TY - GEN A1 - Alfiyan, R. T1 - Human Needs Portrayed on the Main Character in Okky Madasari's >The Years of the Voiceless<, Thesis, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.), English Language and Literature, Department of English Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Maulana Malik Ibrahim State University Malang, East Java, Indonesia 2023, 55 + 12 pp. [etheses.uin-malang.ac.id/53333/1/17320171.pdf] [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Human and animal comes into this world without consent and will. But unlike animal, human endowed by The Creator with mind and imagination. This endowment make human should think about his existence in order to make a difference with animal. In this case, Fromm creates a theory to solve the dichotomy between human as human and human as animal, which popular with human needs theory. Erich Fromm postulate five human needs that consist of relatedness, rootedness, transcendence, sense of identity, and a frame of orientation. In this research, the researcher uses human needs theory to analyse the main character in Okky Madasari’s >The Years of the Voiceless< which aims to show Sumarni’s human needs and the way Sumarni fulfils her human needs. This study uses a psychology of literature approach by paying attention to the soul aspects of the main character in the novel. The researcher collects the data in the form of narratives and dialogues related to research objectives. The results of this study indicates that Sumarni has all human needs that formulated by Erich Fromm, those are relatedness, rootedness, transcendence, sense of identity, and a frame of orientation. In the next stage, Sumarni succed to fulfill her human needs by submission, dominating, and love for relatedness; wholeness and fixation for rootedness; creativeness for transcendence; adjustment to a group and individuality for a sense of identity; rational goals for a frame of orientation. N2 - جاء البشر والحيوانات إلى هذا العالم بدون موافقة وإرادة. ولكن على عكس الحيوانات، فإن الإنسان قد وهبه الخالق العقل والخيال. هذه الهدية تجعل البشر يفكرون في وجودهم لإحداث فرق مع الحيوانات. في هذه الحالة، ابتكر فروم (Fromm) نظرية لحل الانقسام بين البشر كبشر والبشر كحيوانات، وهي نظرية شائعة في نظرية احتياجات الإنسان. افترض إريك فروم (Erich Fromm) خمسة احتياجات بشرية تتكون من الترابط، والتجذر، والتعالي، والشعور بالهوية، وإطار التوجه. في هذه الدراسة، استخدم الباحث نظرية الاحتياجات البشرية لتحليل الشخصية الرئيسية في رواية أوقي ماداساري (Okky Madasari) >The Years of the Voiceless< لها، والتي تهدف إلى إظهار ما هي الاحتياجات البشرية لمارني وكيف تلبيها مارني. تستخدم هذه الدراسة منهج علم النفس الأدبي من خلال الاهتمام بالجوانب النفسية للشخصية الرئيسية في الرواية. يتم استخدام الأساليب النوعية من قبل الباحث لجمع البيانات الأولية في شكل روايات وحوارات في الرواية تتعلق بأهداف البحث. تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى أن لدى مارني جميع الاحتياجات الإنسانية التي صاغها إريك فروم (Erich Fromm) ، وهي الترابط، والتجذر، والسمو، والشعور بالهوية، وإطار التوجيه. في المرحلة التالية، تنجح مارني في تلبية احتياجاتها الإنسانية من خلال الخضوع والسيطرة والحب للحاجة إلى الترابط. الكمال والتثبيت للجذور. الإبداع لاحتياجات التعالي؛ تعديل المجموعة والفردية للشعور بالهوية؛ وله هدف منطقي لإطار التوجيه Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jin, Yutong T1 - Alienation and Eliminating Alienation – An Interpretation of >The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry< from the Perspective of Fromm’s Alienation Theory N2 - Rachel Joyce, a senior British BBC playwright and columnist of the Sunday Times, has played a major role in the Royal Shakespeare Theatre and the Royal National Theater. Joyce turned to writing after 20 years of career in stage drama and television. In 2012, Joyce published the novel >The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry<, which is Joyce’s maiden work. It tells us the story of a retired old man on a pilgrimage across England on foot to save his old friend suffering from cancer. Harold, the protagonist, successfully realized his own salvation in this seemingly impossible journey. While waiting for him to return home, his wife, Maureen, began to reflect herself, gradually established the contact with the outside world and got rid of the self-isolation. The relationship between the couple also got back together after the pilgrimage. This novel is regarded as a novel that can heal the soul. Joyce, the author, has successfully touched the hearts of many readers with her unique narrative skills, and also successfully demonstrated the unique attention of female writers to the inner world of the characters.– On the basis of the researches at home and abroad, this thesis uses Fromm’s alienation theory to analyze the alienation of the characters in >The Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry< from the three aspects: the alienation between man and self, the alienation between interpersonal relationships and the alienation between human and society, and further explores the various attempts made by the characters in the novel to eliminate alienation.– First of all, there is alienation between man and self. People become numb and isolated because of the lack of love in childhood and the traumatic experience in adulthood. However, by taking the initiative to assume responsibility and establish the contact with the outside world, they can realize the reconstruction of their own identity, and get rid of the self-isolation and successfully eliminate self-alienation.– Secondly, alienation has also occurred between interpersonal relationships. In the novel, the seemingly harmonious marital relationship between the husband and wife hides an insurmountable gap. The relationships between friends are full of use and friendship is no longer pure. Through the pilgrimage, Harold has a new understanding of his identity as a husband, and his wife has also begun to self-reflect and break away from the state of constant criticism to her husband. All kinds of people who met on the way also gave Harold warmth and care, making people realize that pure friendship still exists and that alienation of interpersonal relationships can be eliminated.– Finally, the relationship between people and society has produced alienation, which is mainly manifested in two aspects, namely, the alienation of material desire and the stereotyped life-style. In the highly developed modern society, people pursue fame and wealth too much and their life style is too simple, which squeezes people’s vitality and makes life too monotonous. Through establishing a sound society, human beings can get rid of the drive of material desire, regain vitality and uniqueness. Alienation is the universal theme of modern literature, which can reveal the living conditions and inner world of people in modern society.– The purpose of this thesis is to call on people to pay attention to their inner world and improve their sense of self-identity. When they are in a state of alienation, they should take positive measures to get out of it and take creative ways to learn to build a harmonious and healthy relationship with themselves, others and society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 8/2023] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Larreynaga Cruz, Christian Eduardo A1 - Echegoyen Huezo, Josué Jeremías T1 - El amor como respuesta al sufrimiento en Erich Fromm, Thesis, Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Sciences and Humanities, University of El Salvador, El Salvador 2023, 150+8 pp., Spanish. [repositorio.ues.edu.sv/items/bd31dbbd-987d-4e52-882e-48d2b605c94b] N2 - Esta investigación se propone mostrar y explicar desde la teoría de Erich Fromm el por qué el amor es una respuesta al sufrimiento del ser humano provocado por la separatidad y la enajenación. En este sentido, la investigación aborda la separatidad desde sus inicios mitológicos, analizando el mito de Adán y Eva desde la interpretación de Erich Fromm, que nos muestra la condición desarraigada del ser humano desde los inicios de la historia y como el hombre ha tratado inútilmente por superarla, buscando respuestas temporales o respuestas regresivas, cuyo fin no es otro que mermar el sufrimiento existencial provocado por la separatidad; la máxima expresión de angustia, impotencia y culpabilidad. De esta misma manera, se aborda el problema de la enajenación, tomando en cuenta los inicios de la sociedad moderna, donde surge el desafío de la enajenación y la explotación desenfrenada del hombre. Que manifiesta una sociedad en decadencia humana, cuyo producto es un hombre cosificado, deshumanizado y totalmente vacío, que surge como un ser desconcertado del mundo, de sí mismo y de sus semejantes; que busca consuelo en las relaciones efímeras y el consumo de mercancías con el propósito de llenar aquel hueco creado por la enajenación. Por estas razones, se plantea el amor como respuesta a la separatidad y la enajenación desde el pensamiento de Erich Fromm: exponiendo en términos generales el amor, los objetos del amor y la aplicación del amor como respuesta a la existencia humana. Mostrando como el amor tiene distintos elementos y facultades, y como dos de ellos son de gran importancia para superar la separatidad y la enajenación, como lo es la unidad y la actividad vital. En la unidad se comprende la posibilidad de trascender la separatidad y en la actividad vital se comprende la posibilidad de trascender la enajenación: todo por medio del amor. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Manman T1 - A Study of the Alienation of Characters in >The Known World< from the Perspective of Fromm’s Alienation Theory, Master thesis, World Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Edward P. Jones is a rising African American writer with great writing potential and explosive force. He is one of the most outstanding writers in contemporary literature. Jones won the National Critic Circle Award in 2003, the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2004, and the International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award for Literature by >The Known World<. >The Known World< changes the traditional hostility to the race. Instead, it shows an little-known phenomenon: there exists black slave owners on the eve of the civil war. It breaks the traditional perception that only the white keep slaves, and gives people a new impact on their existing values. The reason for the above unimaginable phenomenon is that people of that period have been in¬fluenced imperceptibly by the alienated environment, which ultimately leads to the double alienation of individual psyche and behavior. Master of alienation theory Erich Fromm believes that the character in the alienated state feels that they are strangers. They cannot feel that he is the center or leader of his personal world. They separate himself from the personal behavior, letting the behavior become their master, and can only blindly follow or even become personal worship. They project the meaning of life onto virtual objects, which eventually leads to the alienation of individuals. This thesis uses Erich Fromm’s alienation theory to analyze and interpret the alienated characters in >The Known World<. In this way can we re-examine the characters with different personalities, reveal the essence of the alienation phenomenon in different characters, and present the complexity of the slavery problems. The alienation of psychological and behavioral are clearly presented. At first, this thesis briefly introduces the author Edward P. Jones, the full-length novel >The Known World< and Erich Fromm’s alienation theory. It summarizes and sorts out the current domestic and foreign scholars’ research status of this novel at home and abroad. There are three chapters in the thesis. Chapter One and two respectively focus on the alienation of the characters’ psyche and behavior. Through the analyses of the manifestations and causes of the alienation of characters’ psyche and behavior, the inner world of the characters are clearly displayed. It is precise because of the double alienation of psyche and behavior that the characters in the text become distorted and deformed, which finally leads to the alienation of the characters in the novel. Chapter three is about the different choices of different characters for their alienation state and the different results after their self-salvation. Some characters are always troubled by desire and the social environment. They even cannot get out of the alienation state in the end. Others find and realize their value by facing slavery and racial problems, escaping from the existing bad environment, and rebuilding their sense of identity. They dispel the long-time troubled alienation state, reconstruct the natural state, and return to normal life. The last part makes a summary and highlights the significance and practical enlightenment. It also enlightens modern people to break the shackles of the environment and the difficult alienation state. Only by this way can we realize the reconstruction of the natural state. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Yingjie T1 - Comparative Study of Characters in >White Tower< and >White Tower< – Focusing on Goro Zaizen and Su Yihua [《白い巨塔》与《白色巨塔》人物形象比较研究 ——以财前五郎和苏怡华为中心], Master thesis, World Literature, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 近年来,医疗题材的小说受到了广泛的关注。其中,山崎丰子的《白い巨塔》和侯文咏的《白色巨塔》由于写实地描写了医院这一>圣域<的黑暗面以及人性的残酷,在出版的同时也引起了很大的反响,话虽如此,根据至今为止的调查,几乎看不到《白い巨塔》和《白色巨塔》的比较研究。因此,本文运用文本分析法和比较对照法,援引德国精神学家、哲学家埃里希·弗洛姆的异化理论,从人性异化的角度对《白い巨塔》的主人公财前五郎和《白色巨塔》的主人公苏怡华的人物形象进行比较研究,探讨产生异同的原因。本文正文分为四个章节。首先,论述研究目的和研究意义、先行研究、研究方法。第一章主要围绕社会背景、写作动机、社会影响介绍《白い巨塔》和《白色巨塔》。第二章聚焦财前五郎和苏怡华的本我、自我、超我,解读他们自我人格的异化。财前五郎和苏怡华都陷入了自我人格异化的困境。但不同的是,看似站在医院这座>白色巨塔<顶端的苏怡华只不过是受医院制度支配的傀儡,而财前则是一个总是有着利用权力斗争实现自我价值积极意识的>野心家<。尤其在小说的最后,只有财前五郎克服了异化,灵魂得到了救赎,苏怡华却成为了永囚于白色巨塔的>笼中之鸟<。第三章探讨财前五郎和苏怡华人际关系,主要解析他们的>师生情<、>爱情<和>友情<的异化。第四章基于以上三章的分析,总结财前五郎和苏怡华的人性异化的形成原因与特征。结论部分点明财前五郎与苏怡华人物形象的塑造受到了山崎丰子与侯文咏各自人生经历的影响,从而造成了他们人性异化的不同。本文通过研究两部小说中对人性异化的书写,认识到山崎丰子与侯文咏的作品立足于社会,聚焦于人性,具有人文主义的关怀,故而赋予了《白い巨塔》和《白色巨塔》巨大的艺术价值和社会价值,使其经久不衰,历久弥新。 N2 - In recent years, novels with medical themes have received widespread attention. Among them, >White Tower< by Toyoko Yamazaki and >White Tower< by Wenyong Hou have caused a great response when they were published because of their realistic description of the dark side of the >holy land< of the hospital and the cruelty of human nature. However, according to the survey so far, there is almost no comparative study of >White Tower< and >White Tower<. Therefore, this paper uses text analysis and comparative con¬trast method, citing the alienation theory of Erich Fromm, a German psychologist and philosopher, to com¬pare the characters of Goro Zaizen, the protagonist of >White Tower<, and Su Yihua, the protagonist of >White Tower<, from the perspective of human alienation, and explores the reasons for the similarities and differences. The main body of this paper is divided into four chapters. First, the purpose and significance of the study, the previous research, and the research methods are discussed. The first chapter mainly introduces >White Tower< and >White Tower< around the social background, writing motivation and social impact. The second chapter focuses on the id, ego and superego of Goro Zaizen and Su Yihua, and interprets their alienation of self-personality. Goro Zaizen and Su Yihua are both trapped in the dilemma of self-personality alienation. But the difference is that Su Yihua, who seems to be standing on the top of the white tower of the hospital, is just a puppet dominated by the hospital system, while Zaizen is an >ambitious person< who always has the positive consciousness of using power struggle to realize his self-value. Especially at the end of the novel, only Goro Zaizen overcomes alienation and his soul is redeemed, but Su Yihua becomes a >caged bird< imprisoned in the white tower forever. The third chapter explores the interpersonal relation¬ship between Goro Zaizen and Su Yihua, mainly analyzing the alienation of their >teacher-student relation¬ship<, >love< and >riendship<. Based on the analysis of the above three chapters, the fourth chapter sum¬marizes the causes and characteristics of the alienation of human nature of Goro Zaizen and Su Yihua. The conclusion part points out that the shaping of the characters of Goro Zaizen and Su Yihua was influenced by the life experiences of Yamazaki Toyoko and Hou Wenyong, which led to the difference in their alienation of human nature. This paper studies the writing of alienation of human nature in the two novels and realizes that the works of Yamazaki Toyoko and Hou Wenyong are based on society, focus on human nature, and have humanistic concerns, so they give >White Tower< and >White Tower< great artistic and social value, making them endu¬ring and everlasting. [Translation: www.google translator, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pan, Wei T1 - Study of Fromm’s Religious Views, Master thesis, Religion, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Fromm asserted that the problem of the nineteenth century was that God was dead, and that of the twentieth was that man was dead. The domestic academic research on Fromm focuses on the theory of human nature and the theory of alienation, so it often focuses on the last half of this sentence. The center of Fromm’s first half sentence actually lies in the field of religion, and the research on Fromm’s topic is still relatively limited. On the basis of grasping the development context of Fromm’s religious thought, this paper tries to sort out the formation conditions and development history of Fromm’s religious view by referring to the research achievements of Fromm’s religious view at home and abroad, and analyzes the main contents of Fromm’s religious view from the framework of essence view, function view, type view and history view, aiming at a better understanding of Marxist religious view. And better deal with the relationship between religion and socialist countries. The first part of this article reviews the background of Fromm’s religious view. One is the realistic background. As a German Jew who emigrated to the United States, Fromm’s thought was bound to be influenced by the social and historical conditions at that time. The First World War, the Zionist movement, and the rise of Nazism all had a significant impact on Fromm’s religious view. The second is the theoretical origin. Whether it is Fromm’s self-statement or the academic public theory, Marx and Freud are the two thinkers who have the greatest influence on him, providing rich nutrients for his religious view. The second part explores the development of Fromm’s religious view. According to Fromm’s writings in different periods, as well as his own religious and political activities, the development of his religious view can be divided into three stages: the first stage is the Jewish stage, the representative work is his doctoral thesis, which belongs to the embryonic stage of the formation of religious view; the second is the stage of orthodox Freudian, the representative work is the Doctrine of Christ, which belongs to the exploration period of the formation of religious view; the third is the stage of humanism and Marxism, the representative work is Psychoanalysis and Religion, which belongs to the mature stage of the formation of religious views. The third part of this article, grasp the main content of Fromm’s religious view. This paper summarizes the main contents of its religious views from four aspects: religious essence view, religious function view, religious type view and religious history view. First of all, Fromm believes that the essence of religion is the thought and behavior system of group participation, which provides orientation framework and dedication goal for people. Secondly, this paper analyzes Fromm’s judgment on the positive and negative functions of religion in different periods. Then, from the perspective of function and type, Fromm divides religion into positive religion and negative religion, authoritarianism religion and humanitarianism religion. Finally, this paper summarizes Fromm’s view of religious history from three parts: the origin, historical form and extinction of religion. The fourth part of this paper expounds the evaluation of Fromm’s religious view and the enlightenment to the contemporary society. Based on the viewpoint of Marxist religious view, this paper analyzes the extent to which Fromm carried forward Marx’s religious view and the distortion and misunderstanding of Marx. On this basis, this paper refines the parts of Fromm’s religious view that are still enlightening to the con¬temporary society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Musyarrofah, Siti T1 - Konsep cinta Kahlil Gibran dan Erich Fromm (studi komparasi) [Kahlil Gibran and Erich Fromm's concept of love (a comparative study)], Bachelor thesis, Ushuluddin Science, Department of Aqidah and Islamic Philosophy, Walisongo State Islamic University Semarang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 2023, 62+12 pp., Indonesian. [eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/19565/] N2 - Semakin tua umur dunia, semakin kaya pengalaman manusia. Semakin pintar manusia menata peradaban, semakin warna-warni wajah dunia oleh ketinggian ilmu dan kecanggihan teknologinya serta semakin mengagumkan kreativitas akal dan intelektualnya, namun seiring dengan itu justru membuat sebagian besar manusia hanya mau patuh dan percaya kepada yang memiliki daya guna dan fungsi yang terlihat oleh indra. Karena cara berpikir manusia yang terbiasa mengandalkan mekanika akal-rasio berabad-abad lamanya. Hal-hal seperti idealisme dan religiusitas hanya ada di pinggiran masyarakat, diyakini milik populasi yang kurang mampu, dan tidak memiliki tujuan selain untuk menurunkan kualitas hidup manusia. Pada akhirnya mulai hilanglah ciri utama manusia, yaitu rasa solidaritas, toleransi, tolong-menolong, bahwa manusia diciptakan untuk hidup saling berdampingan dan saling membersamai. Manusia menjadi egois dan tidak peka terhadap apapun yang terjadi di sekelilingnya. Menurut penjelasan yang diberikan di atas, jelas bahwa hanya satu hal yang dapat menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Itu adalah cinta; mencintai berarti memisahkan diri dari mereka yang memperlakukan orang lain dengan hina. Orang yang sedang jatuh cinta belajar menghargai dan menumbuhkan satu sama lain. Mencintai memerlukan mendorong orang untuk berbagi dunia damai kita dengan kita. Kahlil Gibran yang seorang sastrawan timur dan Erich Fromm seorang psikoanalisis Jerman adalah beberapa dari banyak ilmuan yang mencoba mendefinisikan tentang cinta. Gibran yang mengartikan cinta berdasarkan pengalaman dan fenomena budaya di tanah kelahirannya, sedangkan Fromm mendefinisikan cinta dengan mengamati pola tingkah laku manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsep cinta menurut Kahlil Gibran dan Erich Fromm, serta mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan kedua tokoh mengenai kualitatif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah study literature yang bersifat komparatif kualitatif. Langkah yang ditempuh dalam pengolahan data adalah deduktif, induktif, dan komparatif. Keduanya meskipun memiliki latar belakang pemikiran yang kontradiktif, dimana bagi Gibran cinta adalah hal yang fitrah, yang tidak disengaja dan sifatnya >falling for<. Berbeda dengan Fromm yang menyatakan bahwa cinta adalah hal yang aktif, harus dipelajari, sifatnya >Standing in<. Setelah peneliti mengkaji lebih lanjut, keduanya mempunyai keunikan dan keselarasan dalam mengartikan cinta. Gibran dan Fromm sama-sama setuju bahwa cinta adalah dasar dari eksistensi manusia, dan cinta adalah langkah untuk menjadikan diri menjadi manusia yang lebih produktif dan berdaya. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xing, Leilei T1 - From >Denial< to >Staring< – A Study on the Idea of Death and Its Historical Development in Analytical Psychotherapies, Doctoral dissertation, Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Death, as the opposite of life, constitutes the inevitable fate and even destination of life in the world. It can be imagined that since the birth of human self-awareness, the fact and phenomenon of death have generally attracted human attention and thinking, thus forming different ideas of death. A systematic analysis shows that the consciousness of death and the anxiety it causes is one of the most intrinsic and essential spiritual dynamic forces in human life, and have always been one of the fundamental themes that thinkers, including philosophers, have devoted themselves to thinking about. In a specific sense, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato defined philosophy as the practice of death. In the context of modern philosophy, Heidegger has a deeper insight that death is the most authentic possibility of existence of every individual as Dasein. As long as Dasein exists, it is actually dying, although in a sinking way, thus revealing the essence of life in the world, which is born towards death. In the knowledge background and practical life of the modern world, if there is a scientific discipline that directly focuses on the daily life of specific individuals, it is psychotherapy as an applied branch in psychology. Therefore, according to its essential meaning, psychotherapy should consider death as one of its basic themes, and the concept of death should constitute the fundamental category of psychotherapy both as thought and practice. However, within the scope of psychotherapy as a professional discipline, the theme of death has been largely ignored due to the constraints of the naturalistic path of mainstream psychology. My professional field is psychotherapy and adheres to the Humanism tradition of psychotherapy, so I pays special attention to psychoanalytic therapy and existential analytic therapy, because these two theoretical orientations are precisely based on the overall understanding of human being. Therefore, how to use these two theoretical orientations as materials to form a comprehensive understanding of psychotherapy as a human cause is the theoretical goal pursued by me for many years; and only through this holistic understanding can various naturalistic psychotherapy methods and their local effectiveness be given a reasonable basis for explanation. In the process of this pursuit, inspired by Heidegger’s philosophy and his profound insight into the theme of death, the research theme of my dissertation was established and the research ideas were formed. It is logical to have a unified understanding of various existential-analytic therapies based on the concept of death, as they are either directly or indirectly based on Heidegger’s philosophy. But psychoanalysis seems to lead us into an awkward situation, as its surface characteristics suggest that psychoanalysis adopts a rejecting attitude towards the theme of death. Deep analysis shows that, especially in Freud’s classic psychoanalysis, the theme of death plays a more fundamental and decisive role in the deeper darkness. The spiritual structure and process he interprets with life as the theme turned out to be different strategies for dealing with death. Therefore, not only did Freud have to passively propose the concept of death instinct in his later years, but the theme of death was increasingly emphasized in various systems of new psychoanalysis, thus showing a general trend towards existentialism. Taking the concept of death as the basic theme, the general trend of transition from psychoanalytic therapy to existential analysis therapy can be summarized as from >denial< to >staring at<. The unified understanding of this theme also promotes us to reveal the essential connection between existential analytical therapy and psychoanalytic therapy in methodology, that is, although various analytical methods are skillfully used in various systems of psychotherapy, these methods are mainly developed from psychoanalytic therapy. Only by using a unified theme of death as a conceptual tool to analyze the internal connections between various psychoanalytic therapies and various existential analytical therapies can we gain a unified understanding of psychotherapy at the meta-theoretical level, and collectively refer to these two theoretical orientations as analytical psychotherapy from a methodological perspective. In a word, in the sense that Philosophy of psychology serves as the Philosophy of science basis for psychotherapy, adhering to the Humanism orientation of psychotherapy, accepting the influence and inspiration of Heidegger’s philosophy, the dissertation highlights the concept of death as the basic theme of psychotherapy, and thus forms the overall understanding of psychotherapy as a human cause. For this purpose, the dissertation will proceed in accordance to the following chapter structure. Chapter 1 provides a detailed explanation of the topic selection basis in the form of an introduction, and summarizes the relevant literature background and research significance. Chapter 2, with a brief explanation of Freud’s theoretical contributions and historical status, mainly introduces the theoretical background of Freud’s >death instinct<, and discusses the mutual influence between Freud’s view on death and his various theoretical constructions, as well as his own attitude towards life. This chapter, in particular, combines Becker’s analysis of Anthropology of religion to clarify Freud’s goal of life and personality motivation in pursuit of becoming a great person. It is this goal and motivation that determines the theoretical nature of the compatibility of truth and error in his psychoanalytic system, which further clarifies his view of death. From his direct >disregard< in the early stage to his ambiguous proposal of the death instinct in the later stage, it reflects his denial of death. This chapter’s argument also implicitly expresses that even in this attitude of denial, we can vaguely see the embryonic ideas of existentialism and its impact on Freud’s view of death. Chapter 3 mainly examines the death view of early neo psychoanalysts represented by Frank and the breakthrough trend of Freud’s view. Although the influence of Freud’s rejection of death is profound due to his authority, on the other hand, whether viewed from the macro level of social history or the micro level of personal life, the phenomenon and theme of death cannot be avoided by any theory. Therefore, after Freud proposed the >death instinct<, Fromm combined humanism with the basic concepts of >syndrome of decay<, and Rank combined religious existentialism with the concepts of >fear of life< and >fear of death<, respectively, to extend and develop the meaning of >death instinct<. Chapter 4 plays a transitional or bridging intermediary role in the overall structure of the dissertation. Both theoretical analysis and historical development are sufficient to prove that psychoanalysis, as a theoretical framework, is a limiting factor for the development of psychotherapy and the expansion of death themes. So, after World War II, influenced by Heidegger’s philosophy, the founders of the existential analysis school, such as Binswanger and Boss, launched a transformation movement towards psychoanalysis. The essence of this movement was to inherit the methods of psychoanalysis, but abandon the spiritual structure of the unconscious and instead use it to analyze the real existence of people in the world, thus shaping the dominant direction of post-World War II psychotherapy and achieving an existential turn in the field of psychotherapy. Only in existential-analytic psychotherapies does death become one of the fundamental themes of psychotherapy. Chapter 5 focuses on the analysis of the concept of death and its theoretical construction of the famous representatives of contemporary existential analytical therapy school, including Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom, etc., who highlight and emphasize the basic importance of the theme of death for life practice and psychotherapy, either because of their personal experience of life or because of the systematization of theoretical views. As a result, a positive attitude towards facing death in the sense of analytical psychotherapy has been formed and widely advocated, which is mainly reflected in Aaron’s metaphorical expression of >staring at the sun< in his view of death. This positive view of death not only guides visitors or us in overcoming death anxiety in practice, but also lays the foundation for the formation and argumentation of the overall idea of this article. Chapter 6 serves as a conclusion, summarizing the entire research work and extending its significance appropriately. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Ziruo T1 - The Research of Fromm’s Social Critical Thought, Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] With the new development of modern capitalism, Fromm, who had experienced two world wars and economic crisis, saw with a sharp eye all the pathological phenomena behind its prosperity. So Erich Fromm combined Freudian psychoanalysis and Marxism to launch a comprehensive critique of modern capitalism. Fromm’s social criticism can be deconstructed into three parts: the basis of criticism is the theory of human nature featuring psychoanalysis; the objects of criticism include various pathological phenomena in the economic, political, cultural and psychological fields; the final point of criticism is to build a sound society and cultivate sound people through comprehensive reform. Fromm’s social critical thought has its rationality and limitations. On the one hand, Fromm inherited and developed the critical spirit of Marx, and insisted on human-centeredness, paying extra attention to the development of people themselves. On the other hand, his critique of modern capitalism is superficial and does not go deep into the fundamental contradictions of capitalism, and his social conception is too ideal and lacks practicality. However, by finding the positive part of Fromm’s social critical thought, it can provide some realistic insights into the solution of the specific problems faced in our social development. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ji, Ruifeng T1 - A Study of Erich Fromm’s Humanistic Moral Education – Based on the Criticism of Marxism’s Historical Materialism, Doctoral dissertation, Theory and Management of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] The Western-oriented view of morality has had many negative effects on China. In particular, after the reform and opening up, people’s values changed dramatically with the liberation of ideas in the field of superstructure and the establishment of a market economy system. Interest standards, physical mechanisms, and exchange principles have penetrated into all non-economic fields, and individualism, utilitarianism, and egoism have flourished and spread everywhere. The abundance of material life does not bring richness to people’s souls. Instead, it makes people become appendages to >things< lose themselves in the pursuit of material desires, be deprived of their dignity and value as human beings, and the realization of good nature is also hindered in reality. People are facing unprecedented difficulties in survival, especially in the search for the meaning of survival. In order to effectively resist the erosion of individualism and utilitarianism on us and thoroughly understand the absurdity of personal values, we urgently need to study, reflect on, and criticize the abstract humanist view of moral education, with a view to constructing a moral education concept that meets the development requirements of the new era by truly clarifying and clarifying >human< issues as an important breakthrough. As a representative figure of the abstract humanistic moral education concept in the West, the famous American humanistic philosopher and psychoanalyst Erich Fromm achieved fruitful results throughout his life. In his complex and diverse ideological system, humanistic thought runs through the entire process. Analyzing the spiritual essence and practical significance of Fromm’s original ideas, and reflecting on and criticizing them on the basis of Marxist morality helps to truly understand the spiritual core of Fromm’s humanist moral education ideas, circumvent their abstract human assumptions and idealistic tendencies, and provide intellectual support for constructing a new era of moral education on this basis. Fromm emphasized moral values aimed at human self-realization, and placed special emphasis on the compatibility between morality and inner conscience. His main views are reflected in the following four aspects: First, Fromm keenly sensed the alienated reality and contradictions of capitalist society. By analyzing the actual pattern of alienation in capitalist society, Fromm revealed the control and suppression of human nature in a >mechanized< life under Western industrialized society, and further clarified the living conditions of people in capitalist society. As a result, Fromm gradually realized that the loss of moral subjectivity, lack of self-awareness, rational judgment, and empathy, all of which can harm the perception of life happiness. Therefore, he criticized the existing social ethical model that is contrary to human nature, with the intention of cultivating democratic citizens with a sense of self-love, productive personality, humanistic conscience, and individual happiness. Second, Fromm refutes the >social filter's< filtering of individuals’ true feelings and thoughts, the manipulation and control of individual individuality by social personality, and the suppression of true humanity by internal social ethics. He advocates abandoning authoritarian factors and >money value orientation< in the education system. This educational concept contributes to find solutions to our country’s moral education dilemma. Third, Fromm is centered on >people< and believes that the consequences of good and evil are not necessarily the same or predetermined. The decision-making power lies in people themselves, in their ability to seriously care about themselves, life and happiness, in their willingness to face their own and social moral problems, and in their courage to become themselves and live for themselves. Fourth, he used >love< as a breakthrough in moral practice, and used >experiential knowledge< to reintegrate with the world in a constructive manner and gain a sense of security and strength. However, a society must achieve individual goodness and social goodness in order to create human happiness. The path to achieving the ultimate good requires both rational consciousness to awaken internal moral consciousness and the promotion of social, political, economic, cultural, and other changes to create an external environment suitable for >human< existence. This paper starts with the historical background, theoretical sources, and human model of Fromm's humanist moral education ideas, analyzes the actual causes of the formation of Fromm's humanist moral education ideas, distills the views of Fromm's humanist moral education ideas, and analyzes and explores the core principles of Fromm's humanist moral education ideas. Although Fromm’s ideology of moral education has some rationality, he is based on biological abstract humanity as the root and foundation of moral codes, uses superclass and super-historical human scales, establishes moral codes based on universal humanity, and tries to establish basic ethical principles applicable to all times, all societies, and all classes. This is undoubtedly an abstract principle based on a ideological view of history. Therefore, after analyzing the basic views of Fromm’s humanist moral education, this paper focuses on using the Marxist view of material history to examine its value and ideological criticism, which helps to resist and eliminate the negative influence of abstract morality on China, re-examine the moral construction and moral education practices of Chinese citizens in the new era, thus making a positive contribution to the construction of socialist spiritual civilization. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - He, Chen T1 - Study on Alienated Consumption of Rural Students in Secondary Vocational Schools and Educational Countermeasures from the Perspective of Class Management, Master thesis, Vocational Education, Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Since the 18th National Congress, socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new historical stage, and people’s quality of life and sense of well-being have been significantly improved in the midst of continuous economic and social development. The profound changes in the main social contradictions in the new era have brought profound changes in people’s consumption concepts, and such changes are especially evident among adolescent students. Due to their special teaching mode, secondary rural students have their own characteristics in their consumption behavior. The selected topic takes secondary rural students as the research object and school X in central Hunan as the research site, mainly studying the alienation phenomenon in the consumption behavior of rural students in this school, which includes the investigation of the current situation of consumption, the manifestation of the alienation of consumption behavior, the harm of the alienation of consumption behavior, the causes, and how to carry out the guidance and correction of errors based on the perspective of classroom management in response to these problems, and putting forward effective educational guidance countermeasures, and devoting to help them to establish correct consumption concepts and realize the healthy growth of rural middle school students. The literature research method, survey research method, and statistical analysis method were adopted for the selected study. The literature research method mainly uses Baudrillard’s symbolic consumption, Fromm’s critical theory of alienated consumption, Marxist view of consumption, Skinner’s reinforcement theory, and defines the concepts related to consumption, alienated consumption, and secondary school rural students, and uses these theories to analyze the consumption alienation behavior of rural students in secondary schools, the survey research method mainly conducts targeted questionnaires and interviews on the consumption behavior of rural students in school X in central Hunan. The statistical analysis method is to use the statistical method to analyze and categorize the research situation. Through the study, we found that the phenomenon of consumer alienation among secondary rural students is more common, and the generation of this phenomenon is closely related to the social environment and also closely related to the guidance of school education. School is a place to cultivate talents, and it is the duty of secondary schools to guide rural students to form a correct view of consumption. From the perspective of class, to eliminate the alienation of consumption behavior of rural secondary school students, we must strengthen the educational management awareness of all aspects of class management, clarify the educational management responsibilities, including class teachers, class teachers, class organizations, individual students, etc. and gather the strength of all aspects to form a synergy of educational management, so as to help rural secondary school students form a correct view of consumption and eliminate the phenomenon of alienation in the consumption behavior of rural secondary school students. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - He, Ruixi T1 - Study on the Ecological Dimension of Fromm’s Alienation Consumption Theory, Master thesis, Environment Science and Resources Utilization, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China 2023 N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] The formation of Fromm’s alienation consumption theory has its profound ideological basis and profound social practice needs. Fromm’s critical inheritance of Hegel’s concept of alienation, Marx’s thought of alienated labor and Freud’s thought of psychoanalysis, timely sublation of Baudrillard’s thought of alienated consumption, and reasonable reference to ecological Marxism’s thought of alienated consumption show the pluralism of his theory of alienated consumption. The logic of capitalist capital and the principle of pursuing profit as well as the reality that human beings are controlled by things and become talking machines in capitalist society are the fundamental reasons for the emergence of alienated consumption. Fromm pays attention to the interpretation of the theory of alienated consumption from the psychological and spiritual dimension and makes an incisive summary of its various manifestations in reality. Fromm focused on the analysis of the reasons for the formation of alienated consumption: one is that the needs of people’s own living environment can not be satisfied; the second is the lack of social life security. Fromm also provides solutions to the problem of alienation consumption that is constructing a harmonious relationship between society and ecology, shaping sound personality psychology and appealing to ecological ethics of humanism. Fromm’s theory of alienated consumption deeply discloses the disadvantages and harms of consumerism and reveals the internal psychological factors of alienated consumption subjects. However, his theory overemphasizes the irrational factors of social development and has a utopian tendency in the assumption of the practice scheme of alienated consumption. It still has reference value for the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era to correct consumption concept, advocate ecological consumption mode, control delusion and selfish desire, and establish healthy consumption concept. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Jiaojiao T1 - Alienation and Redemption in >The Goldfinch<, Master thesis, World Literature, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. [doi.org/10.27159/d.cnki.ghzsu.2023.000947] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Donna Tartt has published three novels all together. In 2014, she won the Pulitzer Prize for her masterpiece >The Goldfinch<. In this novel, alienation is ubiquitous: A terrorist attack causes irreparable harm to victims; there is widespread addiction to drugs and alcohol; relationships among people are alienated, either superficial and distorted or indifferent and apathetic; people worship art, freedom or money irrationally. People are belittled, objectified and deprived of love and conscience in a materialistic and egotistic society. In this novel, Donna Tartt condemns terrorism and explores the causes of alienation and the ways to overcome it which are scientific and reasonable according to Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation which is the theoretical basis of this thesis. Many articles compare >The Goldfinch< with the works of famous writers like Charles Dickens and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Some analyze the power or value of art or explore the question about the degree of freedom. And some praise the excellent writing skills and delicate expressions in the novel. This thesis focuses on manifestations and causes of alienation and ways to alleviate it, which have not been analyzed deeply yet.– This thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter introduces >The Goldfinch< and its author Donna Tartt and Erich Fromm and his alienation theory. This chapter also makes the literature review, analyzing related studies at home and abroad. The second chapter concerns the manifestations of alienation, including people’s irrational worship of art, freedom or money, apathetic relationships between fathers and sons and between man and others, characters’ Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and widespread addiction to drugs and alcohol. The third chapter explores causes of alienation in >The Goldfinch<, pointing out that it is materialism and egotism in capitalist society that lead to inferiority and objectification of man and disappearance of conscience and love under the guidance of Fromm’s theory of alienation. The fourth chapter is about redemption in this novel in thought, action and feeling, proposing that to overcome alienation, man should wake up from stupor and pay more attention to human beings than to things as Hobie does to Theo and as Theo does to Mrs. Barbour, man should make right choices actively when selecting career and choosing between good and evil and man should relate himself to the world lovingly and artistically. All these ways can help people overcome alienation and get redemption according to Fromm’s theory. Lastly, there is a conclusion of the whole thesis. This novel shows that productive love is the most important for people to develop and fulfill humanity, which is the ultimate weapon to overcome alienation. In front of alienation, people should not give up their self and humanity, but believe in their own life force and face everything bravely. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 2/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Henan T1 - A Study on Fromm's Theory of Creativity, Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2023 [doi.org/10.27272/d.cnki.gshdu.2023.004834] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] From a philosophical point of view, creativity is the development of people’s subjective understanding of the development and changes in the world formed in practice, and is the intrinsic motivation to realize individual self-development and promote social progress. With the deepening of the scientific and technological revolution, innovation has become more and more important in the development of the country, and fundamentally stimulating the creative vitality of individuals and society has become an inherent requirement for social development. At the same time, the emergence of the epidemic has bred pessimism about the future development of the situation, and a series of social problems have emerged one after another. In the post-COVID-19 era, to dispel people’s negative emotions and fundamentally enhance people’s confidence in the future situation, we need not only a solid material guarantee for the country, but also a better understanding of the current situation. In Fromm’s view, forming a rational understanding of the individual and the world is an important manifestation of the creative development of the individual. As one of the important representatives of the humanistic psychoanalysis school, Fromm saw the commonalities between Marx’s humanistic doctrine and Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, and thus combined the two organically. In the face of various problems existing in capitalist society, Fromm adhered to the humanistic stance, and made diagnosis and treatment of society and people living in it from the perspective of social psychology. From the perspective of human feelings and needs, he pointed out that the perfect state of human development should be creative and spontaneous.– This paper points out the pathological phenomenon in the modern capitalist society and the alienation phenomenon of people in it, and criticizes this phenomenon strongly, and puts forward the targeted reform plan, hoping to build a sound society to realize the creative development of people. He believed that creativity fulfilled the unique need of human survival and was a potential for a mentally healthy person. Creative people can fully develop their personality and reason, express their true inner needs, and have a constructive relationship with themselves and the world. Only a sound society can stimulate people’s creativity. Fromm’s attempt to clarify the interaction between economic base and ideology from the perspective of social psychology points out the role of creativity in human development, enriches the connotation of human essence, and specifically analyzes the psychological mechanism of alienation of modern man on the basis of the interpretation of the general psychological mechanism of man. His creative theory is not only a supplement and development of Marx’s humanistic thought, but also an inheritance and development of the Frankfurt School’s social and cultural theories. Although his proposals for changes in the economic, social, political and cultural fields are not directed at the capitalist system itself, but are only an improvement of the present society, and many of his theoretical ideas are too specific and lack practicality, his theories profoundly combine human existence and psychological conditions with social development, inspiring us to pay attention to people’s needs and seek solutions to social problems from the subjectivity of people. It has a great value for our country to implement the spirit of putting people first, dispel the negative emotions of individuals under the epidemic, and re-establish social confidence. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cai, Nina T1 - From Negative Freedom to Positive Freedom – Psychological Coping Mechanisms in >Fahrenheit 451<, Master thesis, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2023. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Ray Bradbury’s >Fahrenheit 451< depicts a world where books are burned and thoughts and freedom are oppressed. Erich Fromm’s socio-psychological theory of freedom is applied to elucidate the psychological coping mechanisms adopted by characters in the novel under adverse circumstances, and explain behaviors of characters under different psychological coping mechanisms. The first chapter of the thesis focuses on reasons for characters’ psychological coping mechanisms: The fictional future world in >Fahrenheit 451< reflects a side of American society in the 1950 s. Ray Bradbury provides a detailed portrayal of the society’s pathological culture and values, among which consumerism, instrumental reason, and hedonism trigger and deepen negative emotions including inferiority, individual insignificance, and powerlessness. To survive, characters give up rational thinking to assimilate into unfavorable social forces, which is a manifestation of negative freedom. The second chapter analyzes characters’ three escape mechanisms caused by negative freedom, namely authoritarianism, destructiveness, and automation conformity, which are the psychological reasons underlying characters’ absurd behaviors and the propensity for violence and self-destruction. The third chapter explicates the fact that the key to Montag’s character growth lies in his transformation from negative freedom to positive freedom. In this process, three capacities are cultivated: the capacity for active involvement and personal experience, the capacity for reason and rational faith, and the capacity for love, which enables him to realize creativity on the sensual, intellectual, and emotional level, and complete the transformation from nonproductive to productive orientation. By dissecting psychological coping mechanisms of characters in the novel, the thesis concludes that characters’ behaviors reflect two psychological coping mechanisms, namely negative freedom centering around the escape mechanisms, and positive freedom centering around creativity. For individuals struggling in adverse circumstances, a productive orientation with the capacity for active involvement and personal experience, the capacity for reason and rational faith, and the capacity for love is the hope of individual growth and human civilization. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bauchan, Philip William T1 - A Social Ontological Account of Alienation and Its Place in the History of Alienation TheoryHistory of Alienation Theory, Doctoral dissertation, Philosophy, Faculty of the Graduate School, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States 2023, 241+9 pp., English. [ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/4008] N2 - Alienation is a sociological term that has found itself severely out of favor as an analytical concept due to what are perceived as inextricable theoretical shortcomings despite having once enjoyed a time when it was taken to be essential for a robust and critical analysis of society. This dissertation looks to contribute to a revitalization of alienation theory by offering an understanding of alienation that is grounded in the framework of social ontology as forwarded in the works of John Searle. This social ontological account conceives of alienation as a fallout fact that arises when there is a performative contradiction between the enactment of a deontic power and the collective recognition of the status function that made possible that self-same deontic power in the first place. Framing alienation in this way provides the means for resolving those central aporias that have otherwise stymied its more widespread usage, namely, the question of alienation theory’s fundamental unity, the division between objective and subjective approaches, and the term’s normative status. The second half of the project is then dedicated to a critical engagement between the social ontological account and the long and diverse history of alienation theory beginning with its pre-philosophical uses and continuing into its philosophical appropriation in the 19th Century, its golden era in the mid-20th Century, and finally its place in second- and third-wave Critical Theory. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chai, Yunchao T1 - Digital Capital and Communication Labour: Research on Christian Fuchs’ Critical Theory of Communication, Master thesis, Journalism and Media, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] With the development of Internet information technology and the popularization of digital media platforms, human communication has entered the digital age, and digital communication mediated by social media and other digital platforms has become the mainstream mode of communication and a common state of existence that people are accustomed to in contemporary society. In view of the central position of digital communication in the digital age and the reality of highly capitalized, commodified, exploited and alienated communication in digital platforms. Christian Fuchs, a famous contemporary British left-wing critical communication scholar, has systematically put forward the critical theory of communication. Following the academic tradition of Western Marxism, this theory uses capital and labour as the entry point to criticize the reality of digital communication and the structure of platform communication under the capitalist structure. It not only clarifies the nature of capitalist exploitation behind contemporary digital communication, but also reveals its inherent capital operation mechanism and labour control system. This study focuses on Fuchs ’ critical theory of communication and tries to explore the historical basis of its formation, the internal logic of its construction and the alternative solutions designed to completely liberate the current digital communication field from three dimensions: history, reality and future. The thesis includes five chapters. Chapter 1 adopts the research method of intellectual history. It traces the academic influence and ideological inspiration of Marx, Engels, the Frankfurt School represented by Adorno, Marcuse, Fromm and Habermas and the political economy of communication led by Smythe on Fuchs, thus clarifies the theoretical construction of his critical theory of communication. Chapter 2 takes capital as the starting point. First of all, it explores the isomorphic relationship between the transformation process of capital from industrial capital to digital capital and the change of communication mode from the age of mass media to the age of Internet media. Secondly, by tracing the history of the commercialization of the Internet, the negative impact of capital’s involvement in the development of the Internet-dot com bubble crisis-is highlighted, while web 2.0, as a product of overcoming the crisis and seeking investment, is essentially a concept invented by capital. In the end, it focuses on the exploitation reality and profit logic of the current digital communication platform, revealing the capital operation mechanism in the capitalist digital communication space with the monopoly position of the platform, the law of time appropriation and the strategy of data realization as the core. Chapter 3 focuses on labour. First of all, it traces the theoretical history of Smythe’s audience commodity and the resulting academic debate, as well as its latest development in the digital media age-Fuchs’ Internet prosumer commodity. Secondly, the academic debate between Jenkins and Fuchs on the nature of social media further highlights the inherently exploitative nature of corporate social media, which ostensibly serves as a platform for participatory culture but in fact focuses on the unpaid appropriation of users’ digital labour. In the end, focus on the labour nature of digital communication behavior and look at its labour control system, with ideological indoctrination, digital panoramic surveillance and gamification of labour as the main strategies. Chapter 4 looks toward the future. Focusing on Fuchs’ recently proposed communicative socialism/digital socialism, this chapter systematically elaborates on the alternatives that critical theory of communication envisions for the current capitalist digital communication field. Firstly, introduce the theoretical background and practical direction of the emergence of communicative socialism/digital socialism. Then, a socialist communication field based on highly developed digital media and intelligent technologies is outlined in three specific dimensions: academic transformation, platform transformation and technological liberation. As a conclusion, Chapter 5 locates and reflects on the academic contributions of Fuchs from the macro perspective of Marxist communication research, and further discusses the implications of critical theory of communication for the development of digital communication in China. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Jifenglin T1 - The Exploration of Individual Freedom in Tennessee Williams’ >The Night of the Iguana<, Master thesis, World Literature, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) is renowned as one of the most outstanding American playwrights in the 20th century. >The Night of the Iguana<, written in 1961, depicts the ambivalent figure of Reverend Shannon, who yearns for social acceptance yet refuses to be bound by its norm. In the twentieth century, the social structure of America changed greatly due to the development of capitalism, and the conflict caused by the cultural difference between the North and the South forms one of the common themes in Williams’ works. With the prevalence of capitalism and the change of modern mainstream ideology, those who have changed some of the old ideas, whereas have not been completely assimilated into modern thought, represented by Shannon, are portrayed as the social marginals struggling with inner contradictions in Williams’ works. Based on Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom, this thesis interprets >The Night of the Iguana< by analyzing Shannon’s contradictory thoughts and behaviors in his process of pursuing individual freedom. It attempts to present how the marginalized people in modern capitalist society realize the freedom of individual’s full expression of his real personality by resisting the spiritual paralysis and oppression in society. This thesis consists of three parts. Firstly, it analyzes the protagonist’s self-consciousness against social knowledge, and explores the way to get rid of the automaton conformity by revealing the protagonist’s subversion of several stereotyped images perceived by the society. Subsequently, it discusses how Shannon establishes non-utilitarian interpersonal relationship under the influence of modern capitalist society. Then this thesis focuses on the natural setting in the play, exploring how the marginalized people who are isolated due to social exclusion build their secondary bonds with nature, so as to obtain spiritual salvation. Shannon’s pursuit of individual freedom exposes the shackles that the mainstream ideology of capitalist society imposes on modern people’s individuality. In addition, his exploration of both the internal and external world provides the possibility to break the shackles and realize the freedom of individual’s full expression of his real personality. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Qianqian T1 - Studie zu Entfremdung in >Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten< [《法比安,一个道德家的故事》中的人性异化问题研究], Master thesis, German Literature, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 凯斯特纳的小说《法比安,一个道德家的故事》诞生于1931年,故事描写了主人公法比安在大城市柏林接连遭受精神创伤,最终返回家乡绝望自杀的故事。故事中的人物以及情节都体现着人性异化的主题。本文借助于马克思的劳动异化理论以及弗洛姆的人性异化理论,对《法比安,一个道德家的故事》中人性异化问题进行分析。论文主要从人与自身,人与人,人与社会这三个角度入手,对其异化关系的表现以及原因进行讨论分析,并试图归纳总结人性异化的普遍规律。由此得出的结论是,人性异化的原因一方面在于资本主义社会发展的结果,另一方面也是人类自身的属性。所以人性异化问题无法摆脱,只能加以缓解。 N2 - Kestners Roman >Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten< entstand 1931. Die Geschichte beschreibt den Protagonisten Fabian, der in der Großstadt Berlin nacheinander psychische Traumata erlitt, schließlich in seine Heimatstadt zurückkehrte und aus Verzweiflung Selbstmord beging. Die Charaktere und Handlungs¬stränge der Geschichte spiegeln das Thema der menschlichen Entfremdung wider. In diesem Artikel wer¬den Marx‘ Theorie der Arbeitsentfremdung und Fromms Theorie der menschlichen Entfremdung ver¬wen¬det, um das Problem der menschlichen Entfremdung in >Fabian. Die Geschichte eines Moralisten< zu ana¬lysieren. Diese Arbeit diskutiert und analysiert die Erscheinungsformen und Ursachen von Entfremdungs-beziehungen aus drei Perspektiven: Mensch und sich selbst, Mensch und Mensch sowie Mensch und Gesellschaft, und versucht, die universellen Gesetze der menschlichen Entfremdung zusam¬menzufassen. Daraus lässt sich die Schlussfolgerung ziehen, dass der Grund für die Entfremdung der menschlichen Natur einerseits das Ergebnis der Entwicklung der kapitalistischen Gesellschaft ist, anderer¬seits aber auch eine Eigenschaft des Menschen selbst ist. Daher kann das Problem der menschlichen Entfremdung nicht beseitigt, sondern nur gemildert werden. [Übersetzung: www.google translator, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Qi T1 - A Study of Alienation in >Sweet Tooth<, Master thesis, World Literature, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Ian Mc Ewan is one of the greatest British writers, winning the Booker Prize in1998. He has shifted from the early dark writing of his own experience to the later realistic writing about society in his works, reflecting his close attention to modern society. >Sweet Tooth< was published in 2012, which was undoubtedly one of his most significant works. The novel focuses on the survival of Serena and other female characters in an alienated capitalist society. In addition to exploring the themes of politics and espionage, the novel also conceals the author’s inquiry into the alienated plight of modern people in the capitalist society and his critical thinking about the meaning of human existence. Based on Fromm’s alienation theory, this thesis aims to analyze the manifestation of the female characters’ alienation in >Sweet Tooth< through three aspects: self-alienation, interpersonal alienation, and alienation from social forces. It further explores the ways to eliminate alienation as proposed by the author. This thesis puts emphasis on the existential dilemma and spiritual crisis derived from the alienation of human nature in capitalist society. People should pay attention to the existential situation and actively save themselves in the state of alienation to live in harmony with themselves, others and society. This thesis is composed of five parts. The introduction briefly introduces Mc Ewan and his work >Sweet Tooth<. On this basis, it sum¬marizes the research status on >Sweet Tooth< at home and abroad. It clarifies the innovation of this thesis, and elaborates the aim, importance and structure of the thesis. Chapter one is the theoretical foundation, reviewing the origin and development of Fromm’s alienation theory. It discusses in detail the concept of alienation from three aspects: self-alienation, interpersonal alienation and alienation from social forces. Chapter two analyzes Serena’s self-alienation because of her >marketing orientation< character, in which Serena gradually loses her sense of self, relies on others’ evaluation to obtain self-identity, and becomes self-alienated. Serena awakens to self-awareness and she eliminates her alienation after she learns the truth and Serena gets independent through establishing self-identity and breaking routinization. Chapter three elucidates Serena's plight in the state of interpersonal alienation. Serena longs for romantic love and close friendship for the lack of family love in childhood, both of which result in deception. In the end, Serena gets out of interpersonal alienation through guarding true love and the quest for understanding. The fourth chapter explores how the anonymous authority causes the alienation from social forces in the capitalist society. The domination of male discourse and stereotypes of female make them struggle in their living condition. Finally, they build a sane life and eliminate the alienation from social forces. Serena pursues spiritual independence and rebels against male oppression. Shirley pursues independent personality through resignation, and Lucy chooses a free lifestyle to rebel against the mainstream. They all pursue the meaning of life. The final conclusion points out that >Sweet Tooth< exhibits the plight of modern human existence in capitalist society and the author’s humanistic concern. The novel points out, to some extent, the way to dispel alienation. It explores the way to get along with alienation in modern society. On the one hand, it shows the author’s concern for the spiritual plight of people. On the other hand, it provides ideas for getting out of alienation. With the help of Fromm’s alienation theory, this thesis analyzes self-alienation, interpersonal alienation and alienation from social forces in >Sweet Tooth<. It points out that people should live with themselves, others and society in a healthy way. Thus, they can save themselves out of the state of alie¬nation. The analysis of alienation in >Sweet Tooth< can make people think about the problems of human existence and human development. It also provides ideas and suggestions for mitigating the harm of alienation, and a new approach for analyzing Mc Ewan’s works. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Kairong T1 - A Study on Man’s >Alienation< in Edgar Allan Poe’s and Shi Zhecun’s Short Stories, Master thesis, World Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] As an important American writer, Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849) was not only good at describing Gothic scenes and shaping absurd plots, but also the first writer to pay attention to the morbid factors in the early American society and the psychological imbalance and concealment of modern people. His works that can be called the embryonic works of modernism, show outstanding modernity factors in typical romantic characteristics, providing writing model and theoretical guidance for the main schools of modernism. After his works were introduced into China, they inspired the germination of Chinese modernism literature. The leading writer of Chinese modernism, Shi Zhecun (1905–2003), was deeply influenced by Edgar Allan Poe at the early stage of his literature creation and wrote the short story >Ni Nong<, a work that completely imitated Poe’s >Ligeia<. In the impact of the rapid development of modern society on traditional Chinese society, Shi Zhecun noticed the inner concealment and psychological imbalance of modern people caused by social reasons – human alienation just as Allan Poe, and combined Chinese traditional with western modernist writing techniques, presenting people’s alienation in literary works. The manifestation of people’s alienation and the origin of alienation in their works both have many similarities. The writer attempts to analyze the alienation in their works and find out the deep reasons through the comparative study towards their works. The writer researches alienation from Fromm’s alienation theory. Erich Fromm’s (1900–1980) alienation theory combined Marx’s alienation theory from the macroeconomic perspective with Freud’s research in micro psychology to produce an alienation theory from the perspective of social psychology. Fromm’s alienation theory explained the manifestations of people’s alienation from the aspects of production, consumption, politics, and people’s relationships. He sought for the source of alienation from external and internal causes – social economical development and people’s psychology. The theory highly corresponds with the same characteristics of Poe’s and Shi Zhecun’s short stories: backgrounds of similar socio-economic develop¬ment stages and psychoanalysis factors. This article attempts to deeply analyze the three aspects of human >alienation< constructed in the short stories of the two writers: self-alienation, alienation between the self and the other individual, and alienation with society through close reading from the perspective of alienation theory of Erich Fromm, to categorize and discuss the common expression of >alienation< of people, and reveal the deep similarities behind concluded specific reasons of >alienation< of people. The first chapter focuses on self-alienation. Based on dual personality, it is found that separation between person and himself comes from the contradiction of opposite psychology of people, and the reason why the contradiction cannot be reconciled is that alienated people are lack of the ability of loving – the creative connection. The second chapter talks about alienation between the self and the other individual. The writer researches from death of spirit, fear, and destructiveness to find that alienated people show strong desires for deprivation, distrust, and destruction, whose origin is the dissatisfaction of loving people – the creative relationship. The third chapter discusses about alienation with society. The writer notices that people Isolated from society will have a sense of extreme insecurity and that they will use physical or psychological ways to join the society from people’s behaviors of escaping freedom and trying to assimilate into the community after they lose creative connections. To sum up, the >alienation< in Poe’s and Shi Zhecun’s short stories has similarities not only in creation context, style, and techniques, but also in the deep roots of >alienation<. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gu, Xinyu T1 - Research on Fromm’s Thought of Emotional Alienation, Master thesis, Philosophy, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Human mental health problems are often overlooked. However, with the continuous development of the economy, while the material needs are gradually satisfied, people are more and more concerned about their mental health. The more and more complex social conditions make people’s psychological problems become more and more obvious, forcing people to face psychological problems. Fromm’s thought of emotional alienation focuses on people’s survival from the level of emotional alienation, reveals the form, root and way of sublation of emotional alienation, analyzes that love for death, malignant narcissism and sympathic incest are three forms of emotional alienation, and points out that >social filter< represses people’s thoughts and emotions, forming >social unconscious<. And because of the contradiction inherent in human existence, that is, the >difference of human existence<, people have the problem of emotional alienation. Fromm’s thought of emotional alienation explains the impact of emotional alienation on human beings, emphasizes the importance of >psychological transformation<, and advocates the use of >human love<, >labor< and the establishment of >sound society< to realize the abandonment of emotional alienation, which gives us a new perspective to analyze human psychological problems. This paper starts with Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion and analyzes the content of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion based on the background of the current times. The first part of the article, the introduction, describes the basis for the topic selection, research status at home and abroad, research methods and innovation points. Emotion is an important part of human beings and affects human behavior. Once alienated, emotion will become a force against and negate human beings, making human beings unable to develop freely and comprehensively. At present, there are few articles about the thought of emotional alienation in Marxist philosophy, especially in our country, which is an important section that needs to be expanded urgently. Starting from Fromm’s main idea, this paper studies the problem of human’s emotional alienation based on human’s survival predicament. The second part discusses the theoretical background of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion, including the background and basic frame of Fromm’s thought of anthropology, and the position of alienation of emotion in his thought of anthropology. The generation of his thoughts cannot be separated from the realistic basis and theoretical origin. Fromm’s own growth experience, his era background in capitalist society, his childhood loneliness, frequent wars and Nazism made him think about the contradictions of human behavior all the time, and as a representative of the >Freudian Marxism< of the Frankfurt School, he was always thinking about the contradictions of human behavior. Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion is a synthesis of Freud’s theory and Marx’s theory. The third part analyzes the main content of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion, including the form, mechanism, result and sublation of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion. The paper points out that the three forms of alienation of emotion are death love, malignant narcissism and symplastic incest, and with the continuous suppression of human emotions, the expression of human alienation of emotion continues to develop toward malignant. Necrophilia, malignant narcissism, and symbiotic incest are not close to each other or destructive when they are not too severe, but the closer they are to each other when they tend to be malignant, the more serious the consequences are. The contradiction of man’s own existence and the contradiction between social structure, system and man result in the alienation of man’s emotion. Therefore, man and society are the breakthrough of the alienation of emotion. The fourth part is a systematic analysis of Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion and the current reality. Fromm’s thought of alienation of emotion not only achieves the theoretical value of Marxism’s microcosm and the unity of the reality and the ought of human studies, but also makes us more based on the expression of human emotions. Pay more attention to the real needs of people, pay more attention to the practical significance of individual people. However, his thought of alienation of emotion also has certain limitations, too much emphasis on psychological factors, but did not go deep into the economic and class roots of human society to grasp the essence of human alienation, divorced from the actual social conditions, with a certain degree of utopianism. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ivković, Petra T1 - Religija i društvo: Kršćanstvo u suvremenoj kulturi [Religion and Society: Christianity in Contemporary Culture], Master's thesis, Academy of Arts and Culture in Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia 2023, 55 + 7 pp., Croatian. N2 - Koncept religije stoljećima je predmet proučavanja u prirodnim i društvenim znanostima. Religija se može tumačiti kao fenomen koji djeluje u svim sferama ljudskog života te kao društvena pojava koja ostavlja dubok trag na razvoj kulture. Ona oblikuje moralna uvjerenja i određuje načine ponašanja, zbog čega se promatra kao vrlo složen pojam koji se može definirati na bezbroj načina, ovisno o funkciji i ulozi. U ovom diplomskom radu na jednostavan se i sažet način nastoje prikazati pojmovi bitni za sam koncept religije. Prikazane su različite definicije pojma koje ovise o pristupu istraživanja, a posebno su istaknuta područja sociologije i psihologije religija. Rad ukratko obrađuje teorije nastanka i razvoja religije te temeljne elemente usko vezane za nju. Kraj rada donosi zaključna promišljanjima o kršćanstvu koje se našlo u vrtlogu suvremenog svijeta i doba sekularizacije. N2 - The concept of religion has been a subject of study in the natural sciences and social sciences for centuries. Religion is considered a phenomenon that influences all spheres of human life. As a social phenomenon that strongly affects the development of culture, thinking, and behavior, it is considered a necessary element of human existence. Religion is quite a complex term that can be defined in numerous ways, depending on the function and observed role. This final paper aims to present plainly and concisely all that is essentially related to the very concept of religion. Different definitions of the mentioned term are shown, depending on the research approach, with special remarks on the areas of sociology and psychology of religions. The paper summarizes theories of the conception and development of religion along with fundamental terms closely related to it. In conclusion, the thesis reflects on Christianity, which has found itself in the whirlpool of the modern world and the age of secularization. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jug, Barbara T1 - Biofilija-urođena upućenost djece na ostale žive vrste u njihovu mikrokozmosu [Biofilia – innate inclination of children towards other living species in their microcosm], Master's thesis, Department of Teacher Education, University of Zadar, Zadar, Croatia 2023, 44 + 7 pp., Croatian. N2 - Biofilija se definira kao ljubav prema prirodi i svemu što je živo, a upravo djeca imaju urođenu sklonost istraživanja i otkrivanja prirode. Međutim, zbog suvremenog načina života, djeca provode sve manje vremena u prirodi. U radu je prikazana usporedba urbanih i ruralnih područja na temelju povezanosti djece s prirodom. Odnos prema prirodi i životinjama (koje su dio prirode) mijenja se s obzirom na dob djeteta jer prilikom sazrijevanja i odrastanja djeca postaju svjesnija važnosti očuvanja prirode i brige za životinje. Boravak u prirodi poboljšava dječji razvoj te utječe na razvoj prirodne inteligencije. Nadalje, u radu je istraženo koliko su djeca povezana s prirodom te se ta povezanost uspoređivala u ruralnom (OŠ Ivana Perkovca u Šenkovcu) i urbanom području (OŠ Pavleka Miškine). Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 65 učenika trećih i četvrtih razreda obiju škola. Prema rezultatima se može zaključiti kako učenici iz ruralnog područja pokazuju veću povezanost s prirodom od učenika iz urbanog područja. Budući da se ova tema u Republici Hrvatskoj nije pretjerano istraživala, ovi rezultati mogu poslužiti kao temelj za daljnja istraživanja na značajno većem broju ispitanika. N2 - Biophilia is defined as the love for nature and all living things. Although children in particular have an innate inclination for exploring and discovering nature, they are limited by various influences. That’s why children in the modern era are spending less and less time in nature. The paper presents a comparison of urban and rural areas regarding the connection of children with nature. The attitude towards nature and animals as part of nature changes according to a child's age; as children mature and grow, they become more aware of the importance of nature and care for animals. Spending time in nature enhances child's development and influences the development of natural intelligence. Furthermore, the paper explores the extent to which children are connected with nature and compares this connection with respect to rural (Ivan Perkovec Elementary School in Šenkovec) and urban areas (Pavleka Miškina Elementary School). The research was conducted on a sample of 65 students from the third and fourth grades of both schools. According to the results, students from the rural area show a stronger connection with nature compared to students from the urban area. These results can serve as an example for further studies with a significantly larger number of participants, considering that this topic has not been extensively researched in the Republic of Croatia. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rajković, Silvia T1 - Kultura narcizma i (samo)predstavljanje u virtualnom prostoru [Culture of narcissism and (self)representation in virtual space], Undergraduate thesis, Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 2023, 17 + 4 pp. Croatian. N2 - Rad se bavi teorijskom analizom društva narcizma i kako ono utječe na (samo)predstavljanje u virtualnom prostoru. Internet, točnije društvene mreže služe kao medij između narcizma i željene pažnje, a mnogi ih koriste u svrhu (samo)promocije. Potaknuti kulturom koja promovira individualizam, autentičnost, a samim time i narcizam u društvu, pojedinci se mogu poigrati i konstruirati više identiteta koji se većinom oblikuju kako bi ih predstavili u najboljem mogućem svjetlu. Nedostatak pažnje supstituira se objavama čiji lajkovi i komentari podižu raspoloženje i samopouzdanje osobe koja ih objavljuje. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Roberts, Jeremy C. T1 - The Populist Radical Right in the United States: Lessons from Europe, Doctoral dissertation (in partial fulfillment of the requirements), Political Sciences, The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada 2023, 200+10 pp., English. [ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12119&context=etd] N2 - The dissertation investigates the electoral phenomenon of the populist radical right (PRR) in the United States. The main venue for analysis is internal party competition within the conservative Republican Party for its nominations. The thesis draws extensively on European PRR literature, which has explored the roots of these parties’ electoral successes overseas, and applies insights gleaned to the American context. It is divided into three articles, each of which explores a Republican nomination campaign in-depth and applies lessons learned from the European literature to the American case. The first article, presented in chapter 2, examines the role of issue salience in Pat Buchanan’s 1996 bid for the Republican presidential nomination. Through a case study, content analysis of primary debates, and regression analysis of exit polls taken in New Hampshire, this article demonstrates that Pat Buchanan attempted to drive the salience of PRR issues, disproportionately attracted the votes of those who prioritized the issues he owned and finds no relationship between the source of candidate impressions and support for Buchanan. Chapter 3 covers Donald Trump’s groundbreaking 2016 primary campaign, focusing on the concept of convergence. The Western European literature demonstrates that the PRR succeeds when mainstream parties of the left and right converge. This chapter uses a case study approach to examine the rhetoric adopted by the Trump campaign, demonstrating that Trump ran a campaign attacking the Republican Party he was seeking to lead and offering an ideological alternative to the Republican mainstream. An analysis of exit poll data demonstrates that, despite his strong anti-Republican rhetoric, support for Trump was not associated with dissatisfaction with the Republican Party, a variable that better predicts support for Trump’s rival, Ted Cruz. Chapter 4 analyzes the appeal of PRR politics in the US after the election of Donald Trump. Specifically, I seek to explain how new media helps politicians representing the PRR secure support in Republican primaries. Using an online survey of 1052 Arizona Republicans in the lead-up to the August 2018 Senate primary, the article examines support for three candidates: Rep. Martha McSally, former Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio, and Kelli Ward, a physician. The findings highlight a bifurcation in the drivers for support of PRR candidacies: Skepticism of immigration drives the Arpaio vote, while use of social media news and belief in party convergence mobilize Ward’s support. The results demonstrate that support for PRR politicians in the Arizona primary is concentrated in two groups, anti-immigrant and anti-establishment, and that the anti-establishment voters are more likely to access news on social media. These findings indicate that social media news consumption does shape voter perceptions about mainstream parties favorably for the PRR. These three articles invoke theories derived at least in part from the study of the Western European populist radical right to the American context and provides mixed evidence for the portability of the frameworks. Though not all theoretically expected relationships are present, the dissertation demonstrates that there are important analogues between the American PRR and the European PRR and provides a crucial bridge between these largely distinct literatures. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wen, Yahui T1 - Study on Marx’s Idea of Freedom, Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Since ancient Greece, philosophers have begun to study and explore freedom, and have defined freedom from different perspectives. Unlike other philosophers, Marx’s interpretation of freedom is based on human practical activity and criticizes freedom in capitalist society in a practical way of thinking. With people engaged in practical activities as the main body, human freedom is realized through practice. In Marx’s idea of freedom, the realization of human freedom and comprehensive development is the main thread running through it. No idea comes out of thin air, and so does Marx’s idea of freedom. Epicurus’ hedonism and the idea of freedom of the individual that is detached from fixation, Locke’s natural idea of freedom of man and nature, Rousseau’s idea of freedom in social opinion and the idea of freedom of the political state, Kant’s free will thought, Hegel’s dialectical idea of freedom, etc. laid the theoretical foundation for Marx’s idea of freedom. Marx’s idea of freedom from the initial appearance, to development, and then to perfection, did not come overnight, but went through a long process. The starting point of Marx’s idea of freedom was the reflection on reality triggered by the atomic deflection of Epicurus. In the process of its formation and development to perfection, it reflects the criticism and transcendence of freedom in capitalist society and the construction of freedom in communist society. From his critique of the censorship of books and newspapers, Marx proposed the freedom of the press and the press, which has a people’s character, is different from the freedom of industry, and is the privilege of human spiritual activities; in his critique of Powell’s political emancipation, he pointed out that political freedom should be liberated from religion, political freedom should be protected by law, and the realization of political freedom also requires the establishment of human rights; in the critique of alienated labor, he pointed out that labor freedom is the fundamental activity of man and the way of existence of man; in his critique of capitalist economic freedom, he pointed out that economic freedom is the realization of freedom in the economic field by people to get rid of the control of alien forces, and the realization of economic freedom cannot be separated from the development of productive forces, the abolition of private ownership and the distribution according to their own ability. Social freedom is the establishment of a true community, the realization of which entails the abolition of classes and the establishment of a union of free men. The highest state of human personality development is the concentrated embodiment of the all-round development of human freedom, and it is also the ultimate goal of Marx’s idea of freedom. Marx’s idea of freedom is very rich in connotation and of great value. Marx’s idea of freedom provided theoretical resources for the concept of freedom in the core values of socialism, and provided important value references for Fromm’s idea of freedom and the idea of human alienation in the Frankfurt School, and Marcuse’s theory of human and social development. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sun, Danan T1 - Humanization, Conscientization and Liberation – On the Ethics of Freire’s Dialogic Education, Master thesis, Ethics, Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 2023. [doi.org/10.27766/d.cnki.gzjcj.2022.000625] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Paulo Freire is regarded as the initiator of the >third revolution< in the history of educational theory since Herbart and Dewey, and the first educational philosopher who applied critical theory and its related concepts to the field of education in modern times. He proposes a kind of dialogic education as opposed to >banking education<. This study takes >how can education realize humanization< as the core issue to explore the ethics of Freire’s dialogic education, reveal the critical value of his thought, and hope to provide a reference for educational ethics. Freire’s dialogic education confronts the reality of Brazilian education, that is, educational inequality caused by colonialism and cultural invasion.– In the first chapter of this paper, it is pointed out that Freire criticized the >dehumanization< oppression of the educated in >banking education<, and pointed out that >banking education< denied the subjective value of the educated under the premise of the dichotomy between man and the world, and destroyed the educated’s reflective and critical ability by deifying knowledge or instilling mechanical content, which eventually led to the alienation of the relationship between teachers and students. Out of the ethical concern and moral response to the oppressed, Freire took education as a field to fight against the dehumanization’s situation, and proposed a kind of >dialogic education< aimed at realizing the ontological mission of >humanization<. Freire’s dialogic education is based on complex philosophy, which is characterized by eclecticism. The second chapter of this paper explains the philosophical basis of dialogic education in a systematic way, and lays a theoretical foundation for the ethical connotation of the next chapter. Specifically, this paper discusses the philosophical basis of dialogic education from three dimensions: methodology, ontology and axiology. Firstly, this paper analyzes the structural contradiction of >oppressor-oppressed< in >banking education< with reference to the psychological and pathological mechanism of Hegel’s >master-slave dialectic< and Fromm’s >sadism-masochism<, and puts forward that its methodological basis lies in dialectics. Secondly, based on Marx’s >false consciousness<, >alienated labor< and Sartre’s >presupposition of absolute human freedom<, this paper analyzes the alienation of >oppressor-oppressed< and the fear of freedom in education, and puts forward that its existential basis lies in human freedom and the possibility of dehumanization. Thirdly, this paper analyzes the eclectic attitude of dialogic education with the reference of Christian humanism and Marxist emancipation of mind, and puts forward that its axiological basis is based on the realization of the soundness of human nature. Based on the relevant theories of philosophical foundations, the third chapter of this paper explains the ethical content of dialogic education from three aspects: ethical principles, educational process, and ethical purposes. Taking Freire’s ontological mission of humanization, autonomy and motivation of love as the ethical principles of dialogic education, it urges people to reconstruct their cognition of themselves and society from a critical perspective, and returns the right to voice to the marginalized people who are drowning in the >culture of silence<. Dialogic education is a process of awakening consciousness and conscience, which aims at achieving equality, solidarity and emancipation among subjects. At the same time, the ethical purpose of dialogic education is to maintain the openness of dialogue through critical reading and writing, and to develop a specific way of being and acting for human emancipation.– The fourth chapter focuses on the two challenges faced by dialogic education, namely, the conflict between guidance and equal dialogue in the process of dialogic education, and the implicit inequality in the process of conscience awakening. This paper argues that we should distinguish between directive, permissive, and manipulative behaviors of educators in the educational process, and find a balance between directive and democratic teaching to achieve an equal ethical relationship between educators and educated people. At the same time, our interpretation of Freire’s thought should be comprehensive and objective, instead of clinging to his early works. We should face up to the ethical purpose of Freire’s dialogic education, that is, to realize human liberation in the process of facing universal human ethics. All in all, Freire’s ethical position is consistent. He always takes the realization of >humanization< as his educational vision, pays attention to the life and communication of the oppressed bottom groups, and emphasizes the rights of vulnerable groups or minorities. He affirmed the ethical connotation of >education< and strived to promote >education as a truly good cause<. Therefore, dialogic education has always sought the liberation of all people as its ultimate goal, and its purpose finally points to a kind of >universal human ethics which is indispensable to human communication life<. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tang, Youhua T1 - On Erich Fromm’s Human Existence Philosophy, Master thesis, Philosophy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China 2023. [doi.org/10.27684/d.cnki.gxndx.2023.001231] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Erich Fromm’s concern for human existence is an important part in the construction of his social critical theory. His philosophy of existence originated from his early growth experience, including the theory of social character, the thinking of human existence requirements, the examination of human’s lifestyles. And the suggestions on how persons can move towards a well existence after the categorization. Searching on Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence from a holistic perspective will help us clarify the value orientation and theoretical vision of Erich Fromm’s social criticism, and help us to build the panorama of Erich Fromm’s philosophy. Although Erich Fromm’s theoretical construction is not perfect, his belief in our ability to achieve a better life can inspire us to move forward.– Firstly, Erich Fromm’s early growth experience exposed him to psychoanalytic and Marxist theories, and focused his perspective on human survival. After joining the Frankfurt Institute, the research on the mental and psychological conditions of Weimar German manual workers and white collar workers, which he presided over, provided empirical support for his social criticism theory, and also inspired him to propose a theory of social character, thereby promoting the birth of Escape from Freedom. He connected the thoughts of Freud and Marx with humanism, and paid more attention to human existence. He firmly believed that people can continuously develop to a good life.– Secondly, psychoanalytic theory influenced Erich Fromm’s focus on human survival needs. He found that human existence needs are divided into two categories, one is the existence needs brought about by human natural nature, and the other is the existence needs brought about by human social nature. With the constraints of the existence needs of man’s natural nature, man has also evolved a developed mind in an attempt to surpass himself. The need of human social nature also stems from this transcendence. At the same time, the development of the human brain promotes the emergence of human rationality. Rationality is both sides now, which brings human beings the ability to self-reflect, making them not satisfied with the harmonious and stable state of nature at present, and constantly changing themselves; however, it has also caused mankind to remain in an unbalanced state, resulting in a contradiction in human existence, namely, the antinomy between life and death and its historical contradiction. Based on this contradiction, people have generated the need for social existence, which can be divided into five aspects: relevance, transcendence, root-seeking, sense of identity, and orientation and dedication to alleviate the pain caused by this contradiction. In addition to the existence needs brought about by human natural and social natures, the personality generated by human beings in society also has an impact on the existence needs. This is manifested in two aspects, namely, non-productive orientation and productive orientation. The former is the personality generated by alienated people when facing society, while the latter is the personality displayed by genuine people when facing society and realizing themselves. Non-productive orientation can be divided into four categories: acceptance orientation, exploitation orientation, hoarding orientation, and market orientation. The productive orientation, or creative orientation, is centered on >love<. Compared to non-productive orientation, productive orientation can meet the needs of positive communication with the world, demonstrate one’s individuality, and achieve one’s own development.– Furthermore, after paying attention to human survival needs, the alienation thought of Marxist theory prompted Erich Fromm to pay attention to human’s lifestyle. He divided the way people live in life into two categories: having and being. The alienated lifestyle with having is aimed at possession, and the experience of re possession is constantly trying to obtain something that can be endowed with value; fear, fear oneself not having more. Due to the endless possession, they find it difficult to overcome the spiritual dilemma that possession brings to themselves. The lifestyle of being that breaks away from alienation and focuses on the development of existence is the goal. The survival exper+J35622ience of existence is to obtain what can truly enrich and develop oneself. They do not focus on what they have obtained, but on what they have obtained from it. Through the actions of obtaining, they continuously develop to achieve their own realization. Therefore, those who focus on their own re existence can actively develop themselves and move towards true happiness. On his analysis, Erich Fromm proposed an idea of how to turn to a being lifestyle of life. As long as people themselves can know that they are suffering, recognize the root causes of suffering, find ways to eliminate suffering, and change their existence lifestyle, there is hope that they will emerge from the spiritual dilemma of having. The process of individuals turning to new people needs to be accompanied by social changes and the emergence of a new society, but it is also necessary to be prepared to practice the >art of being< Erich Fromm clarified four obstacles that affect the art of practicing existence, namely, >flashiness, gossip, (believing) gain without payments, and avoiding pain<. Five methods for cultivating the art of being are proposed, namely, >unswerving, sober, conscious, focused, and thoughtful<. Individuals are ready to become new people, and with the emergence of a new society, they can move from the alienated self to the true >I am who I am<.– From Erich Fromm’s analysis of human existence needs and lifestyles, we can see his deep and humanistic concern for human existence. However, his concerns are not comprehensive. Erich Fromm focused on the generality of human personality, while ignoring the uniqueness of human beings; focusing on the individual existence of human beings, while ignoring the interactive behavior with others. Erich Fromm’s division of human existence lifestyles, limited by his proposed functional possession and possible egoistic explanations of being, is not very successful. This paper also proposes an idea to solve these two aspects of problems, in order to improve his theory of human existence. There is a view that Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence is an interesting combination of psychoanalytic models and existential philosophy. Although the field of psychology has not developed a school of existentialism, Sartre’s >Existentialism is a Humanism< provides argument support for this view. It can be found that Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence can meet the >existential humanism<, and naturally it is also existential. From the perspective of existentialism, Erich Fromm’s philosophy of existence recognizes that existence precedes essence, advocates the essence of time, upholds humanitarianism, recognizes human freedom and responsibility, focuses on human authenticity, and considers human morality; showing the light of existentialism. In short, Erich Fromm’s concern for human existence is profound and full of Humanism. And hopes and expectations for people also float on paper to inspire us to live better. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Moussa, Passent T1 - Authoritarianism and Subject Formation in Post-Independence Egypt: Egyptian Literature and Western Social Theory in Dialogue, Doctoral dissertation, Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, University of Essex, Essex, England 2023, 272 + 7 pp. [repository.essex.ac.uk/35652/1/18.05.2023_Final%20Thesis_MOUSSA%201900428.pdf] N2 - The study grew out of a desire to examine how it feels to be denied what Hannah Arendt famously referred to as the >right to have rights,< including the right to disobey. More specifically, this study seeks to understand how people living under particular regimes of power – characterised by distinct politics of fear, uncertainty, and silence – feel, define, and express themselves in relation to power, whether in the form of submission or resistance. In other words: How do authoritarian power dynamics affect individuals’ perception of self and how does it play into and shape the everyday life of the individual? At the heart of this inquiry is the notion of the subject, which forms both the conceptual foundation and the central focus of this study.– The study draws primarily on the theoretical contributions of Michel Foucault, Giorgio Agamben, and Hannah Arendt on the interplay of power, resistance, and subjectivity. To frame the discussion, a socio-historical examination of post-independence power practices in Egypt and their impact on the constitution of the political subject is conducted. Research data is generated through an art-inspired qualitative research approach, primarily using Egyptian novels as a source of data to uncover the nuances and interiorities of the process of subject formation. Through a dialogue between Western social theory and Egyptian literature, the study provides an understanding of power practice in Egypt from 1952 to the present, particularly at the level of the inner panorama of the self in society and expands it into a reading of social and political theories on the question of power, subjectivity, resistance, and agency.– The study is divided into six main chapters, including an introduction and a conclusion. Each empirical chapter of this study tells the story of a particular episode in time and is somewhat self-contained, yet all chapters are connected into a large coherent reading of modern Egyptian power practices. Just as the novels examined in this study tell a story with their words, so does my research.– The study concludes that the process of subject formation in Egypt should be understood as an artefact of historical continuity that connects the past to the present, not necessarily in a linear fashion, but in a way that gives it a genealogical context, and as a dynamic process of shifting subject positions. The study further argues for the limitations of the status conception of citizenship as a defining framework for the state – society relationship in the context under study and proposes instead the use of the power – subject framework as a substitute. Last but not least, the study suggests that the connection between theory and method, expressed in the very structure of the research, reveals the epistemic relevance of literature to the conceptual imagination, contributing in a sense, to the discussion of the decolonisation of knowledge production. In some ways, this interdisciplinarity underscores the sheer breadth and hybridity of the concept of subject formation that has become apparent throughout this analysis. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Sihui T1 - Study on Alienation of Short Video Technology, Master thesis, Computer Software and Application of Computer; Journalism and Media, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2023. [doi.org/10.27328/d.cnki.gshsc.2023.000873] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] With the rapid development of the Internet and the widespread use of mobile devices, short video applications have become widely available on people’s smartphones, playing an important role in their daily lives. Currently, short video technology is constantly changing and gradually improving its functions, which has greatly enriched people’s daily life, and browsing short videos has become an important way of leisure for people, and the number of short videos has grown geometrically with users, however, short video technology has also produced alienation in this process. This article, based on Marxist humanist thought, Marcuse’s theory of technological alienation, and Fromm’s humanization of technology, delves deeply into the related issues of short video technology alienation and its governance, providing important theoretical guidance and practical reference for the development of short videos.– The specific performance of short video technology alienation is mainly in the following four aspects: First, the thinking alienation caused by short video algorithm recommendation technology, which is mainly reflected in the gradual reduction of people’s logical thinking ability, the weakening of rational judgment ability and the increasing instrumental rationality; second, the aesthetic alienation caused by short video beauty technology, mainly manifested by the objectification of self-aesthetics, the convergence of individual aesthetics and the increasing vulgarization of the mass aesthetic; thirdly, the alienation of values caused by short video rewarding technology is mainly reflected in the formation of wrong career and consumption views by diversified values, the enhancement of utilitarian values and the prevalence of egoistic values; finally, the alienation of self-presentation caused by following technology is mainly reflected in the entertainment and homogenization of self-presentation and the confusion of real self and ideal self. The causes of the problem of short video technology alienation can be attributed to three main aspects. Firstly, on the technological level, the flawed design of short video technology, including structural elements, and the uncertainty of the consequences of its application, have led to the occurrence of short video technology alienation. Secondly, on the subject level, the blind pursuit of profit by the design subject, the value of flow prioritization by the production subject, and the lack of rationality by the application subject have all contributed to the problem. Thirdly, on the social level, the undesirable effect of short video pan-entertainment, the imperfect moral education of short video technology and the unsound social supervision all lead to the alienation of short video technology to a certain extent.– This article analyzes and summarizes the problem of short video technology alienation through the method of literature analysis and the combination of theory and practice. The following measures are proposed: first, technical governance of short video technology alienation by establishing the concept of human-centered design, improving the algorithm recommendation technology system and forming an information filtering ecological environment; second, for individual governance, it is necessary to strengthen the unity of designer’s rights and obligations, promote the unity of author’s subjectivity and initiative, and encourage application users to rationally evaluate technology; third, in terms of social governance, the leading role of values should be improved, the moral education of short video technology should be strengthened, and the social regulation system should be improved. These measures are expected to promote the progress of short video technology and create a healthy short video environment. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shen, Jiali T1 - Research on Fromm’s Critical Theory of Character Structure N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Erich Fromm is a Western Marxist and a major representative of the >Freudian Marxism< school. His thoughts are very rich, among which the critical theory of character structure is of great significance and is an important component of Fromm’s ideological system. This theory is an original theory formed by Fromm on the basis of combining Marx’s thought and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, and on this basis, he deeply criticized Western capitalist society. The content of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure is mainly reflected in the trilogy of character structure theory, namely, >Escape from Freedom<, >Man for Himself<, and >The Sane Society<. Through these three books, we can see the clear thread of the construction and development of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure: from the analysis of the causes of specific social phenomena-the rise and popularity of fascism-to the theoretical framework, and finally highlight the future direction of this theory. >Escape from Freedom< is mainly a probe into the origin of the significant event of the emergence and popularity of fascism in the 1930s, revealing the universal state of modern people’s escape from freedom and the formation of psychological mechanisms for escape from freedom. Starting from the discussion of human nature issues, >Man for Himself< proposed a division and in-depth interpretation of human social personality, and initially completed the configuration of the critical theory of personality structure. >The Sane Society< is the development and extension of the themes in >Escape from Freedom< and >Man for Himself<, highlighting the ideal future pointed to by the critical theory of character structure.– The introduction first introduces the theoretical value and practical significance of the research, then combs the research status of domestic and foreign scholars on Fromm’s critical theory of character structure, summarizes the main viewpoints of the academic community on its theory and the existing problems. Finally, the research methods, research objectives, and innovations of this article are proposed. The first chapter mainly analyzes the origin of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure. The changes brought about by the two world wars and the industrial revolution are the realistic background for the emergence of this theory. Marx’s thought and Freud’s theory are the theoretical source and foundation of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure. Fromm, based on Marxist positions and methods, placed human beings in the relationship between human beings and the world and analyzed human behavior from the perspective of economic and social structures. However, he believed that Marx ignored the importance of irrational factors and did not realize the laws of human nature itself. So Fromm borrowed Freud’s psychoanalytic theory and devoted himself to theoretical elaboration of modern people’s social personality from the perspective of social psychology.– The second chapter mainly analyzes the foundation of the critical theory of character structure: the escape freedom theory. In the book >Escape from Freedom<, Fromm reveals the formation process of the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom based on the situation of people escaping freedom in modern society, and forms a systematic theory of escaping freedom. This article mainly expounds the process and reasons for people’s transition from pursuing freedom to escaping freedom, and sorts out three manifestations of the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom: authoritarianism, destructive desire, and mechanical convergence. Fromm seeks to find a positive way out of love and labor for people, enabling them to maintain individual independence, achieve positive freedom, and establish close ties with others. The third chapter mainly explains the construction of the critical theory of personality structure. >Man for Himself< is a sequel to escaping freedom. Fromm further reveals the alienation of modern personality structure in his book. The discussion of human nature is the foundation and prerequisite for the concept of social character. Fromm revealed three main contradictions faced by human beings by analyzing their survival dilemmas, which led to various needs. It is precisely because people have adopted different ways and means in the process of striving to meet these needs that they have formed different social personalities. This part systematically explores the connotation of social character, the expression of alienation of human social character, and the division of social character-productive and non-productive social character. It focuses on explaining four types of pathological non-productive social character, and initially proposes an ideal personality under sound social conditions, namely, productive social character.– The fourth chapter mainly discusses the future dimensions of the critical theory of personality structure. >The Sane Society< is the ideological extension of >Escape from Freedom< and >Man for Himself<. Since the existing society is morbid and cannot support the shaping of an ideal productive social character, it should move towards the construction of a sound society. Fromm proposed three solutions to the problems of capitalist society: totalitarianism, super capitalism, and socialism beyond both. He analyzed the reasons why the three solutions could not be implemented, and then advocated the establishment of >Humanistic socialism<. He proposed standards and theoretical ideas for a sound society, and discussed specific reform plans for moving towards a sound society. The fifth chapter evaluates the value and limitations of Fromm’s critical theory of character structure. This theory enriches Marx’s alienation theory, expands the content of Marxist social character and Freud’s character theory, and has unique theoretical contributions. At the same time, it also deepened the criticism of contemporary capitalist society. Of course, it also has the limitations of breaking away from historical materialism and not touching the fundamental contradictions of capitalist society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Su, Die T1 - Research on Fromm's Consumption Alienation Theory [弗洛姆的消费异化理论研究], Master thesis, History of Economic Theory and Ideology, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2023. [doi.org/10.27123/d.cnki.ghlju.2023.001682] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] With the continuous development and progress of science and technology, consumption occupies an increasingly important position in People’s Daily life. The >productive society< of Marx’s era was gradually replaced by the >consumer society< whose main activity was consumption. When the West first entered the consumer society, the consumption problem was more prominent. In this regard, the Western Marxists gradually turned from abstract theoretical research to positive exploration of reality. Fromm, with his unique perspective, revealed the consumption problem from the perspectives of psychology, sociology, philosophy and so on. Fromm believes that modern society is an unsound >artificial world<, where everything created by human beings is high above him. Individuals are integrated into a cultural chain woven by science and technology, mass culture and bureaucratic state, forming a cultural object lacking in criticism and self-awareness, which also causes the alienation of human nature. This alienation of human nature is especially obvious in the field of consumption.– This paper mainly discusses the consumption alienation in the developed industrial society. First of all, it combs the conditions of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation. Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation came into being under the influence of the cultural crisis of Western society in the 20th century and the social critical theory of Frankfurt School. Secondly, it traces the influence of Marx’s labor alienation theory, Freud’s psychoanalysis theory and Lukács’ materialization theory on Fromm’s consumption alienation theory. Then, it introduces the connotation, origin, harm and solution of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation, and compares it with those of Marcuse, Baudrillard and Ben Agger. Finally, based on Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation to reflect on the development of today’s world. The limitation lies in the fact that Fromm’s humanistic tendency lacks materialist foundation, and the utopian revolutionary road of subbing consumption alienation proposed by Fromm is bound to be unworkable. However, it is undeniable that Fromm’s consumption alienation theory provides practical reference and reflection for China to avoid the phenomena caused by this theory in the new era. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xue, Han T1 - An Interpretation of Alienation in >More Die of Heartbreak< from the Perspective of Fromm’s Humanism, Master thesis, World Literature, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - As a master of American literature and a representative writer of academic school in the 20th century, Saul Bellow revealed the spiritual crisis encountered by intellectuals and reflected the spiritual emptiness of people in the social background of moral decline and materialistic desire. >More Die of Heartbreak< is a novel written by Bellow during his latter period of creation. The novel shows the complicated contemporary love, marriage, family condition and the alienated society that is trapped by money, consumerism, and sex. In this thesis, Erich Fromm’s humanism is used to deeply interpret the embodiments, causes, and salvation of alienation in >More Die of Heartbreak<.– The thesis consists of five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which mainly introduces Saul Bellow, >More Die of Heartbreak<, research status at home and abroad, alienation and humanistic theory.– Chapter two interprets the embodiments of alienation in >More Die of Heartbreak<, including self-alienation, interpersonal alienation, and alienation between people and society.– Chapter three explores the causes of alienation. Firstly, self-alienation is mainly caused by receptive character, irrational need for relatedness, and alienated way to satisfy relatedness. Secondly, causes of interpersonal alienation mainly include morbidity and liberation of sex, nonproductive character orientation, the impact of pragmatism and the contradiction of different cultures. Thirdly, consumers’ morbid desire for sign value and the media with negative guidance also lead to alienation between human and society.– Chapter four explores how to overcome alienation. Firstly, it expounds that Benn and Kenneth overcome self-alienation through self-improvement. Secondly, individuals can overcome loneliness and rebuild harmonious interpersonal relationships under the salvation of love. Finally, the being mode of existence advocated by Fromm is helpful for individuals to overcome the influence of social alienation and reshape harmony between man and society.– The last chapter is the conclusion, which points out that although contemporary westerners are troubled by alienation, people can still resist alienation through self-improvement, love, and choosing the being mode of existence. It is significant to overcome alienation in a materialistic society from the perspective of humanism. While exploring the embodiments, causes, and solutions of alienation in >More Die of Heartbreak<, this thesis hopes to raise people’s concern about the elimination of alienation and provide enlightenment on how to overcome alienation. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 7/2023] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Hanyu T1 - The Study of Fromm’s Ideas on Sane Society, Master thesis, Philosophy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China 2023 [doi.org/10.27441/d.cnki.gyzdu.2023.002580] N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] As a contemporary psychoanalyst and philosopher, Fromm devoted his life to researching how to heal the mentally ill in contemporary society and to uncovering the root causes of people’s sicknesses in capitalist society. He tried to explain, what is the nature of human beings, what are human needs and the causes of human pathological alienation, etc. Unlike the one-sided criticism of other thinkers on political and economic aspects, Fromm analyzed the causes of the sickness of Western capitalist society from the internal to the external environment, from the individual to the group, from the individual to the society, from the primitive society to the historical class change, from the aspects of man and others, man and nature, man and society, and man and himself, and built a blueprint of a sane society. He pointed out the need to make a sane society a reality through the simultaneous implementation of a political, economic, and psychological revolution.– This paper is a re-investigative analysis of Fromm’s idea of sane society, divided into four parts. The first part, to sort out the background and ideological origins of Fromm’s sane society theory. In the second part, we analyze the logical structure of Fromm’s sane society theory, analyze the nature of human beings, the dichotomy of human existence, human survival needs, and human social needs, and focus on the problem of mental alienation arising from the suppression of human survival needs, the social character as an intermediary between individuals and society, and the root cause of the alienation of social character, and make a presentation of the pathological personality and pathological society presented by the alienation. The presentation is based on this. On this basis, Fromm’s vision of economic change, political change, and cultural change and his strategies for practice are discussed. The last section analyzes the theoretical orientation of sane social thought and its practical implications for contemporary society. It is not difficult to find from Fromm’s sane social thought that his thought is very distinctly humanistic. By thinking about human nature and how to forge a healthy personality, combining Freud’s psychoanalytic doctrine with Marx’s theory of anthropology and the theory of labor alienation, he formed his unique theoretical system, the humanistic psychoanalysis. His concern for the mental health of all human beings and his pursuit of the >free development of all human beings< are in line with the core values of the comprehensive development of the state under the current conditions of socialist market economy, which are people-oriented and have great inspiration and practical guidance on how to solve social problems. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2024] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cao, Hongbo T1 - Analysis of Mary’s Tragic Fate in >The Grass Is Singing< under Fromm’s Theory of >Love<, Master thesis, World Literature, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Doris Lessing’s novels describe the characters’ inner struggles and emotional ups and downs very delicately and vividly, showing profound insight into human nature and originality in brushwork. Therefore, her works have strong emotional resonance and appeal, give people a unique aesthetic experience, have important literary value and significance, and have made important contributions to the development of world literature. >The Grass is Singing<, first published in 1950, is Lessing’s first novel. In this work, the experience of Mary and her partner Dick became the key to promote the plot development of the novel. The work not only profoundly reveals the trauma and crisis that Mary encountered, but also analyzes the entanglements of complex interpersonal relationships such as family, love and friendship behind these experiences in detail. Through this main line, the work shows the intricate emotional connection and inner world between the characters. Under the background of rapid social development at that time, because of the alienation of patriarchal society and social relations, Mary could not feel the existence of love and the recognition of her own existence value, and fell into the mire of >loneliness<. Through these descriptions, the works try to reflect the psychological difficulties and spiritual troubles of some people in contemporary society, and arouse readers’ deep thinking about social reality. Erich Fromm, an outstanding western Marxist scholar, once expressed deep concern about the spiritual dilemma faced by mankind and the gradual collapse of traditional values. He pointed out with insight that in the rapid development of capitalist society, the most sincere and beautiful love in human emotions has gradually become rare, and it has been replaced by a kind of love that is disguised and alienated. Fromm deeply analyzed the reasons behind this phenomenon, which he believed was mainly due to the restriction of the economic and political structure of capitalist society and the bias of cultural development. In view of this social situation, people are eager to find a way to re-establish contact with others and rediscover the value of life. This paper reinterprets Mary’s tragedy by using Fromm’s theory of >love<, which helps readers to gain a more comprehensive and profound understanding of this work and theory. On the other hand, it helps people to establish a correct concept of love and promote the harmonious development of society. In China, with the socialist modernization, people’s material life and spiritual life have been greatly improved, but there are also some problems, which really reflects some deficiencies in our spiritual life and mental health. With the rapid development of society, people are facing more and more pressures and challenges, which leads to increasingly prominent mental health problems. In order to meet this challenge, we need to actively seek ideas, theories and methods to solve it. The thesis is divided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces Doris Lessing and her first work, Weeds Singing, and summarizes the research status and innovations at home and abroad. The second chapter introduces the ideological origin and specific content of Fromm’s theory of >love< in detail, which provides theoretical guidance for the later text analysis. The fourth chapter briefly summarizes Mary’s tragic life, paving the way for the following analysis, and analyzes the external causes of Mary’s tragedy in >The Grass is Singing<. First of all, by analyzing the alienation of social relations in capitalist society, the paper points out that alienation of existence is one of the external causes of Mary’s tragedy. Secondly, when discussing the causes of Mary’s tragedy, we have to mention a core factor, namely, the gap between the rich and the poor and racial discrimination. This deep-rooted concept of inequality has become one of the important causes of Mary’s tragedy. Finally, the ethical problems caused by the confusion of interpersonal morality, family ethics and natural ethics in capitalist society also accelerated the emergence of Mary’s tragic fate from the outside. The fifth chapter analyzes the internal causes of Mary’s tragedy in detail. On the one hand, due to the development of the industrial revolution, people have gained more and more freedom. While people are becoming more and more free, it is accompanied by the principle of supremacy of interests, alienation of relationship distance, and extreme emptiness and loneliness. And Mary’s totalitarianism and mechanical catering to escape this powerless negative freedom is an important internal reason for her tragic fate. On the other hand, due to the lack of care, respect, understanding and responsibility in the elements of >love<, Mary is isolated in capitalist society and eventually dies. The sixth chapter discusses the positive significance and historical limitations of Fromm’s study of >love< in >The Grass is Singing<. Finally, the conclusion part summarizes the whole paper. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bojčić, Karlo T1 - Rizični i zaštitni čimbenici u razvoju fizički agresivnog ponašanja djece predškolske i mlađe školske dobi [Risk and protective factors in the development of physically aggressive behavior in preschool and younger school-age children], Doctoral dissertation, Philosophy, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia 2023, 314 + 18 pp., Croatian. N2 - Cilj ovog rada bio je identificirati rizične i zaštitne čimbenike povezane s razvojem fizički agresivnog ponašanja u populaciji djece predškolske i mlađe školske dobi. U teorijskom dijelu rada prikazane su promjene u perspektivi djetinjstva i odnosu društva prema djeci kroz povijest te razvojna obilježja djece predškolske i mlađe školski dobi. U radu je agresivno ponašanje definirano kao namjerno nanošenje ili pokušaj nanošenja štete samome sebi, drugim osobama ili objektima. Prikazan je odnos između nasilja i agresije, pri čemu agresija ne isključuje fizičke oblike nasilja, ali se uglavnom odnosi na manje ekstremna namjerna ponašanja koja mogu uzrokovati negativne psihološke i/ili fizičke posljedice po druge, ali i po osobu koja se agresivno ponaša. Prikazane su glavne teorije agresivnosti, kojima se razvoj agresivnog ponašanja uglavnom objašnjavao kroz djelovanje bioloških ili socijalnih čimbenika. U radu je prikazan i korišten Bronfenbrennerov bioekološki model ljudskog razvoja, koji fizički agresivno ponašanje objašnjava kao rezultat interakcije između urođenih, individualnih karakteristika osobe i obilježja njene socijalne okoline. Ove značajke prema svojem djelovanju dijele se u rizične i zaštitne čimbenike te je njihov učinak na dijete opisan u posljednjem poglavlju teorijskog dijela rada. U empirijskom dijelu rada analizirani su podaci prikupljeni na uzorku od 393 roditelja koji su sudjelovali u anketnom istraživanju te 378 djece koja su sudjelovala u intervjuima sa stručnim suradnicima. U istraživanju su sudjelovala tri dječja vrtića te tri osnovne škole na području Slavonije. Rezultatima istraživanja utvrđene su značajne razlike u učestalosti fizički agresivnog ponašanja djece s obzirom na njihov spol i dob, broj braće ili sestara, broj članova kućanstva i radni status majke. Utvrđena je i značajna povezanost učestalosti fizički agresivnog ponašanja djece s odgojnim stilom roditelja, sociometrijskim statusom u odgojnoj skupini ili razredu, sklonosti nasilnim medijskim sadržajima te zadovoljstvom radnom sredinom roditelja. Kao značajni prediktori fizički agresivnog ponašanja pokazali su se dob, privrženost roditeljima, prihvaćenost među vršnjacima te zadovoljstvo roditelja radnom sredinom. Rezultati rada doprinose razumijevanju čimbenika povezanih s fizički agresivnim ponašanjem djece te upućuju na važnost preventivnog djelovanja, koje osima djeteta treba obuhvatiti i druge socijalno-interakcijske sredine poput obitelji, vršnjaka, odgojno-obrazovne ustanove i medija. N2 - The aim of this paper was to identify risk and protective factors associated with the development of physically aggressive behavior in the population of preschool and younger elementary school children. The theoretical part of the paper gives an overview of the various changes in the perspective of childhood and society's attitude towards children throughout history, and overview of the developmental characteristics of preschool and elementary school children. The paper used the definition of aggressive behaviour as the behaviour with intention of causing or attempting to cause harm to oneself, other persons or objects. The relationship between violence and aggression is shown, whereby aggression does not exclude physical forms of violence, but mostly refers to less extreme intentional behaviours that can cause negative psychological and/or physical consequences for victim and the perpetrator. The main theories of aggressiveness are presented, which mainly explain the development of aggressive behavior by the action of biological or social factors. The paper presents and uses Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of human development, which explains physically aggressive behavior as a result of the interaction between a person's innate, individual characteristics and the characteristics of his social environment. According to their effect, these characteristics are divided into risk and protective factors, and their effect on the child is described in the last chapter of the theoretical part of the paper. The empirical part of the work analysed data collected from a sample of 393 parents who participated in the survey and 378 children who participated in interviews with educational specialists. Three kindergartens and three elementary schools from the area of Slavonia participated in the research. The results revealed significant differences in the frequency of physically aggressive behavior of children with regard to their sex and age, the number of brothers or sisters, the number of household members and the working status of the mother. A significant correlation between the frequency of physically aggressive behavior of children with parenting style, sociometric status in the educational group or class, propensity for violent media content and satisfaction with the parents' work environment was established. The significant predictors of physically aggressive behavior were age, attachment to parents, acceptance among peers and parents' satisfaction with the work environment. The paper contributes to the understanding of the factors related to the physically aggressive behavior of children and indicates the importance of measures to prevent this behavior, which, in addition to the child, must also include other environments with which the child communicates, such as family, peers, educational institutions and the media. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Božić, Ena T1 - Društvo narcizma [Social narcissism], Master's thesis, Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 2023, 51 + 7 pp., Croatian. N2 - Društvo je prirodna pojava, od prvog sposobnog čovjeka do današnjeg čovjeka, svaki društveni oblik ima svoje sastavnice, funkcije i karakteristike, što su glavne teme socioloških istraživanja. Svaki sa sobom nosi posebne oblike društvenosti razvijene kroz ljudsku inteligenciju i životne uvjete (prirodne uvjete poput klime, vegetacije, flore i faune, do kulture i ekonomskih i političkih uvjeta) određenog razdoblja. Zanimljivo je proučavati društvene odnose među društvenim pojedincima i kako jedan pojedinac ili grupa utječe na drugoga. Kako društva rastu i razvijaju se tijekom vremena, s njima se razvijaju i određene >bolesti< ili mutacije. Jedna od takvih >bolesti< je narcizam. Kako Lasch tvrdi u svojoj knjizi The Culture of Narcissism, narcisoidnost predstavlja neku vrstu mutirane norme, u ovom slučaju društva formiranog kroz klinički dijagnosticirane poremećaje osobnosti. . Ovaj rad će ispitati pojavu narcizma u današnjem društvu i razumjeti narcizam kroz sljedeće karakteristike koje definiraju Mustač i Marčinko 2020. godine: nedostatak empatije, arogancija, potreba za divljenjem, želja za pažnjom i samo napuhani osjećaj vlastite vrijednosti. Kada te osobine postanu trajne i potpuno krute, to se naziva narcistički poremećaj osobnosti. Kada naše društvo ima velik broj pojedinaca čije se osobnosti temelje na tim osobinama, takvo društvo možemo nazvati narcisoidnim društvom. Važno je društvo proučavati kroz okvire narcisoidnosti kako bismo razumjeli određene pojave i ispravili komponente koje dovode do društveno nepoželjnih proizvoda u vidu nepoželjnih međusobnih odnosa, nepovoljnih životnih vrijednosti i uvjeta života, rada i negativnih aspekata života. Iako je teško ili nemoguće definirati što čini normalan, zdrav i uspješan život, također je lako uočiti abnormalne značajke narcisoidnog društva u kojem se opće blagostanje i zajednički napredak ne uzimaju u obzir, već samo veći pojedinačni napredak. Natprosječan i sebičan sa samoljubljem i vlastitim interesom, to je Narcis. Ljudska bića su društvena bića oblikovana socijalizacijom, tako da je narcisoidnost suprotan srži ljudskih bića, budući da se narcistička društva kreću prema asocijalnim, pa čak i antisocijalnim oblicima ponašanja kroz samopromociju i samodostatnost. Jedno treba drugo, jer prijateljstva, obitelji, zajednice, pa čak i društva stvaramo poznavajući jedni druge i napredujući zajedno, a sama ljudska povijest nam je pokazala da samo zajedno možemo ići naprijed. Jedan od paradoksa narcisoidnog društva je upravo taj da narcis treba odskočnu dasku da bi uspio u svom projektu samoljublja, samodostatnosti i transcendiranja svih ostalih. Što znači kada se narcis nema s kim usporediti, nema komu pokazati dominaciju, najljepšeg, najboljeg itd.? Upravo je zato narcisoidno društvo bila tema ovog rada jer se radi o pokušaju razumijevanja kako društvo oblikuje narcise, a kako narcisi oblikuju društvo. Većina radova o narcizmu proučava ga u obliku individualnih poremećaja ličnosti, a cilj ovog rada bio je razumijevanje društvenih aspekata narcizma. Za lakše razumijevanje narcizma rad je prikazao odnos dviju suprotnosti u društvu - odnosno odnosa između muškaraca i žena, društvene aspekte fenomena kao i osobne aspekte te kako glasnici javnosti tj. mediji gledaju na narcizam. Ovdje dolazimo do praktičnog dijela rada, gdje se proučilo i analiziralo slučaj hrvatske influencerice Ivane Knoll i narcisoidne elemente u njezinim objavama i objavama njezinih pratitelja na Instagram profilu. Ivana Knoll pružila nam je prikaze pojedinaca poput nje, koji su nam pružili dokaze o današnjem narcisoidnom društvu koje obitava i pronalazi >utočište i hranu< na društvenim mrežama. N2 - Society is a natural phenomenon, from the first able-bodied man to today's man, every social form has its components, functions and characteristics, which are the main topics of sociological research. Each carries with it special forms of sociality developed through human intelligence and living conditions (natural conditions such as climate, vegetation, flora and fauna, up to culture and economic and political conditions) of a certain period. It is interesting to study social relations between social individuals and how one individual or group affects another. As societies grow and develop over time, certain >diseases< or mutations develop with them. One such >disease< is narcissism. As Lasch argues in his book The Culture of Narcissism, narcissism represents a kind of mutated norm, in this case a society formed through clinically diagnosed personality disorders. This paper will examine the occurrence of narcissism in today's society and understand narcissism through the following characteristics defined by Mustač and Marčinko in 2020: lack of empathy, arrogance, need for admiration, desire for attention and just an inflated sense of self-worth. When these traits become permanent and completely rigid, it is called narcissistic personality disorder. When our society has a large number of individuals whose personalities are based on these traits, we can call such a society a narcissistic society. It is important to study society through the framework of narcissism in order to understand certain phenomena and correct the components that lead to socially undesirable products in the form of undesirable mutual relationships, unfavorable life values and conditions of life, work and negative aspects of life. Although it is difficult or impossible to define what constitutes a normal, healthy and successful life, it is also easy to see the abnormal features of a narcissistic society where the general well-being and collective progress are not taken into account, but only greater individual progress. Above average and selfish with self-love and self-interest, that is Narcissus. Human beings are social beings shaped by socialization, so narcissism is antithetical to the core of human beings, as narcissistic societies move toward antisocial and even antisocial forms of behavior through self-promotion and self-sufficiency. One needs the other, because we create friendships, families, communities, and even societies by knowing each other and progressing together, and human history itself has shown us that we can only move forward together. One of the paradoxes of narcissistic society is precisely that the narcissist needs a springboard to succeed in his project of self-love, self- sufficiency and transcending all others. What does it mean when a narcissist has no one to compare himself to, no one to show dominance, the most beautiful, the best, etc.? This is exactly why the narcissistic society was the topic of this work, because it is an attempt to understand how society shapes narcissists, and how narcissists shape society. Most papers on narcissism study it in the form of individual personality disorders, and the goal of this paper was to understand the social aspects of narcissism. For an easier understanding of narcissism, the paper presented the relationship between two opposites in society – that is, the relationship between men and women, the social aspects of the phenomenon as well as the personal aspects, and how the public's messengers, i.e. the media, view narcissism. Here we come to the practical part of the work, where the case of the Croatian influencer Ivana Knoll and the narcissistic elements in her posts and those of her followers on the Instagram profile were studied and analyzed. Ivana Knoll provided us with accounts of individuals like her, who provided us with evidence of today's narcissistic society that inhabits and finds >shelter and sustenance< on social media. Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wu, Linrong T1 - A Study of Fromm’s Ideas on Human Freedom and Emancipation, Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Fromm’s lifelong focus has been on the analysis of the dilemma of human existence, the critique of the current state of society, and the proposal of prescriptions for its salvation. Faced with the pathological Western society, Fromm devoted himself to finding answers for the salvation of society in various disciplines. In this regard, Fromm’s thought and his achievements have an important place in Western Marxism, and the study of Fromm and his writings is of great significance to the study of people and society at that time. The idea of liberal emancipation is the main element that runs through Fromm’s entire ideological perspective and is an important contribution to his Marxist theory of emancipation. His lifelong focus was on the >isolated modern man<, and he devoted himself to exploring the root causes of social pathologies and the existence of sick individuals, and finally proposed a prescription for saving sick Western society. The study of Fromm’s ideas not only deepens our understanding of Marxism, but also helps us understand the nature of capitalism and the superiority of socialism, and facilitates the essential criticism of the alienation of capitalist society. First, the thesis explores the ideological origins of Fromm’s liberal emancipation. The first task of the study of Fromm’s liberal emancipation idea is to achieve an exploration of its social background and theoretical origins. The heavy blows of the two world wars and the coexistence of prosperity and crisis in post-war capitalism have made people in capitalist society face the dilemma of being used as tools and suffering from relentless competition and pressure. While focusing on the development of Western capitalist society, Fromm focuses on drawing the essence of theories from Freudian psychoanalysis and Marxist theories and using them for himself, finally forming the idea of liberal liberation. Second, the dissertation analyzes and studies Fromm’s ideological perspectives on sound society and sound man. Combining the analysis of Fromm’s multiple texts, the thesis begins with Fromm’s goal of liberating human freedom, i. e. building a sound society and cultivating sound human beings. Finally, he proposes that the path to freedom and liberation is through psychological and social revolutions, pointing out that psychologi¬cal revolution is the revelation of the social unconscious and the cultivation of love and rationality, while social revolution is the simultaneous change in the economic, political and cultural fields, aiming at building a new society that can better adapt to the new man. Humanity is the starting and ending point of Fromm’s theory of freedom and emancipation. The goal of liberal emancipation is the return of human nature, which greatly highlights the status of human beings. But people in social life are always faced with various exis¬tential dilemmas, so the construction of a sound society is the need for the return of sound human beings. However, Fromm’s placing the liberal emancipation of human beings in the field of human-social relations is not in line with the actual social development. Third, the thesis provides a comparative study of the relevant discourses of Fromm and Marx. Although Fromm has certain differences with Marxist theory, his theory of human nature and human emancipation involved in liberal emancipation enriches the overall alienation of Marxism with a microscopic perspective, and there are reasonable points that have positive effects on the framing of today’s society and the shaping of sound human beings, and have important practical values for the development of contemporary China. From a dialectical point of view, Fromm’s idea of liberal emancipation also has certain shortcomings, which, together with its inherent utopian nature, lead to deviations from Marxism in the establishment of the goal of emancipation and the planning of the path to emancipation, and its proposed program for a sound society does not have a Marxist practical nature. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Nana T1 - Unconquerable Loneliness and Alienation: A Comparative Study of >The Heart is a Lonely Hunter< and >Of Mice and Men<, Master thesis, World Literature, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Both >the lonely hunter< Carson McCullers and >the spokesman for the underprivileged< John Steinbeck are considered the great American realists in the 20th century, and they share the common concern with the loneliness of marginalized characters in the process of Industrialization. In the novella >Of Mice and Men<, John Steinbeck pays attention to the miserable life of a group of itinerant ranch workers in California and tries to explore their spiritual predicament during the epochal times between 1929 and 1940, especially the various kinds of isolation suffered by them due to poverty, race, gender and disability. In Carson McCullers’ >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter<, the depiction of loneliness is revealed through five radically different grotesques in a mill town, whose troubled lives intersect in the Depression era of the South. As current studies have mainly focused on the two novels respectively, this thesis intends to make a comparative study of the two novels under the guidance of Fromm’s alienation theory so as to examine the common alienation motif. By close reading of the two novels, this paper analyzes those isolated people’s shared embodiment of alienation, desperate struggle against alienation and causes of their doomed failure, and summarizes the universality and inevitability of alienation in the Depression-era America. With the combined perspectives of both a female writer and a male writer on the same motif, the comparative study on the two novels can provide us a more comprehensive understanding of alienation and help us to explore the spiritual plight of American marginalized figures in that period more extensively and perceptively, so that we can have an overall picture of the American society in the process of historical change. [English: www.cnki.net, 3/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zeng, Fanqi T1 - The Alienation and Awakening of Characters in >Tree of Smoke<, Master thesis, World Literature, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] >Tree of Smoke< is one of the most recognized works by American novelist and playwright Denis Johnson. The book won the 2007 U. S. National Book Award, and Denis has been called >the writers’ writer<. With Vietnam War as the background, Denis’ work portrays a number of characters such as American officers Skip, Colonel, Kathy, and the Houston brothers, providing a deep insight into the alienation and awakening of human nature during the war. Rather than depicting the large-scale scenes of fighting on the battlefield, the novel focuses more on the individual activities of the characters in the process of war, presenting the sinking and struggling of individuals and society in the war with a unique approach that conveys a genuine anti-war theme. With the support of Fromm’s alienation theory, the thesis analyzes the alienation of the characters in >Tree of Smoke< by applying Fromm’s alienation theory. In accord with Fromm’s judgement, under the condition of capitalist society, alienation is present all the time and everywhere, it makes human beings become alienated individuals, limiting their self-development, which in turn affects the public. The alienated society and individuals oppress each other, forming a social atmosphere of alienation and indifference, the relationship of people’s interests replaces warmth, only true love can eliminate this alienation. With the perspective of alienation theory, the characters’ self-alienation, the alienation between the characters and society, and the alienation of the characters’ interpersonal relationships are plainly visible in >Tree of Smoke<. Denis reveals the danger of war with profound strokes, appeals to opposing war and pursuing peace with the characters’ awakening out of alienation. The thesis consists of an introduction, a conclusion and five main chapters. The introduction presents an overview of author Denis Johnson’s life and major works, which focuses on the analyzed text of this dissertation, >Tree of Smoke<, the text’s literary status and textual significance are described, along with the current state of the text’s study at home and abroad. Then, the thesis’ innovative points and thematic argu¬ments are outlined. Chapter one is the theoretical foundation, which introduces the origin and development of alienation theory, and focuses on the alienation theory that Fromm developed and constructed, which is mainly applied in this thesis. Chapter two explores the self-alienation of the characters in >Tree of Smoke< indicating that in the context of war and capitalist society, there exists alienation of the characters’ self-perception, and the inhibition of the characters’ self-development in such condition. Chapter three analyzes the alienation between the characters and society, illustrating the suppression of individuals in the environ¬ment of war by American and Vietnamese societies; individuals in such apathetic and repressive social environment become mechanically submissive. Chapter four analyzes the characters’ alienation of inter¬personal relationships, exploring the dysfunctional family relationship and the distorted love relationships. Chapter five analyzes the gradual awakening of the characters in the process of war from three aspects: the self-alienation of individuals, the alienation between characters and society, and the alienated interpersonal relationships. Individuals rebuild their self-perceptions and explore their thoughts, the society as a whole reflects rationally on the war, and individuals no longer blindly follow the militant social atmosphere. In the presence of alienated interpersonal relationships, the characters also demonstrate different degrees of recognition and confrontation in both family and love. The conclusion points out that, against the background of war and capitalist society, the alienation, which is present everywhere, grows increasingly, resulting in the characters’ self-development being restricted, separating the family members, and even going to the abyss of death. In the cruel war, the gradual awa¬kening of individuals is a resistance to alienation and a protest against war. The conclusion also indicates the significance and shortcomings of this study, with a purpose to provide a reference for the subsequent study of >Tree of Smoke<. Different from traditional Vietnam War fiction, Denis Johnson presents a complex series of scenes and plots that portray transformative characters, creating a new dimension beyond the universal elements of war fiction. With the characters’ awakening out of alienation and their pursuit of self as the foundation, Johnson perpetuates his belief of embracing peace and rejecting war. Even though the characters in the book do not achieve a complete awakening in the end, their efforts to dissolve alienation and regain their true nature still have a positive guiding significance today, when the war still endangers humanity. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Kainan T1 - A Study of Fromm’s Subject Conception, Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China 2023. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Erich Fromm, an American German Jew. He is a representative figure of the Frankfurt School, as well as a famous philosopher, psychologist, and sociologist. Throughout his lifetime of academic research, it is not difficult to find that the concept of subjectivity runs through all of his theoretical achievements as the main thread. Although Erich Fromm criticized human subjectivity in modern western capitalist society, he also provided a new perspective for our society to examine subjectivity. Erich Fromm, through the construction of human subjectivity, hopes that people can actively and consciously participate in the face of irreversible free life, and can give full play to the productive and creative characteristics of people as the main body of social life, build a meaningful life on the basis of love and reason, and constantly obtain human self realization. Erich Fromm’s thought not only critically inherits Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, but also includes the absorption and reference of Marx’s theory of alienated labor and humanism. There are similarities and differences between Erich Fromm’s interpretation of human subjectivity and Marx’s view that human beings actively transform the world by relying on their own subjective initiative. Erich Fromm’s life has been calling for the return of human subjectivity, emphasizing the importance of human itself. Influenced by Marx, his understanding of the world is that of humans, a world where humans exist as the main body. Humans can transform the world through their own creative activities, and the world should become a world that gives people value and meaning. Erich Fromm’s subjective view can help us understand what kind of social life subjects are needed in modern society, and provide useful enlightenment for us to cultivate and shape sound citizens in combination with the national conditions and folk conditions of Chinese society. However, Erich Fromm’s subjective view also has certain limitations, that is, it is far away from the world outlook and methodology of materialism, and it also ignores the class problem. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhou, Xiaoyu T1 - A Study of Alienation Dilemma in >Everything I Never Told You< from the Perspective of Humanism, Master thesis, World Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] Celeste Ng is one of the important Chinese American writers in American society, who becomes very popular at home and abroad with the publication of her first novel >Everything I Never Told You<. Ng’s works focus on the living conditions of ethnic minorities and marginal people in society. Her writing style is mild and restrained, and she explores the relationship between people with a trivial story pattern. >Everything I Never Told You< tells the living dilemma of an Asian mixed-race family through the trivial things in daily life. This thesis mainly takes Fromm’s humanism as the breakthrough point to deeply analyze the alienation performance of the protagonists in >Everything I Never Told You<, its causes and ways of salvation, and points out the pressure and challenges people face in modern society. As a representative of the Frankfurt School, Fromm reveals the universal alienation phenomenon in a capitalist society and researches this problem. His analysis expresses his concern and cogitation on the plight of human alienation. This thesis examines the alienation and suffering of the James’ through humanistic thought and strives to find a way out in the alienated world. This thesis consists of three parts: introduction, main body, and conclusion. The first part is the introduction. This part mainly includes the introduction of Celeste Ng and her work >Everything I Never Told You< and the research review at home and abroad, and points out the purpose and significance of analyzing the works from the perspective of Fromm’s humanism. The second part is the main body. The main part of the thesis consists three chapters: The first chapter analyzes the performance of the alienation dilemma. Firstly, the protagonists become marginal. In social life, James and Lydia are difficult integrating into society as Asians; in family, Marilyn’s demands are ignored by family members, and Nath and Hannah are ignored by their parents. Secondly, people are trapped into self-contradiction. Marine falls into the contradiction between self-potential and short life, and Lydia is in the contradiction between life and death. Finally, the protagonists all become silent subordinates. Lydia has no courage to rebel her parents, and James and Marilyn follows the rules of society. These performances belong to the alienation of the relationship between man and man, man and society, and man and himself. The second chapter analyzes the reasons for the alienation dilemma. There are two main reasons for the alienation dilemma: family reasons and social reasons. The disharmony between husband and wife, the unbalanced love of parents for their children, and the estrangement between siblings constitute a complex family relationship. James, who lives in a white society as an Asian, has never been able to integrate into the white society truly. Although Marilyn is a white woman, she is still oppressed and discriminated against in terms of gender. These social discriminations also affect the alienation of characters. The third chapter analyzes the salvation ways of alienation dilemma. The broken family finally recognizes the reality and directly faces Lydia’s death. Then they build personal subjectivity and overcome obstacles through the love between family members, and then the family is out of alienation dilemma. Fromm believes that love is an effective way of treating human dilemmas. At the same time, people can enrich their existence value and achieve spiritual integrity by giving love. The last part is the conclusion. This part summarizes the above discussion and finds the way of salvation through the analysis of alienation embodiments and causes. It hopes to arouse people’s deep attention to the alienation dilemma of human existence in contemporary society, deepen people’s self-identity cognition and thinking about the harmonious relationship between family and society. It also provides reference for other inter-racial families to solve the problems of family conflict, children relationship, social discrimination and so on. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhou, Suzhen T1 - The Survival Predicament of >the Beat Generation< – A Study of >On the Road< from the Perspective of Alienation, Master thesis, World Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2023 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available] As one of the representative figures in the Beat Generation, Jack Kerouac presents a real and detailed life of the group in his semi-autobiographical novel >On the Road<. The uninhibited lifestyle of the young people and their desire for freedom profoundly reveal their perdue fear and discomposure beneath the social prosperity and stabilization in America after World War II. The rebellious behavior of the characters in the novel is a way for them to promote individuality and express their true feelings, which reflects their suppressed anger and anxiety. Because this group have been marginalized and stifled by dominant culture, they attempt to explore new lifestyles and values about human beings. With the theory of alienation by Fromm, this thesis aims to interpret the social reasons why the people who persistently pursue independence and freedom end up succumbing to secular discipline. Although this sub-cultural group oppose to the suppression of the society, they all choose to compromise with the community they have revolted. It is argued that the cause of their final choice of life is the highly-institutionalized mechanical civilization which condenses humans’ space for personal survival and development. The alienation of labor resulting from mechanization alienated people’s psychology, which leads to alienation of freedom and love. The commodities and prosperity in modern society do not bring about real meaning to them. On the contrary, the illusory happiness beguiles them into instant gratification to such an extent that they abnegate spiritual independence unconsciously. The three chapters of the thesis expound the contradictory behaviors of the main characters in the novel from the aspects of alienation of freedom, love and labor, aiming to clarify the source of their psychological alienation. According to the analysis of the thesis, it is argued that the alienation of labor emerging along with the development of capitalism is the main cause of psychological alienation and the suppressive social environment leads to rebellion of the youth. While as individual resistance and spiritual pursuit are not capable to resist mighty social discipline, they are doomed to compromise with the society. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2025] Y1 - 2023 ER -