and the development process of unconscious theories then deeply reflected the track that the mankind continuously investigates into the depth of our own spirits. N2 - 本文认为古代至近代学者有关人类心灵深层部分潜意识的探索所形成的各种潜意识思想,是潜意识理论产生的前提。自弗洛伊德创立个体潜意识理论以来,潜意识理论的发展经历了具有内在逻辑联系的如下四个阶段:(1)弗洛伊德的个体潜意识理论——潜意识思想的体系化,即深蕴心理学的创立;(2)荣格的集体潜意识理论——弗洛伊德的个体潜意识理论的批判与拓展,即分析心理学的建构。(3)弗洛姆的社会潜意识理论——弗洛伊德与荣格的潜意识理论的综合与深化,即弗洛姆人本精神分析的建立;(4)认知潜意识理论——当代潜意识理论的新发展。本文对于潜意识理论及其发展的内在逻辑及其发展的历史轨迹所进行的这种系统而深入的研究,促进了心理学领域潜意识理论的研究与发展,为构建当代潜意识理论的科学体系奠定了较为坚实的理论基础,因而具有较高的学术价值。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Meng, Xu T1 - On the Theory of the >Sexual Revolution< of Reich and Its Contemporary Significance [论赖希的>性革命<理论及其当代意义], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 2009. N2 - This thesis elaborates the relationship between by Western Marxist Wilhelm Reich's >sex revolution< theory, Freudo-Marxism related theories and Marxism, tries to analyze its contemporary the quad faces covering through the criticism of Wilhelm Reich's theories and their misreading of Marxism Philosophy. >Sex Revolution<, >Eros Liberation< theories advocated by Freudo-Marxists like Reich, Herbert Marcuse, Erich Fromm are the products combining Freud 's repression theory, the philosophy of human nature and Marxism's social revolution, people's emancipation of minds. These theories aim to free human beings from the repressive shackles of capitalist society, to seek the establishment of a >humanistic socialist society<. They argues that libido is innate and universal, that it is human nature to satisfy desires and seek enjoyment, that the content pleasant sensation is the criterion of human welfare. However, the instincts and desires are suppressed by existing family, society, civilization, morevolutionarily and critically<.– Freudo-Marxists have recognized and tried to disclose the morbid phenomena in capitalist society such as authoritarianism, alienation labor, aggressive war, etc. However, their opinion to change the world and emancipate mankind depending on >sex revolution< has taken the wrong road of >sexual voluntarism<, concealing the class and social roots of the morbidities of capitalism instead. Marxists consider the sex issue as one social problem just like all the other issues, and this issue must be solved through resolving fundamental social conflicts. Of course, there are also some sex issues that are brought about by non-fundamental conflicts. But ultimately, the settlement of the sex issue should be solved through resolving fundamental social conflicts. Material power should only be destroyed by material power, and Reich's theories correlate the sex issue and the society and reverse the relationship between sex revolution and social revolution. Reich's consideration that Marxism is a >Macro-revolution< is greatly influenced by the >Dogmatic-Marxists< in the then Soviet Union. With powerful speech rights, their voices more or less made Reich deviate from the true meaning of Marxist thoughts. However, the majority of people consider Marxist philosophy as dogmatic or a >Macro-revolution< theory. The connotations of genuine Marxism philosophy are more comprehensive, abundant and enthusiastic than many Chinese young students have imaged. The reasons of the popularity of Reich's >sex revolution< ideology and the negative influences it finally causes have strong cautious and motivating significance to the Marxism education and its promotion in present China. Nowadays, the issue of love and sex has become an important topic in the lives of Chinese youths. People strives to pursue innocent love, but just as Engels pointed out, the full freedom of marriage can only be universally achieved after the elimination of capitalist production and its resulting property relationship and thus of all the derivative economic considerations that greatly influence the choice of spouses. At that time, there will be no other motives than mutual love.– This thesis analyzes and criticizes the >sex revolution< theory, acquaints people with the >macro< and >micro< aspects of Marxist philosophy. While analyzing the macro layers of social production relationship, if the importance of human psychology is not evaded, neither empty talk nor avoidance of sex is involved, the Marxist philosophy will be more appealing and understandable to more Chinese young students. Deep analysis of the issue of sex and love and its supporting material and economic background through Marxist theories will enable more comprehensive understanding and more positive evaluation of Carl Marx and even the whole Communist theory. N2 - 本文阐述了西方马克思主义者赖希的>性革命<理论及>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<的相关学说与马克思主义的关系,并通过对赖希理论的批判及其对马克思主义哲学观点的误读尝试分析了其当代意义。赖希、马尔库塞、弗洛姆等>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<者们用>性革命<、>爱欲解放论<等理论就是用弗洛伊德的压抑论、人性论同马克思主义的社会革命、人的解放思想等结合在一起的产物。它们的宗旨在于将人从受压抑的资本主义社会桎梏下解放出来,寻求建立>人道主义的社会主义社会<。它主张性欲是与生俱来的身体各个器官普遍具有的,满足欲望、寻求快乐是人的本性,快感的满足是人类幸福的尺度。但是人的这些本能和欲望受到现有的家庭、社会、文明和劳动形式的限制使得压抑不断增加。而这种性压抑又是政治统治的主要机制,性压抑使人易受控制和能容忍政治统治,故得开展性革命同政治斗争相结合的斗争才能摆脱压抑,使人获得自由和幸福,进而要进行这种斗争,就要消除性否定的资本主义制度,于是就要将精神分析理论作出>革命的批判的应用<。>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<者们认识到并企图揭露资本主义社会中的独裁主义、异化劳动、侵略战争等等病态现象,但他们依靠>性革命<改变世界、解放人类的观点却走上了>唯性论<的歧途,反而掩盖了资本主义种种病态的阶级根源和社会根源。马克思主义者认为,性问题如同其他的社会问题一样,是社会问题的一个部分,性问题必须通过社会根本矛盾的解决来解决。当然,也并不能排斥有些性问题是由非根本矛盾引起的。但归根结底,性问题的解决要靠社会根本矛盾的解决来解决。物质的力量必须用物质的力量去摧毁,赖希理论在这里把性问题和社会正确联系起来,颠倒了性革命与社会革命的关系。赖希之所以认为马克思主义是>宏观革命<受到了当时苏联>教条主义马克思主义者<的很大影响,这些具有强大话语权的声音或多或少地使赖希偏离了马克思思想的本真。但现实中广大青年认为马克思主义哲学只是教条或者>宏观革命<理论的不在少数,>真正的马克思主义哲学<的内涵远比当代许多中国青年学生想像的要广泛且丰富多彩,又充满激情。赖希>性革命<思想的流行以及其最终造成的消极影响的某些个中原因不得不说对我国现今马克思主义教育和推广具有很强的警示和促进意义。当今爱与性的问题已成为中国青年生活中的重要内容,人们为追求纯真的爱情不断努力,但正如恩格斯指出的>结婚的充分自由,只有在消灭了资本主义生产和它所造成的财产关系,从而把今日对选择配偶还有巨大影响的一切派生的经济考虑消除以后,才能普遍实现。到那时侯,除了相互的爱慕以外,就再也不会有别的动机了。<我们分析和批判>性革命<理论,了解马哲的>宏观<和>微观<,如果在分析社会生产关系的宏观层面的同时,也不回避对人性心理的重视,不高谈阔论、不>谈性色变<,马克思主义哲学将更吸引人,更能为更 Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schacht, Richard Lawrence T1 - The Category of >Alienation<. Princetown University Dissertation 1968 (only abstract at the arvchives). Y1 - 1968 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yanhua, Lu T1 - A Study of >Love Medicine< in Light of Erich Fromm's Love Theory [埃瑞克•弗洛姆爱的理论观照下的《爱药》研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2011 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Louise Erdrich is one of the most well-known and productive writers of contemporary American literature, a leading figure of the second American Indian literature wave. Her first novel and masterpiece >Love Medicine< was first published in 1984 and won a number of awards including the National Book Critics Circle Award for best work of fiction. >Love Medicine< is centered in the relationships between lovers and families. Its significance is also profound since it reflects the conflicts and synergies between Indian traditions and contemporary American society and culture. Love, being the theme of several of Erdrich’s works, is regarded as the most effective medicine of the painful soul. Love people, love your family members because only love can form them as one. Only love makes these possible – personal survival and cultural continuity. >Love Medicine< demonstrates how love integrate the separated and alienated into a coherent whole. Most of the characters living on the reservation throughout their life constitute a movement toward selfless love and forgiveness. Love, which is a intrinsic capability of human soul, enables those who are hurted to give up the notion of oneself as victim to transcend the individual limits and reach the highest spiritual realm of humanism. As its title suggests, love is the true >medicine<, bring a sense of wholeness and belongs, despite circumstances of loss or broken connection to those who reach for it. This thesis intends to make a progressing research on this theme in light of Eric Fromm’s love theory which is put forward in his the Art of loving. Introduction mainly introduces the theoretical frame of thesis, which is Eric Fromm‘s love theory.– Chapter One discusses the three types of love mainly reflected in the novel-love between family members; between male and female and among equals in the Indian world.– Chapter Two analyzes the essence of love in light of the love theory of Eric Fromm from three aspects.– Chapter Three attempts to illustrate that how love can resolve the problem of human existence by close-reading of the text and analysis of the specific scenes and characters. Through creating family ties the Indian people find a way to search for their self-identity and human survival. It tries to read and explain the complicated situation of both Indian and white culture continuity by means of love.– The thesis finally concludes that love, as a power of human heart, can be the most effective redemption to the hearted soul and at the same time, a revelation to an oblivious civilization. N2 - 路易丝•厄德里克是美国当代著名作家、印第安文艺复兴运动第二次大潮的代表人物。《爱药》是她的成名作和代表作,也是第一部被译成中文的当代美国印第安长篇小说。《爱药》主要描述了居留地印第安人的家庭生活和亲人、爱人以及整个部族成员之间的关系,也深刻地反映出印第安人的历史传统与主流社会的文化冲突与融合的现状。弘扬爱是厄德里克众多作品的主题,它被人视为心灵最有效的疗药。爱家庭,每个成员都会把自己看作是整体的不可分的一部分,并且整体是高于个体的。他们有强烈的群体意识,因为群体是他们的归属,他们的需要。爱的传承,是保持传统生生不息的上上之策。爱之药能愈合人的创伤、民族的创伤和文化的创伤。《爱药》展示了爱,如何把被分裂的和疏离的个体融合成一个有机的整体。作品中那些生活在居留地上的人们,终其一生都在努力朝向爱与谅解。爱,作为一种人类心灵独特的能力,能够把人们从>受害者<的桎梏下解放出来,超越个人的局限,从而达到人道主义的最高精神境界。本论文以埃瑞克•弗洛姆的《爱的艺术》中爱的理论为指导,层层深入地分析了《爱药》中蕴含的爱的主题。前言介绍论文的文学背景和目的,介绍了理论框架即埃瑞克•弗洛姆在他的《爱的艺术》一书中提出的爱的理论。论文的第一章分析了作品中反应的三种爱,即亲情之爱,异性之爱和博爱。第二章以弗洛姆爱的理论为指导,分析爱对人类心灵的作用。通过文本细读的方法探讨和阐述爱的本质,即爱是什么。本章从爱是付出;爱是尊重和关怀;爱是理解这三个方面阐释爱的本质。第三章试图通过文本细读和特定情境及人物分析,展示了爱如何解决人类的生存问题。阐述了爱之药是如何地愈合人的创伤、民族的创伤和文化的创伤。爱之药是如何地维系着人类的生存和发展。结论得出,爱,作为人类心灵的力量,是一剂最为有效的疗药疗治人类心灵的创伤和一个日渐没落的文明。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lu, Ye T1 - Female Life Consciousness in Pearl S. Buck's Works [赛珍珠小说中的女性生命意识], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2007 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Pearl S. Buck is On one of the most famous and controversial figures ever to influence American and Chinese cultural and literary history of Her novels break new ground in the subject matter, especially in her representations of Asia, and above all in her portraits of Asian women. As a woman herself, she writes about female figures with compassion and sympathy. The female characters in her works differ from those by the male authors. She advocates love, equality, liberty, and harmonious relationships between man and woman. Her works exude strong feminine consciousness about individual identity, self-worth, and above all about life call this female life consciousness. Life consciousness first originates from man's love for life and for the living. American psychologist Erich Fromm calls it as the love for life and the living, biophilia. Life is not merely an existence, but a state of being with meaning and significance. If man loves life, he must seek meanings in life. Thus life consciousness should be a self-awared consciousness, with which one seeks self-worth, seeks identity and tries to realize one's being as a meaningful individual, to fulfill self-actualization. Female is differed from male mainly because of her reproductive ability, which is sufficient enough for her to have a completely different experience of life and death. Her distinctive experience directly touches her consciousness of self, of existence and of life.– In this paper, I will mainly discuss Pearl S. Buck's four novels: >East Wind: West Wind<, >Pavilion of Women<, >The Good Earth<, and >The Mother<. They should be valued more highly and dug more deeply. On the one hand they are not like extreme feminist works which focus on dualistic conceptions. On the other hand, they are more moderate and focusing more on harmonious relationships between the two sexes. By analyzing her novels we will find that the female figures in her novels are so vivid, not just because she herself is a female, but more significantly, she has deep in her heart the compassion for the women, the strong life consciousness that makes her sympathize with all the suffering women. N2 - 美国著名作家赛珍珠因其作品>对中国农民生活史诗般的描述<获得了1938年的诺贝尔文学奖。她是美国历史上第一位获该奖的女作家,其实赛珍珠不仅是位杰出的女作家,她一生丰富多彩,从事过许多有意义的活动,十分关注女性的生存命运。她倡导女性与男性的平等地位,争取女性应有的权利,呼吁妇女积极投身于社会事业。总之,无论是作为社会活动家还是作为女性作家,赛珍珠一生所作的贡献都值得我们对她给予充分重视,并加以研究。本论文主要是研究赛珍珠小说中所体现的女性生命意识。笔者在研读其作品时常常能感受到作品中透露出的女性温情,每每都有心灵上的触动。这种温情来源于赛珍珠对女性生命本质的关怀与理解。生命意识首先源于人的存在意识,从人类学意义上讲,女性作为人类整体的另一半,与男性最根本的差异在于生育能力,但这已足以对主体的生命体验产生难以估量的影响。女性作为>生殖之性<,首先就意味着生命的繁衍与生生不息,她最接近生命本原,因而对生命和生存有着最深刻的体会。女性所特有的经验直接触动了女性的自我意识与主体意识。女性生命开始成为有意识的自觉自为的存在。女性文学的生命意识描述把生命同文学紧密联系在一起。作家的想象来自女性经验对生命和生存的深切体验,生命力和想象力结合在一起,传达出创作者对自我、艺术与世界的统一体的认识。赛珍珠,作为一个杰出的女性作家,对女性问题的思考自然更多体现在她创作的一系列小说中。她笔下的妇女以各自不同的方式拼命挣扎,努力在中国传统社会中求得自己的生存。尽管她们遭受各种各样苦难,尽管她们的努力挣扎是那么吃力,但是她们始终在为有一个幸福、有意义的生活而呼号。本文通过对赛珍珠四部小说(《东风:西风》、《母亲》、《群芳亭》、《大地》)中女主人公的分析来展现赛珍珠深厚的生命意识。笔者认为赛珍珠笔下的女性既有传统的又有现代的。传统的重视生育,强调母爱。现代的努力探求自我,寻找自我的主体性。她们都没有竭力反抗男权。而是从自我着手,发展平和的女性主义价值观,寻找自我的生存意义。女性生命意识的成熟和发展,标志着女性解放的精神深度。在此意义上,生命意识的确是女性内在生长点,更是女作家点亮自我宇宙的生命之灯。在光耀的存在中,她们走向生命的自由与解放。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lu, Ye T1 - On the >Dream< in the Works of Bulgakov [论布尔加科夫作品中的>梦<], Master thesis, Russian Language and Literature, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2011 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Mikhail Abramovich Bulgakov (1891-1940) was a famous Russian writer. His work in the form of eclectic, unique, both biting satire and magical color, full content of a humanitarian sense of justice and a sense of mission. In many works of Bulgakov uses dreams to reveal the characters' psychology, extended work space, the performance of their themes. Narrative theory, text analysis, combined with Freud, Jung and Fromm's dream theory to analyze the works of Bulgakov's dream. This article is divided into three chapters. The first chapter from the general description of the relationship between dream and literary works, some of the features of the dream narrative suitable carrier and summed >Dreamland< four works, second. The third Chapter analyzes particularly the dreamland in >Bai Weijun< and >Master and Margarita<, dreamland expounding the role and significance of the works of Bulgakov and summarizes Bulgakov’s overall creation of the analysis of the dreamland. [automatic translation] N2 - 米哈伊尔•阿法纳西耶维奇•布尔加科夫(1891-1940)是俄罗斯著名作家。他的作品在形式上不拘一格、独树一帜,既有辛辣的讽刺又具有魔幻主义色彩,在内容上充满了人道主义的正义感与使命感。在很多作品中布尔加科夫利用梦境来揭示人物心理,扩展作品空间,表现作品主题。本文以叙事学理论为基础,采用文本分析法,结合弗洛伊德、荣格和弗洛姆的有关梦的理论,来分析布尔加科夫作品中的梦。本文分为三个章节,第一章从总体上说明梦与文学作品的关系,梦的一些特点为叙事提供了合适的载体,并总结出梦境描写在作品中的四种作用;第二、三章具体分析《白卫军》和《大师和玛格丽特》中的梦境描写,分别论述梦境描写在布尔加科夫作品中的作用和意义,并通过对梦境描写的分析总结布尔加科夫整体的创作观。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lu, Yinghua T1 - Analysis on Wilhelm Reich's Thought of Man [赖希人学思想辨析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2010. N2 - This paper attempts to analyze Wilhelm Reich's ethical thought, the center of which is sexual ethics. Reich, consolidated and developed the thought of Freud and Marx, therefore created Psychoanalytic Marxism. By analyzing Reich's thought, this thesis also explicates the theories of Freud and Marx.– This paper doesn't simply research thinkers by dint of thought, but also research thought by dint of thinkers, emphasizing the topic of desire and human nature. In the aspects of human nature first, Marx believed that the desire for economic benefits is inherent in human nature. However, this desire is not equivalent to human essence, in his view, the true humanity is the creative demand. The ultimate goal of eliminating alienation is to endow people with creativity and to achieve self-realization.– Second, people have instinctive desire and non-instinctive desire, and great attention was paid to the former one in this paper. Freud thought what is inherent in human nature is life instinct (appetite and sexual desire) and death instinct (assault and self-destruction). The proposal of attack instinct shows Freud's pessimism about human nature. The instinct of self-destruction is inevitable concomitant life instinct. One purses happiness to the extreme so that his excitement decrease to the least, which signifies the coming of death.– Third, Reich's theory of human nature takes sex as the focus. He transformed Freud's distinction of id, ego and superego, and Marx's alienation theory, put forward a new three-levels character structure. He believed that the sexual instinct is good, sexual repression is the root of all evil. He mentioned the >character armor< in psychology, which is similar to the sense of honor and shame in ethics. In the interpretation of social and political phenomenon, Reich highlighted that under sexual repression man will have mental illness. They become numb, mechanical, vegetative people who act according to irrational emotions and personality which are caused by sexual repression. They are incapable to be free, resulting in authoritarian society, such as Fascist society. The people suffering from sexual repression con not recognize their own interests, they lose class consciousness and support a political party which can not represent their interests. This article's analysis and evaluation on Reich's construction of sexual revolution, discusses the ethics of sexual activity, Reich's idea of >Orgon< Energy and Work-democracy, expounding the reverie of Reich's thought. According to Reich, religion is a product of sexual repression, while worsening sexual repression. He criticized religious mysticism and racism at the same time. This paper analyzes the nature of religion i.e. soothing painfulness and the basis of region i.e. morality, pointing out the meaning of abstinence and the paradox of hedonism and altruism. In a word, Reich's understanding of religion is not thorough. This paper explicates inspiration and reflection caused by Reich's ethical thought. First, faced to the nature of sex, there are different views of optimism and pessimism. Speaking from Kant's discussion of sex, we illustrate characteristics of sexual desire, such as, for satisfying sexual desires people need to let their sexual organs get physical contact with other people. It embodies the conflict of wills, therefore implying harm. Reich's metaphysically optimism lacks awareness of these.– Second, from the view of psychology and philosophy (especially philosophy of life), this thesis questions whether sexual repression causes mental illness, proves Reich's exaggeration.– Next, discusses the dialectical relationship between sex and love, what 'is voluntary, and the question of sexual indulgence and the elimination of sexual repression, pointing out contradiction in Reich's thought. Reich's thought is significant, especially in his time. However, people's sexual repression has been greatly eased in contemporary society, and the harmfulness of sexual indulgence is emerging gradually. Today our task is to re-establish the two endpoints as evil and new middle way as good. Reich's sexual ethics, still has positive meaning to us. By comparing with the theories of Fromm and Marcuse, Reich's thought can better promote our freedom, while the former one's criticism of advanced society will hinder our progress. N2 - 本文重在分析赖希的人学思想与伦理思想,他的伦理思想重心是性伦理。赖希综合并发展了弗洛伊德和马克思的思想,开创心理分析的马克思主义,故本文在对他的分析和对他与弗氏、马克思的比较中,也阐发了弗洛伊德和马克思的理论。本文借助人物研究思想,而非仅借助思想研究人物,重视对欲望与人性等话题的研究。人性论方面。第一,马克思认为人性中固有对经济利益的欲望。然而这种欲望不能代表人的本质,在他看来真正的人性是创造的需求。消除异化的最终目的是使人具有创造性、实现自我。第二,人有本能欲望和非本能欲望,本能欲望被重点论述。弗洛伊德认为人性中固有生的本能(食欲与性欲)和死的本能(攻击与自我毁灭)。攻击本能的提出显示了弗氏对人性的悲观。自我毁灭的本能是与生的本能必然相伴的,追求快乐到极致,兴奋量降至最低,也就是死亡的来临。第三,赖希的人性论,以性为中心。他改造弗洛伊德对本我、自我、超我的区分,以及马克思的异化理论,提出新的三层性格结构。认为性本能是善的,性压抑是万恶之源。他在心理学上提的>性格盔甲<与伦理学上的廉耻之心有共通之处。在对社会政治现象的解释中,赖希突出强调人在性压抑之下会产生精神病态。他们成为麻木、机械、顺着由性压抑引起的非理性情绪和性格而行动的植物人,无能力自由,促成了权威主义社会,如法西斯社会。性压抑的人认识不到自己的利益,丧失阶级意识,支持不能代表自身利益的政党。文章分析和评价了赖希的性革命建构。论述了性活动伦理、赖希宇宙生命能和劳动民主的构想,阐发赖希理论的空想性。在赖希看来,宗教是性压抑的产物,同时加重性压抑。他把宗教神秘主义和种族主义联系在一起进行了批判。本文分析宗教的本质(抚慰痛苦)和基础(道德),以及禁欲的意义,指出快乐主义和利他主义的悖论,证明赖希对宗教的理解并不透彻。文中对赖希思想的论衡,阐发了赖希带给我们的启示和思考。首先,对待性的本质,有悲观主义和乐观主义的不同见解。从康德论性说起,说明了性欲具有需要性器官与对象身体接触才可满足等特征,它集中体现了意志的冲突。因此必然隐含了伤害。赖希的形而上的性乐观主义对此认识不足。其次,从心理学和哲学(尤其人生哲学)角度追问性压抑是否带来精神疾病,指出赖希思想的夸张。再次,论述性与爱的辩证关系、什么是自愿、性放纵与消除性压抑,指出赖希思想中存在的矛盾。赖希的思想影响重大,尤其在他的时代。然而当代人的性压抑得到很大缓解,性放纵危害也逐渐显现出来。今天的任务是重新确立作为恶的两个端点,建立中道的善。赖希的性伦理思想,对我们仍有积极意义。其思想比弗罗姆和马尔库塞的学说更有助于我们走向自由。弗罗姆和马尔库塞对先进社会的批判会使我们因噎废食,裹足不前。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Luan, Tao T1 - Existential Tragedy of the Family – Analysis of Faulkner‘s Novel >The Sound and the Fury< [家族生存悲剧 - 解析福克纳小说《喧哗与骚动》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2007. [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - In 1929, William Faulkner instantly became a renowned author after the publication of his masterpiece of >The Sound and the Fury< of the novel is a tragedy about the quad faces covering of human being's existence. Of the protagonists lose the essence of life because of ignoring the quad faces covering of existence. The thesis applies Sartre's ontology of freedom, Heidegger's death phenomena, and Fromm and Marx's alienation as the surest proof to explicate quintessence of tragedy, in order to explore the tragic interior worlds of the Compsons' existence. The thesis is divided into five parts by applying the three theories.– The first part presents a short introduction to southerners' existential predicaments after the American Civil War, and the interplay between Faulkner's philosophical ideas and existentialism.– The second part tries to pinpoint that tragedy reveals human existential predicaments. Anguish arises from the contradiction between ideals and impossible reality, which begets conflicts in individuals' plight; the inevitability of conflicts and irresistibility of misfortunes give rise to tragedy. Three correlated existential tragedies form the core of the Compsons' plight: spiritual tragedy, social tragedy, and ontological tragedy. Fromm's social alienation is exhibited in the Compsons' tragedy, that is, social alienation and alienation of traditional concept. Narcissism, Oedipus complex, masochism and sadism represent spiritual tragedy.– In part three, the thesis will center on the relationship of freedom , responsibility and situation with ontological choice to interpret the Compsons' tragedy. It elaborates on the reasons of the tragic ending, pointing out that escaping responsibility and bad choice are the causes of the Compsons' tragedy. >Being-in-itself< and >Being-for-itself< are the interdependent combination as for Sartrean ontology. Under the threat of freedom and responsibility, the Compsons fall into self-deceptive state of mind dominated by psychology of escape. They forfeits >Being-for-itself< and exists on the level of >Being-in-itself<, which is the mode of Being of object with no sense of free consciousness and responsibility. In bad faith, they conceal the truth and cannot get out of the nothingness. In concrete relations with the other, the Compsons ferment attitudes of indifference, desire, hate and sadism against attitudes of love and masochism. They present tragic existential state of >hell is the other people< distinctively. Absolute freedom and irresistible misfortunes fall upon the heroine in a situation. Her bad choice brews her tragic plight.– In part four, tragedy concerns death, and being grants authentic >Being-Towards-Death< significance. The thesis maps out the actual course of Being-Towards-Death as is exhibited in the Compsons' tragedy: that is, >conscience< and >anxiety< awaken Dasein from the falling and thrownness; >to be its Being<, >resolution<, >potentiality-for-Being<, >anticipation< are in interplay with Dasein's authentic >Being-Towards-Death<. The tragic protagonists experience death in >anticipation<. Death is present to Dasein from the beginning to the end, and then death awareness reveals itself automatically. Thus their tragedies are revealed. Heidegger draws a line between his primordial temporality and physical time. In primordial temporality, >future<, >having been< and >Present< are temporalizing in unity. The author of the thesis tries to expound on the tragic hero's death at some strength: 1. in temporality of anxiety, admittedly, the protagonist's temporal modalities of the >future< and the >Present< temporalize in the >having been<. The thesis highlights the fact that the protagonist holds on to the possibility of death, so he possesses the >future< in temporality. 2. The protagonist negates the mode of the >Present< in designs of returning to >repeatability< of thrownness and to the mode of >having been<. Ontological temporality reveals the protagonist instills meanings to the tradition he firmly pursues. Ultimately, the protagonist's suicide belongs to the tragedy of transcendence, which is transcending the boundary of death spiritually. He actualizes the pursuit of love and eternity. Suicide offers his retreat into spiritual primeval paradise in >having been<.– Part five is a conclusion, which underlines the central theme and significance of this tragedy. In addition to this, the author of the thesis stretches out the potentials for further study on this subject. N2 - 自1929年小说《喧哗与骚动》的出版,美国小说家威廉•福克纳立刻声名大振。该小说是一部关于人类存在意义的悲剧,主人公遮蔽了本真的自我,从而丧失生存的本质。运用萨特自由论、海德格尔死亡现象学、弗洛姆及马克思的异化理论对悲剧本质的揭示,目的是探索康普生家族悲剧的心理世界。论文分五个部分。本论文第一部分绪论简短地介绍了美国战后南方人的生存困境,以及福克纳创作的哲学思想与存在主义的关联。第二部分指出:悲剧产生于人自身的生存困境。生存困境中理想与现实矛盾痛苦性导致冲突,冲突的必然性和厄运降临无法控阻性导致悲剧的发生。生存悲剧有三种相互关联本质的展现,即社会悲剧、精神悲剧、人本体悲剧。弗洛姆的社会普遍异化理论在康普生家族生存得以体现:社会异化、传统观念异化。人本体的精神悲剧性表现为:自恋行为、恋母情节、施虐与受虐四个方面。第三部分指出:自由、责任与处境和生存选择的关系中产生悲剧。追溯了不承担责任和错误的生存选择是造成康普生家族生存悲剧的根源。萨特认为人的存在是>自在<与>自为<相互关联并依靠中存在。在自由和责任巨大压力下,主人公在逃避心理支配下,放弃>自为<演变成>自在<存在,没有自由意识、没有责任,在缺失灵魂的自欺状态中掩盖真相,即在虚无中生存。在爱与恨、冷漠、受虐和施虐情感强烈对峙作用下,家族凸显出>他人就是地狱<的悲剧生存状况。女主人公在绝对自由选择和厄运降临不可控阻处境中,造成错误的选择,酿成生存的悲剧。第四部分指出:悲剧关乎死亡,生存论给予本真>向死而在<以意义。文中揭示悲剧中呈现出的>向死而在<全过程,即>良知<、>畏<使此在从被抛的沉沦中觉醒,实现>去存在<、>决断<、>本己能在<、>先行到死<、而完成本真向死存在的关联。康普生家族悲剧主人公在>先行到死<中体验死亡,死亡始终在场并在死亡意识中时有显现,悲剧也同时产生。海德格尔的本源时间与物理时间相异,在本源的>时间性<中,将来、曾在与当前共同到时。作者辩明:1、在>畏的时间性<中无可质疑的证明主人公的存在>将来<和>当前<在>曾在<中到时,主人公的>时间性<中有>将来<(持守死亡的可能性)。2、主人公否定>当前<时间性,企图回到被抛>重演<的>曾在<时间性中,生存论的>时间性<揭示主人公的死亡,实为追求传统。主人公自杀是超越的悲剧,在精神上超越了死亡的界限:对爱的价值的追求、对永恒的追求。自杀死亡实现了回归>曾在<中的精神家园。第五部分是对全文的总结。这一部分突出了此次研究的主题和意义,同时还指出了在该领域研究发展的方向。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Luo, Suying T1 - Meditation and Differentiation on Fromm’s Alienation Theory [弗洛姆异化理论的思与辩], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2006. N2 - The word >alienation<, which has origin in Latin, has the same connotation with demisability, transference, estrangement, separation, mental disorder, etc. Afterwards, different philosophers have defined the alienation in diversified ways. Hobbs applied the word alienation in the discussion of rights transference; Hegel believes that alienation is the externalization of absolute mind; Marx’s theory of alienation is mainly about alienation in laboring process. Lukacs considers alienation as materialization; and Fromm proposes that modern society is mainly an alienated society. Fromm insists that Freud puts too much emphasis on human beings’ physical instincts in disregard of his sociality.– However Marx highlights human beings’ sociality but neglects human being’s inner world. On the basis of a critical inheritance of Freud’s theory and Marxism, the great philosopher has formed the philosophy of his own. With the constant humanity as his theoretical basis, Fromm has developed his theory system. In it, humanity is regarded as the instincts of human beings, the common wealth shared and good qualities embodied by each single human being. While humanity refers to human beings’ biological needs, it more importantly signifies their spiritual needs. Fromm’s theory on humanity is abstract in terms of its historicity and mentalism aspects.– Fromm declares that the developed industrial society is full of different kinds of alienation in humanity. It permeates in arenas of politics, economy, social relationships, production process as well as consumption process. It’s concluded that Fromm’s alienation theory is fundamentally differently from Marx’s labor alienation theory in terms of the concept itself, the origin on alienation and the elimination of alienation. Deeply rooted in his humanity theory and alienation theory, Fromm advocates the appropriate way for the full development of our society. Reforms must be carried out in economy, politics, culture, mentality and value-orientation in the process of creating a sound society. N2 - 异化一词出自拉丁文alienation,有让渡、转让、疏远、差异、分离、精神错乱等义。以后不同的哲学家赋予异化不同的涵义,霍布斯在权利转让的意义上使用异化;黑格尔认为异化既是绝对精神的外化;马克思的异化论主要是劳动异化;卢卡奇认为异化既物化;弗洛姆认为现代社会是总体异化的社会。弗洛姆认为弗洛伊德太注重人的生理本能而忽略了人的社会性,马克思关注人的社会性却不注重人的内心世界,弗洛姆试图在批判和继承弗洛伊德思想和马克思主义的基础上,形成自己的哲学观点。弗洛姆以固定不变的人性论为前提,展开了他的整个理论。弗洛姆认为,人性就是人类的本性,是全人类共有的东西,其中每个人都体现了全部的人性。人性既包括人的生理需要,更重要的是人的精神需要。弗洛姆的人性论是一种抽象的人性论,具有唯心性和非历史性。弗洛姆认为当代发达工业社会是一个充满人性异化的社会。这种异化无处不在,经济领域、政治领域、社会关系领域、消费过程和生产过程都呈异化状态。弗洛姆的异化论和马克思的劳动异化论在异化的概念,异化的根源,异化的消除方面存在着本质的区别。弗洛姆在他的人性论和异化论的基础上,提出了他的社会健全之路。弗洛姆认为必须在经济、政治、文化、心理、价值等方面实行改革,建立健全的社会。弗洛姆的异化论对我们有深刻的现实意义。 Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Luo, Yao T1 - A Study on the Theme of the Loneliness in Katherine Mansfield's Short Stories [论凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德短篇小说的孤独主题], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China 2009 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) is an important figure in modern in British literature. For her great contribution to the short story genre in her works, she developed the new >plotless< story, and employed modernist techniques to present seemingly trivial is incidents from ordinary life, and to concentrate on inner moods and impressions rather than on external events. Through Mansfield's innovations, the short story began to gain popularity and finally became an important and independent genre of the 20th century literature. In Mansfield's short stories, almost all the characters have sonorous loneliness feeling, which likes a mental label. In fact, the loneliness theme in her stories is actually subjective projection from her whole life situation both inside and outside. This thesis is an exploration of the theme of loneliness in Mansfield's short stories from the relationship between man and man, man and society, man and nature, man and self. By focusing on 46 short stories from Mansfield's early, middle and late periods and analyzing the thematic concerns in the four respective aspects, in relation to Mansfield's letters and journals as well as her life and the ear background, the present study attempts to examine the relationship between her whole life and the loneliness theme in her writings, thus to indicates that the loneliness theme is actually subjective projection from her whole life situation both inside and outside. By locating the present study in the socio-cultural context, the thesis mainly adopts an eclectic approach to Katherine Mansfield on the basis of a close reading of her stories in combination with her journals and letters as well as her biography. In some part of the thesis, the social historical criticism and psychological criticism Neo-Psychoanalytic theory on >solitude< by American psychologist Erich Fromm are adopted as research methods. This thesis falls into four chapters.– Chapter One begins with a brief review of the life, works and literary achievement of Mansfield, the themes of her short stories and a survey of Mansfield studies. It then moves to what problems remain in the study of the loneliness theme in Mansfield's stories and concludes that there are some good reasons for investing in further research on the loneliness theme.– Chapter Two, on the basis of analysis of 46 short stories, discusses four different types of loneliness of characters in her stories from the relationship of man and man, man and society, man and nature, man and self.– Chapter Three studies Mansfield's loneliness from the four aspects above, and by which indicates that the loneliness theme is actually subjective projection from her whole life situation both inside and outside.– In Chapter Four attention is given to the issue how the modernistic features are used to present the old literary theme – the characters' loneliness in Mansfield's stories. N2 - 凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德(Katherine Mansfield,1888-1923)是以创作短篇小说闻名的作家,D.H.劳伦斯、弗吉尼亚•伍尔芙、T.S.艾略特、詹姆斯•乔伊斯等现代主义作家都曾对其独特的艺术感受力以及作品表示了钦佩之情,很多评论者都认同>就所起的指导性影响而言,凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德之于短篇小说艺术,犹如乔伊斯之于长篇小说。在乔伊斯和曼斯菲尔德之后,长篇小说和短篇小说与以前就迥然不同了。<她在作品中不断实现和运用的技巧创作与革新,有力地推动了英国现代短篇小说的发展,其作品的魅力始终吸引着文学评论者们执著地探索。在曼斯菲尔德的小说中,几乎所有人物身上都带着醒目的孤独感,类似一种精神上的标签。其作品的孤独主题,实际上是身处20世纪初,在社会现实和人类心理现实急剧变化以及个人一生动荡的生活经历与不安定的生活方式影响下,作者生命情绪的主观投射。曼斯菲尔德将她的孤独感渗透进小说人物的灵魂,通过对各种主人公处境的审视与反思,传递出强烈的孤独意识,孤独是她真实的情感体验,也是她探索人类生存困境和精神家园的特殊的艺术视角。论文除了在局部采用社会历史批评和美国心理学家弗洛姆关于人类>孤独<研究的新精神分析理论,主要采用的是折中的研究方法,即从曼斯菲尔德短篇小说人物的孤独感分析入手,将研究置于社会文化的大语境中,在文本诠读的基础上,结合作者的日记、书信和生平,剖析曼斯菲尔德短篇小说的孤独主题实际上是作家整个生命内外状态的主观投射这一命题。论文主体分为四章。第一章介绍曼斯菲尔德的生平、作品、文学成就和国内外的研究情况,尤其谈到对其作品中孤独主题的研究现状及问题,指出目前的孤独主题研究尚缺乏系统性,且结合社会文化大语境和作者内外生命状态的分析较少,因此值得进一步探索。第二章以曼斯菲尔德的46个短篇为论据,从人与人、人与社会、人与自然、人与自我四方面的关系分析小说人物的孤独感。第三章承接上一章的讨论,从这四个方面研究曼斯菲尔德本人的孤独感,并由此指出其小说的孤独主题实际上是作家整个生命内外状态的主观投射。第四章作为余韵,讨论曼斯菲尔德作品如何运用意识流、内心独白和象征主义等现代主义手法展现孤独主题。 Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Di T1 - Origins of Poe's Gothic Stories, Master thesis [坡恐怖小说的源流], English Language and Literature, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China 2011 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 19th-century American genius writer Edgar Allan Poe's works originality, unique. A large number of his works, especially the horror stories involving death, murdered, buried alive. His creative approach and literary theory is not accepted by the society at the time, has been excluded and combat. Until the 20th century was only writers and readers to accept. Has a different interpretation of why writing these write sophisticated horror fiction while pregnant with meaning. Edgar Allan Poe is an American talented writer in the nineteenth century, whose gothic novels are deliberately composed with specially terrifying contents Many of his gothic stories related to death, murder and burial alive the His works are not accepted by the society of that time because his writing skills and literary theories are so different from the mainstream literature; even he himself is severely criticized and attacked. Not until the twentieth century is he accepted by critics and readers. The examinations of his texts have always been taking a predominant position in researches on Poe these years. Though there are some explanations of the reasons for his creation of gothic novels, they only mention that his abnormal character is the main reason because of his personal experience. As to how his abnormal character is formed, little is probed. This paper will explore the psychological origin of his writing gothic stories analyzing his psychological structure; at the same time, other origins will be explored from the aspects of culture and market, with an attempt to understand Poe systematically.– In Chapter One the style and theme of Poe's short stories are briefly introduced. The gothic elements in his novels give the reader terrifying feelings and the novels like The Black Cat, The Fall of the House of Usher etc are taken as examples to show the horrible effects brought by his gothic novels. Then the theme of this paper is introduced. Part 2 in Chapter One is mainly concerned about literature review. Literature review chiefly states the basic information of study on Poe at home and abroad as a whole. The study on Poe focuses on his short stories, poem and poetry. Later, a new study is carried out from the perspective of historicism.– In Chapter Two the psychological origin of literary creation is discussed. The psychoanalytic theories are applied to the exploration. The psychological theories, Horney's neurotic anxiety and Fromm's psychoanalysis from social aspect are used to explain the psychological motives of gothic story creation. The misfortunes in Poe's childhood and the bad relationship between him and his father lead to his worsening neurotic anxiety. The main symptoms are the lack of safety sense, the inability to deal with conflicts and his terror of death. Because of the experiences of these emotions he could understand the inner plight of people's psychology and the pains brought by the changing society. By creating terror in his gothic novels, he could express his concerns over human's fate, and transmit the terror to the reader, with an aim to stimulate readers to think deeply about life.– Chapter Three analyzes the cultural origin of his gothic novels. The emergence and development of the gothic novel obviously has an impact on Poe's gothic novels. Poe's gothic novels clearly have the gothic elements like deserted castle, violence, death, murder etc. The sharing features explain why Poe's terrifying novels are also called gothic novels. Poe steps forward by changing the gothic novels into a tool to express the psychological traumas of people, the reflection on the destructive effects brought by capitalist development on traditional civilization and values, and the desperate and painful efforts human has made to adapt to a ever changing society.– Market origin is discussed in Chapter Four. Gothic novels can bring a special emotional experience to readers, so they were popular in the society of that time to some extent, which means one could make a living by writing gothic novels or stories. Combining the above origins, Poe starts writing gothic novels. Poe's gothic novels might be better understood if his writing motives are better understood, that is, the terror in his gothic novels which is the writer's own terror exists in people's heart, and human's psychological problems should be paid attention to. N2 - 美国十九世纪天才作家埃德加•爱伦•坡的作品独具匠心,别具一格。他的大量作品,尤其是恐怖小说都涉及死亡、谋杀、活埋等内容。由于他的创作手法和文学理论并不为当时的社会所接受,一直受到排斥和打击。直到二十世纪才被作家和读者接受。对于作者为什么写出这些编写精巧同时又寓意深刻的恐怖小说有着不同的解读。本文将从文化、心理以及市场的方面进行探讨,系统的梳理并揭示作者创作恐怖小说的源流。其中将应用现代心理学理论对其心理方面的动机进行详细解释。论文的第一章简要介绍了坡小说的风格和主题。正是因为坡恐怖小说中的恐怖要素给读者带来了强烈的情绪感受,并以他的小说《黑猫》,《厄舍老屋的倒塌》等为例来说明坡恐怖小说的恐怖效应。之后提出坡为什么倾向于采用恐怖小说的体裁这个问题,引入本文研究的主题。第一章的第二部分为文献综述。文献综述分别从国外的研究和国内的研究两个方面来叙述对于坡研究的总体情况。主要涉及到对于坡的短篇小说、诗、诗歌理论的研究以及当代应用新历史主义对于坡的研究状况。国内的研究总体上文章不少,但系统性和突破性的研究不多。第二章是本文的一个重要内容。主要应用现代心理学理论——霍妮的神经焦虑症和弗洛姆的心理分析,对坡的创作心理动机进行剖析。童年生活中的重要事件如父母的去世,与养父母的关系,从事文学创作与养父对其期望的冲突等等一系列事件造成坡的心理焦虑症及恶化。最主要的表现就是安全感的缺乏,处理冲突能力的缺失和对于死亡的恐惧等。是坡把他对于现实生活在的恐惧转化为了他的恐怖小说中的恐惧,在读者阅读的时候传导给读者。经历了恐怖死亡体验之后,读者或许会真正从更深的层次去思考生活和生命。第三章主要从文化的角度来分析坡恐怖小说的源流。本章首先梳理了恐怖小说的起源和发展过程,其在19世纪的美国亦拥有一定的读者,并有美国本土作者进行创作,推动了恐怖小说在美国的发展。坡的恐怖小说当然受到早期恐怖小说的影响,在许多的恐怖要素上,比如活埋、暴力、死亡、凶杀及阴森古堡等都有像似性。但与之前的恐怖小说相比,坡的恐怖小说多了新的表达功用:成为表达人内心恐惧的有效的工具,即把资本主义社会发展带来的种种后果对人性格的撕裂和对传统文明的摧残。第四章叙述了读者对于恐怖小说的阅读需求对于坡恐怖小说创作的影响。正是因为恐怖小说有一定的读者群,坡所写的恐怖小说才能够卖的出去,小说能卖出去才能够解决坡的生计问题。因此,经济窘迫的境况也是促使坡写恐怖小说的原因之一通过对于坡创作恐怖小说的源流进行分析,可以在更深层次上去理解坡的恐怖小说。尤其是通过关注坡恐怖小说创作的的心理成因,能够帮助理解人的意识和潜意识的深层领域,从而关注人的内心精神困境 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lue, Hongbo T1 - The Love of the Human Nature, Master thesis [人性之爱], Marxist Philosophy, Marxist Philosophy, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China 2009, 41 pp. N2 - Throughout his life Fromm concerns himself with various modern social institutions and cultural systems in the world, especially different realistic problems, contradictions and crises in western society and culture. Fromm’s social philosophy mainly consists of three aspects: analysis and explanation to human nature and living conditions of human being; criticism and anatomy to current social situation, especially the social morbid state; prescriptions to saving humanity and treating social morbid state. Although Fromm’s research area is very broad which comes down to psychology, philosophy, religion, history, society and culture, etc., his lifetime academic activities revolve around a central objective, that is, establishing an ethnics of humanitarianism, correcting twisted humanness, saving dissimilated society and procuring a right society. And the thought of love is the central content of this objective. In his ethics of humanitarianism and so-called right society theory, love holds a central position which becomes >effective prescription< to solve various problems and contradictions of human and human society. This thesis aims to study Fromm’s philosophy thought of love, analyze its characteristics and make an evaluation. This thesis is divided into three parts.– Part I introduces the generating background of Fromm’s thought of love, including Fromm’s life story and writings, era background and the origin of his theory which is expected to offer history, theory and usage background to the study of Fromm’s thought of love.– Part II comprehensively hackles and explores Fromm’s thought of love. At first, the author thinks that Fromm’s thought of love starts from discussing the life circumstance of human and humanness. He puts forward a new horizon of analyzing love, which has profound significance comparing with like study. In the second, based on the unification of human and society, Fromm uses the method of psychic analysis to further reveal the inner world of human. Through studying human instinct, need and personality, Fromm excavates and grasps love in a deeper level. And Fromm uses alienation as a weapon to diagnose modern western society, analyze and criticize all kinds of symbiosis love, which extends our span of understanding love.– The third part, carried on the synopsis critique to not only the Exist theory, but also the demand theories and social critical theory of Fromm’s, point out the place of its theories contribution, analyze the place of its shortage, and took notice of Fromm’s loving philosophy thought to harmonious the apocalyper and the function of the society. N2 - 弗洛姆毕生关注当代世界各种社会制度和文化体系,尤其关注西方社会和文化生活中的各种现实问题、矛盾和危机,他的社会哲学主要涉及三个方面:一是对人性、人的生存境况的分析说明;二是对社会现状,尤其是对社会病态的批判剖析;三是为拯救人类、医治社会病态提出的处方。尽管弗洛姆的研究领域很广,涉及到心理学、哲学、宗教、历史、社会、文化等,但他一生的学术活动都是围绕自己设定的一个中心目标展开的,即奠定一种人道主义伦理学,纠正被扭曲了的人性,拯救被异化了的社会,促成一个>健全的社会<。而关于爱的思想是这一中心目标的核心内容。在他的人道主义伦理学和所谓的健全的社会理论中,爱占有中心的位置,成为他解决人和人类社会各种问题和矛盾的>良方<。本篇论文的主旨是研究弗洛姆爱的哲学思想,分析这一思想的特点并做出评价。文章共分三个部分,第一部分介绍了弗洛姆爱的思想的生成背景,包括其生平著述、生活的时代背景和理论源流,以期对弗洛姆爱的思想研究提供历史、理论和方法上的背景。第二部分对弗洛姆爱的思想进行了全面的梳理和探究。弗洛姆爱的思想是从探讨人的生存境遇、人性出发的,他在社会和人统一的基础上,运用精神分析的方法,通过对人的本能、需要、性格的研究,对爱进行了较深层次的挖掘和把握。此外,弗洛姆以异化为武器对当代西方社会进行了诊断,对各种共生性的爱进行了分析和批判,拓宽了对爱的认识的广度。第三部分对弗洛姆的生存境遇说、需要理论和社会批判理论进行了简要评析,指出其理论的贡献之处,剖析其不足之处,并注意到了弗洛姆爱的哲学思想对建设和谐社会的启示和作用。 Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ren, Huan T1 - An Analysis of Alienation in >The New York Trilogy< [《纽约三部曲》中的异化主题分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Paul Auster (b. 1947) is one of the most innovative American contemporary writers. His acute insight into the crisis of the American postmodern society and meditation of its quests endow him rare philosophical depth, for which he is praised as one of the most intellectually stimulating fiction writers in America. The thesis takes The New York Trilogy (City of Glass, Ghosts and The Locked Room) as the study object, discussing how the work, with a series of watchmen as symbols, profoundly depicts the New York City and its people's alienated life, solitary, lost and hopeless, after the 1950s. Adopting American contemporary psychoanalyst and philosopher Erich Fromm's related alienation theory, the thesis analyzes the estrangement in the trilogy between man and society and between man and man. There are four chapters.– Chapter 1 introduces Paul Auster and his novel The New York Trilogy, followed by literary review of this trilogy and theoretical basis and structure of this thesis.– Chapter Two explores three manifestations of social space, production and consumption to illustrate social alienation all-pervasive. Alienation in social space at first takes outside and inside spaces such as city, room, door and widow, to penetrate modern people's isolation and solitude, then using Fromm's theory of one of people's basic needs relatedness to observe people's sadist and masochist alienation; next part of alienation involves production which is human being's distorted productivity, the life force Fromm calls, such as the abuse of government function, degradation and disability of people's detection and writer's creation; the third are two kinds of alienated consumption: one destructive compensatory consumption and the other passive consumption. In City of Glass Quinn intents to confirm his identity and existence by indulging himself into compensational consumptive writing, but the failure leaves him only sense of hollow and loss. The passive consumption embodies in people's leisure activity such as Quinn's walking without any active pleasure. While walking Quinn's body is mechanical, and what he feels is desperately helpless and lost; besides, in The Locked Room the narrator sinks with his wife into a luxurious and corrupt life, which leads them into loss and desperation.– Chapter 3 examines relations of authority in family in City of Glass, powerless and normless work in Ghosts, and an idol-like and distorted friendship in The Locked Room. The first part displays family alienation in farther and son relationship where little Peter is abused by powerful father Stillman and after grown up, he was also >tenderly protected< by his powerful wife. The second part is the alienation in work where both Quinn and Black's self-discipline can do nothing in their detection and when they cannot find out a reliable fact they are trapped in frustration and anxiety. The third part deals with the alienation in friendship between the narrator and Fanshawe. Thus in New York City, the epitome of capitalist society, relationship between man and man becomes utilization, a relation of objects, and there is little love but alienation and indifference.– Chapter 4 is the conclusion. Auster makes a deep and all-round exposure of today's social alienation, which helps people rethink their social life and development and also contributes to their further quests. N2 - 保罗•奥斯特(Paul Auster,1947-)是美国当代最勇于创新的小说家之一。奥斯特在作品中对后现代社会生存危机的揭露以及对其出路的思考和探求,赋予了他当代美国小说家所罕有的哲学深度,被称为>美国当代最能给人们以智性启迪的小说家<。本论文选择奥斯特的成名作《纽约三部曲》(《玻璃城》、《幽灵》和《锁闭的房间》)作为研究对象,探讨《三部曲》如何以一系列孤独的守望者形象深刻地描摹二十世纪中后期以纽约为代表的城市虚无精神和现代都市人孤独、迷失、绝望的异化生活状态。本论文运用美国当代著名精神分析学家、西方马克思主义法兰克福学派的重要代表人埃里希•弗洛姆的相关异化理论探讨奥斯特在《三部曲》中反映的人与社会和人与人的异化。文章主要分为四个部分:第一部分介绍奥斯特本人及其文学成就,简述《三部曲》的主要内容及其国内外文学评论,本论文的理论基础和结构。第二部分分别从社会空间、生产与消费三个领域揭露无孔不入的社会异化现象。一为社会空间,主要从三部曲中的外部空间走向内部空间,如,城市、房间、门、窗等,透视现代人的隔离与孤独;再以弗洛姆的人类生存的关联性理论为衔接点,从隔离转到作为人类基本需求之一关联性的施虐与被虐的异化;二为生产领域中弗洛姆称之为人类生命力的生产力异化,如政府机构职能的扭曲、侦探能力和作家创作力的退化与丧失;三为人们的消费异化。消费异化包括补偿性消费和被动性消费。《玻璃城》中奎恩通过疯狂的补偿性消费写作来证实自我及存在,但这种企图留下的只是空虚和自我迷失;而当人们在休闲活动时感受不到快乐或感受到的只是消极的快乐时便是被动性消费。奎恩在他最喜欢的休闲活动散步中,他的身体机械化,唯一感受就是自我的迷失;此外,在《锁闭的房间》里无名叙述者的奢侈、腐化的生活使其陷入迷失和无望的极度痛苦之中。第三部分分别从家庭成员、侦探和朋友三方面揭露人与人的异化。《玻璃城》中家庭成员异化主要体现在老斯蒂尔曼对儿子彼得的父权统治和成人后的彼得受到妻子的无形掌控;侦探的异化体现在他们对工作的无能为力和无规则两方面,如《玻璃城》和《幽灵》中主人公奎恩和布鲁对其侦探工作的无力和发现现实与理想不符时的焦虑。朋友的异化体现在《锁闭的房间》里叙述者对范肖的友情从崇拜到憎恨扭曲的整个过程。总之,在纽约城这个资本主义社会的缩影里,人与人的关系变成了相互利用的关系,变成了物与物的关系,人与人之间失去了正常爱的情感,唯有疏远和冷漠。第四部分为结语。奥斯特对当今社会异化现象的真实揭露深刻而又全面,有助于人们对社会发展进行反思,有助于人们踏上追求自我的正确道路,从而不乏一定的现实意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ren, Yanhong1 T1 - Quest for Love. A Study on Fromm's Philosophical Thought of Love [爱的求索 - 弗洛姆爱的哲学思想研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing, China 2006. N2 - Love is a task which is antiquated but always with new connotation. In this diseased modern time, people thirst for love and confidant, they complain that it’s so hard to get true love or a bosom friend. Erich Fromm (1900-1980), a Jewish scholar of German-American point out that the biggest mistake, which people made in their way of pursue love is like this: people regard love as an exterior object and the gain of love is mostly equated with the possession of things. Actually, love is an active and developed ability of human beings, it is an ability which accelerates and makes people’s essence more abundant. Sometimes, the use of this kind of ability is just like art. The theory of Fromm is an applied subject of >art of living<, he tried to make it in practice and found a right society. It requests people advance their quality by heart. >Brotherliness<, >motherhood<, >sex<, >self-love<, love of belief, and so on, all of them are the way to the integrity of personality and the rescue of soul. If people do not develop their whole personality and inspire their creative, all kinds of love would be lost; if people lose the ability of love others and cannot civilly >bravely<, >sincerely< orderly love others, they would never feel satisfy in their life. In Fromm’s opinion, the true love is to impart but not to gain. He regards love as people’s answer to their own subsistence. Love is a huge power from the cooperation and unification of people. So, love is not a kind of power that dropped on people and is also not a kind of burden force on people. Love is a kind of power which own by people, people contact themselves with the world. N2 - 爱是一个古老而常新的研究课题,在这个灾难深重的现代社会,很多人渴望爱、渴望知音、抱怨真爱难求、知音难遇。美籍德裔犹太学者埃利希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm 1900-1980),指出人们追求爱的一个最大的误区,在于把爱看作一个外在的对象,把爱的获得雷同于物的拥有。事实上爱是一种人的主动能力,爱是进化了人的一种能力,是一种使人的本质丰富并且上升的能力,在某种情况下这种能力与艺术的能力类似。弗洛姆的理论是一种关于>生活艺术<的应用科学,并且力图把它付诸实践,建立理想中的>健全的社会<,需要不断从自己的心灵上提升境界。无论是兄弟之爱、母爱、性爱、自爱、以及信仰之爱,都是通向人格完整、灵魂救赎的人生实践。如果不努力发展自己的全部人格并以此达到一种倾向性,那么每种爱的试图都会失败;如果没有爱他人的能力,不能真正谦恭地、勇敢地、真诚地和有纪律地爱他人,那么人们在自己的爱情生活中也永远得不到满足。弗洛姆认为爱的顶点是给予而不是索取,他把爱看作是人类对自己生存问题的回答,是人与人之间合作统一的巨大力量。因此,爱既不是一种飘落在人身上的力量,也不是一种强加在人身上的责任;它是人自己的力量,凭借这种力量,人使自己和世界联系在一起,并使世界真正成为他的世界。所以,一无所知的人什么都不爱,一无所能的人什么都不懂,什么都不懂的人毫无价值。但是懂得很多的人却能爱、有见识、有眼光……对一件事了解得越深,爱的程度也越深。如果有人认为,所有的水果都同草莓一起成熟,那他对葡萄就一无所知。弗洛姆认为,现代资本主义社会的生产过程、消费过程、政治生活和社会关系各个方面存 Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ren, Yong-gang T1 - On Fromm’s Critique of Modern Capitalist Society and the Idea of a Sound Social [论弗罗姆对现代资本主义社会的批判和对健全社会的设想], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China 2004, 46 pp. N2 - From the point of view of human nature, the paper expounds Erich Fromm’s critical social theory in respects of human freedom, human character, human living style and human alienation. By combining the development of Fromm’s thought, we grasp the essence of his critical social theory. The theory shows his dissatisfaction with the reality, his optimism about the future and his solicitude and expectancy of humanity. Nowadays, his thought is theoretically and realistically valuable to the contemporary. Especially to our country, neglecting the Utopia meaning, we can pay attention to the realistic significance. Understanding the theory would be very important for us to promote the development of individual and society. N2 - 本论文从人性角度出发,分别从人的自由、人的性格、人的生存方式和人的异化等方面论述弗罗姆的批判的社会理论。通过梳理弗罗姆思想发展的来龙去脉,阐述其理论的实质,我们可以看出,弗罗姆的理论体现出他对现实的不满、对未来的乐观、对人性的关怀和期望。在当代,弗罗姆的理论具有极高的理论价值和现实意义。尤其面对我国现状,通过淡化其理论的乌托邦色彩,我们可以发现其理论的现实性。理解弗罗姆的这一理论,对于我们促进个人和社会的发展无疑具有重要意义。 Y1 - 2004 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Poppensieker, Egbert T1 - Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit- bzw. Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) bei Erwachsenen. Synopsis und Kasuistik zur Erwachsenen ADHS - am Beispiel eines jungen erwachsenen russisch-ukrainischen Migranten. Diplomarbeit im Fach Psychologie an der Universität Bremen, 2010, 329 pp. Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nuermberger, Robert Mansfield T1 - The Nature of Man and Guilt. Implications for Counseling Derived from an Analysis of the Philosophies of Cornelius van Til and Erich Fromm, Michigan State University Dissertation 1967, 207 pp. - (Abstract available) Y1 - 1967 ER - TY - GEN A1 - O'Brien, Kenneth T1 - The Humanist Perspective in Social Science. The Case of Erich Fromm, Simon Fraser University Dissertation 1972. - Abstract only. Y1 - 1972 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Quitmann, Helmut T1 - Humanistische Psychologie. Zentrale Konzepte und philosophischer Hintergrund [Humanistic Psychology. Concepts and philosophical background, Dissertation an Technische Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften 1985 (Verlag Hogrefe), 1985, 35 N2 - Die wichtigsten Schulen und die zentralen Konzepte der Humanistischen Psychologie werden dargestellt und diskutiert. Der Autor beschreibt die mit den einzelnen Ansätzen verbundenen Therapiekonzeptionen und geht vor allem auf die philosophischen Hintergründe und das Wissenschaftsverständnis der Humanistischen Psychologie ein. – Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: (1) Einordnung des Untersuchungsgegenstands und Zielsetzung des Buches. (2) Existenzphilosophie und Phänomenologie und ihre zentralen Aussagen. (3) Das holistische Konzept der organismischen Selbstverwirklichung bei Kurt Goldstein. (4) Unterbrechung und Wiederherstellung von Kontakt. Das Konzept der Gestalttherapie bei Fritz Perls. (5) Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe. Das Konzept der Gesprächspsychotherapie bei Carl Rogers. (6) Das >Thema< als Verbindung zwischen Mensch und Welt. Das Konzept der Themenzentrierten Interaktion (TZI) bei Ruth Cohn. (7) Selbstverwirklichung und Erfüllung. Das Konzept des Lebenslaufs bei Charlotte Bühler. (8) Das Konzept der Selbstverwirklichung als Motivation und Bedürfnis bei Abraham Maslow. (9) Mensch und Gesellschaft. Die sozialphilosophisch-marxistische Weiterentwicklung der Neo-Psychoanalyse bei Erich FROMM. (10) Exkurs zur Daseinsanalyse. (11) Anhang: Darstellung der Fundamentalontologie bei Martin Heidegger. Darstellung der dialogischen Philosophie des >Ich und Du< bei Martin Buber. Y1 - 1985 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qiao, Yajun T1 - Escape from Freedom to Pursue Freedom [从逃避自由到追寻自由], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Ideological and Political College, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2009, 61 pp. N2 - Recalling history, the human pursuit of freedom seems an intriguing picture scrolls vividly in our deep thought. Freedom is the intrinsic nature and spiritual pursuit of humans, and human history is also the history that people chase and achieve freedom. In history, none of the thinkers are unable to avoid the issue about freedom. Marx and Fromm, the two great thinkers, had carried on profound exploration about it in different standpoint. Both of their freedom was carried out around the historical and realistic man; Marx and Fromm were convinced that humans society has laws to follow, firmly believed that people’s freedom and the ideal society must be able to achieve; they carried out profound complaints and criticism at the capitalism with alienation, and built blueprint of human ideal society based on this; both of their freedom had always put freedom, development, refinement and dignity at the center, and highlighted the great humanitarian spirit, we should learn from this in particular. While Marx’s and Fromm’s views of freedom also had significant differences. There was great disagreement about nature of man, needs of man, views of alienation, the ideal mode of society with the implementation as well as ways to save people, research areas, etc. because Fromm’s views of freedom was based on the non-scientific nature of people, focused on saving people with psychoanalysis and abstract love, and advocated to change the extant unreasonable social system with the bourgeois improved approach, it was inevitable not to be utopian, and plunged into the plight of Utopia. While Marx’s views of freedom based on the practice of people, built on the scientific foundation of historical materialism, Marx put achievement of freedom and the law of social development closely together, and took communism as the only way to realize free all-round development, which made freedom has complete connotation and scientific value. Therefore it has raised high the theme of humans’ freedom and liberation.– Through comparison and analysis of the two views of freedom, can we deepen understanding for the positive aspects and limitation of Fromm’s unique perspective in pursuit of freedom at micro-psychological level. More importantly, through the comparison and analysis between the two points of view, can we strengthen understanding to the science of Marx’ freedom, but also reinforce our confidence to the entire humans’ freedom and liberation. At the same time, it also has practical significance and model function to our life. N2 - 回顾历史,人类对自由的追求仿佛一幅耐人寻味的画卷跃然于我们的思维深处。自由是人的内在本性和精神追求,人类的历史就是人追寻自由并实现自由的历史,历史上每一个思想家都无法回避自由这一问题。弗洛姆与马克思这两位伟大的思想家从不同的立场对此进行了深刻的探索。他们的自由观都围绕着现实的历史的人展开;都坚信人类社会有规律可循,坚信人的自由与理想的社会一定能够实现;他们都以异化为武器对资本主义制度进行深刻的控诉和批判,并在此基础上构建了人类理想社会的蓝图;他们的自由观始终把人的自由、发展、完善和尊严放在中心位置,弘扬了人道主义的伟大精神,这尤其值得我们借鉴。与此同时,马克思与弗洛姆的自由观又有着重大的区别。他们在关于人的本质、人的需要、异化思想、理想社会的模式与实现方式以及拯救人的方法、研究领域等方面都存在着很大的分歧。由于弗洛姆自由观是建立在非科学的人本质的基础之上,侧重用精神分析和抽象的爱来实现对人的拯救,并主张用资产阶级改良方式来改变现存的不合理社会制度。因此,难免不流于空想,并陷入乌托邦的困境。而马克思的自由观立足于人的实践,建立在唯物史观的科学基础之上,把人的自由的实现与社会发展的规律紧密联系到了一起,把共产主义作为实现人自由全面发展的必由之路,使自由获得完整的内涵和科学的价值,因而高扬了人类自由解放的主题。通过对两者自由观的比较和分析,使我们加深了对弗洛姆在微观心理层面探寻人的自由的积极方面和局限性的认识。更重要的是,通过对两者观点的比较分析,不仅加强了我们对马克思自由观的科学性的认识,而且增强了我们对整个人类自由解放的信心。同时也对我们的生活具有现实意义和借鉴作用 Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qing, Ling T1 - Lack of Love and Looking for Love – Duras and Hong Ying's Novel – >Transnational Lover< Comparative Study [爱的缺失与寻觅 - 杜拉斯和虹影小说中的<跨国情人<比较研究], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - This article attempts to make a comparative study on >transnational Lover< in the novels of Duras and Hong Ying from the perspective of the love lacking and finding of which Duras has similar background with Hong Ying the who apparently affected by the former. Both of them are influenced deeply by Eastern and Western cultures and praised greatly as well. In the novel, the unique background, special identity of character, the similar >love lacking< with the author, all of which make the process of >love finding< inevitably filled with the collision. In this sense, it is worthy of studying. This article also attempts to have a comparative study to the contents of the novel in terms of the theory of cross-cultural comparison, Fromm psychoanalytic as well as the philosophy, aesthetics on the other. It is meaningful to have a cultural contrastive study of >translation lover<, to analyze body and Eros, conflict and integration as well as the free thought and death action, to explore life and death, to verify the purpose and meaning of the existence, to seek cross-cultural identity. Therefore, it can fill the gaps in relevant research. The whole thesis is divided into the following sections.– 1. Introduction. I will make an explanation of research significance and purpose of this thesis and make elaborate simply about current research situations in home and broad. It is of great value to put forward the research method, pay attention to the root of love lacking as well as to analyze the similarities and difference between Eastern and Western in the process of love finding.– 2. Love Lacking. It is necessary to find the root of love lacking in the autobiographical novel of Duras and Hong Ying, make further study of its influence to the work and analyze the cause of lonely soul of special hero. Meanwhile, it is of great value to have a brief analysis about the author's marginal feminine identity under double background. Therefore, it is paramount important to find the loving lacking in terms of different ways starting from their unique perspectives.– 3. Body and Eros. It is important to present the body primitive, analyze the mind hidden behind the body conversation and make further research about love lacking. The body of >transnational lover< hides desires, attracting and repulsing mutually. Besides, it is necessary to analyze implicated human and cultural factors and have comparative study to the implication of >transnational lover<.– 4. Conflict and Integration. When different cultural roots encounter, conflicts must happen inevitably. Then, they may be interactive with each other and stimulate new vitality. In this changeable world, different choices lead to different development, whereas, the difference results in changing. The Eastern and Western culture embodies in many aspects, i.e. collision, estrangement, convergence, integration, etc. Researching and analyzing the cause of transnational lover's encounter and conflict, the choice confronted and the ways of communication will gain integration, continuity and development. Only in this way can we find the habitats of soul in self, other and other factors.– 5. Free to Flee. >Transnational lover< try to find love as for the lack of it. In the process of love finding, they are bound by a number of factors. Therefore, they want urgently to get rid of them in terms of various attitudes and methods so as to be free. Their attitudes towards freedom in the background of Eastern and Western culture are different respectively, whereas, freedom itself is bondage. The factors that bind man is here and there: existence, society, self, etc, and then it becomes nowhere to escape about freedom resulting from different cultures.– 6. The Change of >the Theme of Death<. It is necessary to discuss the implication and the ways of expression of the death, and then make further discussion about transcendental spirit to death consciousness. As the culture in East and West is different, the attitudes and perceptions towards the death is different too. It is also important to study the death factors hidden in the human mind, the relations between >self-Death< and >the death of other person<, the attitude towards death, the death and equality and the death and fear, etc, to find the meaning of uning away from death to life; therefore, the eternal life will be gained.– 7. Conclusion. Under the multi-cultural development, conflict and integration are frequently happened. It prompts us to think about the cultural similarities and differences of distinct groups, seeking cross-culture identity among it. N2 - 本文从爱的缺失与寻觅角度,对杜拉斯和虹影小说中的>跨国情人<进行比较研究。其中,杜拉斯和虹影有相似成长背景,虹影坦言受到前者影响,她们深受东西方文化熏陶,均获得东西方极大好评,作品中>跨国情人<独特的背景、人物特殊身份,他们与作者同样>爱的缺失<,文化背景的不同促使多方面的异同,>寻觅爱<的过程,他们不同的观念与行动产生冲突与融合,很值得研究。本文试图以弗洛姆精神分析等理论,同时结合哲学、美学对内容进行比较研究,对>跨国情人<进行对比,分析身体与爱欲,冲突与融合以及产生的自由思索及死亡行动,探讨生死,求证存在的目的和意义,寻求认同,从而填补相关研究的空白。全文分为以下几个部分:一、绪论。对本文所要研究的意义、研究目的做出阐述,并简单梳理国内外研究现状,提出研究方法,关注爱缺失的根源,分析>跨国情人<寻觅爱过程中异同。二、爱的缺失。从杜拉斯和虹影自传体小说中发现爱缺失的根源,进一步研究影响在作品>跨国情人<中的表现方式,分析特殊身份主人公孤独灵魂产生的原因。同时,简要分析作者双重背景下的边缘女性身份,由此求证她们从独特视角出发,跨越东西方文化,在作品中用不同方式对缺失爱进行寻觅。三、身体与爱欲。呈现身体本原,分析身体对话中隐藏的思维,进一步研究爱的缺失,>跨国情人<身体潜藏着欲望,他们相互吸引和排斥,企图通过身体寻觅爱,分析暗含的人性等因素,对>跨国情人<的内涵意蕴进行比较研究,分析异同,不同中求证相同,寻觅中发现回归自然的真谛。四、冲突与交融。文化根基的不同相遇必然发生冲突,并相互影响,从而激发新的生命力。变动中的世界,选择导致不同发展,差异导致变化,从而碰撞、隔阂到交汇、融合。研究分析>跨国情人<相遇与冲突的原因,面临的抉择、交融的方式,形成此岸与彼岸,对立存在,相互影响,从而得到延续和发展,在自我、他人或其他因素中寻觅到灵魂栖居地。五、自由逃离。>跨国情人<缺失爱,并试图寻觅,过程中很多因素成为束缚,使他们迫切用各种态度和方式摆脱,以此获得自由,寻找皈依。>跨国情人<追求自由态度各不相同,然而,自由本身也是束缚,奴役人的因素无处不在:存在、社会、自我……由此,自由逃离成为无处可逃的必然。六、>死亡主题<的变迁。讨论死亡的内涵和表现方式,进而对死亡意识中的超越精神进行探讨。>跨国情人<对待死亡的认识和态度不同。研究人物内心潜藏的死亡因素,研究>自我之死<和>他人之死<的关系,对死的态度……发现>向死而生<的意义,由此获得永恒的生命。七、结语。多元文化发展下,冲突与融合频繁,促使我们思索>跨国情人<独特群体的异同,从而寻求认同。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Han, Yanqiu T1 - Being Questioned – On the Southern School of Zen Thinking and the Early Development of Its Modern Psychological Sense, Master thesis [论南宗禅思想的初期发展及其现代心理学意义], Special History, Northwestern University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2006. N2 - The southern Zen which originated with Interpretation on had distributed in the middle of AD eight century. Among these factions there are two important. Factions that influenced people deeply the Hongzhou of Nan Yue Huai Rang - Ma Zu Dao Yi, and the Shitou of Qing Yuan Xing Si - Shi Tou Xi Qian. They respectively represented two different thought in development of the southern Zen. I try to study these two kinds of thought with comparative method in the first part of this paper.– The former emphasized the solution to the conflict between human and the real society, but the latter paid more attention to the relation between human and the world. During their development, they had absorbed something useful from each other, and made great progress. Just because of these, they laid the foundation of the distribution of the Zen afterward. Furthermore, I attempt to discuss the development of the unique style of the Zen's language. In the second part of this paper, to study the modern meaning of the Zen, I compared the theory of new depth psychology which has deeply effect on the history of western psychology with the Zen. With the method of depth psychology, I carefully thought about the revelation of the Zen.– The second part consists of three sections: the feasibility demonstration for the comparative study of the new depth psychology and the Zen, the theoretical basis of the comparative study for the two thought; the influence on the main representative of the new depth psychology from the thought of the Zen; the ethical direction of the two thought. It aims to display all the possible positive meanings for the modern west and the whole society from the Chinese ancient Zen. N2 - 由慧能所开创的南禅宗,在公元八世纪中叶开始出现分流。其中在当时和后世都产生了较大影响的南岳怀让——马祖道一的洪州一系,和青原行思——石头希迁的石头一系。他们分别代表了南宗禅思想发展的两种不同思路。本文第一部分正是选取这两家的思想尝试进行比较研究。本文认为,洪州一系重在解决人与现实社会生活的关系问题,石头一系则更关注人与世界的关系。他们在发展过程中思想各有侧重,又彼此吸收和互相促进,奠定了后世禅宗>五家七宗<分流的基础,对后世禅宗的进一步发展有着深远影响。在这一部分,对禅宗语言问题还有所涉及,对禅宗独特语言风格的形成进行了一些尝试性的论述。论文的第二部分主要研究禅宗思想的现代意义,选取在西方心理学史上产生过重要影响的新精神分析学派思想与禅宗思想进行比较,论述新精神分析视野观照下禅宗思想给人类带来的启示。主要包括三个方面的内容:新精神分析与禅宗思想比较研究可能性论证,二者比较研究的理论基石;禅宗思想对新精神分析学派代表人物的思想影响;新精神分析学与禅宗思想的伦理导向性。这一部分意图说明中国古代的禅宗思想对现代西方乃至整个现代人类社会所可能有的积极意义,以此表显中国古代思想史研究的现代性和世界性意义 Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hao, Hongcui T1 - Response to the Behavior of Parents of Young Children’s Favorite Cartoon Hero Type [基于幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的家长回应行为研究], Master thesis, Pre-primary Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2011. N2 - Any questionnaire survey and It does not the present paper took the hero-type cartoon >Ultraman< as an example to study the actual state of the children's love about hero-type cartoons and the parents' response behaviors to it The author also in-depth analyzed the possible effects on children and reasons of parents' response behaviors. The survey found that most children like the hero-type cartoons. They like watching the cartoons, talking about them, imitating the hero and asking their parents to buy related productions for them. The reasons are that the great heroes, simple and repeated stories and the strong stimulation from screen not only attract children, but also cater to the children's psychological needs. In addition, the environments of family and community are influencing factors too. Based on the four types of children's reaction to the cartoons, parents' response behaviors are divided into four corresponding aspects. As for the first type that children like watching cartoons, parents' response behaviors are letting children watch TV themselves or watching cartoons with other children. In terms of children's talking about cartoons, parents usually refuse them, but only repeat what they say, or teach them what they should learn from the cartoons or rearrange and continue the stories. For children's imitating the hero, some parents prohibit their conducts while some other parents allow them to do so. For children's requirement of buying related productions, parents may refuse them, or meet their requirement immediately but with conditions.– According to Erich Fromm’s viewpoint, the author analyzed the possible effects which parents' behaviors may bring to children. The result is that parents' supportive actions ie watching cartoons with children, talking with children about cartoons and allowing them play games of super hero, are in favor of children's growth. On the contrary, the averse and restrictive behaviors are bad for children. The study analyzed the reasons of parents' behaviors using Charles H. Zastrow's Social ecosystem theory. The author found that parents' own factors are the main reason, while other persons' effects are the direct reasons for parents' response. Children's pressure of communication with companions makes parents have less control, and the social environment also imperceptibly influences parents' behaviors.– On the basis of the above results, the researcher gives some suggestions to parents and the society in order to help parents make better response to children. Parents should have correct ideas toward children. They may study by themselves and the society should set up schools for parents. In practice, parents must give children the correct guidance. They should watch cartoons with children together, talk with children about cartoons, allow children to play and meet children's requirements latterly. This study proposes the positive impact on children and takes away the negative impact. Consequently, children can get more benefits from the hero-type cartoons. N2 - 本研究以英雄型动画片《奥特曼》为例,采用问卷调查法和访谈法,对幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的现状和基于幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的家长回应行为现状进行了调查研究,并深入分析了家长回应行为可能对幼儿产生的影响及其成因。调查发现,多数幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片,主要行为表现包括四个方面:要求收看英雄型动画片;与家人、朋友谈论片中内容、模仿片中人物和要求购买相关产品。幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片,主要因为片中人物形象的伟大、故事情节的简单和重复、强烈的感官刺激吸引了幼儿,并迎合了幼儿自我实现与偶像崇拜的心理需求,另外也受到了家庭、社区等环境因素的影响。根据幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的行为表现,研究者将家长的回应行为也划分为相应的四个方面,分别进行了探讨。基于幼儿收看英雄型动画片,家长的回应行为分为让幼儿独自观看和陪同幼儿观看两种情况;基于幼儿谈论片中的内容,家长的回应行为主要包括拒绝幼儿谈论、简单附和幼儿、引导幼儿趋利避害和改编或续编故事情节;基于幼儿发起超级英雄游戏,家长的回应行为主要分为禁止幼儿游戏和允许幼儿游戏;基于幼儿购买相关产品的要求,家长的回应行为主要包括拒绝满足、完全满足和附条件地满足。本研究依据弗洛姆侵犯论的观点,对家长的回应行为可能产生的影响进行了分析。结果显示,家长陪同幼儿观看动画片、与幼儿共同谈论动画内容、允许幼儿的超级英雄游戏等支持性的行为,有助于满足幼儿的生效需求,保证幼儿自由活动的权利,有助于幼儿健康成长。相反,家长的反对、限制性行为束缚了幼儿的活动,不能为幼儿提供更多的启发性刺激,有碍幼儿健康发展。本研究运用查尔斯•扎斯特罗的社会生态系统理论对家长回应行为的成因进行了系统的分析。研究发现,家长自身因素对其回应行为起决定作用,他人的影响是家长采取回应行为的直接诱因,幼儿的同伴交往需求间接>迫使<家长放松对幼儿的控制度,社会大环境对家长的回应行为起着潜移默化的影响。根据以上研究结果,研究者从帮助家长树立正确观念和在实践中正确引导幼儿两个方面向家长提供了建议,以期家长能够更好地回应幼儿。正确观念的树立主要通过家长的自我学习以及积极参加社会开办的家长学校来实现。在实践中家长要尽量陪同幼儿观看英雄型动画片、正确指导幼儿超级英雄游戏、充分利用与幼儿谈论动画片的机会帮助幼儿趋利避害,并适当指导幼儿购买相关产品等。 Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Han, Song T1 - Research on Erich Fromm’s Theory of Human Nature [弗洛姆人性理论研究], PhD thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2008. N2 - In this thesis, I focus my research on an outstanding American psychoanalyst, philosopher and sociolo-gist, Erich Fromm’s theory of human nature. The concept of man is the motif of Fromm’s thought. His concern is mainly on exploring laws governing both individual life and society, which in other words are laws that control human beings existing in society. Consequentially, Fromm reaches his understanding on the valuable tropism of human beings, which is the theoretical basis for Fromm to examine and analyze social reality and to express his ideal for human character and society. In Fromm’s idea, human nature is a concept concerning directly on the subsistent circumstance of human beings and on human character as well. In this sense, human nature presents to us its real look only when we research it in the interrelation of man’s subsistent circumstance and the real society. This is also the key point in understanding Fromm’s theory of human nature. For this reason, I make a research in the thesis on the core of Fromm’s theory of human nature and differentiate the specific concept of human nature from the general one. In my viewpoint, the specific concept of human nature means the theory of human nature in the macrocosmic perspective, which is called in the thesis the fundamental theory of human nature, while the general concept of human nature entails three elements, which are the specific concept of human nature, the structure of human character as the real state of human nature and social theory. Moreover, the latter two elements have vital effect on human nature. After reworking on Fromm’s theory of human nature, I get a better background to understand and expatiate on the essence of Fromm’s theory of human nature, which is actually that human beings can work out their own salvation and unite together into one body. Therefore mentioned is the theoretical logic of my thesis, which is mainly about research on the three parts of Fromm’s theory of human nature. Furthermore, my aim in the thesis is to show firstly the humanist spirit that Fromm expresses with his concern on the existence and potentiality of human beings; secondly, the transcendence that Fromm achieves in his theory comparing to the metaphysics which causes the vainness of human life and to the theoretical Degree, etc that the relativist theory of human nature reaches; and thirdly the special theoretical quest and viewpoint that Fromm proposes on contemporary social critique and values. There are five chapters in the thesis.– In the first chapter, I make a research on the background of Fromm’s theory of human nature. In order to get something valuable and meaningful, I pay much attention to the relation of Fromm’s theory and its background. Firstly, I analyze Fromm’s family and the times he lives in, which aims on the one hand to explicate that a person could be influenced in a great Degree, etc by his family and his living times, on the other hand to emphasize that Fromm himself is definitely impelled by the abnormal family and times he lives in to think deeply about the problem of human nature and its value. Secondly, I analyze the process that Fromm’s theory of human nature achieves, which indicates that it is in the examination on the antinomy of German arbitrary autarchy and American liberalist democracy that Fromm gets his conclusion on human nature. In Fromm’s eye, both of the afore mentioned nations’ values are neither real nor normal. Just for this reason, Fromm decides to search for a kind of new values. Thirdly, I analyze the theoretical origin of Fromm’s theory of human nature. Actually, Fromm is indebted his theory much to ideas of Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Johann Bachofen and Buddhism, especially the sect of Zen. From Chapter Two to Chapter Four, I focus my research on the content of Fromm’s theory of human nature.– In the second chapter, I introduce the fundamental theory of Fromm’s concept of human nature in his own theoretical environment, presenting his understanding on human nature in the macrocosmic per¬spective which is being a multilayer unity of conflicts. The fundamental theory of Fromm’s concept of human nature entails the understanding of human nature as man’s intrinsic contradiction, man’s desire for solving and relieving from the contradiction, the different ways of meeting man’s needs, and the potentiality of human good and evil. I also believe that the main idea of the fundamental theory of human nature is that the good potentiality of human nature is the basis for man and his rebuilding of social value. Only in this sense, can we achieve the transcendence to the other two kinds of theory of human nature which are aforementioned. I have to repeat that Chapter Two is both about the basis of Fromm’s theory of human nature and definitely the heart of this thesis.– In the third chapter, I explore the theory of human character which is a part of Fromm’s theory of human nature from the perspective of relation of human beings and the world. I also make a research on the function of the theory of human character and its structure, which is special for exploring the real state of human nature. Therefore, Chapter Three is a further exhibition of the fundamental theory of Fromm’s concept of human nature. Since I pay much attention to the research of human nature in the macrocosmic perspective in the former chapter, I turn to research human nature and its transition in the dynamic development of social history in this chapter. In the structure of human character, we find out the historicity, sociality and changeability of human nature. The foundation of human character is the relationship of human beings and the external word. In Fromm’s theory, the relation of human beings and the external world is embodied in the relation of character structure and social structure, in detail, it is about the adaption and counterwork of character structure to social structure and about the impact that social structure has on character structure. In this chapter, I classify different character preference and relations of character structure to social structure both in theory and in reality, among which two types of character preference (viz. productive character and unproductive character) and five types of social character are stressed. Fromm analyzes especially the function of unproductive character like a bomb and productive character like a gum, which indicates his critique on contemporary society and pursuit of a healthy human character.– In the fourth chapter, I put my eyeshot on the phenomena of alienation in both production and consumption of capitalist society in the twentieth century, which in the final sense caused the alienation of human nature. Especially, I believe that the abnormal social state and relation of man with the world violates man’s development and self-realization. After that, I analyze Fromm’s project for curing the abnormal society, that is, humanist socialism. Further, I repeat Fromm’s proposal for achieving a healthy society which is to reconstruct a society integrally. I also give prominence to Fromm’s pursuit of ideal society and human character in the end of this chapter.– In the fifth chapter, I do a further research on Fromm’s extending and enriching on Marx’s theory on human nature. In this thesis, some systematic research on Fromm’s theory of human nature is presented, which I believe is somewhat advanced in field of Chinese academy, for I use an extraordinary way to reassure the connotation and extension of Fromm’s theory of human nature, to present and evaluate Fromm’s viewpoint.– I hope my thesis will make some contribution to impel the discussion on the contemporary significance of Marxist philosophy, to solve the key problems in the research of human nature in Chinese academy, to push the recognition of scientific concept of development which is based on the development of human beings and to supply people in contemporary society with some inspiration on recognize and choose a correct mode of subsistence. N2 - 本论文主要研究当代美国著名精神分析学家、哲学家和社会学家弗洛姆的人性理论。全文在人道主义与反人道主义,人道主义的马克思主义与科学主义的马克思主义论争的语境下,以文本与历时性、共时性相结合的研究方法,对弗洛姆散见于不同专著中关于人性的思想进行了挖掘、清理;依照弗洛姆>人是一个整体<的思想,重新为弗洛姆人性理论确定了内涵与外延,并在弗洛姆人性理论思想背景下展开了以弗洛姆人性理论三个组成部分即关于人性的基础理论、性格结构理论与社会理论及其价值取向为核心的系统研究。在此基础上,本论文彰显并肯定了弗洛姆人性理论超越导致现实人现实生活与精神生活虚无的先验形而上学人性观和相对主义人性观的理论高度与理论个性;彰显并肯定弗洛姆人性理论对现代社会独特的批判向度,彰显并肯定了弗洛姆人性理论对以促进人的幸福与发展为宗旨的人道主义精神的价值坚守。 Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Han, Wie T1 - Fromm's Ethical Thoughts of Love [弗洛姆爱的伦理思想探微], Master thesis, Ethics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2010, 50 pp. N2 - Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is a well-known Western social psychologist, humanitarian ethicists, philoso-phers, is a well-known representative of the Frankfurt School in twentieth-century. He have written a lot in his life, his research areas almost range from the macro socio-economic, political and cultural to the micro-personal psychology, behavior, emotion, character, temperament and other characteristics of most of the social and human sciences. After the 20th century, the standard of Western society’s material living had a big leap, but along with satisfaction of the material life, there was also a spiritual crisis: people felt their own strength insignificant in front of a huge community, and the development of modernization, mechanization made people feel lonely, anxious and lose the meaning of existence, so there was increasing suicide rate, pan-sexual doctrine, alcohol and other undesirable phenomena. In this realistic conflict and crisis situations, Fromm took the Frankfurt School’ social critical theory, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Marx’s materialist conception of history, humanism and alienation theory as theoretical, source, he aimed at modern people’s survival dilemma and spiritual confusion, and took human alienation as logical basis and establishment of a sound social as moral goal, he proposed on the ethics of love which was based on psychoanalysis.– In the system on ethics of love of Fromm, he preserved and discarded the understanding of traditional love, and he thought love is a positive dynamic and creative activity and its nature is given. Only through this emotion, people can keep their own independence while maintaining the whole world together. Fromm divided love into five kinds: universal love, motherly love, sex love, self-love and God love while he interpreted that love is foundation of human existence. He thought love is a kind of practical art, and it is a panacea for people to pursue their own perfection and save humanity and establish a sound social. Due to the reference and absorption of the theory of Marxist historical materialism and the love, Fromm’s definition of love is more mature than Freud, and his understanding on love is more optimistic. However, after all he is a successor of >New Freudianism<, the content of his theories about love is rich and the point of view is deep, but it’s limited inevitably for him to try to combine Marxist theory with Freud’s psychology. Besides, his implementation plan on establishment of a sound society is only a cosmetic repair to social system, it didn’t yet touch the root of capitalist economic and political foundation, so his so-called socialist ideal is just an utopian fantasy. Fromm’s in-depth analysis on a variety of pathological conditions right in real life provides us with a new perspective that examine ourselves and measure modern society. It has reference value for China that is in the social transition period to heal individual personality and maintain social stability. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆(1900——1980)是二十世纪西方著名的社会心理学家、人道主义伦理学家、哲学家,是法兰克福学派的著名代表人物。他一生著述颇多,其研究领域几乎涵盖了从宏观的社会经济、政治、文化到微观的个人心理、行为、情感、品格、气质特性等绝大部分的社会人文科学主题。进入20世纪之后,西方社会物质生活水平有了一个大的飞跃,但物质生活满足的同时也伴随着精神方面的危机:人们在庞大的社会面前感到自身力量的渺小,现代化、机械化的发展使人们孤单焦躁,感到生存意义的迷失,出现了自杀率上升、泛性主义、酗酒等不良现象。在这种矛盾与危机的现实境况中,弗洛姆以法兰克福学派的社会批判理论、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说、马克思的唯物史观、人本思想及异化论为理论来源,针对现代人所产生的生存困境和精神困惑,以人性异化为逻辑基础,以建立健全社会为道德目标,以精神分析学为心理学依据,提出了他有关于爱的伦理学说。在弗洛姆爱的伦理思想体系中,他对传统爱的理解进行了扬弃,认为爱是一种积极能动的创造性活动,其本质是给予,只有通过爱这种情感,人才能实现在保持自身独立性的同时与世界这个整体联系在一起。在阐示爱是人类生存的基础的同时,弗洛姆又把爱分为博爱、母爱、性爱、自爱、神爱五种形式,认为爱是一门实践艺术,是人们追求自身完善、拯救人性、建立健全社会的良方妙药。由于借鉴吸收了马克思历史唯物主义及其爱的理论,弗洛姆在爱的界定上比弗洛伊德更成熟,对爱的理解也更显乐观,但是弗洛姆毕竟是>新弗洛伊德主义<的继承者,尽管他关于爱的理论内容丰富、观点深刻,可力图把马克思主义理论与弗洛伊德的心理学统一起来,其立场仍不可避免地存在局限性。在对健全社会建立的实施方案上,也只是对社会制度的小修小补,没有从根源上触动资本主义的经济政治基础,他所谓的社会主义理想也不过乌托邦主义的空想。弗洛姆对现实生活中各种病态状况的深入剖析,给我们审视自身和衡量当今社会提供一个新的视角。对于正处在社会转型期的中国,弗洛姆爱关于爱的理论对健全个体人格、维护社会安定具有借鉴意义。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Han, Wenyan T1 - Fromm’s Critical Character Structure Theory [弗洛姆性格结构批判理论探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2007. N2 - This paper deeply analyses and explains the theoretical meanings and realistic significances of the Fromm critical theory in character structure according to the carding of its theoretical foundation and content from cultural critical view.– First of all, this article approves that Fromm had synthesized Marxist Philosophy and Freud’s theories carrying on the critical spirit for the social critical theory of Marx and Frankfurt School by revealing the theoretical basis of Fromm critical theory in character structure.– Secondly, by carding the main content of Fromm critical theory in character structure from cultural field to penetrate holding and understanding the Fromm theories, the goal of Fromm critical theory in character structure is to establish concordant society has been confirmed.– Finally, this essay explains the modern value of Fromm critical theory in character structure from the theoretical meanings and realistic significances, outstanding the realistic significances of Marxism, analysis the realistic aspects during the period of the social reformation in China. N2 - 本文从文化批判的视角对弗洛姆性格结构批判理论的理论基础、主要内容进行梳理,从而对其理论意义和现实意义进行了深入的分析和阐释。首先,对弗洛姆性格结构批判理论的理论基础的揭示,本文认为,弗洛姆继承了马克思和法兰克福社会批判理论的批判精神,达到了对马克思哲学和弗洛伊德学说的综合;其次,从文化视角对弗洛姆性格结构批判理论主要内容的梳理和挖掘,达到了对弗洛姆理论的深刻理解和把握,进而指出,弗洛姆性格结构批判理论的目标是生成健全的社会;最后,本文从理论和现实意义上,对弗洛姆性格结构批判理论的当代价值进行阐释,突出了马克思主义的当代意义,深入分析了社会转型时期中国文化的现实问题。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huang, Qian T1 - The Religious Study on the Love in the >Story of the Stone< [红楼>情<缘——对《红楼梦》中>情<字的宗教学研究], Master thesis, Religious Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2010.[application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - In China, the Story of the Stone, one of the four most famous Chinese classical literature works, almost known to all, has been liked by people from all walks of life ever since the ancient times. But what is the true meaning as opinions the vary, no unanimous conclusion can be drawn since the very beginning. In the paper, the author will explore and understand the significance of the novel. The idea knowing the Form (see, color) for the nothingness of the novel? (Kong, null); getting the Love (Qing, love) from a Form; bringing the Love into the Form; enlightening the Nothingness from the Form-which is from chapter one of the novel, is a very important key to understand the novel. The novel, the Story of the Stone, begins from two myths, in which the characters, affairs and things the begin too the author of the novel during wartime, that the Love is the Way (Dao, Tao), then everything would return to Nothingness. The idea of the love roots in the thought of Buddhism, especially Chinese Buddhism. According to unscramble the love in the novel, we can also know about the history of Chinese Buddhism and Chinese Philosophy. Moreover, we can comprehend the characteristics of their developments too. The idea of the novel-the Love is the Way and enlightening the Nothingness from the Nothingness-is the typical thoughts of Chinese Buddhism and Philosophy.– Objectively speaking, this idea is also similar to the theory of the Holistic Personality which is brought in the psychology of religion by Fromm and Jung. In fact, Jia Baoyu, the protagonist of the Story of the Stone, achieved the Holistic Personality because of the idea, enlightening the Way and the Nothingness from the Love. So we can understand the Chinese traditional thoughts based on the researching of the novel. Besides, we can also know about the features and meanings of the Personal Selfhood. N2 - 小说《红楼梦》在我国可谓是家喻户晓,自古以来深受社会各阶层人士的喜爱。然>红楼一梦<之真意究竟为何?自古以来众说纷纭。本文以小说第一回中提出的>因空见色,由色生情,传情入色,自色悟空<为阅读全文的钥匙,品《红楼梦》之真味。小说《红楼梦》由两个神话引出全文,自>空<缘起,生出故事中人事百态。小说>以情为道<,终又复归于>空<。这种自空而起又归于空的思想,主要是以佛教、尤其是中国佛教的思想为主要背景。通过对于小说《红楼梦》的解读,可以一窥中国佛教史、中国哲学史的发展特点。《红楼梦》>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,可以通过对于主角贾宝玉的解析,集中体现。而贾宝玉这种>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,不但在根源上深受中国佛教、中国哲学思想的影响;在客观上,也与弗洛姆、荣格在宗教心理学研究中提出的关于对于完整人格的境界的追求不谋而合。这种以中国佛教思想为主要基础的>以情悟道<、以情悟空的思想,在客观上使得贾宝玉完成了对于个人圆满人格的实现。故而,通过对于《红楼梦》思想的研究,还可以从某种程度上窥探到中国古代传统思想在心理学意义上、在对于个人自我人格的实现上,具有什么样的特点和意义。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huang, Zhiping T1 - Erich Fromm's Philosophy Thought of Love and Its Educational Illumination [弗洛姆爱的哲学思想及其教育启示] Master thesis, Principles of Pedagogy, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China 2006, 78 pp. N2 - Love is an eternal theme of human social development. There has been many researches of love which set out to study a love from the view of the emotion mostly, but Erich Fromm, Germany descendant and American nationality, is a philosopher, sociologist and psychologist. His research in loving is from the view of human existence and more meaningful than the other research. And compared with vulgar loving idea now, it has stronger age’s meaning. This thesis aims at discussing the love in education by researching Erich Fromm’s philosophy thought of love. To current practice of the education of love, it has more theoretical value and realistic meaning. It will open widely the visual field that we love. Concerning the mankind's love and the harmonious development of individual are the inside requires that constructing a harmonious society needs.– Erich Fromm’s important philosophy thought of love: >Love is answer to the problem of human existence<. Love is not the problem of how to induct person to love, but is the problem of talent; Love not only is the dedication of love, but is >give<. >Give< signifies that >acquire<; the love is a kind of attitude, and self-respect is the most basic. But Self-respect is not equal to selfish, as selfish is the performance of unsuitable self-respect; the love is a kind of practice which need to surmount self-love and realizes the faith of love.– From this illumination for education: 1. Our education should concern the love of mankind. Because love is the origin of the education; love is the real existence of Education, lies in love. Education is the cause of love. Secondly, love is the true existence of life; from conservation of life to passing away of life, love is needed all the time. Love is so important and linking so closely with our life. So the education of love should run through in the person's. [Author’s translation] N2 - 爱是人类发展的永恒主题。已有研究多是从情感的视角研究爱。但是美国哲学家、社会学家、心理学家埃里希•弗洛姆则从人类存在的视角研究爱,较之同类研究,意义深刻。相对于时下流俗的爱的观念,更具有时代意义。本文旨在通过研究弗洛姆爱的哲学思想,探讨教育中的爱。这对当前实践爱的教育具有一定的理论价值和现实意义。这将有助于我们拓宽爱的视野,同时关注人类之爱,关注个体自身的和谐发展,必然是建设和谐社会的内在要求。弗洛姆爱的哲学思想,主要有:爱是对人类存在问题的回答,爱不是如何惹人爱,而是一种才能。爱是>给予<而不是>接受<,也即爱不是单向付出,而是>给予<中的>获得<。爱是一种态度。但自爱是最基本的。自爱不等于自私。而自私却是不会自爱的表现。爱是一种实践。爱的实践需要克服自恋、实现信仰、对爱持有积极的态度。上述观点对教育的启示是:一、教育应关注人类之爱。这是因为爱是教育存在的本源;爱是生命的真实存在。从生命的孕育到生命的逝去,有哪一阶段不需要爱呢?爱是如此重要,又如此地与我们的生活紧密相连。因此爱的教育应贯穿于人生的整个过程;爱的教育应蕴涵于全部教育始终;爱的教育应是全人类的教育。二、教育爱是教育者应有的教育能力。教育爱是一种教育能力,它包含着突破教育者与受教育者分离的那些屏障的能力,一种把教育者与受教育者联合起来的能力。已有的>蜡烛精神<过多地强调教师的奉献,而对教师自身价值的实现重视不够。笔者认为,教师的>给予<意味着>获得<。教师在爱学生的同时自身爱的能力得到了发展。也即弗洛姆所言,教师的>给予<是潜力的最高表现。因为只有当教师享受教育生活的时候,才能为学生提供愉快的精神 Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hu, Zhi T1 - A Research on Fromm’s Theory of Alienation [弗洛姆异化理论研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Southwest Normal University, Chongqing, China 2005, 47 pp. N2 - Alienation, used by Fromm to analyze and criticize the insanity of capitalism, to study the revolution and liberty and abroad development of contemporary people, is a central concept of Fromm who used it to analyze and criticize the insanity of contemporary capitalist society. The meaning of alienation has changed greatly from ancient to now. According to Fromm, alienation means a mode of experience in which the person experiences himself as an alien. He has become, one might say, estranged from himself. Fromm’s theory comes from Freud and Marx, especially his theory of alienation is derived and developed from Marx. But he gives it a different description and explanation. He thinks that alienation exists in course of production, course of consumption, politics and social relations, and its causes lie in dichotomy of being and contemporary capitalist society. >Alienation<, says Fromm, >is the severed influence brought by capitalism<. In order to remove alienation, Fromm thinks, we should hold a psychological revolution and a total social revolution. Fromm’s theory of alienation has developed the theory and practice of psychology, enriched the methods of philosophy and the intension of the theory of nature of man, widened the influence of humanism and all these give us reference and revelation. But also there is inner logical paradox in his theory and his social revolution is Utopian. N2 - >异化<是弗洛姆用来分析和描绘当代人的社会性格的一个中心概念,他正是用异化概念来分析和批判资本主义的不健全,探讨人的解放、人的自由和人的全面发展的。>异化<一词的含意从古代到现代,发生了巨大的变化。弗洛姆认为,异化是一种认识的模式,在这种模式中人把自己看作一个陌生人。弗洛姆的理论渊源来自弗洛伊德和马克思,特别是他的异化理论是继承和发展马克思的异化理论而来的,但他对现代资本主义社会的异化作了新的描述和解释。他认为,现代资本主义社会的生产过程、消费过程、政治生活和社会关系各个方面都被异化了,其根源在于人存在的两歧性和现代资本主义社会,在于资本主义。他认为,要消除异化,必须进行心理革命,必须对社会进行整体改革。弗洛姆的异化理论发展了心理学的理论和实践,拓展了哲学研究的方法,丰富了人本质理论的内涵,高扬了人道主义旗帜,体现了强烈的批判现实主义精神,给我们以借鉴和启示,但也存在着内在的逻辑矛盾,其社会改革具有乌托邦性质。 Y1 - 2005 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hua, Xiang T1 - Comparison between Bai Xianyong’s and Joyce's Sense of Loneliness – >Taipei< and >Dubliners< Perspective [白先勇与乔伊斯的孤独意识比较 - 以《台北人》和《都柏林人》为视点], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China 2009 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - As a writer, Bai Xianyong was born in china but his nationality is America, Joyce did best in. stream of consciousness, both of them were the literary wonder in the world. In all of their works, Bai Xianyong's >Taipei People< and Joyce's >Dubliners< were similar, they both took a city which they had stayed as the background, vividly depicted the various phenomena of urban colony at one particular age, lustrous and dazzling urban life, all manner of man and memories which were special and hard to forget, displayed the profound theme of life and history. They analyzed the spirit of age and nation, emotion of people in the modern city in the sharp outlook at the high level of history and philosophy and society. >Taipei People< and >Dubliners< both perspectives the special felling of loneliness in particular cultural colony and reveal the historical and realistic roots when described the urban colony and their complicated life and destiny. This dissertation makes deeply parallel comparison between Bai Xianyong's sense of loneliness and Joyce's, launch a series of research from the formation and variation and roots of loneliness, reveal irrational angles of view they have in the transition of society and feelings of loneliness and alienation in fantastic reality and merciless time of figures in their novels, further rethink tradition and torture today and look ahead, pay close attention to people's feeling and existence and learn from their loneliness with humanitarianism.– For one thing, this dissertation concretely survey and compare Bai Xianyong's sense of loneliness and Joyce's based on the novels, for another it compare the cultural difference between Chinese and the Western in the angles of sociology and culture, then discuss the way to get rid of loneliness based on Fromm's >love theory< in the angle of anthropology, although Bai Xianyong and Joyce don't point a clear way to get rid of loneliness in their novels, they both give expression to >love<, Bai Xianyong takes pity on Taipei people with respect and understanding and concern, he loves Taipei people in his novel who struggle to get rid of history and destiny with concern of humanitarianism, as the same to Joyce, he loves Ireland and loves Dubliner deeply, by way of Dubliners' epiphany to arouse the nation consciousness and temperament come around. Ideas guiding creation in literature and art lead the two writers gain eternal life in art when they reveal the feeling of loneliness in the aspects of nation and humanity and culture. I154 N2 - 美籍华人作家白先勇与意识流大师乔伊斯都是具有世界影响的文学奇才,在他们所创作的众多作品中,白先勇的《台北人》和乔伊斯的《都柏林人》表现出了极大的相似性,两部作品都以作家所生活过的一个城市为背景,生动地描绘了各自所处的时代与环境下特定城市群体的人生百态,光怪陆离的城市生活,形形色色的城市人物,以及每个人都难以忘怀且诉说不尽的城市记忆,进而表现了博大的人生与历史主题。两位作家站在历史的、哲学的、社会的高度,以敏锐的洞察力深刻地剖析了时代的、民族的精神状态与具有现代色彩的城市人物情感,尤其是《台北人》和《都柏林人》在描写这些城市群体以及他们复杂的人生与命运时俱都透视与观照了这些特殊的文化类群所特有的一种孤独感,揭示了形成他们这种孤独的历史的现实的精神根源。本文拟采用平行研究的方法,对白先勇和乔伊斯的孤独意识进行深度比较,从他们各自所表现的孤独的形态、孤独的变异和形成孤独的根源展开系列研究,揭示两位作家在社会转型过程中所持有的一种非理性视角以及他们笔下的人物在荒诞的现实和无情的时间中的无助感和异化感,从而反思传统、拷问当下、展望未来,以人道主义情怀关注>人<的感受、观照>人<的生存、体验>人<的孤独。本论一方面依托《台北人》和《都柏林人》两个文本对白先勇和乔伊斯的孤独意识进行了具体的观察与比较,同时也从社会学与文化学角度审视了中西文化的差异性,进而在人类学的层面以美国学者弗洛姆>爱的理论<讨论实现>孤独的救赎<,尽管白先勇与乔伊斯在《台北人》和《都柏林人》中没有给孤独的救赎指出一条明路,但他们在作品中都体现出了>爱<,白先勇对>台北人<是尊重的、理解的、关心的,他以人道主义和悲悯情怀爱着笔下那群在历史和命运中苦苦挣扎的>台北人<,同样,乔伊斯也深爱着爱尔兰,深爱着都柏林,并通过>都柏林人<最后的>精神顿悟<,唤起民族意识的苏醒并激起民族性情的释放。>青春短暂,艺术永恒<的创作理念使得两位作家在>民族<、>人性<和>文化<的层面在对孤独感进行展示时获得了艺术生命的永恒。 Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lang, Virgil R. T1 - A Comparison of Aspects of the Riesman, Fromm and Morris Typologies Relevant to Self-Concept, St. John's University Dissertation 1968. (Abstract available) Y1 - 1968 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Leng, Yandan T1 - An Analysis of Zweig's Novels from the Perspective of Fromm's Theory [茨威格小说的弗洛姆式解读], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Zweig left us with many excellent works as a Jewish writer writing in German. His poetry, novels, plays and biographies have made impressive achievements in the Literature domain, especially his novel writing, which have a wide range of readers in the world. With an entry point of alienation, this paper, which takes Zweig’s novels as the research object, is based on the novel texts as well as using Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis theories. The thesis is composed of four chapters: Chapter one includes a brief introduction of Zweig’s life, the general plot summary of his novels as well as the critical responses to them home and abroad. At the same time, this part makes a general introduction to the theoretical system of Fromm’s humanism. His humanistic theory mainly talks about three issues, namely, the theory of escaping from freedom, the theory of alienation and the love theory.– Chapter two applies Fromm’s alienation theory to the description of Zweig’s novel world. Alienation has pervaded every corner of his creation which is displayed in the following two aspects: people are alienated by the war; the relationship between work and the people is alienated. This chapter also analyzes the psychological causes of the alienation.– Chapter three applies Fromm’s love theory to analyze the way advocated by Zweig to resist the alienation.– Chapter four, driven by alienation, the character in his work often leads to tragic ending. In Zweig’s life, meanwhile, there is a trace of alienation. The personality factors of Zweig’s early experience and his Jewish identity have caused the anxiety of his heart while creative activities provide balance for the anxiety. Here, by the application of Fromm’s theory, the thesis gives an analysis to Zweig’s loneliness and his need of freedom. And the analysis centers on his relationship with his mother during his childhood.– The final chapter is the part of conclusion. It summarizes the factors of Zweig’s tragedy and maintains the importance and significance of a humanistic interpretation of his novels. N2 - 作为一名用德语写作的犹太作家,茨威格给我们留下了许多优秀的作品,他在小说、戏剧和人物传记方面都取得了不俗的成就,尤其是他的小说创作,在世界范围内拥有广泛的读者群。本文以茨威格的小说文本为基础,运用弗罗姆的人本主义精神分析学的相关理论,探究其中的异化主题。本文共由四章组成:第一章首先简单介绍了茨威格的生平,他在世界文学史上的地位及其小说的主要特点,并提出了本文所要讨论的论题。接着概括了国内外茨威格研究的现状,指出本文的研究方法并简要介绍了弗洛姆的人本主义理论,主要是异化理论、逃避自由理论以及爱的理论。第二章运用弗洛姆的异化理论分析了茨威格小说中的异化主题,主要体现在劳动中人的异化和战争中人的异化这两方面。并且借助于逃避自由理论分析了异化形成的心理机制。第三章运用弗洛姆爱的理论分析茨威格在小说文本中提出的拯救异化的途径,概括出在异化和拯救异化的过程中的激情以及激情的双重性。第四章由小说中的异化延伸到作家其他作品和作家生命中的异化,结合作家的生活经历,如他童年时和母亲的关系,社会历史背景和种族身份等,分析作为异化主要呈现形式的激情的本质特征,及其在对抗异化的过程中所起的作用。最后是论文的结论部分,总结了茨威格小说和人生中对抗异化失败的原因,并强调了运用弗洛姆的人本主义理论对茨威格的小说进行解读的重要性和意义 Y1 - 2012 ER -