TY - GEN A1 - Zhu, Mengjuan T1 - An Analysis of Holden in Cages from the Perspective of >The Sane Society< [>健全的社会<视角下解析牢笼中的霍尔顿], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2017. N2 - 姆•大卫•塞林格于1951年出版《麦田里的守望者》,一举成名,被誉为>当代风格独特的文学天才>;与此同时,该书被美国文学界公认为美国文学中的>现代经典<之一。该小说以二战后的美国为时代背景,当时美国物质生活极大丰富,人民的精神生活却是一片荒原,纸醉金迷的社会特征致使主人公霍尔顿对这虚伪的社会深恶痛疾。人本主义精神分析代表人物艾里希•弗洛姆融合了马克思的人本学说和弗洛伊德精神分析理论,提出社会像人一样,有性格特征并且会生病。人有病态的性格存在,社会也有病态的、不健全的性格存在。在虚伪世界和精神荒原并存的社会中,不健全的社会性格不仅导致>垮掉的一代<成了美国50年代的代名词,也成为《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的牢笼,导致了霍尔顿精神世界的压抑、孤独和焦虑。为保持精神健全,霍尔顿必须挣脱这牢笼。本文基于弗洛姆的社会性格和关联需求理论,解析霍尔顿深陷于不健全社会性格的牢笼并踏上挣脱牢笼的三天情感关联旅程。全文共分五章:引言介绍了作者塞林格和小说《麦田里的守望者》,并且综述了小说的国内外研究现状;第二章概述艾里希•弗洛姆的>健全的社会性格<和>爱的关联<理论;第三章从盈利的社会、虚伪的世界和异化的人性三方面入手,详细探讨霍尔顿深陷于不健全社会性格的牢笼里;第四章从母爱、性爱和友爱三方面,着重探讨霍尔顿挣脱了不健全社会性格的牢笼;第五章得出结论,霍尔顿在虚伪腐化的世界里,通过与妹妹菲比建立爱的联系,感悟到他心中驻留已久的童真和快乐,最终冲破不健全社会性格的牢笼,不仅改变了自身孤独困苦的精神状态,也改变了看待世界的方式。并由小说世界推至现实社会,鼓励人们在当下社会中用友爱的方式去塑造健全的社会性格,用爱去关联这个社会。 N2 - In 1951, >The Catcher in the Rye<, was published in North America, and its author J. D. Salinger became famous overnight and was hailed as the unique contemporary literary genius. At the same time, this novel was regarded as one of the modern canons by American literature. The background of this novel was the United States which had already become a powerfully political, economic and military country after the Second World War. Even though people at that moment enjoyed a rich material life, they suffered from spiritual wasteland to a large degree. The luxury and dissipation life made the protagonist Holden detest the phony world. Erich Fromm, a famous representative of the Humanistic Psychoanalysis, combined Marxist Humanistic Theory and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, and announced that a society could have a character and be sick just like a human being. Thus, men could have neuroses and insane character, and a society could have social neurosis and the insane social character as well. The coexistence of the spiritual wasteland and the phony world made the generation in the fifties be labeled as the Beat Generation, and also became cages for Holden Caulfield in >The Catcher in the Rye<. These cages made Holden feel repressed, lonely and anxious. Therefore, to maintain his sane character, Holden must break cages which were caused by the insane social character. Hence, on the basis of the theory of the Social Character and Relatedness with Love, the dissertation aims to analyze Holden’s struggling in cages of the insane social character and breaking cages with love through his three-day wandering in New York. This dissertation contains five chapters. The introduction is about J. D. Salinger’s, >The Catcher in the Rye<, and literature review on this novel. The second chapter introduces Erich Fromm’s theory of the social character and the relatedness with love, and the third chapter aims to analyze Holden’s struggling in cages of the insane society from three aspects – the acquisitive society, the phony world and the alienated interpersonal relationship. The fourth chapter analyzes the explicit way of Holden’s breaking cages of the insane society from three aspects in sequence – motherly love, erotic love, and brotherly love. The fifth chapter draws a conclusion that Holden broke cages of the insane social character by establishing the union with his sister Phoebe in this phony world and feeling innocence and love which resided in his heart long time ago. Holden not only changed his depressed mental state, but also changed the way to look at the world. From the novel to the reality, this paper also encourages people to establish the sane social character by brotherly love and to relate this society through love. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zheng, Lan T1 - Living Predicament – On the Theme of Alienation in >The Human Stain< [生存的困境 - 论《人性的污秽》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 中的异化主题作为当代最有影响力的美国犹太裔作家之一,菲利普·罗斯的小说主要描述犹太身份、美国梦、现代和传统道德的冲突以及性爱。2000年,罗斯完成>美国三部曲<的最后一部-《人性的污秽》。小说讲述浅肤色黑人科尔曼·西尔克的故事,他放弃自己的种族身份,伪装为犹太人最后导致自己的人生悲剧。小说和种族、黑人身份紧密联系,深刻揭示了隐藏的社会问题。国内外学者已经对这部小说进行广泛的研究,然而鲜有人关注小说中的异化主题。弗洛姆认为在现当代资本主义社会存在严重的异化。本篇论文拟借助弗洛姆的异化理论,剖析小说所表达的个人自我异化,人与人之间关系的异化和外部社会的异化。通过揭示普遍的异化现象进一步探讨小说中人物的生存困境。除导论和结论外,正文由三章组成。第一章分析小说的自我异化,主要包括科尔曼的种族逃离、莱斯特扭曲的性格、德芬妮的生存困境和福尼娅贬低自我的人生。异化的人丧失与自己的联系,也与他人失去联系。他感觉已经失去与外界的创造性联系,感到沮丧和无能为力。第二章探讨小说中人与人之间关系的异化,从家庭,爱情以及和周围人的疏离方面入手分析小说中人际关系的异化。异化不仅存在于自我,也存在于人与人之间。小说中人物的关系由于复杂的利益变得异化和扭曲。第三章考察小说中外部世界的异化,分析政治和种族异化以及病态社会给人们带来的影响。 N2 - As one of the most influential contemporary Jewish American writers, Philip Roth’s novels mainly deal with Jewish identity, American dream, the conflicts between modern and traditional morality and erotic love. In 2000, Roth finished the last one of >American Trilogy<: >The Human Stain<. This novel narrates a story of a light-skinned black man Coleman Silk. He chooses to abandon his racial identity, passing for Jewish people and leading to his final tragedy. It is closely related to race and black identity, profoundly revealing hidden social problems. There have been numerous researches on >The Human Stain<. However, few people explore the alienation theme in this novel. Fromm states there is serious alienation in contemporary society. This article tries to disclose self-alienation, alienation in interpersonal relationship and alienation of society through Fromm’s alienation theory. Through revealing widespread alienation phenomenon, it will further discuss the living predicament of characters in this novel. In addition to introduction and conclusion, there are three chapters in the main body.– Chapter one analyzes self-alienation in this novel, including Coleman’s racial passing, Lester’s twisted character, Delphine’s surviving dilemma and Faunia’s demeaning life. Alienated people lose contact with himself and other people. He feels that he has lost the creative contact with society, becoming depressed and powerless.– Chapter two focuses on alienation in interpersonal relationship in this novel, consisting of alienation in family and love and alienation of other people. Alienation exists not only in oneself, but also among people. The relationship between characters in novel is distorted due to complicated interests.– Chapter three argues alienation of society in novel covering political and ethnic alienation and discusses the impact of morbid world. [Author's translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dillon, Katrina E. T1 - An Ethic of Love: A Frommian Critique of Education, Doctoral dissertation, Language, Literacy and Sociocultural Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 2017, 283+5 pp. [digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=educ_llss_etds] N2 - This dissertation is centrally concerned with the ways in which Erich Fromm’s critical analysis of society can be applied to education, specifically looking at the ways in which Fromm’s conceptualizations of freedom, ethics, and love can be used both to critique education and to provide an alternative vision of education through an ethic of love. With its focus on humanization and freedom, critical pedagogy offers a powerful critique, but its liberatory potential has yet to be fully realized, largely because of the ways in which critical theory has been engaged in the work of critical pedagogy. Fromm’s work offers a necessary complication to critical pedagogy through his analysis of the psychological and emotional dimensions of authentic humanization. Combining the liberatory aims of critical pedagogy with Fromm’s work enables us to reveal how schooling functions to perpetuate negative freedom, to propose a universal ethic or moral vision for critical educational studies, and to engage in a critical humanizing praxis. Ultimately, the hope of this project is to show how a more complex understanding of freedom that centers a critical theory of love allows us to develop a pedagogical framework where education as the practice of positive freedom becomes synonymous with teaching as an ethic of love. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Avilés Herrera, Karen T1 - Análisis de la neurosis como resultado de la alienación al trabajo en el sistema capitalista en la obra de Erich Fromm, Bachelor thesis, Psychology, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 2017, 73+4 pp. [https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/2969978] N2 - La relación del hombre con el trabajo es una problemática transversal a la historia humana, la deformación que ha atravesado esta actividad en los modos de producción que el hombre ha creado, hacen del contexto un factor determinante que aqueja la vida del hombre. Las relaciones que se establecen en torno al trabajo han sido analizadas y cuestionadas por un sin número de autores sin embargo, la perspectiva de Erich Fromm consigue entablar un diálogo entre dos vertientes teóricas que favorecen este análisis, el Marxsismo y el Psicoanálisis, con el fin de generar una visión más amplia del ser humano y encontrar las soluciones apropiadas al problema de su existencia. En este trabajo se realiza una investigación teórica sobre estos fenómenos individuales y sociales, con el fin de determinar la relación que existe entre la alienación en el trabajo y la constitución de la neurosis como categoría clínica en el marco del sistema capitalista. En este recorrido teórico se encontró que la alienación es la base estructural que determina las condiciones que impone el sistema capitalista sobre el trabajo y sobre los vínculos humanos, dando lugar a que el individuo degenere en una de las patologías psíquicas más comunes en la modernidad, la neurosis. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pacheco Richter, Ernesto T1 - Influências da psicanálise na constituição da Psicologia Política: Reich, Fromm e Adorno [Influences of psychoanalysis on the constitution of Political Psychology: Reich, Fromm and Adorno], Doctoral dissertation, Social Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paul, Brazil 2017, 161 pp., Portuguese. N2 - Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as influências da teoria psicanalítica no processo de constituição da Psicologia Política, como campo de pesquisa. Inicialmente, enfocamos os pensadores franceses Alexis de Tocqueville, Gabriel Tarde e Gustave Le Bon, cujas contribuições acerca das revoluções francesas sãorelevantes ao campo. Em contrapartida, apresentamos os autores anglófonos Graham Wallas e Harold Lasswell, pois suas reflexões aportam distintas perspectivas aos eventos políticos, porém, não menos significativas para a posterior institucionalização da Psicologia Política. Em seguida, os principais textos sociais de Freud, bem como os metapsicológicos, são abordados com o objetivo de analisar os elementos políticos subjacentes na teoria psicanalítica. Finalmente, apresentamos três autores, que no nosso entendimento, são essenciais à história do campo: ilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm e Theodor Adorno, cujo interesse principal era o estudo do autoritarismo. Por meio de uma análise crítica e reflexiva, buscamos mostrar as contribuições da psicanálise e como ela foi apropriada por esses autores. Esta pesquisa justifica-se por preencher uma lacuna na história da Psicologia Política e mostrar a relevância da psicanálise para o pensamento político, especialmente, durante e logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Além disso, é indubitável a atualidade desses autores, haja vista a crescente adesão ao discurso autoritário que se observa em pleno século XXI. N2 - This work aims to analyze the influences of psychoanalytic theory in the process of constitution of Political Psychology, as research field. Initially, we focus on French authors, such as, Alexis de Tocqueville, Gabriel Tarde and Gustave Le Bon, whose contributions regarding French revolutions are relevant to the field. On the other hand, we present the Anglophone authors Graham Wallas and Harold Lasswell, as their thoughts bring different perspectives to political events, but no less significant for the later institutionalization of Political Psychology. Afterwards, we analyze Freud’s social texts, as well as the meta-psychological ones, in order to elucidate the political elements underlying psychoanalytic theory. Finally, we present three authors we consider essential to the history of the field: Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm and Theodor Adorno, whose main interest was the study of authoritarianism. Through a critical and reflexive analysis, we show the contributions of psychoanalysis and how it was appropriated by these authors. This research is justified by filling a gap in the history of Political Psychology, and showing the relevance that psychoanalysis has had for political thought, especially during and shortly after World War II. Furthermore, the contributions of these authors are undoubtedly present, given the growing adherence to the authoritarian discourse observed in the 21st century. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Respati, Robertus Theo Elno T1 - Konsep being dalam >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm Concept of Being in >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm, Thesis (Undergraduate), Theology, Faculty of Philosophy, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 2017. repository.ukwms.ac.id/id/eprint/11002/1/ABSTRAK.pdf] - Only summary available. N2 - Penulisan skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keinginan penulis untuk merefleksikan situasi zaman dewasa ini. Penulis melihat bahwa situasi zaman dewasa ini semakin didominasi oleh keinginan untuk memiliki lebih. Keinginan ini sangat tidak masuk akal karena orang didorong untuk memiliki sesuatu yang sebenarnya bukan menjadi kebutuhannya. Bahkan, manusia modern cenderung mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan sesuatu yang mereka miliki. Tujuan hidup manusia direduksi hanya pada kenikmatan materi yang tiada habisnya. Pengaruh kapitalisme modern yang merasuk ke dalam semua aspek kehidupan manusia menjadi penyebab terjadinya situasi ini. Kehadiran kapitalisme mengubah orientasi manusia pada materi, apalagi dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin canggih. Manusia seolah bebas menentukan pilihan-pilihan dalam hidupnya. Namun, sebenarnya pilihan-pilihan tersebut telah ditentukan oleh sistem yang berlaku. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan manusia teralienasi dari kehidupannya. Konsumsi dan alienasi menjadi karakter yang utama di abad modern ini. Salah satu filsuf yang mengkritik situasi zaman ini ialah Erich Fromm. Ia mengajukan gagasannya tentang konsep being yang dibahas dalam >To Have or To Be< (1976). Rumusan masalah yang ingin dijawab dalam karya tulis ini ialah apa itu konsep being dalam >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. Pertanyaan ini dapat dijawab dengan menganalisa pemikiran Erich Fromm secara kritis dan sistematis. Dengan menjawab pertanyaan ini, penulis berharap agar skripsi ini dapat memberikan kritik sekaligus sumbangsih bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Metode penulisan yang digunakan dalam karya tulis ini ialah studi pustaka dengan sumber utama dari buku >To Have or To Be< (1976) karya Erich Fromm. Dari hasil studi pustaka, penulis menemukan bahwa konsep being yang diajukan oleh Erich Fromm berkaitan dengan dua modus eksistensi manusia yaitu being dan having. Keduanya menentukan karakter sosial dan karakter individu manusia. Orientasi hidup manusia juga berakar dari kedua modus eksistensi tersebut. Manusia dapat menentukan pilihan untuk menjadi semakin being atau semakin having. Erich Fromm mendefiniskan being sebagai sebuah proses, aktivitas, dan gerak. Definisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan bukan sesuatu yang berhenti, tetapi terus berproses. Erich Fromm mengartikan being dalam dua pengertian. Pertama, being sebagai eksistensi yang berbeda dengan having. Being mencakup keseluruhan realitas manusia, sedangkan having hanya merujuk pada benda. Kedua, being sebagai melampaui sesuatu yang nampak. Artinya, manusia dapat menyembunyikan diri di balik penampilan fisik dan perilakunya. Dengan demikian, being lebih rumit dan kompleks dibandingkan dengan having karena ia bukan sesuatu yang nampak seperti benda. Selanjutnya, Erich Fromm menunjukkan sifat utama being yaitu aktif. Keaktifan diartikan bukan sebagai aktivitas fisik, tetapi aktivitas batin. Syarat being adalah mandiri, bebas, dan kritis. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penggunaan akal budi untuk dapat memahami realitas manusia secara lebih mendalam. Selain itu, relasi dengan sesama juga membantu mengungkapkan realitas hidup yang sebenarnya. Erich Fromm juga menunjukkan aspek dari being yaitu kemauan untuk memberi, berbagi, dan berkurban. Aspek being ini lebih banyak ditemukan dalam situasi perang dibandingkan situasi damai. Pemikiran Erich Fromm ini bermuara pada terwujudnya sebuah masyarakat baru yang disebut dengan masyarakat being. Dari masyarakat being inilah akan muncul manusia-manusia baru yang mendasarkan hidupnya pada being. Manusia baru ini tidak menggantungkan hidupnya pada benda, tetapi pada dirinya sendiri. Setiap tindakan yang dilakukan berangkat dari dalam dirinya, bukan dari luar dirinya. Masyarakat being mengarahkan manusia untuk dapat mencapai kebahagiaan sejati. Erich Fromm mengartikan kebahagiaan sejati sebagai sebuah proses bertumbuh dalam kehidupan ini. Penulis menemukan tiga relevansi dari konsep being Erich Fromm bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Pertama, modus eksistensi being menjadi jawaban atas situasi masyarakat yang cenderung didominasi oleh modus eksistensi having. Kedua, relasi menjadi syarat penting dalam memahami sebuah realitas khususnya dalam memilih pemimpin. Ketiga, pilihan atas modus eksistensi being membawa manusia kepada kebahagiaan sejati. Konsep being juga sangat relevan dengan nilai-nilai Kristiani. Hal ini dapat ditemukan dalam kutipan-kutipan kitab suci yang menekankan pentingnya menggantungkan diri bukan pada materi. N2 - The background of this paper is motivated by the desire of the author to reflect on the situation of today. The author sees that the situation of the present age is increasingly dominated by the desire to have more. This desire is very unreasonable because people are encouraged to have something that is not really his needs. In fact, modern humans tend to identify themselves with something they have. The purpose of human life is reduced only to the endless pleasures of matter. The influence of modern capitalism that permeates all aspects of human life is responsible for this situation. The presence of capitalism alters the human orientation of matter, especially with the increasingly sophisticated technological development. Humans apparently seem to be free to make choices in life. But in fact these choices have been determined by the prevailing system. This is what causes humans to be alienated from life. Consumption and alienation became the main characteristics in this modern age. One of the philosophers who criticize the present-day situation is Erich Fromm. He proposed his idea of the concept of being discussed in >To Have or To Be< (1976). The formulation of the problem to be answered in this paper is what is the concept of being in >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. This question can be answered by analyzing Erich Fromm's thinking critically and systematically. By answering this question, the author hopes that this thesis can provide criticism as well as contribution to society today. The method used in this paper is literature study with the main source of Erich Fromm's >To Have or To Be< (1976) book. From the results of literature study, the authors found that the concept of being proposed by Erich Fromm relates to two modes of human existence of being and having. Both determine the social character and individual human character. The orientation of human life also stems from both modes of existence. Humans can make choices between more and more being or more and more having. Erich Fromm defines being as a process, activity, and movement. This definition shows that life is not something unchangeable, but continues to proceed. Erich Fromm defines being in two senses. First, being as a different existence fromm having. Being encompasses the whole human reality, while having only refers to things. Second, being as beyond what is apparent. That is, humans can hide behind their physical appearance and behavior. Thus, being is more complex and difficult than having because it refers to thing. Furthermore, Erich Fromm shows the main nature of being active. Activity is defined not as a physical activity, but an inner activity. The requirement of being is independence, freedom, and the presence of critical reason. In this case it is necessary to use reason to be able to understand the reality of man more deeply. In addition, relationships with others also help reveal the realities of life. Erich Fromm also shows the aspect of being: the will to give, to share, and to sacrifice. This aspect is more prevalent in war situations than in a peaceful situation. Erich Fromm's thinking leads to the realization of a new society called the society of being. From this being society, it will emerge new man beings who base their live on being. This new man does not depend his life on things, but on himself. Every action taken departs from within himself, not from outside himself. Society is leading people to achieve true happiness. Erich Fromm refers to true happiness as a proses of ever-growing aliveness. The author discovers three relevances of the Erich Fromm’s concept of being for society today. First, the mode of existence becomes the answer to a society’s situation which tends to be dominated by the existence of having mode. Second, relationships become important conditions in understanding a particular reality in choosing a leader. Third, the choice of the existence of being mode brings human to true happiness. The concept of being is also highly relevant to Christian values. This can be found in scriptural quotations that emphasize the importance of being self-reliance instead of relying on matter. Y1 - 2017 ER -