TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Yuying T1 - A Study of Alienation in David Mamet’s Plays 大卫·马梅特戏剧作品中的异化现象研究], Doctoral dissertation, English Language and Literature, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 美国著名剧作家大卫·马梅特①(David Mame, 1947-)曾多次获得美国和英国戏剧界大奖, 包括美国普利策奖、奥比奖、英国西城剧院奖等众多荣誉, 是当代美国最高产也是最受欢迎的剧作家之一。马梅特戏剧作品的人物设置、语言特色及其社会关怀博得众多学者的好评。他自早期戏剧作品如《湖舟》、《鸭子变奏曲》、《芝加哥的性堕落》等面世后就开始受到学界关注, 目前已有相当数量的研究成果。中国的马梅特研究虽起步较晚, 但由于马梅特的戏剧成就和国内学者的热情, 现已经逐渐成为美国戏剧研究的热点之一。国内对马梅特研究的视角主要有伦理学研究、女性主义批评、权利话语分析、文体学研究等, 但基本都是以单篇论文呈现, 未能展现马梅特戏剧的整体面貌。此外, 囿于研究视角比较集中, 国内的马梅特研究视野不够开阔。本论文对国内外马梅特研究现状进行比较系统的梳理后, 尝试以西方心理分析领域的马克思主义代表人物埃里希·弗洛姆的异化理论分析马梅特的《美国野牛》、《拜金一族》等剧作, 揭示剧中人物矛盾纠葛产生的深层原因。论文绪论部由四节构成。该部分包含对研究对象、研究现状、异化理论及研究方法和创新点的介绍和梳理。由于马梅特的作品较多, 可以切入研究的视角也纷繁复杂, 必须对其作品及现有研究成果进行合理分类, 才能发现已有成果的局限并为自己的研究找到契合点。其次, 绪论部分也对异化理论进行了梳理。多位哲人和学者从哲学的角度运用过异化概念, 但定义各不相同, 因此需要对论文中使用的异化理论予以界定。最后, 论文归纳了撰写过程中使用的研究方法、论文的创新点及后期研究的方向。除绪论外, 论文主体部分由三章构成, 分别研究商业活动、日常关系及情感活动中的异化现象。商品经济大潮对当今社会产生的冲击最强烈, 影响也最明显;商业活动又是商品经济中最常见、最普遍的活动, 因此论文主体部分首先讨论了商业活动中异化现象的表现及其影响。论文第一章题目是>《拜金一族》与《燃水引擎》中商业活动异化研究<。本章分别以马梅特的普利策戏剧奖获奖作品《拜金一族》及另外一部涉及商业犯罪的作品《燃水引擎》为研究目标, 分析两部作品中的物欲崇拜异化对社会的正常运转所造成的负面影响。《拜金一族》围绕推销员、主管威廉姆森的表现及公司老板的角色展开研究。论文通过分析上述角色的言行, 发现推销员的卑劣行径源于异化, 而推销员的异化则根源于公司的竞争制度和管理方式。《燃水引擎》将研究重点聚焦于商人劳伦斯·奥伯曼的言行, 通过将其言语与实际行为进行对比, 揭示这位道貌岸然的商人在物欲崇拜的驱使下如何与他人沆瀣一气追逐偏颇目标的。论文揭示了两部戏剧中商业活动缘何偏离正常轨道及商业活动中异化现象产生的原因, 认为两部戏剧都涉及因商业活动导致的犯罪问题, 其诱因表面上要归结为伦理缺失、道德失衡, 然而背后的原因却是人的异化观念导致了物欲崇拜现象。本章第四节从语言技巧出发探讨马梅特如何通过人物语言表现商业活动领域的异化现象。人际关系是链接人与人关系的重要纽带, 它决定着人际互动的展开方式并会从根本上影响社会的运转, 在社会生活中具有举足轻重的地位。马梅特在戏剧作品也非常关注异化对人际关系带来的影响, 因此论文在第二章研究了日常交往中的异化现象。本章研究异化如何影响日常交往, 研究对象是马梅特的戏剧作品《美国野牛》与《奥利安娜》。正常社会氛围中诸如相互照顾、帮助、关心都是较为常见的人际互动方式, 而>异化<会瓦解上述良性互动方式并导致社会中冷漠、仇恨等消极因素不断滋生蔓延。《美国野牛》中蒂奇说服店主更换合作伙伴、策划大部分作案细节、持续不断地中伤他人, 推动着戏剧情节的发展, 因此他的言行是研究的重点。论文运用社会表演学理论透视蒂奇言语与行为的矛盾之处, 揭示他行为表现出的深刻的异化特征。《奥利安娜》中卡罗尔经历了由>请求者<到>霸凌者<的转变, 她在要求没有得到满足的情况下执意提出控告并意图毁掉教授拥有的一切。论文分析了卡罗尔在>弱势<及>强势<身份时迥然不同的表演, 发掘其言行中异化特征。论文通过对两部戏剧的研究, 剖析了异化对人际关系的影响并揭示了人际关系异化形成的根源。本章的第四节从两部戏剧的情境入手, 以具体文本为出发点, 分析了马梅特如何巧妙地选择情境表现异化对日常生活产生巨大影响的。爱情是人类情感的升华, 是人类生活不可或缺的一部分, 同时也是文学研究的重要方面。巧合的是, 马梅特也有多部作品与爱情异化相关。因此, 论文主体的第三章研究感情生活中的异化现象。本章对《树林》与《波士顿婚姻》展开分析, 通过剧中人物的言行透视异化对情感生活的巨大影响。《树林》在上演后引起多家媒体的追捧和评论, 关注的焦点多集中于戏剧语言、情节等方面;《波士顿婚姻》引发的关注多集中在同性婚姻、爱情忠诚等方面。但在作者看来, 这两部戏剧反映的是资本主义工业化生产方式塑造的异化性格在爱情中的具体体现。《树林》中尼克对情人如丝的兴趣漠不关心, 他在爱情中只会索取, 却逃避应该承担的义务并仅仅追求即时的性欲。论文以表演学理论展现了>爱无能<在戏剧中如何体现及其产生的负面影响;《波士顿婚姻》中安娜以帮助同性恋人克莱尔的名义同已婚男性开始了新恋情。论文通过表演学理论分析其言行, 阐明她这一做法的真正动机是满足虚荣心。此外, 论文还就安娜身上所体现的金钱崇拜、不受挫原则等几个特征进行分析, 指出安娜的行为是不切实际的。论文认为, 异化改变了人的爱情观并损害了感情生活的基础。本章的最后一节阐述马梅特在戏剧中如何利用>陌生化<效果强化异化对爱情生活的负面影响。论文结论部分总结了主体部分的研究内容, 认为商业活动、日常关系及情感生活中的异化现象在马梅特的戏剧中普遍存在, 体现了马梅特对社会运行中异化、疏离现象的焦虑。论文借助相关戏剧理论分析了六部戏剧中形态各异的异化现象, 指出了异化对社会产生影响的具体方式, 揭示了异化产生的根源以及马梅特是如何通过多种艺术手法表现异化现象的。由于异化会对社会生活的各个方面都会产生消极的影响, 阻碍社会良性发展和社会个体间的良性互动, 因而社会所有成员都需要对此予以关注和重视。异化理论不仅可以解读出戏剧人物怪诞言行的深层原因, 而且可以追根溯源挖掘这些现象产生的社会原因。从异化视角解读马梅特的戏剧作品所获得的研究成果也为如何构建和谐发展的社会提供了比较有益的思考. N2 - David Mamet (born 1947), a famous American playwright, has won numerous awards in the U. S. and the U. K. , including the Pulitzer Prize, the Obie Award, the British Society of West End Theatres Awards, and so on, and is widely acclaimed as one of the most prolific and most popular playwrights. The construction of his characters, the language features and humanistic concern in the drama have won the praise of many scholars and aroused the interest of academic circles from many countries ever since the publication of his early dramatic works such as >Lakeboat<, >The Duck Variation<, and >Sexual Perversity in Chicago< The last quarter of the 20th century witnessed his quick rise from an obscure playwright into a famous master. Although the study of Mamet began later in China than in America, it has evolved into one of the most heated research objects due to Mamet’s achievements and scholars’ enthusiasm. Up until now, Mamet’s plays have been studied from the perspectives of ethics studies, feminist criticism, discourse analysis, stylistics studies and so on. Since most of the research works are presented in the form of journal articles, they cannot reflect the overall glory of Mamet’s drama. In addition, the research perspectives are relatively limited and unable to broaden the vision of Mamet’s study. Therefore, the dissertation having done a relatively systematic review on the research works of Mamet from home and abroad, attempts to apply Marxist psychoanalyst Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation to analyze Mamet’s, >Glengarry Glen Ross< and some other plays in order to reveal the deep reasons that cause the severe contradictions between the characters in the plays. The first part of the dissertation is an introduction. It firstly introduces the research objects, classifies existing research works and defines the theory of alienation used in this dissertation. Because Mamet has written many plays and that the research works on them employ various methods, it seems necessary to conduct a comprehensive summary and classification on the plays and research results so that an appropriate point can be chosen for the present study. Secondly, this part makes a comparison between different concepts of alienation because philosophers and scholars have diversified interpretations on the notion. Thirdly, this part also lists the research methods used in this dissertation, points out the new findings, and shows the directions for future work. Apart from the introduction, the dissertation consists of three chapters, aiming to analyze respectively the alienation phenomenon in business activities, interpersonal relationship and love. The tide of commodity economy has greatest influence on the society in a direct and violent way and business activities are the most common and noticeable in society. Therefore, the first chapter of the dissertation lays stress on the influence and exact forms of alienation in business activities. The research objects of this part are Mamet’s Pulitzer Prize-winning work >Glengarry Glen Ross< and another play >The Water Engine< which also talks about commercial crime. The alienation in the form of >money worship< is analyzed in this part. The study of >Glengarry Glen Ross< concentrates on the salesmen, their office manager Williamson’s performance and the firm’s owners. The dissertation analyzes the roles mentioned above and their performance and finds that the immoral or illegal behaviors are closely connected with alienation which originates from the way in which the competition is conceived. >The Water Engine< focuses on the businessman Lawrence Oberman’s performance and compares his performance with his actual deeds and exposes how the sanctimonious man works with others to chase biased objectives. Both plays have such plots that business activities and crimes are mixed together. On the surface the incentive is attributed to the lack of ethics and moral imbalance; however, the reason behind it is the pursuit of one’s interest. The alienated people view physical materials and money as the ultimate purpose for which they try every means available even criminal actions to obtain. The fourth part of the chapter studies the language of the plays and tries to find how David Mamet use language to vivify the characters and exhibits the negative role of alienation in the business activities. The interpersonal relationship is important, for it binds the people together and in this sense it decides how people interact with each other and exerts fundamental effect on society, so the second chapter conducts a research on alienation in the interpersonal relationship of >Oleanna< and >American Buffalo< In the normal social atmosphere, care and help are the common forms of interpersonal interaction; however, in an alienated social relationship, the individual’s indifference and hatred prevail, the usual intimate relationship between people gradually disappears. Teach in >American Buffalo< persuades the owner of the junk shop to change his assistant in the theft, conceives most details of the stealing and keeps on maligning others. In effect, he is the character who makes story move forward and therefore his performance can be regarded as the focus of the play. The dissertation avails itself of social performance studies to examine the contradiction in his words and deeds and finds that there is deep-rooted sense of alienation in him. Carol in >Oleanna< undergoes the transformation from a solicitant to a bully and she is determined to destroy everything the professor owns, just because the professor refuses to satisfy her improper requests. Therefore, the dissertation concentrates on the discussion of the great difference in her performances when she respectively acts as a vulnerable or mighty individual and exposes the alienation features in her deeds and words. The dissertation analyzes the two plays, exposes the influences alienation exposes on interpersonal relationship and makes an attempt to trace to the root which causes it come into being. The fourth part of the chapter focuses on plot-and-scene analysis, examining how the plot develops in each scene. With a close reading of the text, the author reveals how the author reveals how Mamet chooses various special scenes to exhibit the disastrous impact that alienation exerts on the interpersonal relationship. Love is the mightiest form of all human feelings and is essential to human beings; love is also an inseparable part to literature and literary research. Coincidentally, Mamet produces many plays concerning the alienation in love which is also worth studying. The third chapter conducts a research on the alienation in love embodied in Mamet’s >The Woods< and >Boston Marriage<. Mamet’s works such as >The Woods< and >Boston Marriage< develops around the characters in love and contemporary people’s attitudes towards love are revealed through the conflict of the characters in the play. When The Woods was put on the stage, it caused a lot of media attention and comments which mainly focused on the language and plot; Boston Marriage paid much attention to lesbian love, loyalty and so on. But in the author’s point of view, these two plays reflect the >alienated< characters shaped by the capitalist industrial production mode. Nick in >The Woods< shows little interest in what his lover Ruth cares about and refuses to take his obligation in love; instead, he asks for love from Ruth when he needs and is keen on sexual desire. The dissertation studies his behaviors from the perspective of performance studies and reveals how his inability to love is exhibited in the play and how this kind alienation affects life. Anna in >Boston Marriage< starts a new close relationship with a man who is married with the excuse that she can get enough money to support her lesbian lover Claire. The dissertation analyzes his words and deeds by means of examining her performance closely and refutes her excuse and points out that what Anna plans is rooted in alienation. As a result, the dissertation analyzes her several tendencies originating from alienation such as money worship and non-frustration principles and shows that both her views and her actions are unrealistic. The chapter concludes that alienation is changing people’s usual view on love and undermines its basis. The last part of the chapter explores how Mamet uses alienation effect to highlight the catastrophic effect of alienation in love. The last part provides a conclusion which reiterates the research findings on the alienation in Mamet’s plays in the previous three chapters. This part concludes that alienation analyzed in the previous chapters is a wide-spread phenomenon in almost all of Mamet’s plays, which reflects Mamet’s anxiety over the deviation from regular norms of society. The dissertation makes use of theory from performance studies to analyze alienation of different forms in the six plays, which exhibits the concrete ways alienation exerts effect on society and reveals the rooted reasons of alienation. Since alienation casts undesirable influence on society and hampers the benign development of society and regular interaction between people, all the members of society should keep an eye on it. Fromm’s theory on alienation can not only explore the deep-rooted reasons of characters’ queer behaviors in the plays but also trace their origin from social development. What is more, the research results of Mamet’s plays from the perspective of alienation can function as a precious reference to the construction of a harmonious society. [Author's translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Jing T1 - Fromm’s Theory of Alienation of Consumption and Its Enlightenment for China Building a Conservation Oriented Society [弗洛姆消费异化理论对中国构建节约型社会的启示], Master thesis, Fundamentals of Marxism, Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology, Shaanxi, Xi'an, China 2017. N2 - 自改革开放以来, 国人在较短的时间内实现了从温饱型消费到享受型消费的转变, 个人的消费需求得到极大满足。然而, 生活质量的提高不但没有降低人们对消费品的占有欲望, 反而造成了消费过程中的过度消费、超前消费、盲目消费等消费异化现象。基于此, 本文通过对弗洛姆消费异化思想的研究, 结合中国当前消费领域存在的问题, 提出科学合理、适合中国国情的消费理念和消费行为, 有效避免陷入西方式消费异化问题。弗洛姆在马克思主义劳动异化理论的基础上, 从社会心理学的角度批判资本主义消费中的不合理现象。他认为消费异化是把消费本身变成目的, 个体的消费行为受到外界的干扰, 使人变成贪婪的消费工具, 同时人们对物质无止境的追求而引发了一系列的社会及生态问题。他认为消费异化的产生是利己主义与资本主义共同作用的结果, 所以要消除消费异化必须要从政治、经济、文化、个体等方面着手, 找出导致消费异化产生的根本原因, 从根源上避免消费异化。当前, 随着我国生产力的持续发展和科学技术水平的不断进步, 人们的生活质量快速提高, 人们的消费需求也在不断增长, 且消费需求的快速增长逐渐成为我国经济社会发展的强劲动力之一。但伴随人们迅速增长的消费欲望, 我国消费领域也出现了类似弗洛姆所批判的消费异化现象。与此同时, 目前我国还存在较为严重的收入差距问题, 这在客观上加剧了消费领域的异化问题。不论是高收入者的奢靡消费还是低收入者的超前消费、盲目消费, 都面临消费异化倾向。当人们沉溺于过度消费的快感之中, 被物所束缚, 在消费中体验虚假>自由<和>幸福<, 并逐渐在异化消费中迷失自我。据于此, 展开对弗洛姆消费异化理论的深入研究, 对避免消费异化问题具有重要理论价值和现实意义。本文主要通过三种方法对弗洛姆消费异化问题进行研究, 一是文献分析法, 研读马克思主义及西方马克思主义学者的消费异化理论, 以期对本文研究提供理论支撑。二是历史与逻辑相结合的方法, 从历史角度阐释马克思主义经典作家及西方马克思主义学者对消费异化理论的研究, 重点分析弗洛姆有关消费异化的理论, 揭示消费异化产生的根源、表现极其影响, 总结克服消费异化采取的措施。三是理论联系实际的方法, 将弗洛姆消费异化理论与我国当前现实相结合, 从社会学、生态学、伦理学等角度分析, 为解决消费异化问题指明出路, 为我国建设节约型社会提供理论引导。通过以上三种方法对西方马克思学者消费异化理论进行深入研究, 以弗洛姆的消费异化思想为主线, 为我国研究消费异化问题奠定理论基石和消费理念。在消费主义盛行时代, 研究消费异化问题, 可以帮助人们审视自己的消费理念, 自觉抵制消费异化行为。引导人们以马克思主义理论为指导, 树立正确科学的消费观, 发挥社会主义核心价值观的价值引领作用, 在人们心中播撒绿色消费理念, 引导我国民众进行理性消费, 有力推动我国构建节约型社会的步伐。 N2 - Since the reform and opening up, the people in a relatively short period of time from the food and clothing consumption to the enjoyment of consumption changes, personal consumption demand has been greatly met. However, the improvement of the quality of life not only does not reduce people’s desire for consumer goods, but also leads to excessive consumption, excessive consumption, blind consumption and other phenomena of consumption alienation in the process of consumption. Based on this, this article through the research on Fromm’s thoughts of consumption alienation, combined with the existing problems in the field of China current consumption, put forward scientific and reasonable consumption concept and consumption behavior, for Chinese conditions, effectively avoid western consumption alienation. On the basis of Marx’s theory of labor alienation, Fromm criticized the irrational phenomena in capitalist consumption from the angle of social psychology. He thinks that alienation is the consumption itself, consumer behavior of individuals from outside interference, make people become greedy consumption tools, at the same time people endless pursuit of material and cause a series of social and ecological problems. He believes that consumption alienation is the common egoism and capitalism results, so to eliminate the alienation of consumption must proceed from the political, economic, cultural and individual aspects, identifies the root causes of consumption alienation, avoid the alienation of consumption from the source. At present, with the continuous development of China’s productivity and the level of science and technology, people’s quality of life has increased rapidly, people’s consumption demand is also growing, and the rapid growth of consumer demand has gradually become one of the strong momentum of China’s economic and social development. But with the rapid growth of consumption desire, there has been a consumption alienation phenomenon similar to Fromm’s criticism in the consumption field of our country. At the same time, China still has a serious income gap problem, which objectively aggravates the alienation of consumption. Whether it is extravagant consumption of high-income earners or low-income people’s excessive consumption, blind consumption, are facing the tendency of consumption alienation. When people indulge in the pleasure of excessive consumption, they are bound by things, experience false >freedom< and >happiness< in consumption, and gradually lose themselves in the alienation of consumption. According to this, it is of great theoretical value and practical significance to avoid the alienation of consumption in an intensive study of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory. This paper mainly through three kinds of method to study the Fromm problem of consumption alienation, is a literature analysis, the study of Marx’s doctrine and the Western Marxist scholars consumption alienation theory, to provide theoretical support for this study. The two method is a combination of history and logic, the research on consumption alienation theory from the angle of history interpretation of classical writer Marx and the Western Marxist scholars, focuses on the analysis of Fromm about the consumption alienation theory, and reveals the root performance consumption alienation produced extremely influence, summarizes the measures taken to overcome the alienation of consumption. The three is the method of theory and practice, combining Fromm’s alienation of consumption theory and the current reality of our country, from the analysis of sociology, ecology, ethics and other point of view, to solve the problem of consumption alienation pointed out, to provide theoretical guidance for the construction of a conservation oriented society in china. Through the above three methods to conduct in-depth study of the western scholars Marx consumption alienation theory, Fromm’s thought to the alienation of consumption as the main line, laid the theoretical foundation and the consumption concept for our country to study the problem of consumption alienation. In the era of consumerism, the study of consumption alienation can help people to examine their own consumption concept, and consciously resist consumption alienation. To guide people to be guided by Marx theory, establish the correct scientific concept of consumption, the value of socialist core values play a leading role, in the hearts of people spread the concept of green consumption, and guide our people to rational consumption, promote the construction of a conservation oriented society development in China. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shi, Guanghui T1 - Study on Evaluation Model and Design Patterns of Internet Social Networking Applications [互联网社交应用产品设计方法与评测模型], Doctoral Dissertation, Digital Art and Design, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 本文以互联网社交应用产品设计方法和评测模型为题,从社交需求理论出发,借鉴社会心理学研究中有关社交需求的经典研究成果,结合交互设计和产品设计理论研究虚拟世界中人们的社交需求、社交活动和社交感受,探索互联网社交应用产品的评测模型和设计模式。主要运用了文献调研法、统计分析法和质性研究等研究方法。研究过程方面,首先通过文献调研分析理顺研究思路,制定研究计划,设计问卷模型和调研问卷。对问卷中的质性因素和量化指标进行分门别类,通过调查问卷、访谈、抽样调查等手段获得调研数据。运用统计方法从第一阶段调查结果分析中得出初步研究成果,然后根据问卷模型设计新的调查问卷分析具体的社交应用,根据统计分析结果设计初步的评测模型。接着通过交叉分析验证或调整模型中相应指标的权重,并建立评测模型的矩阵算法。再用矩阵算法对不同的社交应用进行对比评测,验证模型的效度和信度。最后,通过对比评测和设计对比实验验证设计模式的有效性和有效程度。研究完成了互联网社交应用产品DPCF问卷模型,提出了 SFT互联网社交应用产品评估模型,和基于评估模型的SFT社交应用设计模式。达到了既定的研究目标,取得了预期的研究成果。研究发现,基于社交需求和自然交互行为的互联网社交应用设计评测方法和设计模式,从人的存在、发展、交往本质需求出发,将偏向认知的交互设计研究和偏向交互体验的设计理论与社会心理学研究有机的结合起来,可以更为全面、清晰、有效的对现有的社交应用进行评估,可以为社交应用的优化和新产品的开发迭代提供快速有效的方法。社交应用评测模型和设计模式的研究提出了一种新的研究视角,丰富了互联网社交应用产品的数字化设计理论;为广大用户在虚拟世界里更好的完成社交活动和自我实现提供了可能;为设计师和开发者提供了一种创新、高效的设计方法。 N2 - [This thesis mainly surrounds subject on Internet social app product design patterns and evaluation model based on social psychology. The author tries to use social psychology research as an angle of view. Classical social theories are concerned including: Marx’s practical theory, Freud’s subconscious theory, Sartre’s freedom theory, Fromm’s interpersonal and social needs theory, Marcuse’s creative love and desire theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Combining theory of digital art and design, interaction design, discuss human social activities in the internet virtual world, study on evaluation model and design patterns of Internet social networking applications. Using literature research, statistical analysis, and qualitative research methods is to conduct research. First, through the literature research study on straightening out ideas, develop a research plan, designing questionnaires; and then, obtaining first-hand information through questionnaires, interviews, sampling experience surveys and other means. Questionnaire models for qualitative and quantitative indicators in the survey were categorized. From the first stage of the investigation, I used the method of statistical analysis of preliminary research results design the new questionnaire and evaluation model based on humanology research. Through investigation and analysis, validate and adjust the index weight in evalu-ation model. The evaluation model is presented in the form of matrix algorithms. Finally, the evaluation model for the comparative evaluation of different social applications is to verify the validity and reliability of the model. The study completed the DPCF (Demand Production Consume Feeling) questionnaire model based on humanology research, SFT (Social Feeling Tools) evaluation model of social applica-tions, and social networking application design patterns based o evaluation model. This research reaches the established goal, and has achieved the desired results. Studies have shown that, study on evaluation model and design patterns of internet social networking applications based on social psychology research, combines the studies of interaction design and humanology research. The evaluation results of popular social app become more comprehensive, clear and effective. This research can provide quick and efficient method for the optimization and development of social applications of new products. Research enriched digital design theory of social applications, also presents a new perspective, provide a new way of thinking and design methods for designers and developers. In this paper, the design method and evaluation model are proved to be valid and effective by empirical research. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Si, Qiqi T1 - A Study of Fromm's View of Freedom [弗洛司琪琪], Master thesis, History of Marxism Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 弗洛姆在对前人思想的继承批判和社会活动的实践中,立足人的主体性,从深不可测的精神世界和变化多端的行为入手,引出了对现代社会中人们>逃避自由<现象的深刻思考,构筑起自己关于人的自由状况、表现及如何实现的一系列鲜明独特的观点。首先,文章力图从时代的重大事件和他的特殊经历来理解弗洛姆本人及自由观点,重大事件包括两次世界大战、资本主义和社会主义阵营的军备竞赛、资本主义经济危机和经济繁荣、法西斯和纳粹主义的肆虐等,特殊经历包含弗洛姆忧郁的童年生活、辗转逃离纳粹的迫害中受到疾病的纠缠、坎坷的爱情生活等,并在此基础上梳理了弗洛姆自由观形成的历史阶段。同时,他的自由观也是在多种思想交流和文化观念的碰撞中形成火花,弗洛姆主要吸收了弗洛伊德的无意识、性格学说和本能理论为主的精神分析理论和马克思主义的历史唯物主义、部分阶级分析工具和关于人的全面自由发展的理论,尤以马克思主义理论对他的影响最大,另外,他的自由观点还受到犹太文化传统的影响。其次,弗洛姆自由观的基本思想主要划分为4个版块。研究他的自由观点当然不能仅仅局限在《逃避自由》这一著作中,受限于人们对自由逃避的心理状况和对自由追寻的社会全方位的变革途径。纵观弗洛姆一生的所有著作,可以发现与自由作抗争的活动与人本身的存在难以分割,自由更多地与人格或性格相关,存在着积极自由和消极自由两种形式,及与此相对应的重存在和重占有的生存方式,弗洛姆将矛盾聚焦现实的社会环境中人们面对的自由困境,解析了人们逃避自由的心理、社会机制,最终满怀希望地构思出在社会各个领域进行变革和通过塑造健全人格来实现人的全面发展的自由之路。最后,文章对弗洛姆的自由观点给出了一个综合的评价。他侧重从人的微观心理方面分析和关于人类主体的理想实现的自由观点具有一定的理论和实践价值,这体现在弗洛姆的自由观点创新了心理概念在历史唯物领域的运用,深化了对资本主义社会的批判和丰富了劳动异化理论,这对人的创造性发挥和和谐社会建设具有重大的实践价值,但是弗洛姆的自由观也存在着理论局限性,它仍是一种人本主义伦理的自由观,过分关注了人的人格、信仰、情感等因素,在关于新社会的构想中充满了空想社会主义的色彩。 N2 - From the inheritance and criticism of the predecessors’ thoughts and the practice of social activities, Fromm is based on the subjectivity of human beings, from the unfathomable spiritual world and the changing behavior, it leads to the phenomenon of >escape from freedom< in modern society. Deep thinking, to build their own on the freedom of the situation, performance and how to achieve a series of distinctive and unique view. The article first seeks to understand from the great events and special experiences of the times and the views of Fromm himself and his freedom, including the two world wars, the capitalist and socialist camps of the arms race, the capitalist economic crisis and economic prosperity, fascism and Nazism Raging and other major events, and flog melancholy childhood life, was removed from the Nazi persecution by the disease entangled, bumpy love life and other personal experiences, and the history of the formation of the history of the history of the composition of the defense. At the same time, his view of freedom is also in a variety of ideological exchanges and cultural ideas in the collision of the formation of sparks, Fromm mainly absorb Freud’s unconscious theory, personality theory and instinct theory-based psychoanalytic theory and Marxist Historical materialism, some class analysis tools, and the theory of the free and free development of man, especially the influence of Marx’s thought on him, and his view of freedom is influenced by Jewish cultural traditions. Secondly, the basic idea of the concept of Fromm’s freedom is divided into four sections. The study of his free view can not be confined to the >escape from freedom< in the book, subject to the freedom of people to escape the psychological situation and the free pursuit of social all-round way of change. Throughout all the works of Fromm’s life, it can be found that the activities of struggle against freedom are difficult to divide with the existence of man itself, and that freedom is more related to personality or character, and there are two forms of positive freedom and negative freedom. The corresponding re-existence and re-possession of the way of life. Then Fromm’s focus is on the contradictions in the reality of the social environment in which people face the freedom of the plight of people to escape the freedom of the psychological and social mechanisms, and ultimately hopefully conceived in all areas of society to change and create a sound personality to achieve people The road of comprehensive development of freedom. Finally, the article gives a comprehensive evaluation of Fromm’s view of freedom. He has a certain theoretical and practical value from the analysis of human microcosmic aspects and the free view of the ideal realization of human subjects. This is reflected in the fact that Fromm’s free view innovates the use of psychological concepts in the field of historical materialism, the criticism of capitalist society and enrich the theory of labor alienation, which is of great practical value to the construction of the subjective personality and the construction of a reasonable socialist system in the current Chinese society but there is also a theoretical limitation in the view of Fromm’s view of freedom, which is still a liberal view of humanistic ethics, too much attention to human personality, belief, emotion and other factors, in the idea of the new society is full of fantasy the color of socialism. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Song, Ping T1 - Fromm’s Construction of Ethical Relationship of Love – The Word >love<, the Disease of the Society [弗洛姆>爱<的伦理关系建构 - 正>爱<之名,疗社会之疾], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 2017. N2 - 上世纪80年代后期,我国学术界掀起一股研究弗洛姆的热潮,这股热潮出现的原因显而易见。弗洛姆在其著作中,把握住了近代资本主义社会及近代人的生存状况的脉搏,指出当时社会的问题是物质(丰裕)精神(贫乏)失衡、道德滑坡、迷失自我、生活无意义。某种程度上,弗洛姆切中了问题要害。然而紧接着,研究弗洛姆的热潮开始降温。历史巨变总夹杂倒退及前进过程分娩的剧痛,不能因理论一时的冷却而否定它的价值。事实上,弗洛姆的思想仍然对解决当代中国社会的问题有诸多启发。弗洛姆对人的生存境况作出历史和现实的反思,认为人性根植于人的生存两歧,在此基础上衍生出人的独特需要,基于这样的人性观,弗洛姆在作品中概述了>爱<的不同类型。拙作意在根据弗洛姆关于>爱<的具体形式,勾勒弗洛姆>爱<的伦理关系体系,在此过程中,诠释>爱<的思想内涵、本质、性格特征与>爱<的关系、以>爱<为核心的各种社会关系中所应遵循的伦理规范,及探讨>爱<的伦理思想的当代价值。 N2 - In the late 1980 s, the domestic academic community had set off a boom in the study of Fromm, the main reason for the emergence of this boom is that in his writings, he grasped the pulse of the modern capitalist society and the survival of modern people, pointed out that the social problem is the imbalance of material (abundance) and spirit (poor), moral landslide, self-lost, life meaningless. To some extent, Fromm is crucial to the problem. But then, the floods began to cool. Historical changes are always mixed with the progress of the process of childbirth pain; we cannot deny a theory’s value because of its temporary cooling. In fact, Fromm’s thoughts still have a lot of inspiration for the solution of contemporary Chinese society. Fromm reflected the human’s living conditions in history and reality, and think the human nature is rooted in the people’s existential contradiction, which derived person’s unique needs. Based on such understanding of theory of human nature, Fromm strives to construct his own system of the ethical relations about >love<. According to Fromm’s specific form about >love<, my paper is intended to build Fromm’s ethic relationship system about >love<, in the process, summarizes the thought of >love< connotation, essence, the relationship between characteristics and >love<, ethical norms followed among all kinds of social relations with >love< as the core, and evaluate the contemporary value of >love< ethics thought. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yin, Minli T1 - A Comparative Study of >Wuthering Heights< and >Rice< from the Perspective of Fromm’s Alienation Theory 弗洛姆异化理论视角下《呼啸山庄》和《米》之对比研究, Master thesis, World Literature and Comparative Literature, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 英国作家艾米莉•勃朗特的小说《呼啸山庄》讲述了希斯克利夫和凯瑟琳的爱情悲剧。小说中的主人公们因各种原因违背内心真实需求,使自我长期处于异化和分裂中。小说真实地反映了英国十八世纪末期的社会风俗,展示了彼时人们的生存和心理状况。《米》是中国当代作家苏童的第一部长篇小说,主线是主人公五龙到城里求生存的曲折经历,以及他与米店姐妹间的感情纠葛。小说揭露了城市繁荣背后人性的复杂和丑恶。《呼啸山庄》和《米》的社会语境和文化背景不同,却都展现了人的异化这个主题。最重要的是,当面临异化、面临困境时,他们身上的人性之光又都最终为他们赢得了自我救赎机会。本文在细读文本的基础上,运用比较文学中平行研究的方法,结合埃里希•弗洛姆的人道主义异化理论,对两部作品进行对比研究,旨在探究《呼啸山庄》和《米》中人们在异化的社会环境中的应对行为和心态,以期对现代人如何避免异化并保持以>爱<为核心的健康人性有所启发。除绪论和结论外,论文共分六个部分。绪论包括作家作品简介、文献综述、研究意义和目的。第一章梳理了弗洛姆异化理论的渊源和他以人道主义为核心的思想。第二章介绍了《呼啸山庄》和《米》两部小说中主人公面对的异化社会环境。第三章解读了小说中主人公畸形欲望,主要体现为物欲的异化和权欲的异化。第四章解析个体与他人关系的异化,具体分析了两部小说中男女间情爱的异化和亲情伦理关系的异化。第五章聚焦小说中自我人格的异化。两个文本中男主人公都在现实与幻境之间来回游移,他们的身份一直处于异化分裂中。第六章探讨了消解异化的力量。超越和摒弃异化需要爱的救赎及完善的人格和重生存而非占有的健全社会。希斯克利夫和五龙都经过由人变魔、由魔归人的历程,他们最后回归人性,是因为他们有发自肺腑的爱和未泯灭的善良。论文结尾部分指出,异化是人类社会的普遍现象,作为社会中的人会受到自我和外在环境的双重压力,只有爱的力量、健全的社会能让人们避免异化,保持健康的心理。 N2 - Heathcliff is a controversial figure in >Wuthering Heights< written by the British writer Emily Bronté> Wuthering Heights describes the tragical love story between Heathcliff and Catherine. Owing to various reasons, heroes in the novel could not satisfy their inner demands so that they are in a separate and alienated condition. The novel vividly reflects the social customs in the late eighteenth century of England. People’s life and mental state is also involved. >Rice< is a popular full-length novel and a masterpiece of New Realism written by the Chinese contemporary writer Su Tong. It is about the hero Wu Long who fled to the city to make a living after the flood in his hometown and the abnormal love among him and other women. He didn’t revenge people who had bullied him until he had the ability. Wu Long determined to return to his hometown as he was dying. In spite of various differences, both of the novels have the same theme of alienation and redemption.– This paper adopts the research means of parallel study and the perspective of Fromm’s alienation theory to analyze Wuthering Heights and Rice. It aims to give some suggestions on how to avoid alienation and keep healthy state by analyzing the heroes in the novels respectively. This thesis consists of six chapters except the Introduction and the Conclusion. The first part includes the brief introductions to Wuthering Heights and Rice, and the literature review of the works.– Chapter One is the theoretical framework concentrating on the development of alienation theory and Fromm’s theories on alienation.– Chapter Two analyzes how the environment is relevant to alienation. This part compares the different surroundings of the heroes.– Chapter Three is about the common alienation of interpersonal relationship, involving love and other relationship alienation.– Chapter Four researches on the self alienation. Fantasies and dreams frequently appear in the novels. Heathcliff repeatedly had the illusion of uniting with Catherine after her death. It is impossible for Wu Long to forget his hometown in the Rice.– Chapter Five is to discuss how to avoid and decrease alienation. Heathcliff and Wu Long decayed from normal people to Devils. They finally restored to their normal states because of the sincere love they still bore in their hearts.– The last part is the Conclusion. Alienation is a common phenomenon in the society. People may be influenced by the inner self and external environment. It is essential to learn how to avoid alienation and achieve healthy psychological harmony with the help of love and sound society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huang, Huijing T1 - Research on Marx’s Thought of Consumption Alienation [马克思消费异化思想研究], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2017. N2 - 众所周知, 马克思的异化劳动理论已经得到了学者们比较广泛的探讨, 但马克思的消费异化思想并未得到足够的重视。由于马克思生活的时代是生产处于绝对支配地位的资本主义自由竞争阶段, 消费只是作为生产的一个环节而存在, 所以, 马克思对于消费的论述总是与生产联系在一起, 他并没有专门地研究资本主义社会的消费问题。实际上, 本人通过研读马克思的经典著作发现, 马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》与《资本论》及其经济学手稿中都对以雇佣劳动为基础的资本主义社会的消费异化进行了剖析。马克思指出, 资本主义的消费已经不再局限于满足人自身的需要, 而是屈从于资本增殖和积累。资本主义的消费实质上就是一种异化的消费。本论文从马克思的文本出发, 深入地探讨了马克思的消费异化思想, 并致力于挖掘马克思消费异化思想的当代价值。具体来说, 本论文主要涵盖以下四个部分。第一章, 绪论。主要阐述论文的研究背景与意义, 总结马克思消费异化思想的国内外相关研究, 理清本文的研究思路, 确定本文的研究方法以及概括本文的创新点与不足之处。第二章, 马克思消费异化思想产生的背景。主要从现实背景与理论背景两个方面对马克思消费异化思想产生的背景展开论述。马克思的消费异化思想是马克思在借鉴前人相关思想、理论的基础上对资本主义社会现实存在进行思考和探索的产物。第三章, 马克思消费异化思想的主要内容。依次阐述资本主义社会消费异化的具体表现、原因构成和破解途径。马克思指出, 在资本逻辑的抽象统治下, 资本主义社会中工人的消费、资本家的消费甚至全世界的消费都为资本获取剩余价值服务。因而只有消灭资本主义私有制, 建立共产主义, 资本主义的消费才能彻底克服异化的性质。第四章, 马克思消费异化思想的当代价值。主要从两个方面揭示马克思消费异化思想的当代价值。其一, 为西方马克思主义消费异化理论提供话语来源;其二, 为我国社会主义市场经济建设提供重要启示。尽管现在的资本主义社会已经不再处于资本主义自由竞争阶段, 然而它在本质上并没有发生根本的变化。资本主义社会实行的依然是建立在雇佣劳动基础上的生产方式, 资本无限追求剩余价值的本性依旧不变。这也正是以阿多尔诺和弗洛姆为代表的西方马克思主义者继承发展马克思消费异化思想的原因所在。此外, 它也为我国在建设充满活力的社会主义市场经济过程中摆脱消费异化的困境提供了重要的启示。毋庸置疑, 马克思的消费异化思想在当代仍然具有重要的意义和价值。 N2 - It is well known that Marx’s theory of alienated labor has been widely discussed by scholars. However, Marx’s thought of consumption alienation has not been paid enough attention to and provided due evaluation by them. As Marx lived in the free-competition stage of capitalist, when the production held the absolute dominant position, the consumption was only a link of production. So Marx’s discussion of consumption was always associated with production, he did not specifically study the issue of capitalist consumption. In fact, by reading much into the classics of Marx, I find Marx analyzed the consumption alienation of capitalist society based on hired labor in Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and >Das Kapital< and the manuscript of economics. Marx points out that the consumption of capitalism is no longer based on the real needs of the people, but serves capitalistic production that takes the pursuit of surplus value and makes more profits as its nature. Therefore, the consumption of capitalism is essentially a kind of alienated consumption. This paper, starting from Marx’s text, deeply probes into Marx’s thought of consumption alienation, and is committed to excavate the contemporary value of Marx’s consumption alienation thought. Specifically, this paper consists of the following five parts.– Chapter 1, introduction. This chapter mainly expounds the research background and significance, domestic and foreign research overview, research ideas and methods, and the innovation and deficiencies.– Chapter 2, the background of Marx’s thought of consumption alienation. This chapter mainly discusses the background of Marx’s thought of consumption alienation from two aspects of the realistic background and theoretical background. Marx’s thought of consumption alienation is the product of thinking and exploration of capitalist social reality based on the previous thoughts and theory.– Chapter 3, the main content of Marx’s thought of consumption alienation. This chapter explains the specific manifestations, causes and ways of the consumption alienation of capitalist society. Marx pointed out that under the abstract rule of capital logic, the workers’ consumption, capitalist consumption and even the whole world consume serve the surplus value of capital. Only by destroying capitalist private ownership and establishing communism, the consumption of capitalism can completely overcome the nature of alienation.– Chapter 4, the contemporary value of Marx’s thought of consumption alienation. This chapter mainly reveals the contemporary value of Marx’s thought of consumption alienation from two aspects. For one thing, it provides discourse source for the consumption alienation theory of Western Marxism; for another, it provides important enlightenment for the construction of socialist market economy in China. Although the capitalist society is no longer in the stage of capitalist free competition, it has not fundamentally changed. The capitalist society is still based on the mode of production based on the production of labor, and the pursuit of surplus value of the nature of capital remains unchanged. This is also the reason why the Adorno and Fromm as the representative of the western Marx’s inherit and develop Marx’s thoughts of consumption alienation. In addition, it also provides an important inspiration for our country to get rid of the plight of consumption alienation in the process of building a vibrant socialist market economy. There is no doubt that Marx’s thought of con¬sumption alienation still has important significance and value in the contemporary era. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huang, Lingli T1 - On Morbid Social Characters in >Mr. Norris Changes Trains< [论《诺里斯先生换火车》中的病态社会性格], English Language and Literature, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 克里斯托弗•伊舍伍德是二十世纪英国著名的左派小说家,以自传性小说闻名世界,《诺里斯先生换火车》是其代表作之一。小说根据伊舍伍德二战前旅居柏林的经历,以英国人的视角,深刻地描述了柏林社会的现状及其社会成员的个性风貌。小说中的人物虽然职业和阶层各不相同,却在社会交往中表现出相似的社会性格特征。战败后的德国出现通货膨胀、资源紧缺和种族歧视等社会问题,因此导致了柏林市民的价值观错位和安全感缺失,从而形成了病态社会性格。国外学者对《诺里斯先生换火车》的研究大多侧重于小说的自传性风格和写作手法;而国内对该作品的关注较少,更少有人对小说的人物性格及其反应的社会问题进行深入研究。社会性格理论由心理学家弗洛姆提出。在弗洛姆看来,社会成员虽然具有不同的个体性格,但绝大多数的成员都具有基本的性格结构,也就是社会性格。社会成员进行社会交往时,所表现的病态和不健康的性格特征称为非生产性取向。本文运用弗洛姆的社会性格理论,联系柏林政权更迭和金融危机的历史背景,聚焦于《诺里斯先生换火车》中人物病态社会性格的分析。本文选取小说中诺里斯、威廉、库诺、施密特等人物,对拜金型、服从型和破坏型三种社会性格进行分析,并提出以下三个问题:诺里斯等人的病态社会性格是如何形成的?从精神分析和社会心理学角度出发,病态社会性格的内容及其具体表现有哪些?病态社会性格与发展停滞甚至倒退的病态社会之间的相互关系如何?正文第一章关注的是拜金型性格。以奥尔加、库诺为代表的人唯利是图,为了获得利益可以出售任何东西,包括自己的身体和朋友的友情。冷漠、贪婪和虚伪是这类性格的具体表现。属于拜金型性格的社会成员信奉金钱至上,在他们的影响下,社会将变得物质化。第二章探讨的是服从型性格。诺里斯、威廉这些人在精神上极度依赖于他人,失去了独立思考和判断的能力。这类人盲目顺从,缺乏独立性。他们主导的社会逐渐丧失活力,发展陷入停滞,进而加速了社会的退化。第三章重点分析破坏型性格。这类人破坏性极强,通过打击和报复等手段来达到自己的目的,呈现出极度自私的性格特征。如果他们掌握社会权力,有可能使社会文明毁于一旦,社会将会退回到野蛮状态。结论部分回答了以上问题,表明了社会性格在形成和病变的过程中,社会成员的状态与社会发展息息相关。社会成员的盲目拜金、缺乏主见和道德沦丧加剧了柏林的社会矛盾,致使社会发展脱离正常轨道。伊舍伍德透过对柏林各阶层人物的描写表达了对当时社会的批判;诺里斯的骗局败露这一故事结尾,也折射出他对柏林社会回归正轨的美好愿望. N2 - Christopher Isherwood (1904-1986) is a well-known leftist writer in the 20th century of Great Britain who is famous for autobiographical novels. Based on his sojourn experience in Berlin before the Second World War, Isherwood used the perspective of an Englishman to objectively and profoundly describe the characters of the people and the society of Berlin in >Mr. Norris Changes Trains<. The figures of this novel share similar characteristics of social characters during social interaction despite their different professions and classes. After the First World War, social problems of inflation, limited resources and racial discrimination which lead to the dislocation of values and the lack of security of Berliners and the formation of morbid social characters aroused. Up to now Western critics have laid most emphasis on his work’s autobiographical style and writing techniques; there are few researches and studies on Isherwood and Mr. Norris Changes Trains by critics at home, and even fewer further researches on the individuals’ characters and the social problems of the novel. Social character theory is brought by psychologist Erich Fromm. In his view, although social members have different individual personalities, most of them obtain the basic character structure. It is called the social characters. When social members interact, the morbid and unhealthy characteristics they show are called the unproductive orientation. The morbid social characters in >Mr. Norris Changes Trains< can be better understood and analyzed by combining Fromm’s social character theory and the creation back-ground of regime changes and economic crisis in Berlin. This thesis picked the protagonists of Norris, William, Kuno and Schmidt to analyze the mercenary character, the obedient character and the destructive character. And then followed by questions: How were the morbid social characters of people like Norris formed? From the perspectives of psychoanalysis and social psychology, what are the morbid social characters as well as their specific manifestations? And what are the interactive relations between morbid social characters and morbid society of worship of money and stagnation and even retrogression?– The first chapter focuses on the mercenary character. People like Olga and Kuno are willing to sell anything even their own bodies and friendship in order to gain profits. Indifference, greed and hypocrisy are specific symptoms of mercenary character, which accelerate materialization of society.– The second chapter discusses the obedient character. People like Norris and William psychologically relay on others to a large extent and lose the abilities of independent thinking and judgment. Their compliance and lack of independence lead to loss of vitality and stagnation of development of the society which accelerate social degradation.– The third chapter analyzes the destructive character. People of this kind are extremely self-centered, and they achieve goals by retaliating and hurting others. Once they are in power, civilization is likely to be destroyed and the society goes back to barbarian status.– The conclusion part answers the questions above and shows that while the morbid characters are forming and growing, social members’ conditions have strong connections with social development. The worship of money, the lack of independence and the neglect of morality worsen the straitened circumstances caused by the First World War of Berlin city, and social development could derail off from the regular track. Isherwood’s descriptions of the characters reflect his criticism on the Berlin society, and the story ends with Norris’ exposure which shows his good wish of Berlin going back on track. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Qiaohong T1 - Fromm’s Theory of Consumption Alienation and Its Contemporary Significance [弗洛姆的消费异化理论及其当代意义 ], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 2017. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm 1900-1980)是二十世纪享有国际声誉的美籍德裔社会心理学家、哲学家,是西方马克思主义的代表人物之一。弗洛姆站在人本主义的立场上,融合了马克思的异化理论及弗洛伊德精神分析学说等相关理论,透过资本主义社会经济繁荣、物质丰裕的表象,在深入分析其内在矛盾的基础之上,深刻揭示和批判了资本主义社会消费异化现象,并为摆脱异化进行了积极的路径探索。其理论高举人道主义的旗帜,丰富和发展了人的本质内涵,具有强烈的批判现实的精神和人文主义关怀。本文从弗洛姆对资本主义消费社会中人的生存与发展困境的关注为主线,挖掘弗洛姆对消费社会中人的异化进行批判的原因,阐释其对资本主义社会消费异化现象的多重揭示以及摆脱异化的路径探索。在马克思主义理论的指导下,对弗洛姆的消费异化理论的利弊得失进行分析,并且结合当下中国消费领域中出现的一些问题,提出一些合理化的建议。本文主要从以下几个层面展开:首先,对弗洛姆批判资本主义社会消费异化的时代背景及社会环境进行考察。资本主义文明所带来的现代性及其弊端,以及消费时代的兴起,并未给人带来真正的自由与幸福,反而会使人的主体性丧失,将人推入消费的泥潭中,陷入一种自我否定和压抑的窘态之中。出于对人的生存与发展的关切,弗洛姆在此时代及社会背景下,积极探求救世良方。其次,梳理了弗洛姆建构其消费异化理论的主要思想来源。马克思的商品拜物教及异化理论、卢卡奇的物化理论等相关理论,是弗洛姆消费异化理论的主要来源。在此基础上,弗洛姆还融合了弗洛伊德的相关理论,将异化深入到对人的心理分析中,形成了自己独特的异化理论。然后,进一步阐释了弗洛姆对消费异化现象的多重揭示。弗洛姆在对异化及消费异化内涵阐释的基础上,又进一步剖析了资本主义消费社会中异化的消费者及其消费、虚假的自由和幸福以及由此带来的人类生存危机等异化现象,并从人性及社会层面分析了异化产生的根源。由现象到本质,揭开了消费异化的神秘面纱。第四,阐述了弗洛姆对资本主义社会摆脱消费异化的路径探索。在路径的探索上,弗洛姆主张通过心理上的变革与社会整体变革同时进行。一方面,他主张要放弃重占有的生存方式,提倡重生存的生活方式,积极培育人的生产性人格,使人养成人道的、健康的消费方式。另一方面,就社会变革来说,他提倡整个社会政治、经济、文化等方面的协同改革才能取得良效。通过这两个层面的改革,来消解消费异化对人的侵蚀,使人最终摆脱物的统治,走出生存困境。最后,在对弗洛姆消费异化理论评析的基础上,关照现实情境,对当代中国消费领域出现的一些问题进行分析和思考。就弗洛姆的消费异化理论来说,一方面,其理论丰富了马克思的异化理论,积极关照了人的现实生存困境,体现人文主义的关怀,具有其合理性。另一方面也存在割裂了马克思整个理论体系的逻辑关系,以抽象的人性论为基础,实践上的乌托邦等局限性。在对其理论批判的基础上,关照当下的中国消费现实情境,从社会、国家、企业、个人、大众传媒等各个方面共同努力,以期能够营造一种良好的消费氛围,构建一种健康的消费文化,从而促进中国消费领域的健康和谐发展。 N2 - Erich Fromm (1900–1980) is an American born German social psychologist and philosopher who enjoys an international reputation in the twentieth Century. He is one of the representatives of Western Marx doctrine. Fromm stood in the humanistic standpoint, combines Marx’s alienation theory and Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis and other related theories, through the capitalist society economic prosperity, material abundance representation, on the in-depth analysis of its inherent contradictions, reveal and criticize the capitalist society of consumption alienation, and carried out active exploration the path to get rid of alienation. His theory holds high the banner of humanitarianism, enriches and develops the essential connotation of human beings, and has a strong spirit of criticizing reality and humanistic concern. This paper focus on Fromm from the predicament of survival and development of capitalist consumer society people as the main line, Fromm’s alienation of consumer society in mining the critique of reason, to explain the phenomenon of consumption alienation in capitalist society and reveal the multiple path out of alienation exploration. Under the guidance of Marx’s theory, the author analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory, and puts forward some reasonable sugges¬tions according to some problems in the current consumption field in china. This article mainly launches from the following several aspects: First of all, Fromm criticized the social background and social environment of consumption alienation in capitalist society. The modern capitalist civilization and its disadvantages, and the rise in consumption age, did not bring real freedom and happiness, but will make the loss of human subjectivity, human consumption into the quagmire, into a self-denial and repression of embarrassment. In view of the concern for human existence and deve-lopment, Fromm actively sought salvation in this era and social context.– Secondly, it combs the main ideological source of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation. Marx’s theory of alienation and commodity fetishism, Lukács’s theory of reification theory, is the main source of Fromm’s theory of consumption alienation. On this basis, Fromm also integrates the relevant theories of Freud, the alienation into the psychological analysis of human, and formed its own unique theory of alienation.– Then, it further explains Fromm’s multiple revelation of consumption alienation. Fromm based on the connotation of the alienation and the alienation of consumption, further analyzes the consumer and the consumer, the alienation of capitalist consumer society in false freedom and happiness and the resulting crisis of human survival and the alienation of human nature and society, and from the root level of alienation. From the phenomenon to the essence, it reveals the mystery of consumption alienation.– Fourth, it expounds Fromm’s exploration of capitalist society’s way out of consumption alienation. In the exploration of the path, Fromm advocated that both the psychological change and the whole social change should be carried out simultaneously. On the one hand, advocated giving up the heavy possession way of life, advocating the existence of a more serious life style, and actively cultivating people’s productive personality, so that people can develop humane and healthy consumption patterns. On the other hand, in terms of social change, he advocated a coordinated reform of the whole society, politics, economy and culture so as to achieve good results. Through the reform of these two levels, to eliminate the consumption alienation of human erosion, so that people eventually get rid of the rule of things, out of the plight of survival.– Finally, on the basis of the analysis of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory, we take care of the realistic situation and analyze and ponder some problems in the contemporary Chinese consumption field. As far as Fromm’s consumption alienation theory is concerned, on the one hand, his theory enriched Marx’s theory of alienation and actively paid attention to the plight of human existence. It reflected the concern of humanism and had its rationality. On the other hand, there is a logical relationship that separates the whole theoretical system of Marx, which is based on abstract theory of human nature and utopian in practice. Based on the theory of critical care, the Chinese consumption situation, from society and the state, enterprises and individuals, the mass media efforts, in order to create a good atmosphere for the consumer, is to build a healthy consumption culture, so as to promote the healthy and harmonious development of Chinese consumption field. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yuanyuan T1 - Marx’s View about Alienation of Humans [马克思论人的异化 - 以现代性为视角], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China 2017. N2 - 异化理论是马克思哲学理论的重要组成部分,是深入剖析资本主义社会,进而揭示人类社会发展规律,创立历史唯物主义世界观的切入点和突破口。在初涉马克思的异化理论时,必须对>异化<概念做一全面的考察,只有清楚把握了异化这个特殊范畴,才能为随后系统分析马克思异化理论带来指导作用。通过对异化的语义学考察,指出异化这个概念最早不是马克思提出的,其语义也由最初的>脱离上帝<转化为表达主客体的关系。在梳理异化思想的哲学脉络时,不难发现由于异化表示的是一种相对关系,马克思之前的异化研究都是以单一的层面展开的,表现出其局限性。而马克思有别于之前的学者,看到了历史发展进程中的变化,马克思批判地继承前人的理论思想并创造性的提出了异化理论。通过深入分析异化理论,发现在马克思不同时期的著作中都使用了异化概念,然而,马克思并不是脱离现实,抽象的讨论异化概念,而是立足于资本主义社会现实来解释异化。马克思主要以资本主义为背景讨论分析劳动异化、宗教异化等人的异化问题,为更好地理解马克思人的异化观点,尝试把马克思的理论放到一个更常用的视阈中进行分析,即现代性的视角,资本主义是马克思最大的现代性,但现代性也还有更多的意谓。现代性就是在启蒙运动之后至今,社会所表现出来的特征和性质,其实质就是>理性<和>主体性<。资本主义私有制激化了阶级的对立和冲突,从而导致现代化问题,主要表现为现代化进程中人的生存困境、劳动困境、发展困境。在现代社会中,人的异化呈现出新的特征。如:权力异化带来了深层次的社会问题,技术进步加深了劳动异化,财富异化加深了物对人的奴役。与此同时,人们也将遭受人的异化的现实恶果。异化问题阻碍了人的发展与进步。要想摆脱异化对人的影响,认识>资本<的基本属性是前提,认清现实是克服异化的必然要求,消灭私有制,扬弃异化才具有现实可能。马克思从人与社会关系的角度,特别是人的生产关系和建立在其之上的社会分工作为考察人现实存在的一般特点。在对当时社会基本状况进行分析的过程中,对资本主义社会暴露的阶级问题进行了深刻的批判,他揭示了>历史之谜<,并以>每个人自由发展<作为对人异化现象的彻底扬弃的现实标准。通过对马克思对共产主义的理想以及自由而全面发展思想的阐述,指出资本主义私有制和异化的消亡,才是扬弃现代性异化的基本条件。通过对马克思与马尔库塞、弗洛姆异化扬弃思想的比较,指出马克思的异化理论的意义与价值。 N2 - Alienation theory is an important part of Marx’s philosophy, which serves as a significant breakthrough when it comes to deeply analyzing capitalist society, revealing the law of development of human society, and thereby creating Historical materialism world outlook. When entering Marx’s theory of alienation, we must make a comprehensive investigation of the concept >alienation<. Only by clearly grasping this special category about alienation, can it brings guidance to a systematic analysis of Marx’s alienation theory then. Through an investigation about alienation in terms of semantics, it comes to a conclusion that Marx is not the earliest one to put forward the concept of alienation, its meaning also converted from the original >break from god< to expressing the relationship between subject and object. In present philosophical context of alienation, it is not difficult to find that alienation is a kind of relative relationship. Before Marx’s research, the previous researches are based on a single level, which must have some limitations. Marx is different between the previous scholars, he found the changes in the development of history. Marx critically inherited predecessors’ theory and he creatively put forward the theory of alienation. Through analysis of alienation theory in-depth, we found that in different period of time, Marx used the concept of alienation in each of his works. Marx discussed the concept of alienation based on the reality of capitalism society instead of an abstract interpretation which has nothing to do with reality. Marx mainly discusses the labor alienation, the religious alienation and something else on the background of capitalism. For a better understanding of Marx’s alienation in the perspective of human-being, we might as well put the theory of Marx in a more commonly used visual to analyze, namely the perspective of modernization. Capitalism is Marx’s biggest modernity, but modernity has more meaning. Modernity is social performance characteristics and properties since the enlightenment its essence is >rational< and >subjectivity<. The capitalist private ownership have intensified class antagonism and conflict, leading to the problems of modernization, mainly characterized by survival dilemma, labor dilemma and development dilemma in the process of modernization. In the modern society, the alienation of human-being presents new characteristics, for example, power alienation has brought the deep social problems, technological progress deepened labor alienation, wealth alienation deepened human’s slavery to objects. At the same time, people will also suffer from the realistic consequence of the alienation. Alienation problems hinder the development of man. In order to get rid of alienation’s negative effect on people, it is a premise to understand the basic attributes of capital, recognizing the reality is a necessary request to overcome alienation and eliminate the private ownership, then we can turn sublating alienation into reality. From the perspective of the relationship between man and society, particularly from the relationship between relations of production of human-being and the social division of labor established on it, Marx analyzed the general characteristics of human-being. Besides, Marx deeply criticized the class problems exposed in capitalist society in the process of analyzing the basic social situation at that time. He revealed the >mystery of history<, and >the free development of everyone<, which was the realistic standard of eliminating the human alienation’s phenomenon. Through the elaboration of Marx’s ideal of communism and freedom and comprehensive development, it points out that the demise of capitalist private ownership and alienation is the basic condition for abandoning the alienation of modernity. Through the comparison of Marx and Marcuse, Fromm’s alienation thoughts, can we point out the significance and value of Marx’s alienation theory. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Chaonan T1 - Joshua Oppenheimer’s View of Humanity – Interpretation of >Killing Interpretation< and >Image of Silence< from the Perspective of Fromm [约书亚•奥本海默的人性观 - 弗洛姆视阈下的《杀戮演绎》《沉默之像》解读], Master thesis, Radio and Television Art, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 古希腊神庙中刻着几个字——>认识你自己<。这是一个人类永恒探索并为之付出长久努力的话题。人通常最想了解也最难了解的就是>人<自身,它需要我们破除种族和文化差异的观念,将其放置在一个与世界诸多文明并行的环境中进行探究。《杀戮演绎》《沉默之像》正是在这种深沉的自我观照中,首次从施暴者和受害者两个视角对屠杀展开审视,将一个群体性的暴力事件呈现为直击人心的纪录片作品,犹如一枚硬币的两面,在杀戮者令人震惊的夸耀行为中追寻人性暴力的根源,又在受难者无奈的悲恐中探寻宽恕的真谛。导演将视角聚焦在半个世纪之前的那场屠杀,以历史灾难为叙述载体,以纪录片为话语媒介,折射当下人的生活品貌,表达自己对>人性<的思考。埃里希•弗洛姆作为西方伦理学的重要代表人物,一生中所涉猎的不同领域的研究都与>人<密切相关,都蕴含着对>人<的问题的深切关怀,主张>为了识别何为善、何为恶,就必须懂得人性<。弗洛姆的理论庞杂繁复,但却为我们提供了一种冷静、客观的视角来看待>人<,并最终获得了悟。本文旨在通过对《杀戮演绎》《沉默之像》文本的细读,引用弗洛姆的观点对其进行分析,试图破译潜藏在影像深处的密码,洞察导演内心深处的人性观。在弗洛姆的视阈下,奥本海默两部作品中的人物在病态的社会中走向迷失,也因为迷失的必然匮乏不得不通过救赎寻求认同,最终走出自我压抑的困顿,为扭曲的灵魂重新寻找出口。导演的思考冷峻中带着温度,主观但不偏激,在弗洛姆勾勒的理论世界里得以遇见,用那些细小的、留白的、碎片化的、讽刺的或者饶有意味的画面,跳出思考的模糊地带,直接展现人性最原始、多变的模样。 N2 - Ancient Greek temple is engraved with two words: >know yourself<, which is an old and eternal topic. The most difficult thing that people are eager to understand is to understand >humanity<, which requires a concept of wiping off racial as well as cultural differences, and doing research in an environment of various civilizations. Under the influence of this conception, the film The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence describes massacre for the first time from the points of view of both the killer and the victim, and makes a documentary film to present mass incidents in a more direct way. This direct way, acting like both sides of a coin, can seek for not only the original source of violence from killer’s act of killing, but also the true essence from the victim’s sorrows. Directors of the two films mentioned above focus on the massacre which happened fifty years before, take historical disaster as narrative carrier and documentary as media discourse, reflect daily lives of human beings, and consider the essence of humanity. As an important representative in Western Ethics, Erich Fromm conducts various research that are closely related to >humanity<, and holds the opinion that if one wants to distinguish between good and evil, he has to understand >humanity<. Fromm’s theory is much complicated, however, it provides us with a dispassionate and objective perspective to observe humanity and eventually understand it. Thus, this essay analyzes the texts of the two films mentioned above with Fromm’s theory, aiming at deciphering the code that is deeply hidden in the film as well as grasping the view of humanity within the directors. From the perspective of Fromm, the characters in two works of Oppenheimer lose humanity in the sick society, and have to get it back through redemption. Eventually, they get rid of self-repression and find new directions of their lives and souls. Directors are dispassionate, objective but not extreme. They use tiny, white, fragmented, satire and interesting pictures to express the original and fickle appearance of humanity. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Hanxiao T1 - From Alienation to Sanity – On the Cultural Identity of Tayo in >Ceremony< [从异化到健全 - 论《典仪》中塔尤的文化身份认同问题], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2017 N2 - 莱斯利•马蒙•西尔科在其代表作《典仪》中,使用框架叙事的叙事方法,成功地展示了在印第安神话故事讲述中,巫术如何消亡,并以散文形式呈现了异化中的主人公如何被典仪治愈的过程。她通过解释传统神话故事与主人公塔尤复苏的关系,探讨了平衡,改变以及重生等深刻的哲学道理。本文主要运用著名的人本主义精神分析学家埃里希•弗罗姆的异化理论分析了《典仪》主人公——印第安和白人混血的塔尤,在面临印第安传统文化与美国主流文化冲击下的无助、无根、绝望的自我异化,以及他如何经过典仪克服异化,走向健全的过程。本文通过文本细读的研究方法,系统分析了塔尤异化的原因,分类,症状和解决办法。异化中的他幸而得到贝托尼药师不断变化的印第安典仪的救治。在贝托尼的典仪中,塔尤重建了与自我,与两种文化间的联系。最终,塔尤作为拉古纳部族的英雄为印第安部落所接受,他的叙述也将融入印第安神话,继续守护着印第安子民。塔尤在皈依印第安信仰、融入印第安文化的典仪过程中,找到了自己的根基;恢复了与他人的联系,感受到了由爱带来的自我个性与完整性的统一;同时形成了开放的民族观和世界观,实现了对自身被动性的超越;并成功在部族中获得身份感。至此,塔尤在印第安典仪的帮助下,通过满足作为一个健全的人所需满足的需要,成功克服了同自我、同印第安文化以及白人文化的异化。 N2 - In her masterpiece >CeremonyThree Lives< from the Perspective of Fromm's Psychoanalysis [弗洛姆精神分析视阈下《三个女人》中孤独主题的解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 格特鲁德•斯泰因是20世纪美国现代主义文学的创始人,被冠以>现代文学之母<、>海明威的导师>和<‘迷惘的一代’的发言人和引路人<的称号。1909年获得热烈反响的中长篇小说《三个女人》问世,带有明显的福楼拜《三故事》风格,语言朴实、准确、简明,被评论为>的确是现代主义的经典<,确立了她的作家地位。《三个女人》是一部显露了作者的艺术手法与艺术思想的作品,是美国文学中首先表现了黑人真实生活的杰作,曾多次被选入文学选集中。《三个女人》是格特鲁德•斯泰因正式发表的第一部作品,小说讲述了安娜、梅兰克莎、莉娜的日常生活和命运遭遇,在世界文学史上为女性主义主题创作起到了领先作用。这部作品的描写具有高度的实质性,真实地反映了生活在19世纪末至20世纪初的妇女处在半醒不醒的状态,斯泰因借助这三位女性揭示社会的伦理关系,批判现实社会存在的不合理的现象,也意在引起人们的注意,唤起女性自身的觉醒。本论文试图从主题切入,选用精神分析法来探索格特鲁德•斯泰因《三个女人》中的孤独主题,以弗洛姆精神分析论为视角,对小说中的人物进行心理解读,结合小说人物,找到孤独在每个人身上的体现并追根溯源,找出她们在解决孤独方式中的误区所在。本论文由引言、正文和结语三大部分构成。引言对斯泰因本人及她的作品《三个女人》做了简要介绍,并对该作品的国内外研究状况进行了综述,最后对论文的主题进行了陈述。正文分为四章,第一章为理论基础,即阐述弗洛姆精神分析法的内容及理论框架,并概述弗洛姆精神分析法中关于孤独的理论。第二章重点在找出小说人物中的一些奇怪的行为并用弗洛姆精神分析法进行阐释。这些行为都反映出主人公的内心世界以及他们潜意识中自己都没发觉的孤独感。第三章承接上一章小说中人物的孤独表征,透过现象看本质,结合理论,深探人物孤独的内在原因。第四章揭示了她们解决各自孤独感的办法,并运用弗洛姆精神分析法分析了其中的误区,帮助读者去理解小说中人物的一些异常行为,同时,提出了怎样做才是能够真正解决孤独的>爱<。结语部分对全文进行总结概述。纵观全文,笔者深刻细致地挖掘《三个女人》中一个重要主题——孤独,而不是只停留在关注女性的悲剧却忽略斯泰因对人类的本质、人类社会历史的变迁、性别关系战争、社会现实等问题的思考与认识,为该作品相关的研究提供新的思路与方向。 N2 - Gertrude Stein was the founder of American modernist literature in 20th century. She was known as >the Mother of Modern Literature<, >Hemingway’s Mentor< and >the Guide and Spokesman of ‘Lost Generation’< In 1909, she published her medium-length novel >Three Lives< which received heated responses. The novel is said to follow the model on Flaubert’s >Three Tales<. Her language is simple, accurate and concise. This work has been regarded as >the Classic of Modernism< and then her status as a writer was firmly established. >Three Lives< exhibited the author’s artistic techniques and artistic ideas. It is the masterpiece that primarily shows the real life of blacks and has been selected into many different literary anthologies. >Three Lives< is the first one of Gertrude Stein’s published novels. It tells stories about Anna’s, Melanctha’s and Lena’s respective daily life and fate. In the world’s literary history, >Three Lives< takes the lead in the feminist theme creation. The work describes real lives and truly narrates the life-situation of insensible women living in the late 19th century to early 20th century. Stein tried to reveal the ethical relations in society by means of the three protagonists, and criticized some unreasonable phenomenon that existed in the society. She was also intended to draw the attention of the people and arouse the women to wake up themselves. This thesis, through psychoanalysis, explores the theme of loneliness in Gertrude Stein’s >Three Lives<. From the view of Fromm’s psychoanalytic theory, the writer of the thesis gives psychological studies of the characters, trying to find out the loneliness of the characters, elaborating the wrong solutions they have taken to their loneliness, and finally points out the wholesome solution. The whole thesis consists of three parts: introduction, the main body and the conclusion. In the introduction, the writer gives a brief introduction to Stein and her novel >Three Lives<, presents current researches of the novel at home and abroad, and then comes the thesis statement of this paper. The main body is divided into the following four chapters. The first chapter is the theoretical basis which expounds the content and theoretical framework of Fromm’s psychoanalysis, and sums up the theory of loneliness in Fromm’s psychoanalysis.– Chapter Two presents and interprets the characters’ strange behaviors by using Fromm Psychoanalysis. These behaviors are the symptoms which reflect these characters’ inside world and the subconscious loneliness they are not aware of.– Chapter Three connects with the symptoms of loneliness in the preceding chapter and deeply researches the inner causes of characters’ loneliness, digging out the essence by the phenomenon with the combination of theories.– Chapter Four reveals the three heroines’ solutions to loneliness and analyzes the errors therein through Fromm Psychoanalysis. It helps readers to understand some eccentric behaviors of the characters’ in the text, meanwhile points out the real love that can solve the problem of loneliness validly.– The conclusion part summarizes the whole thesis. On the whole, this thesis analyzes one of the important themes in the novel >Three Lives< –loneliness deeply and meticulously, and this attempt will provide a new idea and a direction for the research of the novel besides other topics such as the tragedy of women and that may remind us not to overlook Stein’s essential concerns about human, the change of social history, the gender war, social reality and other issues. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Xinyuan T1 - A Comparative Study of the Essential Thoughts between Marx and Fromm [马克思与弗洛姆人的本质思想比较研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 2017. N2 - 人的本质问题一直是哲学家所关注的焦点问题之一。马克思和弗洛姆在不同的历史条件下,对人的本质问题进行了各具特色的探讨,得出了具有一定的联系但又存在明显差异的结论。理解这些联系和差异,有助于我们更为具体的理解马克思的人学思想,更好的贯彻与落实以人为本的科学发展观。马克思对人的本质的理解主要体现在人的类本质是>自由的有意识的活动<、人的本质在其现实性上是>一切社会关系的总和<以及>人的本质是人的真正共同体<等几个命题中。其中,以人的物质生产活动为主要内容的实践活动即>自由的有意识的活动<是人的本质得以形成的基础,在实践的基础之上形成的人与人之间的社会联系以及在这些联系的基础之上而形成的共同体则是人的本质的现实存在形式。但在马克思看来,由于受到生产力水平的限制,在资本主义私有制中,人们不仅不会把人与人之间的社会联系和他们置身于其中的社会看作他们的生命须臾不可离开的本质,而是把自己理解孤立的个人,把各种各样的社会联系看作时刻需要逃离的外在束缚。面对人的本质的这种普遍异化,只有通过生产力的发展和生产关系的根本转变,才能最终扬弃。而这一切都只有通过无产阶级革命和共产主义制度的建立,才有可能得到实现。作为一名弗洛伊德的马克思主义者,弗洛姆的人学思想受到了弗洛伊德、马克思以及犹太教和佛教等各种思想的影响。在他看来,对人的本质的理解必须从他们生来就具有的同样的潜能这一角度着手,而劳动则是实现这些潜能的具体途径。但在资本主义私有制条件下,人们在实现其潜能的过程中,无法体会到现实生活中存在的各种丰富的道德与爱,从而会在心理上产生出深刻的孤独感。人与人之间的这些联系的疏离就人的本质的异化。要扬弃人的本质的异化,就必须在超越以私有财产的占有为目的的公有制社会中,重建人与人之间爱的关系。马克思的人学思想尤其是其劳动观点,对弗洛姆的人学思想有着明显的影响。但两者也存在明显的区别。马克思把劳动看作人的本质得以产生的基础,弗洛姆则把劳动看作人的本质得以实现途径;马克思认为异化就是劳动异化,弗洛姆则把异化理解人的一种心理体验;马克思认为异化的扬弃只有通过生产力的发展和无产阶级革命才能实现,弗洛姆则把异化的扬弃寄希望于心理治疗的途径。 N2 - The question of human nature has always been one of the focal points which philosopher concern about. Under different historical conditions, Marx and Fromm have different explorations of human nature and draw the conclusion, which have a certain connection but there are significant differences. Understanding these connections and differences will help us to understand Marx’s humanistic thinking more specifically and better implement the people-oriented concept of scientific development. Marx’s understanding of human nature is mainly reflected in the following aspects: the nature of human beings is >free conscious activity<, >the essence of man is the sum of all social relations<, >the essence of man is the true community of man<. Practical activities which are based on human material production activities as the main content, that is to say, >free conscious activity< is the basis for the formation of human nature, the social connection between people is formed on the basis of practice, the reality of the existence of human form is community which is formed on the basis of these links. But in Marx’s view, due to the level of productivity constraints, in the capitalist private system, people do not regard social connections and society as the essence of their life can not be left, they understand themselves as isolated individuals, and regard the various social connections as external constraints that need to be fled. This universal alienation in the face of human nature can only be discarded through the development of productive forces and the fundamental transformation of the relations of production. And all this can only be achieved through the proletarian revolution and the establishment of the communist system.– Fromm as a Freudian Marxist, his humanistic thought was influenced by various ideas such as Freud, Marx, and Judaism and Buddhism. In his opinion, the understanding of the nature of man must precede from this point of view the same potential that they are born, but labor is the concrete way to realize these potentials. However, under the condition of capitalist private ownership, people can realize the richness of morality and love in real life in the process of realizing their potential, which will produce a profound sense of loneliness. The alienation of these connections between people is alienation of human nature. To avoid the alienation of human nature, it is necessary to rebuild the relationship between people in the public society beyond the possession of private property.– Marx’s human thought, especially its labor point of view, has a clear influence on Fromm’s human thought. But Marx’s anthropological thought and Fromm’s anthropological thought have a clear distinction. Marx regards labor as the basis for the essence of man, and Fromm is regarded labor as a way to realize the essence of man; Marx argues that alienation is labor alienation, and Fromm understands alienation as a psychological experience; Marx argues that the abandonment of alienation can only be achieved through the development of productive forces and the proletarian revolution, and that Fromm is the way to dissipate alienation in the way of psychotherapy. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Yong-gang T1 - From the Original Fear to the Social Fear – On Hobbes' View of Fear and Its Evolution [从原始恐惧到社会恐惧 -论霍布斯的恐惧观及其演变], Master thesis, Political Science, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2017. N2 - 人类历史的发展,始终与恐惧相伴随。婴儿从脐带断裂开始,就对世界充满了恐惧。这种>始发纽带<断裂带来的恐惧,将贯穿个体成长的进程。并且伴随着人类历史的进程,将会不断产生新的恐惧。在某种意义上,可以说人类的文明就是与恐惧作战的历程。关于人类恐惧的由来,可以从外部和内部两个原因来分析。外部的恐惧主要来自于>空间<和<时间<的未知,而内部的恐惧主要是由人类>生理<和>心理<的弱点导致的。恐惧的因素早已深深埋藏在人性及其生活的世界中。不分宗教、地区、种族、性别、时代等,没有人能摆脱恐惧的困扰。所不同的是,恐惧在不同的人身上和不同的时代会有不同的表现。而当这些恐惧由当时最睿智的思想家,经过深刻的哲学思辨形成系统的恐惧观时,将会成为影响人类文明进程的伟大力量。在西方近现代政治思想中,最早对恐惧进行深刻论述的非霍布斯莫属。在霍布斯看来,正是由于自然状态下的人们,无时无刻不处在对暴力死亡的恐惧中。所以人们在理性的趋使下,出于自我保存的需要,将所有权力都授予主权者,>利维坦<就随之诞生了。在他看来主权者必须足够强大,否则就无法抵御恐惧的威胁。他认为,人类建立国家的原因,就是为了摆脱自然状态中的死亡恐惧。因此,对霍布斯恐惧概念的解读,也就成了我们理解其政治哲学的关键。但由于受到当时种种条件的限制,霍布斯的恐惧观仍然存在着许多不完善之处。首先由于他对战乱的恐惧,导致他迫切渴望和平。他认为要想保卫和平,必须使主权者拥有无限的权力,否则和平就难以维继。这就导致了,他的理论容易走上极权主义的道路。其次由于霍布斯的恐惧观是为其国家起源理论服务的,所以他缺乏对国家产生后的政治恐惧和社会恐惧的论述。最后,由于霍布斯过分强调死亡恐惧,导致其理论在面临自杀问题时出现了矛盾。后世的思想家在其基础上,结合自己时代的特点,发展了霍布斯的恐惧观。从而使得西方政治哲学中的恐惧观经历了从霍布斯的原始恐惧,到政治恐惧,再到社会恐惧的历程。对于政治恐惧的论述,我主要以孟德斯鸠和托克维尔为例,分别论述了他们对极权专制和多数暴政的恐惧。而对于社会恐惧,我以弗洛姆和鲍曼为例,分别论述了他们对自由和现代性的恐惧。这里需要说明的是,这三种恐惧之间并不是相互替代的关系。它们往往是共存于同一时代的,所不同的是在不同的时代其恐惧的侧重点不同。在现代国家产生前,人们的恐惧主要以原始恐惧为主。在现代国家产生后相当一段时期,恐惧的类型则集中表现为政治恐惧。而在当代社会,我们正处于社会恐惧的阶段,>风险社会<和<全球化<加剧了我们的恐惧。>现代性<的滋长带来了焦虑的蔓延,导致现代人大多生活于一种虚无的境况中。在工具理性和科学技术主导的时代,人自身的价值被忽略,这带给现代人一种极大的恐惧。为了逃避这种恐惧,他们试图通过彻底地纵欲或者禁欲来缓解内心的虚无。但不幸的是这些方法带来的只是暂时地安宁,当激情褪去,恐惧又会重新袭来。这种个体摆脱恐惧的尝试,之所以难以成功就在于他所生活的环境没变。人作为社会的动物,生活在社会之中,必然要受周围环境的影响。所以要想从根本上缓解这种恐惧,需要个人和社会两方面的努力。只有通过重新寻回>自我<和营造一个>健全的社会<,才有可能真正缓解社会带来的恐惧。对于缓解现代人焦虑的手段,我以为应该从价值的重构入手。它主要包括:重新发现自我、重新认识平等、重建积极自由和重回爱的怀抱四个方面。在当代社会,能否缓解这一恐惧,不仅关系到社会的稳定和政府的存续,更关系到我们人类的幸福和未来。 N2 - The development of human history always accompanied with fear. The world is full of fear to a baby when he separated from his mother. The fear of the fracture of the >original bond< will go through the process of personal growth. And with the development of human history, some new fears will be created. In some sense, it can be said that human’s civilization is a process of fighting with fear. The origins of human fear can be analyzed from both internal and external reasons. The external fear is due to the unknown >space< and >time<, and the internal fear mainly comes from the human’s weakness of >physical< and >psychological<. The factors of fear have been deeply buried in the human’s nature and life. Regardless of religion, region, race, gender, age, etc., no one can get rid of fear. The difference is that different ages and life experience can make a difference in fear. And when fear suffers a profound philosophical speculation by the brightest thinkers, it will form a system and become the great power to influence the process of human civilization. In the modern Western political thoughts, Hobbes is the earliest man who has deeply discussed fear. In Hobbes’s view, because of the people who live in the natural state always in fear of violent death, so under the drive of rational and due to the need of self-preservation, they will rant all rights to a sovereign. At the same time, the >Leviathan< is born. In his view, the sovereign must be strong enough, or unable to resist the threat of fear. In order to get rid of the fear of violent death, human beings begin to establish the country. Therefore, the understanding of the concept of fear has become the key to Hobbes’ political philosophy. But due to the limitation of various conditions at that time, the Hobbes’ views of fear still have many limitations. Firstly, he deeply desires peace because of the fear of war. In order to safeguard peace, he thinks that we must give a sovereign infinitely power. As a result, his theory easily leads totalitarianism. Secondly, his view of fear serves the theory of country’ origin, so it lacks the discussion about political and social fear. Finally, because Hobbes emphasizes death fear too much, so his theory can’t explain suicide. Later thinkers laid on the basis of it and combined the characteristics of their age, and then developed the Hobbes’ view of fear. The western political philosophers’ view of fear have experienced from Hobbes’s original fear, political fear, and then to the social fear. For the political fear, I mainly take Montesquieu and Tocqueville as the examples. For the social fear, I take Fromm and Bauman as the examples. Most important, the three kinds of fear can not be replaced by each other. They often co-exist at the same time, the difference of them is that there are different fears in different times. Before the country appeared, people’s fear is mainly composed of the original fear. During the period of the modern state, it is given priority to political fear. In contemporary society, we are in a stage of social fear, and the >risk society< and >globalization< has heightened our fear. The rise of >modernity< leads to the spread of the anxiety, make most modern people live in a nihilistic situation. In the time of the tool rationality and science and technology, people’s own value is ignored, this bring deeply fear to modern people. In order to avoid this kind of fear, they attempted to ease inner emptiness through acolasia or abstinence. But unfortunately these methods can only bring temporarily peace, when passion fades, the fear will hit again. This attempt to escape from fear by individuals is difficult to success, because they ignore the environment they lived. Man as a social animal, living in a society that is easily affected by environment. So as to root out this fear, needs the efforts of the two aspects of individual and society. Only through rediscover >ego< and to build a >perfect society<, it is likely to ease the fear of society. To ease the modern means of anxiety, I think that we should reconstruct value. It mainly includes: to find yourself, to recognize equality, to reconstruct positive liberty and back into the arms of love. In contemporary society, whether can alleviate the fear or not, it not only relates to the social stability and the existence of the government, but also relates to our human happiness and future. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Yue T1 - Loneliness – Beyond >Opium in the Clouds< [孤独—《云中鸦片》的彼端], Master thesis, Spanish Language and Literature, Beijing International Studies University, Bejing, China [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 《云中鸦片》是哥伦比亚作家拉菲尔•查帕罗的代表作品,获得1992年度的哥伦比亚国家文学奖。作为作者仅有的发表于生前的小说,这部作品在哥伦比亚国内反响巨大。而又因其主题表现了城市中年轻人的生存状态,在年轻读者中引起了广泛的共鸣。小说的创作手法非常新颖,多个叙事者,片段式结构,时间、逻辑顺序的混乱,独白、呓语、文字游戏的穿插,使作品语言带有明显的实验性。就其内容而言,反传统的人物设定,弱化的情节以及作品中荒诞的世界,也使这部小说与传统作品割裂开来。《云中鸦片》主要描写了一群社会边缘的年轻人,孤独的他们终日沉迷于酒精、毒品和性爱,而行尸走肉般的生活的使得他们既无法挽救他人,也无法实现自我救赎。于是,有人浑浑噩噩日复一日重复着这样的生活,也有人无法忍受而最终自我了断。整部作品虽然都在描写日常的生活,反映的却是城市生活中年轻人的孤独与痛苦。本篇论文首先介绍了作品及作者的概况,提出其中的孤独主题,并介绍了对这部小说各方面以及对孤独这一人类共有状态在心理学及哲学方面的研究现状。孤独是世界文学广泛关注的主题之一,而拉美地区又因其独有的历史与现状对孤独有着特殊的敏感,因此拉美文学格外关注孤独。海德格尔,弗洛姆等哲学家阐释了人类孤独的来源,而现代人又因其与自然环境的隔离,承受着一种异于农耕时代的新式孤独。作品所指的城市是哥伦比亚首都波哥大,工业的发展让城市生活日益现代化,而长期的武装冲突又让社会动荡不安。小说三要素的情节、人物、环境,以及作者重复使用的意象,和贯穿全文的摇滚音乐元素,都深刻反映出当时波哥大年轻人的孤独。本文作者尝试通过文中人物的行为方式,结合作者的自身经历及其发表的各种作品,探讨作者对于孤独的思考及写作意图。文中人物实则主动选择了孤独,作者这样的安排与其想要表达的思想密切相关,即当时年轻人内心对混乱社会的不满与排斥。本论文认为,《云中鸦片》无论从表达手法还是作品内容上,都反应了孤独这一主题。作者虽然描写的是城市中年轻男男女女的日常生活,但他们的离经叛道和消极颓废都只是其内心孤独的外化体现。书中那个淫雨霏霏的城市实际上脱胎于哥伦比亚首都波哥大,而这些年轻人的生活方式便是波哥大现实的文学体现。作者通过描写这些年轻人的主动孤独,表达了对于那个时代社会乱象的无声抵抗。孤独固然痛苦,但选择孤独就是为了不让自我意识消亡于城市机制的吞噬。《云中鸦片》看似呈现了一幅没有理想的年轻人的群像图,实则揭露了隐匿在当时社会繁华之下他们精神上的孤独空洞。愤怒而忧虑的作者,观察这个他深爱的城市,极冷的批判,却恰好吐露出他极热的心,折射出他对现代人生存状态的思考。 N2 - >Opium in the Clouds< is the representative work by Colombian writer Rafael Chaparro and won the 1992 Colombian National Prize for Literature. As the author's only novel published in his lifetime, this work has had a huge impact in Colombia. And because of its theme shows the city's young people's living conditions, has aroused widespread resonance among young readers. The creative method of the novel is very novel. The narration, the fragment structure, the chaos of time and logic order, the monologue, the bravery and the penetration of the word game make the language of the work be obviously experimental. As far as its content is concerned, anti-traditional characters, weakened plots and absurd worlds in the works also make the novel fragmented from traditional works. Opium in the Clouds mainly describes a group of young people at the margins of the society who, lonely, addicted to alcohol, drugs and sex all their day, and who live in a zombie -like way that make them neither save nor self-salvation. Thus, some people endless unexamined day after day repeated this kind of life, but also some people can not stand the ultimate self-judgment. Although all the works are describing daily life, they reflect the loneliness and suffering of young people in urban life. This paper first introduces the general situation of the works and the author, puts forward the lonely theme among them, and introduces the current psychological and philosophical research on all aspects of this novel and on the common state of loneliness. Loneliness is one of the topics that have drawn a lot of attention in world literature. However, Latin America has a special sensitivity to loneliness due to its unique history and current situation. Therefore, Latin American literature pays special attention to loneliness. Heidegger, Fromm and other philosophers explained the source of human loneliness, and modern people, because of their isolation from the natural environment, endured a new kind of loneliness different from the farming era. The work refers to the city of Bogota, the capital of Colombia. The development of industry has brought urban life to an increasingly modern level, and the long-term armed conflicts have made the community unstable. The plot, character and environment of the three elements of the novel, as well as the author's repeated use of the imagery and the rock-full music elements throughout the text all reflect the loneliness of the young Bogotang at that time. The author attempts to explore the author's thinking on loneliness and intention of writing through the way of the characters' behaviors and the author's own experience and the various published works. In fact, the characters chose loneliness on their own initiative. The arrangement of the author was closely related to the idea that he wanted to express, that is, the dissatisfaction and exclusion of young people in chaotic society. This thesis argues that >opium in the cloud< reflects the theme of loneliness both in terms of expression and content. Although the author describes the daily lives of young men, women and men in urban areas, their deviant and negative decadentness is only the manifestation of their inner loneliness. The demeaning city in the book was actually born in Bogota, the capital of Colombia, and the way of life of these young people is a reflection of Bogota's literary reality. By describing these young people's initiative and loneliness, the author expresses the silent resistance to the social chaos of that era. Loneliness is painful, but the choice of loneliness is to prevent self-consciousness from extinction in the swallowing of urban mechanisms. >Opium in the Clouds< seems to present a group picture of an unattractive young man, revealing in fact the spirit of loneliness hidden in the flourishing society at that time. Angry and anxious author, observing this city he loved deeply, extremely cold critics, but just reveal his extremely hot heart, reflects his thinking on the living conditions of modern people. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Zhen T1 - A Research on Fromm’s Theory of Alienation [弗洛姆异化理论研究], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 当今世界正处于生产力快速发展时期,物质财富达到了空前的水平,然而,在物质丰裕的背后,人在精神和心理层面却陷入了危机之中。弗洛姆的异化理论综合了马克思的学说和弗洛伊德的精神分析理论,开辟了独特的理论视角来研究当代人在心理上所面临的问题。他是新弗洛伊德主义的代表,他看到了资本主义社会下大多数人的生存状态,并继承了马克思关于异化理论的部分学说,将异化理论纳入到心理层面去研究,旨在深刻地批判资本主义社会的丑恶与扭曲,并提出一系列扬弃异化的途径,试图将人从资本主义全面异化中解放出来。这对于研究当代人身上出现的精神和心理问题,并提出解决方案具有重要的借鉴意义。弗洛姆一生经历了二十世纪两次世界大战及战后资本主义大发展和大繁荣时期。他见证了战争沉重打击了人们的心灵,及物质丰裕下人性的迷失,这两个方面都使得弗洛姆更加关心人的心理健康和精神问题。弗洛姆肯定了马克思所认为的资本主义时期出现了异化的观点,而且他更认为异化在资本主义社会已经无孔不入,社会是异化了的社会,人也是异化了的人。人失去了其应有的自由、本质和尊严,人的精神是不健康的,社会也是病态的社会。与马克思相比,弗洛姆更侧重于对人的异化的心理层面的研究。他以弗洛伊德的精神分析学为基础研究异化的根源,探索异化扬弃的途径。弗洛姆以人性论为基础,分析了资本主义社会下人的生存状况和精神健康问题。弗洛姆认为,人的需要不仅包括生理需要,还包括心理需要。心理需要的满足,才是使人感到幸福的关键所在。针对资本主义下人的异化问题,弗洛姆从主客观两个方面提出了解决异化的途径,倡导建立健全的社会。弗洛姆的异化理论对研究现.代人的现实处境具有积极的意义。 N2 - Nowadays, the world is in a period of rapid development of productive forces and material wealth has reached an unprecedented level. However, behind this, people’s spiritual and psychological level was in crisis. Fromm’s alienation integrated Marx’s theory and Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, opening up a unique perspective to study the problems which faced by contemporary people psychologically. As a representative of Neofreudism, he witnessed the living conditions of most people in the capitalist society, inherited the part of Marx’s theory on dissimilation, and studied the alienation theory from psychological level, which aimed to criticize capitalist society’s ugliness and distortion profoundly, and proposed a series of ways to sublate alienation, trying to free people from the total alienation of capitalism. It has great significance to study the problems of mental and psychological of contemporary people and propose the solution. Fromm went through two wars of the 20th, and the great development and prosperity of capitalism. He witnessed that the war hit people’s hearts, and the humanity lost under the material abundance. These both made Fromm concern more about people’s psychological health and mental problems. Fromm not only affirmed Marx’s view that alienation appeared during the period of capitalism, but proposed that alienation in capitalist society has been pervasive. He considered that society is a alienated society and human is alienated, too. Under this situation, people lost their freedom, essence and dignity, and, both the human’s spirit and society were sick. Compared with Marx, Fromm paid more attention to the research on the psychological alienation. He studied the roots of alienation based on Freud’s psychoanalysis and explored the ways of alienation and sublation. Being based on the theory of humanity, Fromm analyzed human’s living conditions and mental health problems. Fromm deemed that human’s requirements contained two sides, biology and psychology. And the satisfaction of mental requirement is essential to human’s happiness. Being pointed at the human alienation in the capitalist society, Fromm put forward that we should solve the alienation from two sides of objective and subjective, and advocated the appropriated way to develop the society. And it has positive significance to study the modern people’s realistic situation. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Ling T1 - Social Filter Theoretical Perspective on Howard Goldblatt’s Translation of >The Field of Life and Death< – Taking Ge Haowen's English translation of >Life and Death Field< as an Example [社会过滤器视角下文学翻译研究 –以葛浩文英译《生死场》为例 ], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 翻译是一项跨文化的人类交流活动,由于文化具有个性,因此不同文化间的对等翻译是不可能实现的,在将由一种语言所承载的文化转换为由另一种语言来承载时,定会出现损失现象。翻译过程中的文化缺失现象早已引起了译界的广泛关注,但在过去漫长的时间里,译界对该现象的研究却一直局限于语言层面,多是借用语言学理论来对其进行分析。直到二十世纪七十年代多元系统理论被提出以来,人们才逐渐意识到翻译的跨学科性质,开始致力于从众多其他学科中寻求理论支撑。在此过程中,哲学对翻译的指导作用日益凸显并激起了学者的高度热情。鉴于翻译是一种社会活动,因此翻译批评决不能忽视特定的社会因素的制约,这种制约用西方哲学家弗洛姆的话来说就是>社会过滤器<,本文拟以弗洛姆的社会过滤器为理论基础来研究葛浩文翻译的《生死场》英译本中的文化过滤现象,希望能有助于扩展翻译批评的理论视野,加深人们对翻译的社会属性的认识。>社会过滤器<概念是弗洛姆在解释社会无意识理论过程中提出的一种社会过滤机制,弗洛姆认为正是>社会过滤器<横亘在经验与意识之间,阻止某些经验转换为意识。翻译总是在一定的社会环境中进行,受某些社会因素的制约,因此,以>社会过滤器<为理论基础进行翻译研究符合翻译活动的社会属性。《生死场》是我国当代作家萧红的成名作,小说讲述了九一八前夕哈尔滨近郊一个村庄的乡民们的生活情状。原作中独特的语言风格和文化元素给翻译带来了巨大挑战。葛浩文先生曾在译者前言部分明确表示为了适应读者的审美倾向,他在翻译过程中不得不删改了原文的部分内容。可见,即使是像葛浩文这样的翻译大家,在翻译诸如《生死场》这样充满乡土气息的文学作品时,也没能摆脱社会过滤器的束缚。然而,正是这样的英译本,自1979年出版以来,却一直深受外国读者的喜爱。因此,对该译本进行研究一定能为翻译实践提供可资借鉴的经验。但截止到目前,译界对这一译文的研究少之又少,更谈不上全面性和系统性的批评了。本研究以《生死场》的英译本为研究对象,通过仔细对比原文与译文,并查询往期关于对葛浩文和他的翻译思想的研究,分别从语言、逻辑、社会禁忌三方面分析了译者在翻译过程中对原文本的处理,发现葛浩文对语言,逻辑,社会禁忌三个方面的内容的过滤力度并不是一致的,他对语言和逻辑的过滤力度较小,在以归化为主,异化为辅的翻译策略的指导下,主要过滤掉了原文的表达方式,而在意义上则做到了忠实于原文,但对社会禁忌的过滤力度则相对较大,主要通过采用归化和替代,过滤掉了原文的文化内涵和意义,仅仅保留了其功能。2017年是萧红逝75周年,此论文一方面算作译界在译本方面对葛浩文翻译研究的有效补充,另一方面作者也希望借此文向民国才女萧红致敬。 N2 - Since translation is an intercultural communication, and each culture carries with itself unique characteristics, the equal translation between different cultures is surely impossible. When the culture embodied in one language is translated into another, it will inevitably undergo some losses. Though the loss of culture in translation has long be award and studied, most of such studies have limited their theoretical perspectives to linguistic theories and focused merely on language. It was not until 1970s, when the polysystem theory was proposed, translation started to walk out of the realm of linguistics and its inter-disciplinary nature began to become prominent. From then on, scholars all over the world expanded their studies from different perspectives to seek theoretical support for translation study. Among those perspectives, the philosophical ones have attracted abundant attention due to their remarkable guiding function on translation. Given the fact that translation is a social activity and is restricted by various social factors, translation studies can’t be completed without regard to the social filter. Though the combination of philosophy and translation enjoys a long history, the adoption of the social filter theory for translation study is rare and lacks of depth. This thesis takes Fromm’s social filter theory as its theoretical perspective to study the culture filtration in the English version of >The Field of Life and Death<, hoping that it will be of some help to broaden the theoretical horizon for translation studies and will do good to deepening people’s awareness of the social property of translation. The social filter is a filtering mechanism put forward by Erich Fromm in his attempt to explain how social unconsciousness occurs. According to Fromm, it is this mechanism that stands between experience and consciousness, forbidding certain experience to enter into the realm of con¬sciousness.– As translation always occurs in a certain social environment and is undoubtedly restricted by some social factors, so adopting the social filter theory for translation study is of high rationality and conforms to the social property of translation. Such application is made to the English version of Shengsichang, Hsiao Hung’s first novel that brought her great fame. The novel tells life stories about a group of peasants living in a small village near Harbin right before the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The unique language style and cultural elements in the source text make the novel a paradigm of North-East China folk literature but at the same time, pose great challenges to translators. Howard Goldblatt stated in the Introduction of The Field of Life and Death that he had to make some changes and deflections to the source text to make the translation readable and acceptable by target readers. So it is safe to conclude that when translating literature filled with local flavor and unique language styles, even an excellent translator as capable as Howard Goldblatt can’t extricate himself from the restriction of the social filter. Though the English version of The Field of Life and Death is not faithful to the source text to some extent when considered strictly, it has enjoyed a high popularity ever since it was published in 1979, which proves that it is approvable to the target language society in both language and content, and thus a careful study of the translated version can certainly bring us valuable experience that is worthy of learning. It is for this reason and the insufficient study on it that this MA thesis is composed.– This thesis takes the English version of Hsiao Hung’s novel, Shengsichang, as a case study. By compa-ring the source text and the target text carefully and referring to the previous studies on Howard Goldblatt as well as his translation thoughts, the author has found that when dealing with language and logic in the source text, Howard Goldblatt adopted domestication as main strategy with foreignization functioning as a walking stick, but when it comes to the translation of social taboos, only domestication or substitution was adopted. It is concluded that social filtering does exist in translation and translation strategies should be selected flexibly in accordance with the power manifested by different components of the social filter in the target language society. In addition, since 2017 is the 75th anniversary of Hsiao Hung’s death, this thesis can not only be deemed as a supplement for studies on Howard Goldblatt and his translation, but can also be regarded as a way to honor the talented woman writer, Hsiao Hung. [Author’s translation Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Qian T1 - On Fromm's Sound Social Theory [论弗洛姆的健全社会理论] N2 - 弗洛姆健全社会理论的哲学基础和核心是以人的心理精神分析为特色的人性论,他通过分析社会中人病态的精神状况,得出西方社会是不健全社会的结论,并从经济、政治、文化三个方面对健全社会的实现提出改革的建议:经济上进行>人道主义经营管理<、政治上发挥民主制度、文化上提高人民的道德情操,最终的目的是要实现一种人性完善、个人自由、充满理性和爱的>健全社会<。文章的第一部分主要从时代背景和理论来源入手,梳理并总结出弗洛姆健全社会思想形成的源头。第二章重点阐述了弗洛姆健全社会思想理论的构思过程。弗洛姆认为健全社会的最初模型应该是人道主义社会的雏形,他通过对社会不健全现象的批判最终提出通往健全之路的改革建议。第三部分是对弗洛姆健全社会整体思想进行的评价。合理性表现在,弗洛姆揭示了西方社会存在的问题,将人性>理论<进行了详细的研究,同时拓展了我们对西方现代资本主义社会的观察视角;局限性则体现在,弗罗姆最终没能脱离其抽象的人性本质,他的人道主义社会观只是对西方社会进行的表面探索,未能找到资本主义制度存在的根本问题。因此,他的社会改革方案带有着理想主义的色彩。 N2 - The philosophical foundation and core of Fromm’s sane social theory is the theory of human nature, which is based on the analysis of human spirit, he analyzes the human society morbid psychiatric conditions, it is concluded that the western society is not perfect social results, and from the three aspects of economy, politics and culture, the reform proposals are put forward: >humanitarian management< in economy, political democracy and cultural play improve people’s moral sentiments. The ultimate goal is to achieve a perfect human nature, individual freedom, sane social rationality with full of love.– The first part of the article starts with the background of the times and the source of the theory, combs and summarizes the source of Fromm’s sound social thought.– The second chapter focuses on the conception of Fromm’s theory of social thought. Fromm believes that the original model of a sound society should be the prototype of the humanitarian society, he finally put forward the reform proposals to improve the road through the criticism of the phenomenon of imperfect society.– The third part is the evaluation of Fromm’s thought of perfecting the whole society. The rationality in western society, Fromm reveals the existing problems, the theory of human nature is studied in detail, and expand our understanding of modern western capitalist society perspective; limitation is reflected in the nature, Fromm ultimately did not deviate from the abstract theory of human nature,his humanitarian society only surface of Western society the study failed to find the fundamental problems existing in the system of capitalism. Therefore, his social reform program is with idealistic color. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Mengbei T1 - Fromm’s Self Theory and Its Contemporary Significance [弗洛姆的自我理论及其当代意义], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 本文通过对弗洛姆的著作的分析,探究了弗洛姆思想的来源与发展沿革过程,系统梳理了弗洛姆对马克思和弗洛伊德思想的吸收和发展,从哲学心理学的角度探讨了弗洛姆自我理论的内容体系和灵感来源。以弗洛姆的哲学为工具结合当代人焦虑的心理特征,孤独的个体状态,异化的消费形式,占有的生存方式等,分析了当代人自我迷失的原因,以及获得自由的办法。文章第一部分介绍了弗洛姆的自我理论形成的思想背景和理论渊源。弗洛姆的理论筑基于马克思思想和弗洛伊德精神分析理论,筑基于马克思关于人、人的本质与发展和弗洛伊德人道主义的精神分析,筑基于精神分析社会文化学派和法兰克福学派等其他心理学及哲学学派。马克思认为资本主义社会造成劳动的异化,劳动异化又带来心理冲突,弗洛姆继承和发展了马克思关于异化的理论,他认为社会生产的异化是造成心理问题的来源之一。在弗洛伊德>无意识理论<及其后继者荣格>集体无意识<的基础上,弗洛姆提出了自己的>社会无意识<理论和>社会性格<等重要概念;受霍尼、沙利文等社会文化学派心理学家的影响,他将社会文化、历史发展等因素融入自己的理论;经历了两次世界大战,弗洛姆对战争和人性有深刻反思,他的著作语言内容直观细腻且不乏准确深刻。弗洛姆终其一生致力于将哲学、心理学、社会学、伦理学等学科结合起来,希图能给迷失的个人和社会的问题找到解决的良方。第二部分介绍的是弗洛姆自我理论的形成与理论基础。弗洛姆融合马克思思想和弗洛伊德思想的人学理论,他希望能实现社会变革和心理变革。弗洛姆思想主要有五个来源:早期的犹太教的影响,这是他心中的博爱精神的源泉;巴霍芬的思想引导弗洛姆寻找人类的爱的道路;弗洛伊德思想的影响,在其创造性的无意识理论基础上发展出>社会无意识<理论;马克思的劳动异化的理论,让弗洛姆意识到社会异化是人产生心理问题的根源;佛教思想的影响,让他把对人灵魂的关注和发扬人的爱和理性的力量作为人生的最高目标。第三部分是关于弗洛姆的自我理论的内容,以及关于当代人自我问题的阐述。这一部分将弗洛姆的自我理论做了系统的归纳和整理。首先梳理了弗洛姆对佛教的有我——无我理论的研究和继承;其次分析了弗洛姆的哲学和心理学的关系;再次,用历时性与共时性的研究方法,把弗洛姆自我理论的内容加以整理,让其理论的发展历程更为清晰,着重分析了他提出的>社会无意识<、>社会性格<、>生存方式<等核心概念;继而描述了当代人的自我迷失及其表现,对自我认识不清,情绪和情感失衡,自私与利己,以消费与享乐作为价值的标准,以及缺乏亲密和真诚之爱;最后根据弗洛姆在其理论中提出的方法,对上述当代人自我迷失的问题进行了诊断并提出了应对策略:获得行动自由,思考自由,重塑人们对生产与消费的认识,破除当代消费异化的迷局,在工作中寻找自我和自我价值感,在爱中寻找自我,用真诚的有创造性的爱与世界建立联系,打破现代城市森林的樊篱,用真爱与博爱消除内心的孤独与焦虑。最后一部分是对于弗洛姆自我理论的评价与思考,着重分析弗洛姆的理论对我们当代人的价值和实践意义。从现代经济发展、政治发展、文化更迭、意识形态变化的角度,分析弗洛姆理论的一些局限性和乌托邦成分;其自我理论的合理性与当代价值;对弗洛姆自我理论的若干思考和追问。弗洛姆毕生做了大量跨学科的研究工作,非常关注人自身、人与人、人与社会等问题,一直致力于融合马克思和弗洛伊德等人的思想,思考关于病态的社会、混乱的人格、战争的形成等问题,并力图寻找能解决这些社会问题、个人问题和世界问题的答案。他对人的本性和生存状态倾注了大量关心,希望通过对社会现状的批判和解析,为解放和拯救人类指引方向,其理论即使跨越大半个世纪,对我们二十一世纪的当代人仍然有很大的参考价值和借鉴意义。 N2 - [Based on the analysis of his works, this thesis explores the origin and development of Erich Fromm’s thought, systematically analyzes the construction of his understanding and criticism of Marx’s thoughts and Freud’s Thoughts on the basis of integration of individual personality and social character of self theory, especially from the perspective of philosophical psychology content system of Fromm self theory. Then in today’s era and the social and historical background, the author analyzes the current situation of the contemporary people’s self lost, such as the psychological characteristics of anxiety, the individual state of loneliness, the form of alienation of consumption, the way of living, etc. To overcome the series current problems, we can focus on the idea of Fromm’s dialectical theory to help modern people out of psychological lost, methods and ways of life. Moreover, for the existence of egoism and alienation, we should not forget the most important factor in human existence-love. The first part introduces the ideological background and theoretical origin of Fromm’s theory of self formation. Fromm’s theory of building the thought of Marx and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory based on the analysis of the spirit of Marx, built on the human being, nature and human development and humanitarian Freud, based on the spirit of the Frankfurt school and other social cultural psychology and philosophy. Marx believed that the capitalist society caused by the alienation of labor, labor alienation and psychological conflict, Fromm inherited and developed Marx’s theory of alienation, he thought that alienation of social production was one of the sources of psychological problems. In Freud >theory of the unconscious< and his successors Carl Jung >collective unconscious< basis, Fromm put forward the important concept of his >social unconsciousness theory< and >social character<. Influenced by the social and cultural school psychologists, such as Karen Homey and Sullivan, he incorporated social, cultural and historical development into his own theory. After the world war Ⅱ, Fromm had a profound reflection on war and human nature, and his writing language was intuitive and delicate, and there was no lack of accuracy and profundity. Fromm devoted his life to put philosophy, psychology, sociology, ethics and other disciplines together to research personal and social problems and to find some effective solution. The second part of the thesis introduces the formation and theoretical basis of Fromm’s theory of self. Fromm, integrated Marx’s and Freud’s theory of human nature, hoped to achieve social change and psychological change. Fromm thought there are five main sources: the impact of early Judaism, this was the source of his heart the spirit of love; the thought of Bachofen led Fromm to find the road of human love; the influence of Freud’s ideas, in the unconscious theory of the creative development of >social unconsciousness< theory of Marx’s labor alienation; Fromm realized that alienation is the source of social people have psychological problems; the influence of Buddhist thought, let him put on the soul of concern and attention to people’s love and the power of reason as the highest goal of life. The third part is about the content of Fromm’s theory of self, as well as the exposition of the contemporary man’s self. In this part, Fromm’s theory of self is systematically summarized and arranged. Firstly, it introduces Fromm of Buddhism […]; then followed by analysis of the relationship between Fromm’s philosophy and psychology; thirdly, with the diachronic and synchronic research methods, the Fromm theory of self content to arrange, let the theory development process more clearly, analyze the >social unconsciousness< and survival mode< and other core concepts; then describes the self lost and relevant performance of contemporary people, the self understanding of emotions and emotional imbalance, selfishness and egoism, consumption and enjoyment as a standard of value, and the lack of intimacy and sincere love; finally according to the method proposed in Fromm theory, carried on the diagnosis of the contemporary people lost problems and puts forward the countermeasures for freedom of action, thinking freedom, reshape the understanding of production and consumption, get rid of the alienation of contemporary consumption puzzle, self seeking and self worth in the work, find oneself in love, with sincere creative love to establish contact with the world, breaking the barriers of modern city forest with love, universal love and true love can eliminate inner loneliness and anxiety of human. The last part is the evaluation and reflection of Fromm’s theory of self, focusing on the value and practical significance of Fromm’s theory to our contemporary people. From the modern economic development, political development, cultural change, ideology change perspective, analysis of some limitations and utopia component of Fromm’s theory and its contemporary value is made; also on self theory; on some thinking and questioning Fromm’s self theory. Fromm had done a lot of research across disciplines in his lifetime, had paid close attention to people themselves, people and people, people and society, and had been committed to the integration of Marx and Freud’s thought, thinking about the morbid society, confusion of personality, the formation of war and other issues, and tried to find the solution to these social and personal problems. He focused on the nature of human existence and devoted a lot of care, hoped through the social status of the criticism and analysis, and guided the direction for the liberation of human salvation. Even more than half a century, for the people of our twenty-first Century, the theory still have great reference value and significance. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Mengting T1 - Ethical Diagnosis of Morbid Society – A Study on Fromm's Ethics Thought of >Sound Society< [病态社会的伦理诊断 –弗洛姆《健全的社会》的伦理思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2017. N2 - 埃利希•弗洛姆是二十世纪著名的哲学家、心理学家,也是法兰克福学派的第二代重要成员。他的研究领域十分宽泛,在各领域都建树颇丰,其中最值得一提的也是贯穿他多部著作的一个重要思想是健全伦理思想,在他的《健全的社会》一书中得到最为完整的体现。本文首先从伦理背景、伦理分析和理论构架的逻辑线索展开,力图全面展现弗洛姆健全社会思想的总体概貌。在此基础上,本文以健全社会伦理动机和病态与健全的意涵解析作为逻辑起点,深入分析人性、人的生存所面临两难困境、人的本质、人的社会需求,并着重分析了作为个体与社会之间中介的社会性格,其后,分析由于人的生存需要被抑制,导致了社会性格的异化,以及异化所呈现出病态人格和病态社会的样态,进而诊断西方社会的病态的根源。在此基础上,探讨了弗洛姆如何尝试构建健全社会的路径——讨论了以往的实践失败原因,提出评判健全社会的伦理标准,并且从伦理视域提出了经济变革、政治变革和文化变革的设想及其实践方略。弗洛姆《健全的社会》的伦理思想,一方面,为我们审视资本主义社会的种种弊病提供了新的视角;另一方面,也为我们发展马克思主义提供了新的研究视域。弗洛姆关注人,将人的重要性置于其研究的重心,对我们倡导以人为本的社会主义核心价值观以及正在进行的各项改革具有深刻的启示性。 N2 - Erich Fromm was a famous psychologist and philosopher and sociologist in twentieth century, he was also an important member of Western Marxist and Franck school. His research field is very wide and made a great contribution to the theorists, which must be mentioned is his ethical theory in sane society thoughts throughout his many works. This theory has got most complete embodiment in The Sane Society. This paper starts from the ethical background analysis, theoretical framework as the logic route, try to show complete picture of Fromm’s sane social thought. On this basis, this paper is use the social ethical motivations and pathological and sane implications as a logical starting point, in-depth analysis of people’s human nature, social needs, and especially analyze the social personality as the intermediary between the individual and society. Afterwards, elaborate morbid personality and morbid society, especially the alienation, thus diagnose the pathological source of western society. In this book, Fromm’s attempt is to find a path on how to build a sound social. On the one hand, Fromm provides a new angle of view as we look at the disadvantages of capitalist society. On the other hand, he also provides a new research horizon for us to develop Marxism. Fromm focuses on human being, take the importance of human being as the main emphasis of its research. It has profoundly important revelatory for advocating our people-oriented socialism core value and the ongoing reform. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Yinglei T1 - From Negative Freedom to Positive Freedom – The Theme of John Wayne's Novel from Fromm’s Perspective [从消极的自由到积极的自由 – 从弗洛姆自由观看约翰•韦恩小说主题]Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 本论文以弗洛姆关于>积极自由<的理论阐发为基点,以对二战后英国现状介绍为背景,以对约翰•韦恩《每况愈下》、《叛逆年代》两部作品中主人公探求和实现自由的蜕变过程为研究对象,深入解读了兰姆利和杰里米作为>愤怒青年<的代表实现自由的历程。研究试图表明:对抗社会的激进行为并不能带来所谓的>自由<,而只有劳动和爱才能跨越狭隘的自我园囿,实现真正的精神自由。本文共分为五部分:第一章为导论,介绍了二战后的英国社会现状,并简述了英国20世纪50年代以约翰•韦恩为代表的>愤怒的青年<作家及其作品以及本论文的研究目的及研究意义。第二章为文献综述,分析了国内外对约翰•韦恩《每况愈下》、《叛逆年代》两部作品的研究现状。本章也对艾里希•弗洛姆的自由理论进行了介绍。第三章详细解读了在巨大的压力下,《每况愈下》的主人公兰姆利、《叛逆年代》的主人公杰里米通过逃避责任、反抗中产阶级文化教育以及违背传统道德的偏激行为来追求自由。然而这种弗洛姆称之为>消极的自由<的激进行为并没有带给他们精神上的解脱,反而带来了无尽的空虚与孤独。第四章主要研究了主人公如何通过自发的爱与劳动重新建立起与世界的纽带,重新获得了真正的自我和归属感.他们最终找到了真正的自由之路,实现了 >积极的自由<。第五章对本论文进行了总结,得出结论:激进行为所带来的>消极的自由<不能缓解人的孤独与无助感,只有回归真实的生活,通过自发的爱与劳动重新建立起与世界的纽带,才能获得幸福感与归属感,实现>积极的自由<。 N2 - Based on Fromm’s theory of freedom, with post-war British society as the background, this thesis aims at making a research on protagonists’ road to freedom in John Wain’s >Hurry on Down< and >Strike the Father Dead<, analyzing the realization of freedom of Lumley and Jeremy who are typical angry young men. This study attempts to indicate that the radical behaviors against society cannot lead to co-called freedom; only work and love can break narrow personal bondage, leading to a true spiritual freedom. This thesis consists of five parts: The first chapter is introduction, which introduces the post-war British society, >Angry Young Men< and their works, John Wain and his works and the purpose and significance of this paper.– Chapter two is literature review about the John Wain’s Hurry on Down and Strike the Father Dead. In addition, Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom is also mentioned in this chapter.– Chapter three makes an examination of Lumley and Jeremy’s pursuit of freedom under repression through a series of radical behaviors including escaping responsibility, rebelling against middle-class culture, education and traditional morality. However, these radical behaviors which are >negative freedom< called by Fromm can not lead to their liberation in spirit; on the contrary, it caused deeper sense of loneliness and emptiness.– Chapter four focuses on how the heroes awaken after disillusion and establish the connection with the world by spontaneous love and work and regain the sense of self and belonging. Eventually they find the right road to freedom and realize >positive freedom<.– Chapter five draws a conclusion of this thesis: >negative freedom< caused by radical behaviors could not reduce the loneliness and helplessness of modern people; only by returning to the real life and establishing a tie to the world with spontaneous love and work, can they get the sense of happiness and belonging and achieve the quest for >positive freedom<. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yang, Mei T1 - The Spiritual Crisis of Contemporary American Intellectuals in >Herzog< [论《赫索格》中美国当代知识分子的精神困境], Master thesis, Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Nanhua University, Dalin, Chiayi, Taiwan 2017 [ application of Fromm's Theories to art]. N2 - 当代美国杰出的小说家索尔?贝娄(1915-2005),二战后美国犹太裔小说家,诺贝尔文学奖获得者。贝娄的代表作《赫索格》(1964)展现了主人公摩西赫索格五天旅行中的混乱的思绪,苦闷与迷茫,追寻于探索,精神受难。真实地再现了美国当代知识分子在现代社会中的挫败感、迷茫、对人生意义的追寻与自我调整。国内外学者多用存在主义、女性主义、原型批评等相关理论对小说进行分析,很少有人从认知诗学及弗洛姆的人本主义精神分析视角解读该小说的主题。该研究以长篇小说《赫索格》为研究对象,运用认知诗学中心理空间理论和弗洛姆的人本精神分析理论,探讨《赫索格》中的主人公赫索格的婚姻危机、事业危机、自我身份危机。通过文本细读,本论文综合分析赫索格的心理空间的意义构建、美国现代知识分子的生活与学术困境、后现代性中的>精神分裂<现象,追踪主人公的心路历程。首先,论文从心理空间理论入手,突出故事的后现代语境、主人公与社会之间的裂隙,强调赫索格是有一定思想深度与独立见解的美国当代知识分子。从他对真理的追求与信念、他自身的弱点,勾勒出晚期资本主义社会所造成的>人生的空虚<、人性的扭曲,以及主人公形象所具有的普遍性与意义。该研究借用弗洛姆的人本精神分析理论,追踪赫索格走出精神困境的路径。论文指出,赫索格具有复杂的精神诉求:既渴望集体生活又与社会疏离,既要有确定的身份又拒绝身份的羁绊,既要求人际关系的平等又追求与众不同。他的人生充满了无奈与无力感,但他依旧有知识的深厚积淀、对社会的深刻洞察力、强烈的家庭责任感。种种人生起伏,恰恰成就了他的优秀品质与自我身份。最后,赫索格在通过写信释放自我,回归本真,及亲朋的关爱及大自然的精神滋养下,改善人际关系,拥抱生活,走出了精神困境。研究发现了赫索格的心理空间的意义构建以及他所代表的美国现代知识分子的精神困境。文本再现了美国现代大众社会对>知识分子的自我<的消解,试图为赫索格找一条既不逃避现实又保持个性独立的理想道路,体现了作者对生命意义的追求。对文本的心理空间分析表明,赫索格与他人、与社会的互动,是人类(尤其是美国当代知识分子)生活的常态。当代知识分子能够在各种消解自我的压力下幸存并维持知识分子的良知,其实维系着人类社会的光明与未来。赫索格的精神危机,反映了社会经济发展过程中带来的社会成员的精神危机。因此,为身处同样经济飞速发展的当代中国人,提供借鉴。 N2 - Saul Bellow (1915–2005), an eminent contemporary American novelist, won extraordinarily great literary achievements in his life and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Bellow’s masterpiece >Herzog< (1964) demonstrates the sense of frustration, confusion, quest for the meaning of life and self-adjustment of the contemporary American intellectuals in the society. Many scholars at home and abroad carried out analyses about the novel from the theories of existentialism, feminism, archetypal criticism and other suitable theories, but there have been few analyses to explore the themes of the novel from the perspective of cognitive poetics and Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis. By closely reading the text, this thesis takes Herzog as research subject, synthetically analyzes the features of Herzog’s mental world, the dilemmas in American contemporary intellectuals’ life and academic activities, the postmodern schizophrenic phenomenon, and traces the protagonist’s journey of soul. The research attempts to analyze the text from the perspective of Mental Space Theory by foregrounding its post-modern context and the protagonist’s disjuncture from society, emphasizing that Herzog is a contemporary American intellectual with in-depth thought and independent views. From his pursuit of truth and faith and his own weaknesses, this research sketches the contours of the sense of emptiness, the distortion of human nature caused by capitalist society, and the universal meaning in the image of the protagonist. Drawing on Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis, simultaneously the thesis traces the ways of Herzog’s self-redemption, analyzing Herzog’s marital crisis, career crisis, crisis of his self. As the thesis points out, Herzog has a complex spiritual quest. He longs for the community life but is alienated from society;he desires for clear identity but refuses to the fetters of identity; he wants interpersonal equality but pursues to be out of the ordinary. His life is full of helplessness and powerlessness, but he still has a large accumulation of knowledge, profound perception of the society, and strong sense of family responsibility. All the ups and downs in his life just bring out his good qualities and his self-identity. And finally, it proves that Herzog walked out of his spirit dilemma with the release of the Self, the care from his family and friends as well as the spiritual nurture from Nature so that a healthy relationship with the Self, the society and the world is built. The research makes a summary of the features of Herzog’s mental space and spiritual predicament of American intellectuals represented by Herzog. It holds the following opinions: First, the text represents the dissolution of the intellectuals’ selves by contemporary massive society, tries to find out an ideal way of both being in reality and keeping one’s individuality, and embodying the author’s quest for the meaning of life; second, the analysis of mental world shows that the interactions between Herzog, people around him and the society is actually the normalcy of human beings, especially contemporary American intellectuals; third, it is not easy for contemporary intellectuals to sustain their conscience under the various pressures of self-dissolution. Their efforts are actually the foundation for human bright future. Herzog’s spiritual crisis reflects spiritual crisis of social members brought in the process of social economic development. Therefore, this thesis provides reference for the contemporary Chinese who are experiencing the rapid economic development. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jensen, Walter A. T1 - Erich Fromm's Contribution to Sociological Theory, Kalamazoo (Printmill), 2017, 236 pp. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lenherr, Marc T1 - Die humanistische Ethik von Erich Fromm als normativer Bezugspunkt für die Soziale Arbeit, Bachelor-Arbeit an der Fachhochschule St. Gallen, St. Gallen 2017, 60 pp. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Santos Morín, David T1 - El territorio como factor científico para la práctica del método sociopsicoanalítico de Erich Fromm y Michael Maccoby en el desarrollo del psicoanálisis (México, 1940-1949), BA-Thesis at Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Facultad de Philosophia y Letras, Mexico 2017, 45 pp. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pereira Perez, Eden Jorge T1 - The feminine character. The culture of violence in society and against women. Dissertation at the Humanist University of the Americas, Santa Maria (Brasil), 2017, 200 pp. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mehlmann, Julia T1 - Jugend ohne Politik? Eine qualitative Untersuchung der jugendlichen Vorstellung von Politik im Generationenvergleich. Forschungsprojekt im MA an der Zeppelin-Universität Friedrichshafen, Friedrichshafen 2017, 89 pp. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sudati Silva, Marize Cristina T1 - Self-esteem and Human potential development. Dissertation at the Humanist University of the Americas, Santa Maria (Brasil), 2017, 147 pp. N2 - The objective of this scientific research work is to develop the theme >Self - esteem and Development of Human Potential< in a psychoanalytical perspective. Within this proposal we intend to show the importance of this attribute in the life of the people mentioning the advantages of a healthy self-esteem as well as the losses of a deficit self-esteem. We will be discussing and evaluating the social influences in the formation and conservation of self-esteem, revealing that it is not born with the subject, but is formed through the first bonds and strengthened as the child finds favorable environments for its healthy development. We will look at the fact that every impression or internalized belief about inferiority comes from the interpretation of reality or the fantasy of rejection and abandonment, and that excesses or frustrations in excess in early childhood leave narcissistic wounds that can result in the existential void with reflection in the self esteem. We must prove that people with healthy self-esteem will be more courageous, bold, and confident, increasing the likelihood of being more assertive in their choices. We will look at the fact that there is enormous potential within each human being ready to be unveiled and utilized and the fertile ground by which the potential can manifest and develop is self-esteem. Finally, we must conclude that, in addition to being a daily achievement, self-esteem can be rescued at any moment, provided that one has a conscience, desire, attitude of change, courage and discipline. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dong, Yun T1 - The Research of Information Alienation in We-media Era [自媒体时代的信息异化现象研究], Master thesis, Principles of Marxism, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 随着智能手机上网功能的便捷化和互联网Web2.0技术的全面普及,以微博、博客、微信、QQ为主要内容的自媒体平台迅速发展,互联网信息传播进入了一个崭新的时代,即自媒体时代。自媒体因其操作简易、信息传播迅速、去中心化、自主化等特点,日益成为人们生活中必不可少的一部分。但伴随着网络自媒体技术的迅猛发展,由于技术本身的因素、人的特性以及社会环境的多重影响,借助于自媒体平台传递的信息逐渐出现了异化现象,这给人们的学习、工作和生活带来了不少负面影响。因此,通过剖析自媒体时代信息异化的表征,摸清信息异化的根源,最终找到消除信息异化的基本对策,是当下亟待解决的问题。本文立足于自媒体时代这个大背景,从探究自媒体时代信息异化呈现的显著特点入手,全面深刻地分析了信息异化产生的根源,并从多个视角提出了一系列具体的解决措施,以便能为顺利消解自媒体时代信息异化问题提供新的思路和新的方法。全文共分为六部分:文章绪论部分依次介绍了论文的研究背景、研究目的与意义、研究成果及不足、研究方法与创新点。第二部分对>异化<、>信息异化<、>自媒体<等相关概念做了厘定,主要阐明了霍布斯、黑格尔、费尔巴哈、马克思、卢卡奇、马尔库塞、弗洛姆等西方学者的异化思想。第三部分从信息本身、人与信息之间的关系、人与人之间的关系以及人本身四个方面阐述了自媒体时代信息异化现象的特征,具体有信息异化造成信息污染,加速主体性丧失,引发利益冲突,扭曲心理人格这四个表征。第四部分论述了自媒体时代信息异化产生的技术、主体和社会等根源。文章首先对技术理性和技术模式进行了批判,其次分析了思维的非至上性、认知的扭曲、价值观的偏差、本我实现心理等主体原因,最后揭露了社会竞争激烈、信息规范制度缺位、人文精神的失落、国际自由主义思潮的涌入等社会因素。第五部分从技术控制、主体自觉和社会规制这三个方面分别阐明扬弃自媒体时代信息异化的基本对策。结语部分总结了论文整体研究思路,对自身研究不足进行反思,并对日后研究进行展望。 N2 - With the convenience of smartphone Internet access and the popularity of Internet Web2.0 technology, the media platform is developing rapidly, such as >micro-blog<, >blog>, >WeChat< and >QQ<. Internet information transmission has entered a new era, that is, the We-media age. We-media has become an indispensable part of people’s daily life because of it is simple, rapid, scattered and automatic. However, with the rapid development of network media technology, due to the multiple factors of the technology, the characteristics of people and the social environment, information passed on the We-media platform gradually appeared alienation. It brings about many negative impacts to people’s study, work and life. Therefore, we must find out the source of information alienation through analyzing the characterization of information alienation in the We-media era, finally find out the basic countermeasures that can eliminate information alienation. Based on the background of the We-media age, this paper analyzes the origin of information alienation from the obvious characteristics of information alienation in the We-media age. And a series of effective solutions from multiple perspectives are put forward for the smooth digestion of information alienation in the We-media age. The paper includes six parts.– Introduction part introduces successively the research background, the purpose, the significance, research results and disadvantages, the research method and the innovation.– The second section defines the concepts of alienation, information alienation and We-media. It mainly illustrates a series of western scholars thought, such as Hobbes, Hegel, Feuerbach, Marx, Lukács, Marcuse, Fromm’s.– We elaborate the characteristics of information alienation in the We-media age by studying the information, the relationship between people and information, the relationship between people and people themselves in third section. It shows that information alienation causes pollution information, accelerates the loss of subjectivity, triggers a conflict of interest, distorts personality.– The fourth section discusses the origin of information alienation in the We-media age, such as technology, subject and society and so on. It criticizes the technology rationality and technology model firstly. It secondly analyzed the thinking non-supreme, cognitive distortions, the deviation of values, self-actualization psychology. It reveals the social furious competition, the loss of information standard system, the loss of humanistic spirit, the influx of international liberalism ideological trend in the end.– The fifth part clarifies the basic countermeasures for information alienation in the We-media era in the aspect of technical control, subject consciousness and social regulation.– Conclusion part summarizes the paper overall research thought, reflects on the lack of research, forecasts research in the future. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Du, Kunyao T1 - The Accepted Study of Fromm Thought in the Chinese Literature Circles [弗洛姆思想中国文学界接受研究], Master thesis, Arts, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2017 [application of Fromm's thories to art]. N2 - 埃利希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1890~1980)是>新弗洛伊德主义<的创始人,是法兰克福学派的代表人和具有世界性影响的精神分析学家、心理学家、社会学家、伦理学家等,其思想非常多元,横跨领域宽广,在西方一直受到很大的肯定与赞誉。从上世纪60年代起,弗洛姆及其思想从西方逐渐涌入中国,在这半个多世纪中,激起了两次弗洛姆的热潮,为中国文学界带来了重要的影响。纵观弗洛姆涌入中国的时间长河,时而波涛汹涌,时而暗流攒动,其思想和著作在中国文学界的发展可谓一波三折。本文从以下五个层面依次展开论述:第一章论述了弗洛姆的核心思想以及其在中国文学界的接受语境。第一节从弗洛姆在中国译介出版的几部最受欢迎的著作入手,试着总结和概括出传播到中国的弗洛姆思想的核心内容。第二节则着重梳理弗洛姆的思想在中国的接受语境。一种外来的思想理论的传入,必定要适应当下的时代和学术语境,从上世纪60年代至今,中国文学界的时代与学术语境发生了深刻的变化,弗洛姆思想的传播和接受状况与这些语境息息相关。第二章论述了弗洛姆思想在中国文学界传播与接受的走向。第一节论述弗洛姆在中国文学界传播的开端,弗洛姆在20世纪60年代首次传入,并被批判为修正主义的人道主义。第二部分是传播的转折期,主要时间分期是20世纪70年代末至80年代,一场>关于人道主义和异化问题<的大讨论让弗洛姆再次被认可,中国文学界对弗洛姆的大量著作进行集中的译介和出版。第三部分论述弗洛姆在中国传播的低谷期。在90年代,国人对于西方文论的狂热渐渐冷却,对弗洛姆的研究也处于相对停滞期。第四部分是传播的兴盛期,主要时间段是21世纪初至今。在这个时间段内,弗洛姆的大部分著作已传入中国并日趋成熟,各种著作的版本也不断翻新,这也进一步促进了弗洛姆思想在中国文学界以及国民大众中传播与接受。第三章主要论述了中国文学界对弗洛姆思想的接受状况。笔者选取了中国文学界中一百篇谈及弗洛姆的核心期刊论文,根据接受的弗洛姆思想,将这种接受按内容分为五个部分:人本主义精神分析批评的中国文学界接受、社会批判理论的中国文学界接受、>人<的问题思想的中国文学界接受、>爱<的问题思想的中国文学界接受、其他理论的中国文学界接受。笔者整理一百篇核心期刊论文在每一部分的数量,并简要分析了这些论文分别从不同的角度接受的弗洛姆思想,最后总结出每一部分的特点。第四章论述了弗洛姆思想中国接受的本土化特点。第一节简要地分析了中国文学界对弗洛姆思想的中国接受的因素。首先是意识形态的影响,其次有学界理论应用的因素,最后是受众心理的需要。这三个因素共同对弗洛姆思想在中国文学界的传播和接受产生重要影响。第二节笔者反思了中国文学界对弗洛姆思想的接受,笔者认为,接受者作为主体,应该更加自觉地接受弗洛姆,而不是被动地为我所用,其次,接受者也要有自己的批判维度,对弗洛姆进行审视之后加之自己的判断。在结束语中,笔者还提出了几点看到的问题,希望对中国文学界进一步接受和研究弗洛姆思想有所帮助 N2 - Erich Fromm (1990-280) is the founder of >New Freudianism<, representative of the Frankfurt School and a psychoanalyst, psychologist, sociologist, ethicist etc. His ideas are very diverse, wide across the field, which has been a great affirmation and praise in the West. From the 1960s, Fromm and his thoughts from the west gradually swarm into China. In this half a century, his thoughts provoked two waves and has brought important influence to the Chinese literary community. Throughout the period of the introduction of Fromm in China, it is sometimes raining and sometimes undercurrent. His ideas and writings in the development of Chinese literature can be described as twists and turns. This paper starts from the following five aspects: The first chapter discusses the core idea of Fromm and its acceptance context in Chinese literary circles.– The first section begins with the most popular works published by Fromm in Chinese translation and tries to summarize the core content of the Fromm thought spread to China.– The second section focuses on the thought in China’s acceptance context. The introduction of a foreign thought theory must be adapted to the present era and academic context. From the 1960s to the present, the era and academic context of the Chinese literary circles have undergone profound changes. Acceptance is relevant to these contexts. The second chapter discusses the direction of the spread and acceptance of Fromm thought in Chinese literary circles.– The first section deals with the beginning of the spread of Fromm in the Chinese literary world. The first time in the 1960s, Fromm was criticized as revisionist humanitarianism. – The second part is the transition period. The second part is the transition period. In the late of 1970s to the 1980s, a big discussion named >the issue of humanitarian and alienation< allow Fromm again recognized. Chinese literary circles focus on the translation and publication of a large number of works by Fromm.– The third part deals with the low trough of the spread of Fromm in China. In the 1990s, the frenzy of Western literary theory gradually cooled, and the study of Fromm was also in a relatively stagnant period. The fourth part is the spread of the prosperous period; the time is the beginning of the 21th century so far. Throughout this period, most of the works of Fromm have been introduced into China and matured, and the versions of works have been refurbished, which has further promoted the spread and acceptance of Fromm in Chinese literary circles and the national public. The third chapter mainly discusses the acceptance of Fromm thought in Chinese literary circles. The author chooses one hundred of the Chinese literary circles to talk about Fromm core journals, according to the accepted Fromm thought content, this acceptance is divided into five parts by content: humanistic psychoanalysis and criticism accepted by the Chinese literary circles, the theory of social criticism accepted by the Chinese literary circles, the >people< problem accepted by the Chinese literary circles, the >love< problem accepted by the Chinese literary circles and other theories accepted by the Chinese literary circles. The author summarizes the number of core journals in each part of each hundred papers, and briefly analyzes the essay respectively from different angles to accept the Fromm thought, and finally summed up the characteristics of each part. The fourth chapter discusses the localized characteristics of Fromm thought.– The first section briefly analyzes the factors that China’s literary circles accept in China. The first is the influence of ideology, followed by the application of academic theory factors, and finally the needs of the audience psychological. These three factors together have a significant influence on the spread and acceptance of Fromm thought in Chinese literary circles.– In the second section, the author reverts the acceptance of the Chinese literary circles to the Fromm thought. The author thinks that the recipient should be more consciously accepting Fromm, rather than passively for me. Secondly, the recipients should have their own critical dimension of the study after the addition of their own judgments.– In the concluding remarks, the author also made a few points to see the problem, hoping to further accept and study the Chinese literary community to help the study of the history of Fromm. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Duan, Jingjing T1 - A Comparative Study of Fromm’s and Baudrillard’s Alienation Theory [弗洛姆与鲍德里亚异化理论的比较研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China 2017. N2 - 异化问题是现代社会发展进程中不可忽视的。西方资本主义国家经济的快速发展,社会财富的增加,人们的物质生存条件得到提高,但在精神方面陷入了异化的困境。现代社会错综复杂,异化现象被隐藏的很深使人们难以辨别。社会的新变化带来的是更深层的异化。我国作为发展中国家,同样存在着异化问题,并且在今后的发展中也同样会遭到西方国家的这种情况,所以,为了我国能够在进行中国特色社会主义建设时,少走发达国家的弯路,对异化进行全面、深层的探讨还是很有必要的。近现代异化领域中影响力较大的有弗洛姆和鲍德里亚的异化理论,对两者异化理论的比较可以为研究异化提供新的视角,丰富并发展马克思的异化思想,拓宽人们分析问题的思维。文章主要由四部分组成:第一部分先叙述了异化在西方历史上的演变,让人们能够清楚地了解异化的发展,为文章主题部分奠定基础。此外,还分别对形成弗洛姆和鲍德里亚的异化理论的背景作了概述,以便能够更好地理解两人的异化思想。第二部分主要是论述了两者异化理论的共同点,马克思的异化理论是两者异化理论的共同来源,导致异化的物质前提是相同的,异化给人带来的伤害也是一样的。第三部分先分析了两者异化理论的差异,并对其差异作了原因分析,两者异化理论的差异分别从剖析异化的视角、人的主观能动性及在各领域的表现方式这三方面进行分析的,并且也剖析了产生差异的原因。第四部分主要是评析了弗洛姆与鲍德里亚异化理论的比较研究所带来的理论意义和现实价值。 N2 - Alienation problem cannot be ignored in the process of modern society. The rapid development of economy of the western capitalist countries, the increase of social wealth, These makes people’s material living conditions improved, but people got trapped in the alienation’s dilemma in the aspect of spirit. The complicated modern society has alienation phenomenon be hidden deeply, it makes people invisible. The new changes of the society have the alienation deep. as a developing country, our country exists the alienation problem also, and in the future development we will also meet this kind of situation of western countries, therefore. Our country goes less detours of developed countries in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, a comprehensive and deep discussion about alienation is necessary. Especially Fromm and Baudrillard’s alienation theory has the great influence in the field of modern alienation, comparing the their alienation theory can provide a new Angle for the study of alienation, enriching and developing the research of Marx’s alienation. Widen the people thinking to analyze the problem. The paper mainly has four parts: the first part described the evolution of alienation in western history, let people can clearly understand the development of alienation, lay the ground for the article subject parts. In addition, respectively described Fromm and Baudrillard’s alienation theory of the background, to better understand Their alienation theory. The second part mainly discusses their alienation theory’s common point, Their theory is based on the Marx’s theory of alienation, leading to alienation of material premise is the same, the alienation brings the same damage to the person. The third part analyzes the difference of alienation theory and makes the differences’ cause analyze, their theory of alienation differences have three aspects: the Angle of anatomy of alienation, people’s subjective initiative and in all areas of expression and analyze the causes of differences. The fourth part : the comparative study of Fromm and Baudrillard’s alienation theory has theoretical significance and brings real value. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mei, Linghan T1 - Research on Erich Fromm’s Thought of >The Sane Society< [弗洛姆>健全社会<思想研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - >健全社会<思想是弗洛姆人性理论的重要组成部分,该思想是弗洛姆对二十世纪资本主义社会反思的理论成果。西方社会在创造出丰裕物质财富的同时,也造成了人们精神的失衡以及众多的社会问题。病态的西方社会引起了弗洛姆的高度关注,他致力于探究现实社会与社会中的人,关注人的本质、需要、心理与性格等重大问题,试图重塑不健全和非人性化的资本主义社会,构建>健全社会<。对这一思想的研究,有助于我们深入了解当代资本主义社会的现状与本质,以客观理性的态度看待人与社会的发展问题,进而正确处理当代中国发展中遇到的问题。论文主要包括以下内容:首先,说明弗洛姆>健全社会<思想产生的时代背景与思想渊源,这是>健全社会<思想体系形成的基础;其次,从人的存在方式的异化、社会性格的异化、社会精神的失衡三个层面入手,揭示资本主义社会的种种异化;再次,从经济、政治、心理三个层面剖析不健全社会的生成根源,深入挖掘不健全社会的生成机制;最后,论述弗洛姆>健全社会<的理论构想与>健全社会<的实现路径。弗洛姆>健全社会<思想具有重要的理论贡献及现实意义表现为:建构了独具特色的人性伦理思想体系;促进了人本主义精神分析学说和西方马克思主义理论的发展;提供了批判现实资本主义社会的新视角;为我国全面建设小康社会提供了重要的现实参考意义。当然,这一思想也有其理论的局限性,主要表现为其人本主义心理学的理论倾向以及>健全社会<构想的乌托邦色彩。 N2 - >The Sane Society< thought is an important part of Fromm’s theory of human nature, which reflects Fromm’s deep analysis of the capitalist society in twentieth Century. Although western society created abundant material wealth, but with the economic prosperity of a contrast is that people’s mental imbalance, prominent social problems. Sick of Western society caused the attention of Fromm’s that Fromm’s life energy concern in the reality of society and social, to study the major issues of human nature, needs, psychological and character, shouldering the historical mission of remodeling at present is not perfect and dehumanization of capitalist society, the ultimate goal is to achieve >The Sane Society<. By Erich Fromm’s >The Sane Society< theory research, help to our in-depth understanding of the current situation and essence of contemporary capitalist society; help to our objective and rational attitude to look at the development of man and society; help us to correctly handle the issues encountered in the development of contemporary China. This paper mainly includes the following contents. Specifically, this thesis first studies the historical background and ideological origin of Fromm’s >The Sane Society<, which is the foundation of the formation of >The Sane Society< thought system. Secondly, various sound performances of capitalist society, specific from the three aspects of human existence alienation, social character of alienation, social and spiritual imbalance to discuss contemporary capitalist society is not perfect performance. Then through the western society is not perfect performance, dig the cause of social reality is not perfect, respectively from the social economic, political, psychological, and three level analysis is not perfect social origin. Finally, put forward the theoretical conception and the way to realize the >The Sane Society<. This study found that Erich Fromm’s >The Sane Society< thoughts have important theoretical contributions and realistic significance. For example, established the unique human nature theory; promoted the development of the humanistic psychoanalysis theory and the western Marxism theory; provides a new perspective in the criticizing capitalist social irregularity; for our country comprehensive construction well-off society provides an important reference significance of reality. Of course, this thought also has its theoretical limitations, mainly for its humanistic psychology and the theory of the >The Sane Society< concept of Utopian color. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Yue T1 - A Study of Alienation Theme in >The Man of the Crowd< [《人群中的人》异化主题分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 埃德加•爱伦•坡是19世纪美国杰出的小说家、诗人和文学评论家,是美国文学界最具世界影响的作家之一。同时,他也是美国文学史上最有争议的作家之一。进入20世纪以来,爱伦•坡作为美国浪漫主义时期的作家引起了现代派的极大的关注和兴趣,各批评流派都从不同的角度来审视他和他的作品。爱伦•坡的《人群中的人》不同于他被众人熟知的侦探小说、哥特小说、恐怖小说,是爱伦•坡最具现代意识的小说,也被认为是那个时代最出色的艺术品。作品中透视出来的异化现象,值得深一步的探索与研究。本文拟借助马克思劳动异化理论、弗洛姆的心理异化理论以及文学作品中异化观点的应用,对爱伦•坡具有自传性质的小说《人群中的人》进行分析。对穿梭于伦敦大街小巷的形形色色的人群做了细致的描写,也通过他对城市人群孤独、虚无的内心世界的描绘,对叙述者与追逐对象踪动机的探寻,折射异化这一社会现象产生的严酷的影响,表现了人类在现代工业文明笼罩之下人性被扭曲和异化之后所衍生出的精神空虚、情感孤寂的精神状态,呼吁人们要重视人类的生存状态,彰显了作者对人类生存困境和发展危机的深刻焦虑和人文关怀,为走出异化的迷途,构建和谐社会而努力。论文包括引言、正文、结论三大部分。引言介绍国内外对爱伦•坡《人群中的人》这一作品的研究现状,从而体现本文的创新之处。正文部分为论文主题部分,拟分为四章。第一章为介绍理论。在整个异化理论的起源和发展分析中,主要集中在马克思的异化劳动和弗洛姆的异化的心理分析上。此外,在这一部分论文还对文学中异化主题及与人群中的人这一作品进行了概括性分析。第二章分析人群中的人这一作品中的异化主体的体现,是论文的最主要部分。论文把马克思劳动异化理论、弗洛姆的心理异化理论与具体作品进行结合分析。阐述作品中的老人与人群、人群与自然、社会以及老人自身的异化关系。第三章分析了《人群中的人》中异化产生的原因。主要包括社会环境影响、作者爱伦坡的生平经历对主人公异化的影响、关爱的缺失、归属感和安全感的缺失、以及自我认知不清。第四章根据之前的分析,提炼出异化的结果,这些危害性结果在作品及当代社会都有所显现。在异化无法消除的情况下,针对其产生原因及结果提出一些抑制异化危害的措施。最后一部分是结论部分。概括论文主要观点,点明主旨,并结合文章的分析,揭示出本论文研究的现实意义。随着异化现象越来越普遍的情况下,透彻的了解无论是文学作品或是显示社会中的异化,都有助于减轻其不良影响。希望本篇文章能够给致力于研究异化理论和埃德加•爱伦•坡的文学爱好者提供参考和借鉴,并为现实社会中减轻异化危害,提供一些行之有效的建议,从而走出异化的生活困境。 N2 - Edgar Allan Poe is an outstanding American writer, poet and literary critic in 19th century and is regarded as the most influential and most controversial one in American literary history. As a representative writer of American Romantic period, Poe causes great attention and interests in 20th century. His literature works are explored and studied by various schools and in different perspectives. Different from his widely acknowledged detective stories, Gothic novels and horror fiction, >The Man of the Crowd< is his autobiographical short story, which is regarded as his most outstanding art works with modern consciousness at that era. The alienation theme which reflects in the story is worth being explored. This paper adopts the alienation theme to analyze a variety of people shuttling back and forth in the streets of London in the autobiographical short story. The characters display people’s mental state of being spiritually barren and lonely, which comes from the humanity distorted and alienated by the modern industrial civilization. By exploring the motivation of the narrator’s tracing and the old man’s wandering, Poe illustrates the severe alienation impact of this social phenomenon, which also manifests the writer’s deep concern over the living predicament and development crisis of humans under the pressure of industrial civilization. Writer appeals to attach more importance to human survival, revealing the anxiety to human existence and development crisis, struggling for getting rid of the alienation predicament and building a harmonious society. Through the help of alienation theory of Marx, Fromm and alienation theme in literature works, the thesis examines the theme of alienation in >The Man of the Crowd< in three parts which are the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. Its main contents are as follows: The first part is the introduction. It shows research status at home and abroad of the short story in order to present a better introduction, as well as the creation and writing value of this thesis.– The second part is the main body which contains four chapters: The first chapter is the theoretical perspective of alienation theory. It mainly concerns on the origin and development of alienation theory. Among the whole analysis of alienation theory, the thesis concentrates on Marx’s alienation of labor and Erich Fromm’s alienation in psychology. Then, the thesis also has a concluded view on alienation theme in modern literature works and >The Man of the Crowd<.– The second chapter is the alienation theme in >The Man of the Crowd<, which holds the significant position in the whole thesis. Combined with specific figures in the short story, the thesis illustrates the alienation relationship between the old man and the crowd people, the man and the nature, the society, and his self-alienation.– The third chapter concentrates on the causes of alienation in >The Man of the Crowd<, which consists the influences of social environment, Poe’s life experience, loss of love, loss of society belonging and sense of security and loss of self-identity.– The fourth chapter mainly deals with the consequences of alienation which present both in the short story and in modern society. The alienation can not be eliminated, but people can find ways to restrain its harm. After illustrating the causes and the consequences of alienation in the short story and on modern society, the thesis then analyzes some means to restrain this social phenomenon.– The final part is the conclusion, which concludes the previous contents as a summary of analyzing the short story and gets the gist and the realistic meaning of the thesis. With the generalization of alienation phenomenon, a better understanding of alienation theme both in literature works and in real society provides ways for people to struggle against its harm. The author hopes the thesis can offer a reference to most literature lovers who are devoted to their research on Edgar Allan Poe, as well as providing some advice to relieve the harm of alienation on modern society. That will contribute a lot to find way out the living predicament brought by alienation. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liao, Chunzhou T1 - The Battle between Dream and Love: On the Modernity Predicament in Hardy’s >The Return of the Native< [梦与爱的较量—论哈代《还乡》中的现代性困境], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 作为19世纪至20世纪期间最具影响力的现实主义作家之一,哈代对于所处时代的社会变迁十分敏感,其著名的>威塞克斯小说<展示了英国西南部多塞特的自然风光和社会风俗习惯,呈现了工业文明给当时社会所带来的变化和不良影响,揭示了人性的美与丑、善与恶。哈代的第一部悲剧小说《还乡》出版于1878年,虽名气不如其后期小说《德伯家的苔丝》或《无名的裘德》,但仍属哈代的杰出作品之一。《还乡》一书主要写了两位男女主人公幸福结合而又走向悲惨破裂的故事。男主人公克莱姆在大都市巴黎从事珠宝行业,事业有成、前途似锦。然而他却厌恶大都市的奢靡生活,一心只想回到家乡创办一所学校,帮助乡民改变自己的命运。而出生于城市却因父母去世而搬到埃顿荒原与外祖父生活的尤苔莎,厌恶这个地方,一心向往的就是能生活在巴黎这样的大城市,过上上流社会的美好生活,来实现自身的人生价值。可想而知,生活目标如此截然不同的两个年轻人的婚姻,最终只能走向失败。再者,小说中另一个重要角色达蒙,为了追求尤苔莎推迟了与托玛辛的结婚。他一心只想占有尤苔莎,而并不是真正的爱。通过讲述这样一段悲情的爱恋故事,《还乡》展现了一段爱与梦想之间的纠葛,洞察了现代性给人类社会所带来的负面影响,抨击了工业文明对自然、人类以及两性情感所造成的扭曲。《还乡》这个标题仅从字面意思理解远远不够,它有着更深层次的内涵。诚然,这部小说围绕着从巴黎远道归来的克莱姆展开。哈代的这位归乡者是一个有着现代面容的现代人,怀揣着教书育人的梦想从现代都市巴黎回到埃顿荒原。他的回归象征着现代性的对立面,这正是哈代的理想归宿。整篇小说的行文结构都在围绕着游苔莎与克林的梦想展开。梦想是他们生存的希望,也是造成他们悲剧发生的根源所在。字里行间,作者哈代从未评价过他们的梦想的对与错,他只是在呈现现代人的痛苦与生存困境。男主人公还乡的梦想正是作者对工业文明和现代性的斥责以及对淳朴生活的怀旧之情的体现。提及现代人的生存困境,美国人本主义哲学家弗洛姆对现代人的生存境况所表现出的审美关怀以及对爱的探讨,不论是应用于文本分析,还是对当代社会,皆具有积极的启示和借鉴作用。因此,本文试图以弗洛姆的审美思想为理论基点,解读《还乡》中主人公的梦想、爱情、婚姻、激情、异化以及焦虑,探讨哈代对现代人生存困境的理解。在新的时代背景下重新解读《还乡》,有助于我们在伟大作家们对现代工业文明的批判中找到共鸣,更好地寻找到人生的意义、把握人生的奥妙,提醒人们关心自我、关爱他人,以审美的方式消弭现实中的压抑与异化,实现诗意的栖居。 N2 - Being one of the most influential realistic writers between the Victorian Age and the 20th century, Thomas Hardy was sensitive to the social transformation of his day. His works are known as >Wessex Novels<, which show the natural landscapes and social mores of Dorset in Southwest of England, assuming the social alteration and the side effects brought by industrial civilization, and demonstrating the beauty and ugliness, kindness and wickedness of human nature. >The Return of the Native<, the first tragic novel of Thomas Hardy, was published serially in an English magazine in 1878, which was not as well received as Hardy‘s later works like >Tess of the D’Urbervilles< (1891) or >Jude the Obscure< (1895), but remains firmly as one of his canons. It was a story that two protagonists married happily but ended with a tragic ending. Clym worked in a jewelry shop in the metropolis Paris with a promising future. However, he disliked the extravagant lifestyle in Paris, bending upon returning to his hometown, to start a school for helping his fellows to change their destinies. Born in a prosperous city and moved to Egdon Heath to live with her grandfather because of her parent’s death, Eustacia repelled the heath and yearned for living in a big city like Paris, leading a better life to achieve her own value. It is conceivable that the marriage of this young couple, whose life goals were so different, ultimately can only come into failure. Moreover, Damon, another important character in this novel, postponed his marriage to Thomas in order to pursue Eustacia, he concentrated on possession rather than genuine love. The novel reveals the conflicts and paradoxes of modernity through narrating such a complex and miserable story of love triangle happened in Egdon Heath, and drawing a compelling description of love and passion. Straightforward as the title The Return of the Native, far from being downright literal, has deeper meanings. Indeed, this novel is all about a long-absent native of Egdon Heath who returns from the metropolis Paris. Clym, Hardy‘s returning native, is a modern person with modern countenance and modern thought from a modern city, who dreams to impart knowledge and educate to his village fellows. Clym‘s return to Egdon Heath represents the antithesis of modernity, which is Hardy‘s ideal. This novel revolves around Eustacia‘s and Clym‘s dreams. Dream is both their hope to survive and the root of their tragedy. Nonetheless, Hardy didn‘t give his judgment of their dreams, nor preach at his readers. He just vividly drew a picture of the agony of modern people and the survival predicament. Clym‘s return is the embodiment of Hardy‘s lash at the industrial civilization and modernity, and his nostalgia for simple life. When referring to the existential plight of modern people, American humanist philosopher Erich Fromm‘s aesthetic concerns to the living conditions of modern people and the exploration of love, whether for text analysis or contemporary society, have positive implications and influences. On this ground, Fromm‘s theory of aesthetics is applied to interpret the protagonist’s dream, love, passion, alienation, and anxiety in The Return of the Native. Reinterpreting The Return of the Native helps us to find echoes in great writers‘ criticism of modern industrial civilization, discovering the meaning and mystery of life, reminding people to care for themselves and others, using an aesthetic way to eliminate the depression and alienation, and to achieve poetic dwelling. That entails the exploration of the modern people‘s existential predicament, providing an aesthetic outlet for the miserable people in contemporary society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Dou T1 - An Anatomy of Human Dilemma in >The Moon and Sixpence< from Fromm’s Humanistic Theory [基于弗洛姆人本主义理论剖析《月亮和六便士》中现代人的生存困境], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Xi'an International Studies University, Shaanxi, Xi’an, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 威廉•萨姆赛特•毛姆(1874-1965)是一个跨世纪的英国作家,他的作品既继承了传统现实主义对现实生活的真实刻画与批评,又吸收了20世纪现代主义关注个体心灵的特点。他总是擅长通过平实易懂的语言来讲述一个个精致复杂的故事,冷静犀利地批判人性。《月亮和六便士》是毛姆代表作之一,小说主人公的原型是法国后印象派画家保罗•高更。小说一经出版便得到广泛关注。作者以第一人称的叙述方式,讲述了人到中年的证券经纪人思特里克兰德突然抛弃家庭和财富,去追逐自己的绘画梦想的故事。跟小说中的其他人相比,斯特里克兰德显得古怪而难以理解。小说中对包括主人公在内的形形色色的人物的性格刻画入木三分,充分展现了毛姆对人性的洞悉及对现代人生存困境的担忧。本文试图结合社会文化背景,从与毛姆同一时期的哲学家埃里希•弗洛姆(1900-1980)的人本主义学说角度对《月亮和六便士》进行分析和研究,首先分析了小说中主要人物的性格,小说中的现代人在社会中被金钱和地位蒙蔽了双眼,迷失了本心。接着从社会和个人两个方面分析找出形成现代人非生产性性格并陷入生存困境的原因,通过这些分析,本文试图找出解决精神危机的办法,帮助现代人建立具有创造性的爱的健全人格,构建和谐社会。 N2 - William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) was a cross-century English writer, whose works not only inherited the vivid description from the traditional realism in the 19th century but also concentrated on the individuals’ spirits which was absorbed from the modernism in the first 20th century. He always tells different complicated stories through his plain, understandable language and exposes the dark side of human inner world sharply. >The Moon and Sixpence< is one of Maugham’s masterpieces and the French painter Paul Gauguin is the prototype of the protagonist. Once published >The Moon and Sixpence< has been paid great attention. Maugham gives a story from the first-person point of view about a conventional middle aged stockbroker Charles Strickland who suddenly abandoned all his family and wealth to pursue his dream of painting. In the novel, it is very different and weird about Charles Strickland from others in that society. Obviously every character in the novel including the protagonist was depicted vividly and which shows the Maugham’s deep insights to human spirits and the very concern to the spiritual crisis of modern people. This paper attempts to combine the modern social and cultural backgrounds with the humanistic theory of Maugham’s contemporary philosopher Erich•Fromm (1900-1980) to analysis >The Moon and Sixpence<. It firstly analysis the character of the main characters in the novel, who lost their minds in the material society and then throws light upon the real causes to modern people’s nonproductive character orientation and spiritual crisis both from the social and individual causes. According to this analysis, it is supposed to find out the solutions of getting rid of spiritual crisis and help modern people establish the sane and sound character as well as building a harmonious society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Yuzhou T1 - The Enlightenment of Fromm’s >Freedom< Thought to Contemporary Chinese Society from the Perspective of Marxism [马克思主义视域下弗洛姆>自由<思想对当代中国社会的启示], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, Hebei Normal University, Baoding, Hebei, China 2017. N2 - 本文通过>自由<这条主线,重点围绕弗洛姆关于>现代人的自由困境及其出路<这一思路展开。弗洛姆的自由理论既反映了他对人的生存状态的深刻理解,也体现了他对人类社会现状及其未来发展的现实关怀。弗洛姆为我们揭示了在现代工业社会中人的自由困境和异化状态,并认为消除异化实现人的自由离不开社会的全面变革。他对自由困境的批判和对自由出路的探索,对中国现代化建设有重要的启示意义。全文除了引言和结语外,主体分为四个部分:第一部分,对弗洛姆的生活经历和其思想的发展渊源进行概述。由于弗洛姆早期经历了残酷的战争,使他学会了对战争的思考,并受到弗洛伊德的无意识理论的影响开始从人性的角度以及人的非理性的因素中探索和思考问题。同时弗洛姆受到马克思关于人的异化和自由的思想的影响,面对资本主义经济危机的全面爆发,弗洛姆开始理性的思考问题,其后来的整个思想就是关于自由和异化的阐述,并且有着强烈的社会批判意识。第二部分,对弗洛姆的自由理论的主要内容进行了介绍,分析了弗洛姆关于自由的悖论,即人既追求自由又逃避自由的生存现状。弗洛姆认为资本主义的发展取得的经济和政治自由并由此带来了个人的自由和发展,但是人们为了生存又成为了资本或机器的奴隶,并由此而产生了无能为力感。由于无力承担这些消极自由的重担,那么就会选择去逃避自由。这是弗洛姆对资本主义制度的深刻批判和对于自由的反思。由此他又进一步说明消极自由只是形式上的自由,积极自由才是真正自由的重要理论。第三部分,阐述了弗洛姆自由思想的双重价值:社会现实批判和健全社会构建。弗洛姆通过对异化状态下重占有这种完全依赖于物质生存方式的批判,也是对资本主义私有制度的批判,他更加关注的是人的生存,强调只有重生存的创造性的生活方式,才是获得积极自由的重要途径,并指出要消除异化,实现真正的自由,只有通过对政治、经济和文化进行符合人的自身需要的改革,才能解决社会中的病态结构,实现健全的社会。第四部分,概括了弗洛姆自由思想的贡献,将弗洛姆的自由观点同处在转型期的中国的现实背景进行结合,提出弗洛姆当时所面对的西方社会出现的一些问题,也是中国现代化进程中有可能会出现的问题。因此得出,弗洛姆对自由困境的批判与自由出路的探索对当代中国所面临的现代化问题的解决具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。弗洛姆的思想是对马克思主义的丰富和发展,但弗洛姆对资本主义的批判是不彻底的,缺乏对人的实践活动的正确认识。因此,用辩证的方法分析弗洛姆的自由观,试图探索和解决我国在市场化进程中出现的一些社会问题,这是本篇论文研究的新视角和创新之处。 N2 - This article through the >freedom< the main line, focusing on the Fromm of >modern people’s freedom predicament and its way out< this idea. Fromm’s theory of freedom not only reflects his deep understanding of the state of human existence, but also reflects his current situation of human society and its future development of practical concern. Fromm reveals the freedom and the alienation of man in modern industrial society, and believes that the elimination of alienation and the realization of human freedom are inseparable from the comprehensive transformation of society. His critique of the plight of freedom and the exploration of free way out of China’s modernization drive has a very important inspiration. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the main body is divided into four parts: The first part is an overview of the life experiences of Fromm and his thoughts. Since Fromm had experienced a brutal war, he had learned the thought of war and was influenced by Freud’s theory of unconsciousness and began to explore and think about the problems of human nature and human irrational factors. At the same time, Fromm was influenced by Marx’s thoughts on human alienation and freedom. In the face of the full outbreak of the capitalist economic crisis, Fromm began to think rationally. The whole thought was about freedom and alienation. Strong sense of social criticism.– In the second part, the main contents of Fromm’s theory of freedom are introduced, and the theory of Fromm`s paradox about freedom is analyzed. Fromm argues that economic and political freedom in the development of capitalism has led to the freedom and development of the individual, but that has become a slave to capital or machinery in order to survive and thus generate powerlessness. Because of the inability to bear the burden of these negative freedoms, then they will choose to escape freedom. This is Fromm’s profound critique of the capitalist system and the reflection of freedom. Thus he further illustrates that negative freedom is only formal freedom, positive freedom is an important theory of true freedom.– The third part expounds the dual value of Fromm’s free thought: social reality criticism and sound social construction. From the critique of the way of material existence, it is also a critique of the capitalist private system. He is more concerned with the survival of man, emphasizing the creative way of life, is an important way to obtain positive freedom, and pointed out that to eliminate alienation, to achieve real freedom, only through the political, economic and cultural needs of people in line with their own needs in order to solve the social morbid structure, to achieve a sound society.– In the fourth part, combining Fromm’s view of freedom with the realistic background of China in the transition period, it is pointed out that some problems in the Western society faced by Fromm at that time are also possible in the process of China’s modernization problem. It is concluded that the exploration of Fromm’s critique of free dilemma and the exploration of liberty is of great theoretical and practical significance to the modernization of contemporary China. Fromm’s thought is the enrichment and development of Marxism, but Fromm’s criticism of capitalism is not complete, lack of correct understanding of human practice. Therefore, the dialectical analysis of Fromm’s view of freedom, trying to explore and solve our country in the process of marketization of some social problems, which is the new perspective of this paper and innovation. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Sikai T1 - A Study of Fromm’s Thought of >Escape from Freedom< [弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 埃里希·弗洛姆是20世纪二十年代法兰克福学派的重要成员,其突出的理论贡献在于他结合弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思主义哲学理论,创造性的提出了>逃避自由<思想。在关注到现代人生存境遇时,他揭示了资本主义社会结构的不健全之处,以现代人的性格结构为出发点,对现代人普遍存在的>逃避自由<的现象做出了深刻分析,他借鉴弗洛伊德创立的精神分析方法,挖掘出现代人逃避自由的真正心理根源。弗洛姆的>逃避自由<的思想不仅能帮助寻求一种解决生存困境的途径,而且对积极自由之路的探寻和对理性信仰的构建以及对健全社会的设想都具有巨大的启示意义。本文基于前人研究的成果,在弗洛姆学术思想体系背景下,梳理了弗洛姆逃避自由思想的主要内容以及其论证进路,企图从弗洛姆对理想人格、理性信仰和健全社会的阐述中,挖掘解决个人自由却孤独的生存困境的启示。本文分为三个部分,第一部分阐释了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想产生的社会背景和理论渊源;第二部分主要是勾勒弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想的主要内容和弗洛姆论证现代人为何逃避自由的线索;第三部分分析了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想在揭示现代人生存困境、描绘理想性格、阐述理性信仰以及构建健全社会的启示,最后对这一思想理论的不足和存在的缺陷做一个简要的评析. N2 - Erich Fromm was an important member of the Frankfurt School in the 1920s. His outstanding theoretical contribution is that he combined Freudian psychoanalysis and Marxist philosophical theory and creatively put forward the idea of >escape from freedom< When he was concerned about the living situation of modern people, he revealed the imperfection of the capitalist social structure and made a profound analysis of the common phenomenon of >escape from freedom< by taking the character structure of modern people as the starting point. Fromm's idea of >escape from freedom< not only helps to find a way to solve the dilemma of existence, but also has great inspiration for the search of the path of positive freedom, the construction of rational beliefs and the conception of a sound society. Based on the results of previous researches, this paper, against the backdrop of Fromm's academic system of thought, examines the main contents of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom and the way forward in his argumentation, and attempts to find insights for solving the dilemma of individual freedom but loneliness in Fromm's exposition of the ideal personality, rational faith and sound society. The first part explains the social background and the theoretical origin of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom; the second part outlines the main contents of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom and Fromm's arguments for why modern man escapes from freedom. The third part analyzes the revelation of Fromm's idea of >escaping from freedom< in revealing the dilemma of modern human existence, depicting ideal character, expounding rational beliefs and building a sound society, and finally makes a brief analysis of the inadequacies and defects of this idea and theory. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cai, Jing T1 - Productive Teacher-student Relation and Its Construction [论生产性师生关系及其建构], Principles of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 教师和学生是教育教学实践中最主要的矛盾主体,构成学校最主要的人际关系,因此,师生关系一直是教育学界长盛不衰、历久弥新的话题。然而,师生关系的平稳、健康发展,需要多方面因素的支撑。随着经济社会的飞速进步,人们的生活充满了各种激烈的竞争与压力,充斥功名利禄、物欲横流的社会导致人对物质出现了前所未有的强烈欲求,甚至逐渐转嫁到了对人的占有。人们的生活丧失原有的温情,变得麻木和死板,人的生命价值无法具体临现,人与人的交往变成了 >物物交往<。盛行的>占有<风气渗透当下的教育,使得师生关系变得占有化、利益化、冷漠化。在教育教学活动中,一些教师为了提高工作效率,快速培养>高分<学生,争取更多的利益,一味地对学生实行>满堂灌<式的教育方式,完全忽略了学生作为人的存在。学生在毫无生气的教育中只学会了为了争取高分>掠夺<知识而非领会知识,认为学习不过是一种占有成功的工具。长此以往,师生关系情感淡漠,教师的职业动力不足,学生的创造力和自我实现力下降甚至丧失,不利于师生的个体发展,教育事业难以为继。在占有式师生关系里,教师与学生的发展是停滞,甚至是萎缩的,人们开始渴望建立能够让师生在教育关系中重塑鲜活个体,实现共生发展的交往模式,一种>共生型<、>生产性<理念悄然进入教育视野,构建新型的师生关系成为亟需迫切解决的课题。生产性师生关系是本文建构的理想师生关系。弗洛姆认为>生产性<是人运用自己的力量对自己的潜能的实现的特性。在他看来,具有生产性人格的人不仅具有较强的能动性,还能不断实现自身的潜能与创造力,使人的自我发展更加完善。生产性的爱则是对对方潜能的一种认可,即不断地对对方进行给予、尊重、认识、关心,当然也包含着责任。通过这些爱的表达促进人与人之间情感的亲密性,也促进自我与他人的发展。教师如果一味地以不合理的权威占有学生,对学生进行知识灌输,那么他的教学工作则会变得苍白无力,他所投放的知识的>石子<无法激起学生好奇心的>漪涟<,也就自然使他们的学习生活变得毫无生气,失去应有的创新思维。生产性的师生关系就在于要求教师对学生施以生产性的师爱,让教师和学生在生产性的师生关系中,使学生的潜能在教师的激励下得到实现,在教师的呵护中更懂得关爱他人,同时也让教师提高自我职业价值认同,这是关怀师生双方人性解放和发展的过程。总的来说生产性师生关系具有交融性、关怀性、精神性和共生性,这样的师生关系使单向的、死板的占有式师生关系变成双向流动的动态师生关系,在师生和谐相处,共同发展中关照教师与学生的生命价值。为了构建生产性师生关系,本文试图提出了可行性构建策略,包括培养教师的>生产性<理念,提高教师专业素质,增强教师关心、组织、管理能力;创建生产性校园文化环境;从教育目标、课程设置以及评价标准的改革构建生产性师生关系的制度条件;等途径进行入手,以期能为学校教育构建新型师生关系带来启示。 N2 - The main contradiction in teaching practice comes from teachers and students, who constitute the main relationship in schools and embody the value of teaching activities. Therefore, the teacher-student relationship is a long-lasting topic in education. However, developing good teacher-student relationship needs the support of many aspects. With the rapid development of economy and society, people are faced up with various fierce competition and pressure in life, gradually resulting in people the relationship of possessing and being possessed. People regard >possessing others< as condition for success, which is especially true among the young for utilitarian reasons. Consequently, people lost the warmth of life and life becomes full of materialistic numbness and rigidity, the value of human life cannot be found, human nature is lost and the contemporary teacher-student relationship is even distorted. The traditional binary opposition of the subject and the object, combined with the transformation of the society places teachers in the dominant position of teaching, >ruling< students with knowledge. In teaching, some teachers seek maximum interests even at the expense of education efforts, doggedly cramming students with knowledge without thinking of change. In a lifeless education, students only learn to >rob< knowledge for a higher grade instead of understanding knowledge, thinking learning nothing but a tool for gaining success. With this going on, the relationship between teachers and students becomes cold. Teachers lack teaching motivation and students’ creativity and self-fulfillment decrease or even disappear. This does harm to the development of teachers and students, making it difficult for education to continue. In this background, the construction of a new teacher-student relationship has become the most urgent task. This paper focuses on the new productive teacher-student relationship. Fromm believes that >productive< refers to the personality that people realize their potential with their own power. In Fromm’s view, the productive personality is one that enables people go upward, and people are full of love and care. People with productive personality can not only have a strong initiative, but also can realize their own potential and creativity continuously to perfect them selves. Productive love is the expression of others’ potential, constantly instilling in others respect, understanding, care and responsibility. The expression of this love not only fosters intimate emotion between people, but also contributes to better them. If teachers blindly control students with authority and cram students with knowledge, their teaching will become lifeless. This cannot stimulate students’ curiosity and interest but make their learning life dull without vigor and rob them of innovative thinking, making them unable to realize their potential. On the one hand, the productive teacher-student relationship require teachers to give students productive love, which enables students to realize their potential in this kind of relationship and learn to care for others under teachers’ mature love; on the other hand, this helps teachers to identify with their teaching value. This is a process that concerns the liberation of human nature for both teachers and students. On the whole, the productive teacher-student relationship is interactive, caring, spiritual and developing, which turns the one-directional rigid possessive teacher-student relationship into a bi-directional dynamic one, echoing the life value of teachers and students. In order to build a productive relationship between teachers and students, this paper sets out to put forward the strategy of feasibility construction, including the principle of being open to others, learning to give and loving each other; cultivating teachers’ pro¬ductive awareness, improving productive quality, enhancing productive management ability; constructing the system condition from the reform of educational objectives, curriculum set-up and assessment stan¬dards and creating a productive campus culture, so as to light upon some idea for the construction of a new teacher-student relationship. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Yan T1 - The Dialectical Relationship between Happiness and Morality from the Perspective of Fromm’s >The Art of Loving< [论幸福与道德的辩证关系 - 以弗洛姆《爱的艺术》为视角], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 古希腊时期开始,幸福与道德的关系问题就一直受到哲学家们所关注,时至今日,随着消费主义的横行以及随之而来的全社会的幸福危机和道德危机的侵袭,幸福与道德的关系问题历久弥新,值得一再探讨。作为对当代幸福危机与道德危机的正面回应,我们首先必须正确认识幸福与道德的内涵及其关系。幸福不是作为纯粹感官愉悦的快乐,也不是完全个体的心灵愉悦的满足,幸福是作为使得人与人相紧密联系的现实的、实践的幸福而存在。道德同样不是空洞的道德口号和完全他律的道德规则,道德有其社会性,道德来源于社会,道德的健全依赖于社会的健全,不健全的社会下必然是不健全的人,而不健全的人必然是不健全的道德的怀揣者。幸福和道德有其内在的统一机制:即在社会中,在社会性的实现过程中,实现两者的统一。任何以二分的方式对幸福与道德进行断裂式的划分都是错误的,甚至是别有用心的。企图通过将幸福装饰成为可以通过消遣、消费而直接获得的感官与物质需求的满足,更是不道德的表现。所以打破幸福与道德两者的悖论关系不仅在理论上是必要的,在应对和改变社会现状方面更是尤为重要。弗洛姆《爱的艺术》这本书正是对试图打破幸福与道德相悖的现状所做的努力,试图通过爱的途径实现两者的内在统一性。弗洛姆笔下的>爱<不是软弱无力的个体之爱,弗洛姆的>爱<是苍劲有力、具有建设性的>爱<,是社会个体你我相连的现实之爱、实践之爱。用爱的理论贯通幸福与道德的联系,用爱的实践构建幸福的社会、道德的社会、爱的社会,不仅在理论上是可行的,在实践中更是具有至关重要的作用。 N2 - In ancient Greece, the relationship between happiness and morality has been increasingly a major concern. With the life being occupied by consumerism and the ethical crisis, the relationship of happiness and morality become a timeless legal issue, which has been added to more brand-new significations. As a positive response to contemporary moral crisis and crisis of happiness, we must correctly understand the connotation and relationship between happiness and morality firstly. Happiness is not the pleasure of pure sensual, nor the satisfaction of a purely spiritual pleasure of the individual, happiness is the existence of the reality, the practice of happiness, which is closely linked with people. Moral rule is not an empty slogan and the same moral heteronomy completely. Morality has its social, moral form the social, moral sound depends on social sound. Unsound society is not necessarily perfect, not perfect people is not necessarily a sound moral with them. There is an inherent unity between happiness and morality, which is to get the unity in society. It is immoral to try to decorate the happiness as the satisfaction of the senses and the material needs that can be obtained directly through recreation and consumption. Therefore, it is not only necessary to break the paradox between happiness and morality, but also to deal with and change the social situation. Fromm’s book >The Art of Loving< is an attempt to break the status quo of happiness and morality in an attempt to achieve the inner unity of them. Fromm’s >love< is not a week and feeble individual love, it is vigorous and constructive, the love of practice which connected with reality. Using the theoretical love to link happiness and morality. Using the practical love to achieve the inner relationship. It is not only feasible in theory, but also plays an important role in practice. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cen, Yanmei T1 - Fromm’s Theory of Alienation of Human Nature and Its Practical Enlightenment [弗洛姆人性异化理论及其现实启示], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China 2017. N2 - 埃利希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980)是美籍德裔杰出的人本主义精神分析学家、社会学家和哲学家,是西方马克思主义流派中的典型的弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义者,还是法兰克福学派中的骨干之一等。他一生致力于探索人在社会中的生存规律,人性异化理论即是他的核心理论。近年来,随着我国科技的进步和经济的发展,人们沉浸在快节奏的生活中,虽然生活物质丰裕却缺乏对生活意义的思考,甚至对自身的本质和重要性也缺乏准确的认知。为了给人们更好地思考人的问题提供理论依据和启示,促进人们对生活意义以及自身价值的反思,本文以弗洛姆人性异化理论为逻辑起点,展开探讨该理论的理论渊源和理论内容,重点探析该理论合理性和意义、理论困境及其对现实的启示。首先,探析弗洛姆人性异化理论产生的渊源。弗洛姆以人的生存状态作为理论研究的切入点,一方面是源于其独特的家庭环境和动荡不安的时代背景的影响,另一方面是受到犹太教的救世思想、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说以及马克思关于劳动异化的理论的启示。其次,爬梳弗洛姆庞杂的人性异化理论框架。弗洛姆认为人是在历史中生成的、具有自我意识的、现实中的社会存在物,人性就是人生存所固有的矛盾。异化自古就有、无处不在,覆盖了生产领域、消费领域、人际关系领域以及无意识领域等,要实现健全的人格和社会就必须进行全面的改革,包括政治、经济、文化等方面。然后,评析弗洛姆人性异化理论的合理性和意义、理论困境。弗洛姆探索人性异化理论所采用的科学的方法论——理论联系实际和总体性原则——使其理论具有较强的时代性和现实性,有助于我们正确认识我国当前的异化现象。但同时,由于历史的局限性,弗洛姆本人对马克思思想的解读存在片面性。他将马克思主义哲学看成纯粹的理论抗议,不仅认为马克思的异化论具有总体性,还将异化当成马克思主义哲学的中心概念。此外,弗洛姆因为否定够暴力革命、放弃无产阶级专政、忽视生产资料公有制而使其救赎方案具有空想性。最后,挖掘弗洛姆人性异化理论的现实启示。一方面,弗洛姆的人性异化理论启示我们务必要坚守社会主义的性质,亦即坚持无产阶级专政和公有制的主体地位。另一方面要坚持构建社会主义和谐社会,亦即加强社会信仰体系构建,防止人性异化;深化以人为本的科学发展观,走可持续发展道路。 N2 - Erich Fromm (1900-1980), a German American and outstanding humanistic psychoanalyst, sociologist and philosopher, was not only a typical Freudian Marxist in School of Western Marxism, but also one of the representatives of the Frankfurt school. He devoted his whole life to the exploration of man in society. The theory of alienation of human nature was his core theory. In recent years, with the progress of Chinese science and technology and the development of economy, people immerse themselves in the fast-paced life. In order to provide a theoretical basis and inspiration to people to think better about human, promote people to reflect on the meaning of life and their own value, Fromm’s theory of human alienation will be analyzed in this thesis. Taking the theory as logical starting point, the theoretical origin and theoretical content will be explored in detail. This thesis will focus on the exploration of the rationality and significance of the theory, the theoretical limitation and its practical enlightenment. Firstly, the exploration will focus on the origin of Fromm’s theory of alienation of human nature. The reason why Fromm took the living condition of human being as a starting point on his research, on the one hand, is that the influence of his unique family environment and turbulent background, on the other hand, is that the enlightenment of Jewish Messianism, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory as well as Marx’s theory of labor alienation.– Secondly, the theoretical framework of Fromm’s complex theory will be clarified. Fromm believed that human being is a social existence in reality, being created in history and having self-consciousness. Human nature is the inherent contradiction of life. Alienation exists from ancient times and everywhere, covering the fields of production, consumption, interpersonal relationships the unconscious, and so on. Thus, in order to realize a sane society and personality, a comprehensive reform, which includes political, economic and cultural aspect, should be carried out.– Thirdly, the rationality and significance of the theory, the theoretical limitation and its practical enlighten-ment will be analyzed in this thesis. The methods of combining theory with practice and the general principle Fromm adopt during researching the alienation of human nature make his theory have stronger times and reality, helping us to correctly understand the current phenomenon of alienation in china. But at the same time, due to the limitations of history, Fromm’s understanding of Marx’s thoughts was incomprehensive, regarding Marx’s philosophy as a pure theoretical protest, considering the alienation theory of Marx as totality, taking alienation as the central concept of the philosophy of Marxism. In addition, Fromm’s design was Utopian because he denied violent revolution, abandoned the dictatorship of the proletariat and neglected the public ownership of the means of production.– Finally, the practical enlightenment of Fromm’s theory of alienation of human nature will be explored. On the one hand, Fromm’s theory of alienation of human nature enlightens us to adhere to the nature of socialism, that is to say, to uphold the proletarian dictatorship and the dominant position of the public ownership. On the other hand, on the other hand, we must adhere to the construction of a socialist harmonious society, that is, to strengthen the construction of social belief system and prevent the alienation of human nature; to deepen the people-oriented scientific outlook on development and take the road of sustainable development. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bai, Xuesong T1 - On the Characterization of Mr. Biswas in >A House for Mr. Biswas< under Fromm’s Character Theory [运用弗洛姆性格理论分析小说《毕司沃斯先生的房子》中主人翁的性格], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 奈保尔是一个关注人类、尤其是后殖民背景下人类的著名作家,是2001年诺贝尔奖的获得者,擅长写作移民文学。他出生在特立尼达,一个先被西班牙、后被英国殖民的国家。他的祖先是印度移民,他主要的学习和写作的生活在英格兰,他被这三种文化强烈影响。小说《毕斯沃斯先生的房子》是奈保尔的杰出作品之一。先前关于奈保尔和他的小说《毕斯沃斯先生的房子》的研究,主要可以分为两个方向。起初,人们主要关心奈保尔的多元文化背景。研究者通过细节来说明移民者在后殖民社会失去了根,独立和自由,生活在较低的社会阶层,所以他们的命运是悲惨的。之后,人们进一步讨论奈保尔笔下的小说人物对失去根基、没有自由和尊重的反抗,研究小说中有哪些细节能表现移民者在殖民地为独立、自由做出的斗争,对根的追寻。在《为自己的人》一书中,弗洛姆提出了对性格比较系统的分析方法的性格取向的分类类型、例子和性格的功能。本文由五个章节组成,运用弗洛姆的性格理论分析主人公毕司沃斯先生的性格,研究毕司沃斯先生的人生经历和大事件对他心理变化的影响,从而促使他在人生不同阶段产生特定的性格取向,从而促使他在面临抉择时,做出符合其性格取向的选择。第一章是简要介绍作者奈保尔、奈保尔的主要写作内容和他的代表作《毕司沃斯先生的房子》,并讨论了本文的理论和现实意义,并介绍了这篇文章的结构。第二章首先对前人关于本小说的研究进行了梳理,介绍了弗洛姆和他的理论系统,接着探讨了弗洛姆的性格理论。第三章主要从三个方面探讨毕司沃斯先生不同人生阶段性格的形成。第一,毕司沃斯先生生存的社会历史环境怎样影响他性格养成。第二,毕司沃斯先生生存的社会经济环境怎样影响他性格养成。第三,在毕司沃斯先生生命的不同阶段他的个人经历怎样影响他的此昂个养成。第四章说明了毕司沃斯先生生命的不同阶段性格倾向类型和功能,分析了每次生命选择的内因,解释性格如何影响毕司沃斯先生争取平等、独立、尊重、自由等行为。第五章是结论部分。生活在不同社会环境中的人们结合个体的不同经历,会形成既定的性格倾向,这些性格倾向会影响人们在生活的每一个阶段的选择。它可以帮助调整和控制人的心理变化,向积极的取向发展,积极主动、有意识地培养积极的性格,从而选择更合适的方式应对社会生活的挑战。未知是恐惧的来源,一旦了解社会生活对人心理产生的影响、了解人的性格,我们便能消除困惑的恐惧,形成健全性格,为社会稳定做出贡献。本文通过运用弗洛姆的性格理论研究毕司沃斯先生性格,发现毕司沃斯先生在他人生的不同阶段有不同的主导性格取向,影响他在不同阶段的选择。在早期阶段,他是受殖民地、移民的家庭背景影响,所以他的主要特点是非生产性的。他父亲死后,当他母亲带他去投靠他的姑姑之后,他的性格取向朝生产性转变,学校和宗教教育经历都对他的生产性性格产生积极影响。性格的研究有其重要性,是社会伦理学研究的真正主题,有助于创造一个健全的社会。 N2 - V. S. Naipaul is one of the writers who have concerns about human beings especially human beings under contemporary post-colonial background, so he became a famous writer and was given the Nobel Prize in 2001. Although he is studying, living and writing masterpieces in England, he has the root of India in Asia and Trinidad in Western Indians. The novel named >A House for Mr. Biswas< is one of the most outstanding one of his works. In the book Man for Himself, Fromm puts forward comparatively systematic analysis methods of character orientations, with classification of the character types and examples. The previous studies about V. S. Naipaul and his novel, >A House for Mr. Biswas<, can be divided into two main research directions. At first, researchers care more about Naipaul’s complex culture background. They focus on the rootless feeling and tragicomic fate of the characters portrayed by Naipaul. They show details to illustrate that immigrants living in post-colonial society who lose their root, independence and freedom, so they are miserable, struggling in the lower social class. Later, researchers move forward to find out and prove how the characters pursue independence, identity and freedom. However, less attention is paid to the connection between the facts and the reaction taken by those rootless people. It is the psychology growth, change, and development that help to form the certain characters that influence people’s reaction to the facts which happen to them. In order to find out what influence the main character’s choices at every turn of his life and why he makes these choices, it is necessary to study the protagonist Mr. Biswas’ character. Based on Fromm’s character theory, this thesis will study the dominant character orientation in different life stages of the protagonist Mr. Biswas through analysis of his life experiences and big events. This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one is to give a brief introduction to the author of A House for Mr. Biswas, his writing, and his study focus. The significance and structure of this thesis will also be introduced.– In chapter II, some literature review about this genre will be illustrated, and this chapter will discuss the Fromm’s character theory.– Chapter III goes to the target. In this part, three main issues will be discussed about the formation of Mr. Biswas’ character orientation. The three main issues are social history background, social economic background, and Mr. Biswas’ personal experiences.– Chapter IV is to analyze Mr. Biswas’ character orientation types and its function in Mr. Biswas’ choices to fight for equality, independence, respect, freedom and etc.– Chapter V works as a conclusion. It is found that Mr. Biswas has different dominant character orientations in the various stages of his life, which is influenced by the change of his living place, opportunity to be educated, special talent of writing print letters and etc. These dominant character orientations are non-productive orientation including receptive character orientation, hoarding character orientation, marketing orientation, and productive character orientation. It is helpful to know the connection between social environment and character orientations. It can help to adjust and control one’s character to positive orientation and form productive character in order to choose a better way to react to the society. Once the characters are known by us, can we gain sense of belongings, safety, accomplishment easily, which can make a contribution to a stable society. [Author’s translation]. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bi, Xueqing T1 - A Study on the Strategies of Improving College Students’ Social Responsibility in Colleges and Universities [高校提高大学生社会责任感的策略研究], Education, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjang, China 2017. N2 - 近年来,在社会主义核心价值观的教育引领下,大学生思想状况的主流是积极、健康、向上的,普遍具有较强的社会责任感。但是,有关大学生社会责任感缺失或者淡化的报道也屡见报端,同样引起社会的广泛关注,如>云南大学学生马加爵杀害4名同学事件<、>复旦大学研究生饮水机投毒事件<、>5•8中南大学杀人事件<等等,诸多事件表明,个别大学生社会责任感不强,有的甚至严重缺乏社会责任感。这些问题虽然出现在少数大学生身上,但其影响却很大,需要引起高度重视。高校是培养人才的摇篮,是传播精神文明、传承先进文化的阵地,承担着创新知识、培养人才和服务社会的三大任务,同时也肩负着培养大学生社会责任感的重任。本论文首先以杜威的实用主义德育理论、弗洛姆的责任心理学及蒂里希的责任伦理学作为大学生社会责任感生成的相关理论依据,对大学生社会责任感的相关概念作出准确界定和科学概括;通过对大学生的历史责任感的考察,找出大学生社会责任感历史沿革的规律性,分析阐述提高大学生社会责任感的重要意义;同时,以调查问卷的统计结果为依据,通过实地调查对大学生社会责任感的现状进行了解,深入分析当今大学生社会责任感方面存在的问题以及高校社会责任感教育存在的问题,并阐述了产生问题的原因;最后,从立德树人、教学改革、实践养成、文化建设以及过程评价等方面提出培育大学生社会责任感的策略。 N2 - In recent years, under the guidance of the socialist core values, the mainstream of the ideological situation of college students is positive, healthy and progressive, and generally has a strong sense of social responsibility. However, the report on the loss or dilution of college students’ social responsibility is also known as the newspaper, also caused widespread concern in society, such as >Yunnan University students Ma Jiajue killed four students<,>Fudan University graduate drinking water machine poisoning incident<, >Central South University murder incidents< and so on, many events show that individual college students social responsibility is not strong, and some even a serious lack of social responsibility. Although these problems appear in a small number of college students, but its impact is very large, need to pay great attention. University is the cradle of cultivating talents, is the dissemination of spiritual civilization, inheritance advanced culture position, bear the innovation knowledge, cultivate talent and serve the three major social tasks, but also shoulder the responsibility of cultivating college students social responsibility. First of all, the concept of social responsibility of college students is to make accurate definition and scientific summary. Secondly, it examines the historical sense of responsibility of college students and analyzes the importance of improving the social responsibility of college students. Thirdly, through the field investigation to the full understanding of the status quo of college students’ social responsibility, from the mastery of contemporary college students’ social responsibility, the author further explores the causes of the college students’ social responsibility in our country. Finally, from the perspective of colleges and universities put forward the strategy is expected to improve the sense of social responsibility of college students. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fang, Yanfang T1 - The Analysis of Isabel’s Pursuit of Freedom in >The Portrait of a Lady< from the Perspective of Erich Fromm’s Theory [从弗洛姆自由观视角解读《一位女士的画像》女主人公自由之路], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2017 [application of Fromm’s theories to art]. N2 - 本文旨在用艾瑞克•弗洛姆的自由观来分析《一位女士的画像》女主人公伊莎贝尔的追求自由之路。正如弗洛姆所阐述,很多人对于自由的本质存在误解。经济独立与政治独立并不意味着真正自由,因为清除外界障碍所能带给我们的仅仅是消极自由。而自由的终极形式是积极自由,只有当我们作为完整主体自发自在地生活,并保持与世界的密切联系时,才能获得真正的自由。本文第一章是对伊莎贝尔错误自由观的阐述。女主人公受过良好教育却不谙世事,起初她认为婚姻势必阻断她的独立之路,而亲密关系则不利于个体性的保存。本章将说明她在经验缺乏的情况下如何做出了错误的选择。第二章分析了伊莎贝尔逃避自由的行为。由于追求消极自由,她自由生活的愿望落空,并陷入充满阴谋的无爱婚姻,而婚姻的不幸加剧了她的孤独,让她逐渐适应消极现实。第三章论述的是在遭受丈夫奥斯蒙德和友人梅尔夫人联合背叛之后,伊莎贝尔如何重塑自由观。挫折并未让她一蹶不振,而是教会她承担起属于自己的责任,正视自己的命运并满怀信心重建自由王国。她历经艰辛险阻后仍充满勇气的举动,证明她开始追求积极自由。这种自由超越了社会价值与传统观念,并给予人追寻从心而不逾矩、自发自在的生活的信心。伊莎贝尔的自由之路折射出个人在自我实现道路上的苦痛成长,但她追求自由和寻找自我的不折不挠精神仍然意义非凡。 N2 - [This thesis intends to analyze Isabel’s pursuit of freedom in The Portrait of a Lady from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s theory. As is elaborated by Fromm, many of us misunderstand the essence of freedom. The status of being free in economical and political sense doesn’t mean we are free, because removing external impediments can only bring us negative freedom. The ultimate form of freedom is positive freedom where we can live spontaneously as a complete individual closely connected to this world.– In the first chapter, I will explicate Isabel’s fallacious concept of individual freedom as a well-educated but inexperienced girl, who at first dismisses marriage as something that can stymie her pursuit of independence and evades intimacy with others to preserve her individuality. How her inexperience has led to her wrong choices will be also scrutinized.– In the second chapter, Isabel’s behaviors of escaping from freedom will be closely elaborated. Her pursuit of negative freedom has smashed her hope of living as a free soul, leading her into a loveless marriage of plots. The absence of marital felicity aggravates her situation of loneliness and she gradually adapts to the depressive reality.– The third chapter elucidates how Isabel’s understanding of freedom undergoes substantial changes after she is informed of the dual betrayal of her husband and her confidante Madame Merle. Instead of wallowing in despondency, she takes her responsibility and affronts her destiny with the faith of creating her new kingdom of freedom. Her courageous attempts attest to her pursuit of positive freedom after all the suffering and adversity. This freedom transcends the social values and conventional standards, and instills in an individual the confidence of following one’s heart and act spontaneously but not arbitrarily. Isabel’s journey of freedom illustrates how an individual experiences the painful growth and finally attains self-realization as a free soul, but her indomitable will of pursuing freedom and finding self is of great significance.] [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Feng, Zheng T1 - An Analysis of the Formation Factors of the Pedagogy Theory of the Oppressed [被压迫者教育学理论的形成因素分析], Master thesis, Comparative Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2017. N2 - 保罗•雷古勒斯•内维斯•弗莱雷(Paulo Regulus Neves Freire),简称保罗•弗莱雷(Paulo Freire),是批判教育和大众教育领域的标志性人物。后人对他的赞誉不胜枚举,如>20世纪的卢梭<、>当代的约翰•杜威<、>日内瓦的救世主<等等。笔者在7年的教育学学科的学习过程中,对保罗•弗莱雷的探究兴趣始终不减。进入比较教育学的领域后,笔者对发展中国家在该领域话语权地位的缺失深以为然。研究保罗•弗莱雷—一位来自发展中国家,在国际世界享有崇高声誉使笔者对该现状的一种反向反思。根据《被压迫者教育学》以及保罗•弗莱雷的一些其他著作,人们将他的理论称为解放教育学或被压迫者教育学理论。通过各种渠道,笔者发现对保罗•弗莱雷的研究多集中于对该理论内容的解读,但对该理论形成背景的详细论述相对较少。研究被压迫者教育学理论的形成因素可以帮助笔者在一定程度上解决发展中国家话语权地位低的疑问。通过对资料的整理及加工,笔者将众多因素归为三大类——家庭因素、社会及时代背景因素、理论源泉。第一章,分析保罗•弗莱雷成长的家庭背景,并要特别指出他的父亲给他带来的影响。该部分透过细节如保罗•弗莱雷父亲对他幼年教育方法的选择,和对他选择宗教时的态度的反应,说明父亲的做法对他日后>对话<和>扫盲教育<概念的提出的影响。同时,出于剔除母亲因素和避免自上而下的惯性思路,笔者将保罗•弗莱雷和卢梭(Rousseau)作了简要的对比,通过对比进一步说明幼年时期父亲教育对保罗•弗莱雷的影响。第二章,分析被压迫者教育学理论形成的社会及时代背景。该部分是本文的重点。该章主要分为两个部分,分别是巴西国内的社会背景和拉美地区的时代背景。对巴西国内社会背景的研究重点放在教育领域,通过分析严峻的教育背景引出保罗•弗莱雷的扫盲教育或成人教育,继而说明扫盲给被压迫者教育学理论带来了什么。拉美地区的时代背景主要包括古巴革命的影响、民众主义的传播和美国进步联盟计划对拉美地区的改变,两大时代背景是被压迫者教育学理论形成的重要因素,文化行动理论直接作用于该时代背景。第三章,分析被压迫者教育学理论的理论来源,即被压迫者教育学理论借鉴了哪些理论的精华。由于该理论涉及到的人物众多,出于创新性及水平的考虑,笔者将目光聚焦于以下三位:心理学家弗洛姆、社会学家马尔库塞以及哲学家黑格尔。本论文在研究>形成因素<时没有按照传统的政治、经济、文化等思路,而是按照时间的顺序进行排列。三部分分别对应保罗•弗莱雷成长的20世纪30年代、50年代和60年代。 N2 - Paulo Regulus Neves Freire (Paulo Regulus Neves Freire) referred to as Paulo Freire, is critical of education and public education in the field of iconic figures. Descendants of his praise too numerous, such as >the 20th century Rousseau<, >contemporary John Dewey<, >the savior of Geneva< and so on. In the course of the seven-year pedagogy study, the author’s interest in Paulo Freire has never diminished. […] Studying Paulo Freire-one from developing countries, enjoys a high reputation in the international world is a reverse reflection of the present situation. According to the >educated pedagogy< and some other works by Paulo Freire, people put his theory into the theory of liberation education or the theory of the oppressed education. Through various channels, the author found that the study of Paulo Freire more focused on the interpretation of the theoretical content, but the theory of the background of the detailed discussion is relatively small. The study of the oppressive theory of the formation of educational theory can help the author to a certain extent, solve the low status of developing countries, the right to speak. Through the finishing and processing of data, the author will be many factors attributed to three categories-family factors, social and temporal background factors, the theoretical source. In the first chapter, restore the family background of Paulo Freire’s growth, especially the influence of his father’s influence. This part, by details, such as the choice of Father Paulo Freire’s choice of his juvenile education method and his attitude towards the choice of religion, initially states that his father’s approach to his future >dialogue< and >literacy education< The author made a brief comparison of Paulo Freire and Rousseau, by contrast to further explain the childhood education of his father to Paulo Freire The impact of mine.– In the second chapter, the author mainly analyzes the social background and the background of the theory of the oppressed. This chapter is divided into three parts, namely, the background of the northeast of Brazil, the social background of Brazil and the background of Latin America. The social background and the background of the times are the key points. The social background of Brazil is concentrated in the field of education, through the analysis of the severe educational background leads to Freire’s literacy education or adult education. Latin American background includes the impact of the Cuban revolution, the spread of populism in Latin America and the Federation of American progress plan changes, three back¬ground is an important factor in the formation of the theory of cultural oppression, action theory is directly on the background.– The third chapter analyzes the theoretical sources of the theory of the oppressed education. That is, the oppressor’s pedagogy theory draws on the essence of what theories. As the theory involves a large num¬ber of people, for innovation and level of consideration, I will focus on the following three: psychologist Fromm, sociologist Marcuse and philosopher Hegel.– In this paper, the formation of factors in the study of the traditional political, economic, cultural and other ideas, but in accordance with the order of time to arrange. Three parts corresponding to Paulo Freire grew up in the thirties, the fifties and sixties. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Qianyun T1 - Escapism in Kurt Vonnegut’s >Slaughterhouse-five<[库尔特•冯内古特《五号屠场》中的逃避主义 ], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 库尔特•冯内古特是第二次世界大战后美国最多产和最受欢迎的作家之一。《五号屠场》是冯内古特最著名的一部小说,被广泛地认为是一部典型的黑色幽默小说,同时也是一部后现代主义杰作。本文采用弗洛姆的>逃避自由<学说和萨特的存在主义理论分析《五号屠场》中以主人公毕利为主的逃避方式以及逃避本质,从而阐释作者冯内古特的逃避主义观,即逃避不能改变人的困境,不能抹去战争给人类带来的心灵创伤,更不可能阻止战争的发生。只有以积极的心态直面残酷的现实,才是当今人类最好的选择。全文共分为四章。第一章主要分析小说主人公毕利对>他者<的逃避。萨特认为,如果和他人的关系变得扭曲,则>他人<就是地狱。德兵、战友甚至是家人,对毕利来说都是>地狱<,在德兵和以欺负毕利为乐的战友面前,毕利一再忍让、逆来顺受,在妻子面前,沉默寡言、漠不关心,甚至不愿面对自己的母亲,因为她给了他生命,而他只想放弃自己的生命。毕利不愿意通过自己的努力改变与他人的关系,他的行为代表了战后世界人们的人性冷漠与人际关系的异化。第二章主要分析毕利对事实的逃避。在小说中,毕利幻想自己被外星人抓去,并深受外星人价值观的影响。外星人认为时间没有先后顺序,死亡、战争等令人产生负面情绪的事情,仅仅是无数生命时刻中的其中某个时刻,人们应该对此>漠然以对<,仅仅关注生命中的美好时刻。这种种想象其实是毕利不愿面对事实,为逃避内心痛苦的一种自我欺骗,是萨特存在主义理论中的>自欺<行为。第三章分析小说中不同人物的>逃避自由<现象及其原因所在。弗洛姆认为,>逃避自由<有三种方式:极权主义、攻击与破坏以及顺势与趋同。这三种方式在小说中毕利、韦锐以及拉杂罗等不同人物身上均有体现。无论哪种方式,都是为了逃避孤独与无力的生存状态。第四章分析小说中作者的>介入<,作者在小说中通过元小说的方式透露出自己创作此小说的意图,表达了其勇敢回首残酷的战争记忆、愿意为世人担起责任的决心。通过《五号屠场》中的讽刺,作者表明了自己对待战争以及战后荒谬世界的观点——为自己更要对整个社会和人类担起责任,直面现实。 N2 - Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007) is one of the most prolific and popular American writers after World War Ⅱ. >Slaughterhouse-Five< (1969) is the most famous novel written by Vonnegut, which is widely regarded as a representative novel of black humor and also a postmodern masterpiece. On the basis of Sartre’s existentialism theory and Fromm’s theory of escaping from freedom, this thesis makes an in-depth analysis of the methods and essence of character’s escaping performances. This thesis is divided into four chapters.– The first chapter analyzes the protagonist Billy’s escaping from >the other<. According to Sartre, once the relationship with others is abnormal, then the other is >hell<. The Germans, the comrades and even family members are all Billy’s hell. Billy is unwilling to face up to the relations but his escaping cannot change his situations.– Chapter Two analyzes Billy’s escaping from truth. Billy imagines himself being captured to another planet and refuses to accept the truth of his real life. His behavior is a typical case of Sartre’s concept of >bad faith< (self-deception).– Chapter Three probes into the manifestation of characters’ escape from freedom. According to Fromm, escape from freedom dues to loneliness and helplessness deep inside one’s heart.– Chapter Four illustrates Vonnegut’s ideas towards the character’s escape phenomena—There is no place to escape to. Vonnegut bears the responsibility to advocates courage of facing the absurd world. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Shuai T1 - Consumption Alienation: Dual Thinking of Theory and Reality [消费异化:理论和现实的双重思考], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, China Youth Political Institute, Beijing, China 2017. N2 - 自古以来,消费就一直存在于社会市场的经济运营中,并始终占据着重要的地位。从一方面来看,消费促进了生产力的发展,加速了消费商品的生产与销售,对人类社会的进步起到了重要的作用;但从另一个方面来看它却又给人们带来了不可避免的负面影响。例如,随着生活水平的提高,人们的消费行为出现了一些不正常现象,其中无节制地吃喝玩乐、攀比奢侈消费之风的蔓延都是典型表现。这种消费异化现象的出现不仅阻碍了人的自由全面发展,而且还不利于国家、世界的稳定发展。本文从马克思的异化思想及劳动异化入手,以马克思主义的基本理论为依据,对消费异化从理论和现实两方面进行分析,且在鲍德里亚、马尔库塞、弗洛姆和生态马克思主义学者等人所提出的消费异化理论基础上进行了认真的整理和总结,并希望可以通过一系列的分析和讨论能够让人们走出消费异化误区,感受生活的本真,追求生命的本身。文章以概括、梳理了异化消费现状分析为核心,共分四个部分。第一部分是绪论,主要介绍了本文选题的背景和意义、以往研究成果、消费异化含义、国内外研究现状综述等。第二部分则从马克思和西方马克思主义学者两个角度阐释了>消费异化<的理论渊源。第三部分则介绍了>消费异化<的现状和表现以及消费异化产生的内外根源,与此同时文章还着重从消费文化、消费主体、价值取向这三个方面对消费异化现象进行了有力的批判。第四部分主要从坚持适度理性消费、弘扬绿色生态消费、提倡个人精神文明消费、重塑健康消费文化四个方面入手,对消费异化这一问题展开对策性分析,并提出笔者观点:消费异化的祛除需要我们社会中每个人的共同努力,而当我们全社会消费者广泛投入,携手共进,利用一切方法和途径去充盈我们的精神需要、丰富我们的精神生活的时候,那么我们消除消费异化必将指日可待! N2 - Since ancient times, consumption has been in the social market economic operation, and always occupies a prominent position. On the one hand, consumption has promoted the development of productive forces, accelerated the production and sale of consumer goods, played an important role in the progress of human society; but from another point of view it has brought people to the inevitable For example, with the improvement of living standards, people’s consumption behavior has some abnormal phenomenon, unrestrained eating and drinking, comparisons of luxury consumption of the spread of the wind is one of the typical performance. The emergence of this phenomenon of consumption alienation not only hindered the free and comprehensive development of people, but also detrimental to the stable development of the country and the world. In this paper, Author makes a comprehensive analysis of consumption alienation based on the philosophical thinking of >consumption alienation< from the Marxist alienation and the alienation of labor, and in Baudrillard, Marcuse. On the basis of the theory of consumption alienation proposed by the scholars such as Fromm and Ecology Marxists, it is hoped that a series of analysis and discussion can make people out of the alienation of consumption and feel the truth of life, the pursuit of life itself. The article is divided into four parts, The first part, the introduction. This paper mainly introduces the background and significance of this topic, the previous research results, the meaning of consumption alienation, and the current research status at home and abroad. The second part, the origin of the theory of >consumption alienation<. This part mainly deals with the related expositions of Marx and Western Marxist scholars on consumption alienation. In the third part, the author introduces the present situation of consumption alienation, the material and spirit of consumption alienation, the expression of four aspects of luxury and sports, the internal and external analysis of consumption alienation, the consumption culture, consumption subject, value orientation of the three aspects of the phenomenon of criticism. The fourth part, mainly to eliminate the phenomenon of consumption alienation countermeasures, that is adhere to moderate rational consumption, promote green ecological consumption, promote personal spiritual civilization consumption, reshape the healthy consumption of four aspects of culture analysis, and pointed out that the dissipation of consumption needs us Everyone in the community’s joint efforts, only our whole society consumers are widely engaged, hand in hand, use all methods and ways to fill our spiritual needs, enrich our spiritual life, then we eliminate consumption alienation will be just around the corner! [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Tengwen T1 - >The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844< in the Vision of Frankfurt School [法兰克福学派视域下的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》], Master thesis, Foreign Marxist Research, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2017. N2 - 法兰克福学派的社会批判理论具有很强的现实针对性,反映了19世纪30年代的时代特征。关于法兰克福学派的政治观点,主要反映在霍克海默、阿多诺、马尔库塞等人对大众文化理论的批判中。法兰克福学派被称为新马克思主义的代表派系,他们打破实证主义,以反实证主义的视角重新审视社会现状。法兰克福学派不仅继承了青年黑格尔学派的相关理论,而且受到叔本华和尼采非理性思想影响,还吸收了新康德主义和韦伯的文化批判理论。其中,马克思早期著作《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)中的异化概念对法兰克福学派影响最为深刻,他们以此为根基,创立了一套特色的社会批判理论体系,并由此进入到对资本主义意识形态批判中,在法兰克福学派理论家的眼中,批判是理论特色的标志,批判理论高于哲学,且与哲学思想形成对立。法兰克福学派的批判理论,批判否定一切现存的事物,同时,对一切事物真理追求复归到事物自身之中。20世纪的30年代,法兰克福学派批判视角开始转变,那时西方工人的运动处于低潮时期,法西斯的集权主义者在欧洲迅速崛起,在此种背景下,法兰克福学派的理论家们的研究重心不在是无产阶级所具有的强大的革命信念,而转向了对工人阶级意识形态研究,由此进入对《手稿》工人阶级的同情和关注的视域中。他们试图唤起人们理性觉醒,来打破实证主义的思维模式。在《启蒙辩证法》中,霍克海默和阿多诺指出从启蒙运动至今,人类的理性虽然获得了一些成就,但是与此同时,人类的理性坠入了实证主义思维模式中,在现代化的工业社会中,人类理性的思考和反思,沦为了奴隶,成为了工具,这种理性不在是服务于民,而是成为人类谋取利益的手段,理性的背后是一种钱权交易、是一场话剧表演、是一种景观社会。理性失去了为人类自由而奋斗的意义,不在是忠诚服务者,却成为人类的统治者。对此,法兰克福学派理论家在研究工业社会的高级文化、通俗文化等问题时,他们都围绕着对理性问题的研究。他们通过对资本主义的工业文化的批判,进而对整个意识形态的批判。在法兰克福学派对资本主义意识形态的批判中,我们可以来理解《手稿》对国民经济学家批判,马克思批判了国民经济学家所遵循的经济理性原则,是否科学,是否现实,是否符合工人的利益。法兰克福学派的理论家们对这种所谓的经济理性原则,进行了深刻的思考,揭示了资本主义经济理性的背后,所掩饰的个人经济利益、个人的权利以及人与人等级划分等问题。法兰克福学派以敏锐的视角发掘到资本主义经济理性原则背后,人类对理性意义错误的理解。由此,对理性问题的研究成为法克福学派理论家们新的研究路径。为了对理性问题的研究,马尔库塞和弗洛姆对《手稿》的异化理论进行分析,探究人类理性到底是什么?人类如何才能保持理性?他们对人的本质问题进行了深入的思考,并吸收了《手稿》的异化理论,且不局限于《手稿》涉及到的劳动产品异化等问题的研究范围,而是把异化问题的视域拓展到工业文化以及其它人类现实生活领域中,揭示出现实生活的方方面面也存在许多异化问题。马尔库塞对《手稿》异化劳动问题的研究,把劳动问题复归到现实,指出了人的劳动属性不属于自身的原因,失去的到底是什么?他们认为,劳动与人本质分离,根源是个性自由的丧失。此外,他们把马克思对人与劳动的关系研究,看成是理性自反性的折射,理性具有的自反性,可以对现实活动产生新的认识。马尔库塞、弗洛姆认为马克思和他们一样,也站在这样理性的视角,他们的理性基础都是重视人类的价值,强调个性自由和思维的能动性以及关心人的生命以和生存状况,由此他们共同走进了人道主义视域。马尔库塞和弗洛姆试图在人道主义视角中,唤起人们对人本质问题新认识,通过人道主义唤醒人们的良知,构建伦理道德价值观,来约束人们的活动。他们关注现实生活,对现实生活中存在的问题,进行人道主义批判。在现实生活中,他们对人个性自由的发展,进行考察、分析。通过现实生活中个性自由程度的考察,来判断当下人的理性是否真合理,是否真自由,是否真得到解放。施密特继承了马尔库塞和弗洛姆提出的新课题,施密特在《马克思的自然概念》一书中,把人对现实生活问题的理解,归于人与自然关系的研究。施密特继承了《手稿》人与自然关系的理解,并在此基础上提出,实践活动是连接人与自然关系的中介桥梁。但是,施密特并没有过于关注人的实践活动,认为对现实的关注不能只是实践活动,最重的是《手稿》中的感性思想,施密特把《手稿》中的感性思想与现实活动结合起来,认为感性的现实活动才是探求人类寻求真理的标准,施密特把情感问题与现实生活结合起来,关注人的情感、感受。由此看出施密特也陷入的马尔库塞的人道主义视角中,他们表达的情感是一致的。因此,施密特感性现实活动,最终也走进了人道主义视域。在法兰克福学派对感性问题的研究中,维尔默把感性、情感的研究纳入到对美学思想的研究。通过人对事物美的认识,来分析个人情感等问题。他追求情感产生的根源,挖掘美学思想中蕴含的感性思想。维尔默的美学思想与《手稿》美学思想不同,《手稿》指出>劳动创造了美<马克思认为人的美学思想来源于人的劳动过程,人在劳动中通过五官感受,产生了对美的认识,马克思强调个人与个人之间对美学思想认识的差异性,每个人对美的认识都是不同的。维尔默强调美学思想的大众化认同,认为人对美学思想统一认识是人与人之间思想发生碰撞后,产生对审美的统一。由此建构起统一的审美标准。可见维尔默美学思想是一个否定之否、不断批判再批判的过程。维尔默追求理性的方式其实是一种批判再批判的方式,他试图把美学思想蕴含的感性思想与理性统一起来,希望在感性中寻求人类的自由。虽然他把美学思想规范成标注化、实证化、统一化认识,企图打破了理性研究中存在的实证主义的缺陷,但是,却陷入感性抽象的视域。 N2 - The social critical theory of Frankfurt school has a strong realistic pertinence, which reflects the characteristics of the times in the 1830s. About the Frankfurt school’s political views, mainly reflected in Horkheimer and Adorno, Marcuse et al. Critique of mass culture theory in. The Frankfurt school is known as the representative of the new Marx doctrine, they break the positivism, re-examine the social status from the perspective of anti-positivism. The Frankfurt school not only inherited the relevant theories of the young Hagel School, but also influenced by the irrational thoughts of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, but also absorbed the Neo Kantian theory and the critical theory of culture of the United States. Among them, the 1844 Manuscript of economics and philosophy of Marx’s early works (hereinafter referred to as the >Manuscript<) of the concept of alienation in the Frankfurt school is most profound, they use it as the foundation, the system of social critical theory created a set of characteristics, and thus into the capitalist ideology, the Frankfurt school theorists in the eyes that is a sign of critical theoretical characteristics, critical theory is higher than that of philosophy, and the formation of opposition and philosophy. The critical theory of the Frankfurt school criticizes all existing things, and at the same time, the pursuit of the truth of all things is returned to the thing itself. In nineteenth Century 30 s, the Frankfurt school’s critical view began to change, when the western workers’ movement is in the low period, the rapid rise of totalitarian fascism in Europe, in this context, the research focus of Frankfurt school theorists is not the proletariat has a strong belief in the revolution, and turned to the working class study on the ideology, enter the >Manuscript< of the working class from the perspective of sympathy and concern. They try to arouse people’s rational awakening, to break the positivism thinking mode. In the >Dialectics of enlightenment<, Horkheimer and Adorno pointed out that since the enlightenment, the rationality of human has made some achievements, but at the same time, the fall of human rational positivism thinking mode, in the modern industrial society, human rational thinking and reflection, in order to become a slave, became the tool, the rational is not in service to the people, but as for the interests of human beings means rational behind is a trading power for money, is a drama, is a kind of social landscape. Reason has lost the meaning of striving for the freedom of human beings, not loyal servant, but the ruler of mankind. In this regard, the Frankfurt school theorists in the study of the advanced culture of the industrial society, popular culture and other issues, they are around the study of the issue of rationality. They criticize the whole ideology by criticizing the capitalist industrial culture. Critique of capitalist ideology in schools in Frankfurt, we can understand the >Manuscript< of national economists criticism, Marx criticized the principle of economic rationality, followed by national economists whether science, whether real, whether conforms to the interests of workers. The Frankfurt school theorists of this so-called principle of economic rationality, a deep thinking, reveals the capitalism behind the economic rationality and human rights classification is covered by personal economic interests and personal problems. From the perspective of the Frankfurt school, the author explores the rational understanding of the rational meaning behind the rational principle of capitalist economy. Thus, study on the rational problems become a research path of Frankfurt School theorists new. In order to study the problem of rationality, Marcuse and Fromm analyze the theory of alienation in the manuscript, to explore what is human rationality? How can human beings remain rational? They conducted in-depth of human nature, and absorb the >Manuscript< theory of alienation, the scope of the study but not limited to product of labor alienation >Manuscripts< involved, but the alienation view to expand industrial culture and other human life field, reveals the real life. There are many aspects of alienation. Marcuse’s research on the alienation of labor in the manuscript, the return to the reality of the work, pointed out that the human labor attributes do not belong to their own reasons, what is lost in the end? They believe that the separation of labor and human nature is rooted in the loss of individual freedom. In addition, they regard Marx’s research on the relationship between man and labor as a reflection of the rational reflexivity. Marcuse, Marx and Fromm that they like, standing in such a rational perspective, they are rational foundation of respect for human values, emphasizing the initiative and freedom of personality thinking and caring life and living conditions, thus their common people into the humanitarian perspective. Marcuse and Fromm tried to arouse people’s new understanding of the nature of human beings in the perspective of humanism, to arouse people’s conscience, to construct ethical values, and to restrict people’s activities. They pay close attention to the real life and criticize the problems in real life. In real life, they investigate and analyze the development of individual freedom. Through the investigation of the degree of freedom of personality in real life, we can judge whether the rationality of the human being is reasonable, whether it is free or not. Schmidt inherited the new topic proposed by Marcuse and Fromm. In his book >the concept of nature< by the author of the book, the author holds that the understanding of the problem of real life by human beings is the study of the relationship between man and nature in the book of the nature of the book by the author of the book, which is based on the concept of nature by the author of the book, by the author of this thesis. In this case, the author of the thesis is a study of the relationship between man and nature in the book of nature of the book. Schmidt inherited the understanding of the relationship between man and nature, and on this basis, the practice is to connect the relationship between man and nature of the intermediary bridge. However, Schmidt did not pay too much attention to people’s practical activities that focus on reality not just practice, the most important is the >perceptual ideas manuscript< in Schmidt, the >Manuscript< in the perceptual thinking and reality activities together, that emotional reality is the human activities to seek truth standard, Schmidt the emotional problems with real life, pay close attention to people’s emotions and feelings. From this we can see that Schmidt is also involved in the humanitarian perspective of Marcuse. Therefore, Schmidt’s perceptual activities, and finally into the humanitarian perspective. In the study of the Frankfurt school, the study of sensibility and emotion is incorporated into the study of aesthetics. Through people’s understanding of the beauty of things, to analyze personal emotions and other issues. He pursues the root of the emotion, and excavate the emotional thought contained in the aesthetic thought. Wilmer’s aesthetic thought and aesthetic thought of >Manuscript<, >Manuscript< pointed out that >labor produce beauty< Marx believes that the source of human aesthetic thoughts on human labor in the labor process, people through the five senses, the understanding of the United States, Marx stressed that the relationship between the individual and the people on the understanding of differences of aesthetics everyone, the perception of beauty is different. Wilmer emphasized the popularity of aesthetic thought, and thought that the unity of people’s aesthetic thought is the unity of aesthetics after the collision between people. From this, the unified aesthetic standard is constructed. It can be seen that the aesthetics of silence is a process of negation and criticism. The way of Wilmer’s pursuit of reason is actually a way of criticizing and criticizing. He tries to unify the perceptual thought and reason contained in the aesthetic thought, and hopes to seek the freedom of human beings in sensibility. Although he has standardized the aesthetic thought into annotation, positivism and unification, he tried to break the limitation of positivism in the study of rationality, but it was in the visual field of sensibility. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhao, Xinghua T1 - A Study of Alienation in Ian McEwan’s >Saturday< [对伊恩•麦克尤恩《星期六》异化主题思想的探究] N2 - 麦克尤恩被普遍认为是当今英国文学领域最优秀的小说家和剧作家之一。作为一个多产的作家,《星期六》只是他的杰作之一。自2005年发表以来备受评论界的关注和研究,研究的角度也各不相同。他们大都研究小说中的主人公心理、伦理道德、社会政治危机及创伤主题,同时也有从叙事技巧对其进行研究的,主要包括空间叙事、时间及自由叙事等。本论文作者发现异化也是《星期六》的一个重要主题,很值得深入系统地进行研究。因此,本论文主要运用埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论来探究麦克尤恩《星期六》所表现的这一主题,希望本研究对该经典作品的解读提供一个新视角,拓展对该小说和作家的研究。本论文将借助埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论研究分析《星期六》这部小说,主要从社会异化、人与人关系异化、人的自我异化三个方面分别进行阐释。通过以上详细分析,文章最后得出结论,《星期六》这部小说充分表现了现代社会和现代人异化这一深刻主题。它体现了麦克尤恩对和谐社会、友好人际关系、健康人性的企盼以及对人类社会的终极关怀。 N2 - Ian McEwan is widely regarded as one of the outstanding novelists and playwrights in the world of the English literature. He is also a prolific writer, and >Saturday< is only one of his masterpieces. It has been frequently studied by literary critics from multiple perspectives since its publication in 2005. Most of them have made thematic studies of the novel such as the psychology of the main characters, ethics and morality, socio-political issues and trauma. Others have done researches in its narrative techniques which mainly include spatial narrative, free narrative and chronological narrative. The author of this thesis demonstrates that alienation is also an important theme of Saturday, which deserves an intensive research. So this thesis intends to make such an attempt with the application of Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. It is hoped that this study will contribute to a better interpretation of the writer and the novel, and extend the research in both of them. The thesis endeavors to place Saturday under a close examination with the help of Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. It will be conducted in three aspects: a thorough analysis of the alienated society, the alienated interpersonal relationship and the alienated self reflected in the novel. By means of these analyses the thesis finally draws the conclusion that Saturday, in a large sense, expresses the theme of alienation of modern society and people. Through it Ian McEwan expresses his hope for a harmonious society with friendly human relationship and man’s benign humanity, and ulti¬mately his deep concern for human future. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhou, Jinsui T1 - Loneliness in >The Sea, the Sea< [《大海啊,大海》中的孤独], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 本文借助罗伯特•韦斯和本•米尤什科维奇关于孤独的理论,以及埃里希•弗罗姆对孤独这一普世情感的应对机制理论,探讨艾丽斯•默多克作品《大海啊,大海》中主人公查尔斯的孤独。本文共分为四章。第一章包括本书和作者的简介、文献综述以及本文理论框架。第二章着眼于孤独的表现和原因,主要分为社会和情感两个层面。此章分析将分别从查尔斯的童年、老年以及孤独的群体三个角度进行。第三章研究查尔斯如何应对孤独,主要分析施虐与受虐倾向。此外二、三两章还将涉及艾丽斯•默多克本人对孤独的态度。第四章为全文总结。孤独既是一种普世情感,也是人类注定的生存状态。如果深陷于孤独,人会变得绝望。学会和孤独和谐相处将是成长的必经之路。而尊重和关注他人是应对孤独并与孤独和谐共生的绝佳方式。 N2 - Applying Robert Weiss and Ben Lazare Mijuskovic’s theory of loneliness as well as Erich Fromm’s theory of defense mechanism against this universal human feeling, this thesis forms an attempt to discuss the loneliness of the protagonist Charles Arrowby in Iris Murdoch’s novel >The Sea, the Sea<. The Thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter One provides a brief introduction to the novel and the author, literature review and the theoretical framework of the thesis. Chapter Two focuses on the representations and causes of loneliness, which chiefly includes social and emotional aspects. Charles’ childhood, his agedness and the lonely crowd are analyzed at length respectively. Chapter Three analyzes Charles’ coping with his loneliness, which is sadism and masochism. Iris Murdoch’s attitudes towards loneliness will also be touched upon in these chapters. Chapter Four is conclusion. Loneliness is both a universal feeling and a predestined human condition. Overwhelmed by it, people act desperately; co-living with it peacefully is a required course for growing up. As for how to subdue it and to live with it in harmony, respecting and giving attention to others is a recommended way. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER -