TY - GEN A1 - A, Weixing T1 - The Psychoanalytical Study of the Absence of Love in Toni Morrison's >Love< [对莫里森小说《爱》中爱的缺失的心理阐释], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Toni Morrison, the first black American Nobel Prize winner in American literature, has had a profound influence in the literary world. So far Morrison has published nine novels In her novel >Love<, published in 2003, Morrison continues to pay attention to the black women under the patriarchy, sexism and racism. In >Love<, Morrison focuses on the miserable life of the black women and explores the absence of love and its restoration in the black families and the black community. Based on Fromm's humanistic psychology, the present thesis intends to reveal the absence of love for the main protagonists in >Love< and interpret the causes of the absence of love in the black women by the psychoanalytic theory of transference, projection and repression.– Firstly, the author gives an account of Toni Morrison's literary career and critical reviews on her work, a summary of the main plot of Love, and some commentaries about it as well.– Secondly, by introducing Fromm's humanistic psychology, particularly Fromm's theory of love and the psychological mechanism in terms of transference, projection and repression, the author intends to reveal the absence of love in the black community: the loss of maternal love between May and Christine; the absence of friendship in the black women, focusing on the cold sisterhood between Heed and Christine. The psychoanalytic transference and projection are applied mainly to interpret the causes of their abnormal relationships.– Thirdly, the author aims to illustrate the absence of love in marriage, concentrating on Heed's and Christine's marriage lives and uses repression to interpret how the miserable marriage coming into being under the influence of patriarchy.– And then, the author tries to explore the restoration of love in terms of the sisterhood and the unity of black community to show that the communication and interdependence on black women will promise a healthy and normal future both for African American women and for the whole community.– Consequently, a conclusion is drawn that the absence of love leads to different tragedies in the black women; however, love can eventually be restored by the efforts of black women and the black community. It can be obviously seen that Morrison, as a writer who has exposed the absence of love in the black women in the novel Love, is also a psychoanalyst who provides a panacea for restoring it, that is to say, the union of the black community and the elimination of patriarchy. Through mutual communication, understanding and sympathy, love as the bond of the black people will be returned. N2 - 托妮•莫里森,是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的美国黑人女作家,在美国和世界文坛上起着重要的作用。迄今为止,莫里森共创作了九部长篇小说。在2003年出版的第八部小说《爱》中,她继续关注在父权制、性别歧视和种族歧视下生活的黑人女性。小说《爱》以>爱<的缺失和复原为线索,描述了黑人女性悲惨的命运和生存状况。本论文分析了小说中黑人女性生活中种种爱的缺失的具体表现—扭曲的母爱,缺失的姐妹情谊,错位的婚姻关系,并以心理学家弗洛姆人道主义心理理论为依据,应用弗洛姆心理分析中的转移、投射和压抑理论,阐释了这些缺失的爱产生的根源。作者首先介绍托妮•莫里森,包括她的生平、文学成就及其作品的学术研究成果,并且概述小说《爱》的故事脉络及其相关的评论。其次,通过阐述心理学家弗洛姆人道主义心理理论,特别是他有关爱和心理机制(移情、投射和压抑)的理论,作者力图揭示小说中黑人家庭中母爱缺失和黑人女性中友爱缺失的具体表现来看黑人社区中人与人之间的爱的缺失的具体表现,并且重点分析梅与克里斯廷之间扭曲的母女关系及探讨克里斯廷与希德间冷漠的姐妹情谊。将分别从心理理论上分析其爱的缺失的根源是家庭之爱缺失的移情与人性弱点的投射。作者旨在说明黑人女性无爱的婚姻,以及黑人家庭和黑人团体的父权主义的压抑是导致希德畸形的婚姻和克里斯廷失败的婚姻的原因。之后,作者探讨了在黑人女性和黑人社区的共同努力下,黑人女性间化解仇恨,使姐妹之间的爱得以回归。最后,作者得出结论:莫里森通过关注黑人家庭、黑人女性及黑人社区中爱的缺失,来反映黑人女性真实的生存状态和悲惨的人生经历,借此来唤醒黑人社区中爱的回归。莫里森在小说《爱》中揭示了黑人女性生活中爱的缺失,同时她也为黑人女性找回失去的爱指明了一条道路:即黑人社区内部的团结和父权主义的消除。爱作为黑人种族凝聚力的象征,在黑人种族相互交流,相互理解,相互同情的努力下最终会得以回归。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Min T1 - Mental Health Research Viewed from the Perspective of General Problem-Solving [广义问题解决视野下的心理健康研究], Doctoral dissertation, Philosophy of Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China 2912. N2 - 当今社会,人们的生活节奏不断加快,竞争压力越来越大,来自学习、工作、婚姻、交往等方方面面的问题使得越来越多的人难以应对,严重影响了人们的心理健康。追求心理健康已成为当代社会生活的最重要内容之一。然而,什么是心理健康?心理健康与哪些因素有关?如何才能更好保持心理健康状态呢?无数心理学家仍在寻求这些问题的答案。本文选取广义问题解决的全新视角,提出心理健康就是及时发现并成功解决问题所达到的心理平衡状态。此处的>问题<是广义的,既包括生活当中的各种外部问题(非心理问题),又包括个体内部产生的心理问题(内部问题)。广义问题解决指包括发现问题、评价问题、选择问题和解决问题在内的全过程。心理健康与个人(先天遗传因素与后天发展因素)、社会(家庭环境、学校教育、工作单位、社会氛围、互联网络等)、文化等多种因素密切相关。当任何因素导致个体无法成功解决生活中的种种外部问题时,就可能产生心理问题,严重者甚至导致心理疾病。因此要全面理解心理健康、更好保持心理健康,首先必须理清心理健康、心理问题、心理疾病三者之间的关系。什么是心理健康?什么是心理问题?什么是心理疾病?心理健康、心理问题、心理疾病三者之间有着怎样的关系?心理学家如何理解心理健康?为何选取广义问题解决的研究视角?基于广义问题解决的心理健康观有何特点?广义问题解决各环节与心理健康的关系如何?心理问题的成因是什么?解决心理问题的主要途径与基本方式有哪些?本文分六章来讨论以上问题。第一章>心理健康概述<首先考察健康与心理健康的定义及关系,然后考察心理问题的定义、分类及其与心理疾病的区别。接着考察心理疾病的定义。最后探讨心理健康与心理问题、心理疾病之间的相互关系,三者之间可以相互转化,而转化的关键因素在于广义问题解决。第二章>传统心理健康观评析<分别考察精神分析学派、存在-人本主义学派、认知-行为主义学派代表人物的心理健康观。精神分析学派考察了弗洛伊德、阿德勒、荣格、埃里克森、霍妮、弗洛姆的心理健康观。存在-人本主义学派考察了马斯洛、罗杰斯、罗洛•梅、弗兰克的心理健康观。认知-行为主义学派考察了斯金纳、班杜拉、乔治•凯利的心理健康观。以上心理学家向我们展示不同的视角和风格,为我们进行心理健康研究提供了参照和启发。第三章>基于广义问题解决的心理健康观<首先考察基于广义问题解决的心理健康观的特点,接着简述了广义问题解决的四个环节,然后分别探讨了发现问题与心理健康、评价问题与心理健康、选择问题与心理健康、解决问题与心理健康之间的关系,并分别结合典型案例进行具体分析。第四章>问题的分类及其成因<本文根据研究需要将问题划分为外部问题(非心理问题)与内部问题(心理问题)。外部问题主要包括学习成长问题、职业生涯问题、爱情婚姻问题、人际交往问题等,内部问题可根据其成因分为外因为主型心理问题和内因为主型心理问题,或根据其产生的时程分为急性心理问题和慢性心理问题。然后分析了外部问题与内部问题的成因。第五章>心理问题的主要解决途径<分别从个人视角、社会视角和文化视角探讨心理问题的解决途径。个人视角下的心理问题解决主要包括预防心理问题的发生和正确对待心理问题。社会视角下的心理问题解决主要依赖社会支持系统和专业治疗系统。文化视角下的心理问题解决主要运用哲学文化、科学文化、艺术文化和宗教文化所提供的思维方式。第六章>解决心理问题的三种基本方式<论述了顺应、反抗、超越这三种解决心理问题的基本方式,并进行典型案例分析。这三种基本方式并不是截然分开的,而是相互关联的。在心理问题解决的不同阶段、不同层次可能分别用到这三种基本方式。 N2 - In today’s society, the pace of people’s life continues to accelerate, competitive pressure continues to increase. More and more people have difficult to deal with problems from aspects of learning, working, marriage, and exchanges, which making a serious impact on people’s mental health. Pursuit of mental health has become one of the most important elements of contemporary social life. However, what’s mental health? What factors is related to mental health? How to maintain mental health status? Countless psychologists are still searching for the answers to these questions.– This paper selects the new general problem-solving perspective, proposing that mental health is achieving mental equilibrium by timely discovering and successfully solving problems. The >problem< here is in a broad sense, including various external problems (non-mental problems) in life, and mental problems generated internal (internal problems). General problem-solving refers to the whole process of discovering problems, evaluating problems, selecting problems, and solving problems.– Mental health is closely related to personal factors (genetic factors and acquired factors), social factors (family environment, school education, work units, social atmosphere, the Internet, etc.), cultural and other factors. When these factors cause individuals unable to solve external problems in life successfully, they may have mental problems, or even lead to mental illness. Therefore, to comprehensively understand mental health and better maintain mental health, we must sort out the relationship among mental health, mental problems, and mental illness.– What is mental health? What is mental problem? What is mental illness? What’s the relationship among mental health, mental problems, and mental illness? How to understand mental health by psychologists? Why select the general problem-solving research perspective? What are the characteristics of the concept of mental health based on general problem-solving? What’s the relationship between various aspects of the general problem-solving and mental health? What are the causes of mental problems? What are the main solutions and basic ways to solve mental problems? This article will discuss the above issues in six chapters. - The first chapter >Overview of mental health<: it investigates the definition of health and mental health and their relationship firstly, and then studies the mental problem definition, classification and distinction with mental illness. Then, it inspects the definition of mental illness. Finally, it discusses the relationship among mental health, mental problems, and mental illness. Between the three can be transformed into each other, and the key factor of transformation is the general problem-solving.– The second chapter >Traditional mental health concepts<: it reviews the concept of mental health from representatives of psychoanalytic school, being-humanistic school and cognitive-behaviorism school. In the psychoanalytic school, it reviews the mental health concept of Freud, Adler, Jung, Erikson, Homey, and Fromm. In the being-humanistic school, it reviews the mental health concept of Maslow, Rogers, Rollo May, and Frank. In the cognitive-behaviorism school, it reviews the mental health concept of Skinner, Bandura, and George•Kelly. The above psychologists show us different perspectives and styles, which providing reference and inspiration for mental health research.– The third chapter >the Concept of mental health based on general problem-solving<: it discusses the characteristic of mental health concept based on general problem-solving firstly, then outlined the four areas of the general problem-solving, and then respectively discussed the relationship between finding problems and mental health, evaluating problems and mental health, selecting problems and mental health, solving problems and mental health, which combined with typical cases analysis.– The fourth chapter >Classification of the problem and its causes<: According to the research needs, we divided problems into external (non-mental problems) and internal (mental problems). External problems are including learning and growth problems, career problems, love and marriage problems, interpersonal relationship problems. Internal problems can be divided into external factors predomi-nant mental problems and internal factors predominant mental problems according to its causes, or divided into acute mental problems and chronic mental problems according to its time. And then it analyzes the causes of external problems and internal problems.– The fifth chapter >the Main solutions of mental problems<: it explores methods to resolve mental problems, from personal perspective, social perspective and cultural perspective respectively. Mental problem-solving in the personal perspective mainly includes prevention of mental problems and correct treatment of mental problems. Mental problem-solving in the social perspective mainly relies on social support systems and professional treatment system. Mental problem-solving in cultural perspective mainly applies the way of thinking from philosophical culture, science culture, arts culture and religious culture.– The sixth chapter >Three basic ways to solve mental problems<: it discusses the three basic way of adaptation, resistance, beyond to solve mental problems, combining with typical cases analysis. These three basic ways are not completely separate, but interrelated. Different levels+J27413 or different stages of mental problem-solving, we may use different one of the three basic ways. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ji, Shuqin T1 - The Research on Erich Fromm’s Thoughts of Human Nature [弗洛姆人性思想研究], Master thesis, Ethics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2012. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆是法兰克福学派早期的重要成员,也是弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义流派的核心人物。弗洛姆从现实的社会生活出发来探讨人性,不仅强调生物因素对人性的作用,还重视社会政治经济结构对人性的影响,因此人性在结构上是一种囊括社会属性和自然属性、理性思维和情感意志、群体性和个体性等在内的多层次的总体人性。弗洛姆认为处在现实社会生活之中的个人性善或者性恶,不仅取决于家庭环境、文化氛围、社会环境等多种因素的影响,更重要的是具体个人自身选择的结果。弗洛姆鼓励人们抑恶扬善,努力实现善的潜能或倾向,逐步完善人性。弗洛姆也从生物进化学的角度对人性做出了解读,从人类所特有的生存境遇中来研究人性,提出>人的本质就是人的生存所固有的矛盾<的观点。根据这种生存境遇而产生的种种生存矛盾的不同表现,将此区分为>生存的两歧<和>历史的两歧<。由此出发,认为存在着>相关联的需要、超越的需要、生存根基的需要、自我认同的需要、倾向性与献身方式的需要<等五种心理需要。>性格<这一概念的引入是弗洛姆人性思想的一个重要创举,这根源于马克思把人性分为两类,一是>人的一般本性<,二是根据具体的历史时代情境而>发生了变化的人的本性<的观点。在有关性格<的问题上,他区分了个人性格和社会性格,并且把社会性格看作是经济基础与上层建筑之间一个桥梁或者纽带。这是对马克思主义理论的一个十分重要的补充,也为我们观察社会问题提供了一个崭新的视角。笔者认为,弗洛姆的人性思想,一方面在研究方法、现代社会人心内涵解读等方面存在着历史合理性;另一方面,也存在着对意志、情感等非理性因素作用夸大、思想内在矛盾等诸多理论局限性,这是由弗洛姆综合不同理论思想研究的特质所决定的。 N2 - Erich Fromm was an important figure of the Frankfurt School in its early stage, and also a core leader in the Freudianism Marxism. From the reality of the social life to explore the human nature, not only did he emphasize the effect of the biological factors, Fromm but also paid much attention on the social political and economic structure, so the human nature was a overall human nature of multiple levels, including social attribute and nature attribute, rational thinking and emotional activity, group and individual, and other aspects. Fromm thought individual good or evil in the reality of social live not only did depend on the family environment, culture atmosphere, social environment and other factors, but also was the results of the specific personal selection. Fromm encouraged people to speak well of your friends, say nothing of your enemy, strived to achieve good potential or tendency, and gradually perfected the thought of human nature. - At the same time, Fromm made an interpretation of the human nature from the evolutionary biology perspective, and studied the human nature deeply rooted in the unique of the human survival environment, and drew the conclusion that >the essence of man was the inherent paradox of the human existence<. According to such existence situation leading to a variety of different survival contradiction, Fromm made a distinction between >existential dichotomy< and >historical dichotomy<. In this view, he thought there existed five kinds of psychological need: the need of being related, the need of surpass, the need of finding survival root, the need of seeking confirmation, the need of tendency and devotion. - The concept of the character being introduced to Fromm’s thought of human nature was an important pioneering work, which derived from the Marxism that the human nature was put into two categories, one was >the general nature of man<, two was >the changed human nature< based on the specific historical context. About the character, Fromm made a distinction between individual character and social character, and treated the social character as a bridge or ligament between the economic foun-dation and the superstructure. It was an important complement to the Marxism, and provided a new angle of view to observe the social problems. - The author thinks, Fromm’s thought of human nature, on one hand has certain historical rationality of the study on the research method, the interpretation of modern social public feeling connotation; on the other hand, due to exaggerating the effect of the will, emotion and other irrational factors and inherent contradiction in the idea, his thought of human nature has some theoretical limitations. This is due to the trait of Fromm trying to synthesize different theories of different ideologists. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ren, Huan T1 - An Analysis of Alienation in >The New York Trilogy< [《纽约三部曲》中的异化主题分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Paul Auster (b. 1947) is one of the most innovative American contemporary writers. His acute insight into the crisis of the American postmodern society and meditation of its quests endow him rare philosophical depth, for which he is praised as one of the most intellectually stimulating fiction writers in America. The thesis takes The New York Trilogy (City of Glass, Ghosts and The Locked Room) as the study object, discussing how the work, with a series of watchmen as symbols, profoundly depicts the New York City and its people's alienated life, solitary, lost and hopeless, after the 1950s. Adopting American contemporary psychoanalyst and philosopher Erich Fromm's related alienation theory, the thesis analyzes the estrangement in the trilogy between man and society and between man and man. There are four chapters.– Chapter 1 introduces Paul Auster and his novel The New York Trilogy, followed by literary review of this trilogy and theoretical basis and structure of this thesis.– Chapter Two explores three manifestations of social space, production and consumption to illustrate social alienation all-pervasive. Alienation in social space at first takes outside and inside spaces such as city, room, door and widow, to penetrate modern people's isolation and solitude, then using Fromm's theory of one of people's basic needs relatedness to observe people's sadist and masochist alienation; next part of alienation involves production which is human being's distorted productivity, the life force Fromm calls, such as the abuse of government function, degradation and disability of people's detection and writer's creation; the third are two kinds of alienated consumption: one destructive compensatory consumption and the other passive consumption. In City of Glass Quinn intents to confirm his identity and existence by indulging himself into compensational consumptive writing, but the failure leaves him only sense of hollow and loss. The passive consumption embodies in people's leisure activity such as Quinn's walking without any active pleasure. While walking Quinn's body is mechanical, and what he feels is desperately helpless and lost; besides, in The Locked Room the narrator sinks with his wife into a luxurious and corrupt life, which leads them into loss and desperation.– Chapter 3 examines relations of authority in family in City of Glass, powerless and normless work in Ghosts, and an idol-like and distorted friendship in The Locked Room. The first part displays family alienation in farther and son relationship where little Peter is abused by powerful father Stillman and after grown up, he was also >tenderly protected< by his powerful wife. The second part is the alienation in work where both Quinn and Black's self-discipline can do nothing in their detection and when they cannot find out a reliable fact they are trapped in frustration and anxiety. The third part deals with the alienation in friendship between the narrator and Fanshawe. Thus in New York City, the epitome of capitalist society, relationship between man and man becomes utilization, a relation of objects, and there is little love but alienation and indifference.– Chapter 4 is the conclusion. Auster makes a deep and all-round exposure of today's social alienation, which helps people rethink their social life and development and also contributes to their further quests. N2 - 保罗•奥斯特(Paul Auster,1947-)是美国当代最勇于创新的小说家之一。奥斯特在作品中对后现代社会生存危机的揭露以及对其出路的思考和探求,赋予了他当代美国小说家所罕有的哲学深度,被称为>美国当代最能给人们以智性启迪的小说家<。本论文选择奥斯特的成名作《纽约三部曲》(《玻璃城》、《幽灵》和《锁闭的房间》)作为研究对象,探讨《三部曲》如何以一系列孤独的守望者形象深刻地描摹二十世纪中后期以纽约为代表的城市虚无精神和现代都市人孤独、迷失、绝望的异化生活状态。本论文运用美国当代著名精神分析学家、西方马克思主义法兰克福学派的重要代表人埃里希•弗洛姆的相关异化理论探讨奥斯特在《三部曲》中反映的人与社会和人与人的异化。文章主要分为四个部分:第一部分介绍奥斯特本人及其文学成就,简述《三部曲》的主要内容及其国内外文学评论,本论文的理论基础和结构。第二部分分别从社会空间、生产与消费三个领域揭露无孔不入的社会异化现象。一为社会空间,主要从三部曲中的外部空间走向内部空间,如,城市、房间、门、窗等,透视现代人的隔离与孤独;再以弗洛姆的人类生存的关联性理论为衔接点,从隔离转到作为人类基本需求之一关联性的施虐与被虐的异化;二为生产领域中弗洛姆称之为人类生命力的生产力异化,如政府机构职能的扭曲、侦探能力和作家创作力的退化与丧失;三为人们的消费异化。消费异化包括补偿性消费和被动性消费。《玻璃城》中奎恩通过疯狂的补偿性消费写作来证实自我及存在,但这种企图留下的只是空虚和自我迷失;而当人们在休闲活动时感受不到快乐或感受到的只是消极的快乐时便是被动性消费。奎恩在他最喜欢的休闲活动散步中,他的身体机械化,唯一感受就是自我的迷失;此外,在《锁闭的房间》里无名叙述者的奢侈、腐化的生活使其陷入迷失和无望的极度痛苦之中。第三部分分别从家庭成员、侦探和朋友三方面揭露人与人的异化。《玻璃城》中家庭成员异化主要体现在老斯蒂尔曼对儿子彼得的父权统治和成人后的彼得受到妻子的无形掌控;侦探的异化体现在他们对工作的无能为力和无规则两方面,如《玻璃城》和《幽灵》中主人公奎恩和布鲁对其侦探工作的无力和发现现实与理想不符时的焦虑。朋友的异化体现在《锁闭的房间》里叙述者对范肖的友情从崇拜到憎恨扭曲的整个过程。总之,在纽约城这个资本主义社会的缩影里,人与人的关系变成了相互利用的关系,变成了物与物的关系,人与人之间失去了正常爱的情感,唯有疏远和冷漠。第四部分为结语。奥斯特对当今社会异化现象的真实揭露深刻而又全面,有助于人们对社会发展进行反思,有助于人们踏上追求自我的正确道路,从而不乏一定的现实意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Leng, Yandan T1 - An Analysis of Zweig's Novels from the Perspective of Fromm's Theory [茨威格小说的弗洛姆式解读], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Zweig left us with many excellent works as a Jewish writer writing in German. His poetry, novels, plays and biographies have made impressive achievements in the Literature domain, especially his novel writing, which have a wide range of readers in the world. With an entry point of alienation, this paper, which takes Zweig’s novels as the research object, is based on the novel texts as well as using Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis theories. The thesis is composed of four chapters: Chapter one includes a brief introduction of Zweig’s life, the general plot summary of his novels as well as the critical responses to them home and abroad. At the same time, this part makes a general introduction to the theoretical system of Fromm’s humanism. His humanistic theory mainly talks about three issues, namely, the theory of escaping from freedom, the theory of alienation and the love theory.– Chapter two applies Fromm’s alienation theory to the description of Zweig’s novel world. Alienation has pervaded every corner of his creation which is displayed in the following two aspects: people are alienated by the war; the relationship between work and the people is alienated. This chapter also analyzes the psychological causes of the alienation.– Chapter three applies Fromm’s love theory to analyze the way advocated by Zweig to resist the alienation.– Chapter four, driven by alienation, the character in his work often leads to tragic ending. In Zweig’s life, meanwhile, there is a trace of alienation. The personality factors of Zweig’s early experience and his Jewish identity have caused the anxiety of his heart while creative activities provide balance for the anxiety. Here, by the application of Fromm’s theory, the thesis gives an analysis to Zweig’s loneliness and his need of freedom. And the analysis centers on his relationship with his mother during his childhood.– The final chapter is the part of conclusion. It summarizes the factors of Zweig’s tragedy and maintains the importance and significance of a humanistic interpretation of his novels. N2 - 作为一名用德语写作的犹太作家,茨威格给我们留下了许多优秀的作品,他在小说、戏剧和人物传记方面都取得了不俗的成就,尤其是他的小说创作,在世界范围内拥有广泛的读者群。本文以茨威格的小说文本为基础,运用弗罗姆的人本主义精神分析学的相关理论,探究其中的异化主题。本文共由四章组成:第一章首先简单介绍了茨威格的生平,他在世界文学史上的地位及其小说的主要特点,并提出了本文所要讨论的论题。接着概括了国内外茨威格研究的现状,指出本文的研究方法并简要介绍了弗洛姆的人本主义理论,主要是异化理论、逃避自由理论以及爱的理论。第二章运用弗洛姆的异化理论分析了茨威格小说中的异化主题,主要体现在劳动中人的异化和战争中人的异化这两方面。并且借助于逃避自由理论分析了异化形成的心理机制。第三章运用弗洛姆爱的理论分析茨威格在小说文本中提出的拯救异化的途径,概括出在异化和拯救异化的过程中的激情以及激情的双重性。第四章由小说中的异化延伸到作家其他作品和作家生命中的异化,结合作家的生活经历,如他童年时和母亲的关系,社会历史背景和种族身份等,分析作为异化主要呈现形式的激情的本质特征,及其在对抗异化的过程中所起的作用。最后是论文的结论部分,总结了茨威格小说和人生中对抗异化失败的原因,并强调了运用弗洛姆的人本主义理论对茨威格的小说进行解读的重要性和意义 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Biyan T1 - To Have or to Be – >Song of Solomon< Black Way of Life, Master thesis [占有还是生存 - 对《所罗门之歌》中黑人生存方式的探讨], English Language and Literature, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Song of Solomon is the first African-American woman Nobel Prize laureate Morrison's representative novel. The Regard and wide Acclaim and catapults Morrison of its publication receives high into the ranks of the most revered contemporary writer The glamour of the novel, the author believes, lies most in Morrison's exploration of the mode of existence for contemporary African-Americans and even for contemporary mankind. As for this respect, few researches set foot in home and abroad and the research into the respect is attractive and worthy. The thesis thus studies the mode of existence in the novel. In >To Have or to Be<, Erich Fromm proposes his theory that people exist in one of two states: the having mode or the being mode. In the having mode, one is obsessive with material possession, acquisitiveness, power and aggression and such kind of existence yields evils such as greed, jealousy, and violence. In the being mode, one concentrates on sharing and engages in meaningful, creative, and productive activity as the mode is based on love. According to Fromm, the having mode would bring the world to the brink of psychological and ecological disaster and thereby he appeals people to live the being mode of life. The thesis combines Fromm's theory with the description of the state of life in the novel and aims at studying Morrison's thought on the option of the modes of existence. The thesis falls into three chapters.– The first chapter deals with the having mode of existence.– The second chapter handles with the being mode of existence.– The third chapter is mainly about the option between the two modes of existence. In all, the study on the mode of existence could not uncover the charm of the novel fully. But through the study, the life state and mode of African-Americans are fully revealed. Moreover, the study unveils Morrison's thought on African-Americans' future and destiny, that is, the having mode could distort blacks' life and soul and the best way for blacks is to live the being mode of life and treasure their cultural traditions and values; only in this way can African-Americans live better in America and find real happiness and meaning in their life. N2 - 《所罗门之歌》是第一位非裔美国黑人女性诺贝尔文学奖得主莫瑞森的代表作。该部作品的发表受到高度的关注和广泛的欢迎并奠定了莫瑞森作为当代最重要的作家的地位。笔者认为该作品的魅力主要在于莫里森对非裔美国黑人乃至人类生存方式的探索。在这方面,目前国内外鲜有人涉足研究。笔者认为对此展开研究是有吸引力和值得的。因此,笔者在这篇论文中意在探讨《所罗门之歌》中的生存方式。在《占有还是生存》中,弗洛姆指出人们生存于重占有和重生存这两种方式之间。在重占有的生存方式中,人们注重物质拥有、获取、权力和掠夺,而这种生存方式导致人类的诸多恶行,如贪婪、嫉妒、暴力等。在重生存的生存方式中,因其是基于爱之上的,人们注重分享、注重参与有意义、有创造性的活动。弗洛姆认为重占有的生存方式将把人类引向心理和生态混乱的边缘,因而他呼吁人们选择重生存的生存方式。本文结合弗洛姆的生存理论和小说文本,旨在探讨莫里森的生存观。本文主要分为三章。第一章探讨了小说中重占有的生存方式。第二章分析了小说中重生存的生存方式。第三章论述了小说主人公对这两种生存方式的抉择。总之,对该部作品生存方式的研究无法穷尽小说的魅力,但是通过研究,非裔美国黑人的生存状态和方式得以较为全面的揭示。此外,本文揭示了莫里森对非裔美国黑人种族前途和命运的思索,也即本文的主旨:重占有的生存方式导致黑人灵魂和生活的扭曲;黑人最好的出路在于拥抱重生存的生存方式和黑人文化传统和价值观念;唯有如此,黑人才能在美国社会中能更好的生活,才能寻找到真正的生活幸福和意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Bo T1 - Analysis of Fromm’s Theory of Man [浅析弗洛姆人学思想], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shanxi University, Taiyun, Shanxi, China 2012. N2 - Current, worldwide, along with the continuous development of science and technology, man and nature, man and society, man and its contradiction is increasingly acerb, the problems on the existence and development of human threat, therefore, people gradually aroused the attention of scholars at home and abroad. Fromm as the main representative figures in the Frankfurt school, is a renowned psychologist in the west, is a rich person study thought by scholars, based on Fromm’s theory of human comprehensive carding system, consists of three parts.– The first part of Fromm’s human thought theory origin. Mainly to the Fromm made a brief introduction, elaborated Fromm person study thought is put forward in the background of the times and Fromm person study thought theory origin.– The second part of human nature as the core concept, from the four levels of carding Fromm person study thought. First of all, the contradiction of human nature as the logical starting point, by human nature and human existence, human nature and human survival needs, human nature and the relationship between free to interpret human nature; secondly, from the psychology angle to analysis the concept of alienation, alienation in the human interpretation of the unconscious and alienation in the modern west a variety of social performance, reveals the essence of capitalist alienation is the alienation of human nature; again, discusses the contemporary capitalist society people escape from freedom of roots and way; finally, in order to eliminate the alienation of human nature, to achieve the perfect society, Fromm proposed to psychological revolution social transformation scheme, namely in the >moral< on the foundation, at the same time to the community to carry out economic, political, cultural and other aspects of the change, the psychological revolution and social reform to combine, the all-round development of man.– The third part of the Fromm person study thought evaluation. In this chapter the finishing touch, explains Fromm person study thought the transcendence and its positive value; Fromm concerned the capitalist society people’s survival condition, therefore, his thought has the necessity and feasibility, but he discusses the way to solve the problem are the subjective psychological experience, so his solution has a utopia; at the same time Fromm humanism is also desirable and the place that draw lessons from, in the transition period in China, how to pay attention to the problems in person, how to achieve the person’s freedom, how to promote the construction of a harmonious society plays an important enlightening role. N2 - 当今,世界范围内,随着科技的不断发展,人与自然、人与社会、人与自身的矛盾日益尖锐,这些问题对人的生存与发展构成威胁,因此,人学逐渐引起国内外学者的广泛关注。弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的主要代表人物之一,是一位在西方享有盛誉的心理学家,也是一位具有丰富人学思想的学者,论文对弗洛姆的人学思想进行全面系统的梳理,共由三个章节构成。第一章阐述弗洛姆人学思想的理论渊源。在这个章节当中主要阐述了弗洛姆人学思想提出的时代背景、弗洛姆人学思想的理论渊源。第二章讲述了弗洛姆人学思想的主要内容。首先,通过人性的涵义、人的境遇、人的需要来诊释人性;其次,阐释了弗洛姆的异化观,现代社会中异化的各个方面以及异化下形成的社会性格,弗洛姆从中指出资本主义异化的实质是人性的异化;再次,论述了人们逃避自由的根源和方式;最后,弗洛姆为了实现人类的真正自由以及对人的真正自我的恢复,他提出了以心理革命为主的社会变革方案。第三章是对佛洛姆人学思想的评价。在这个章节画龙点睛,阐释了弗洛姆人学思想的超越性及它的正面价值;弗洛姆一直致力于解决人性异化的问题,他的一些观点是值得我们认同和支持的,而且他的思想具有现实性和可行性,但是他把异化简单的看作是一种主观的心理体验,他没能找到产生异化的真正根源是资本主义的私有制,因此他的解决方案具有乌托邦色彩;同时弗洛姆的人学思想也有可取和借鉴的地方.对处于转型时期的我国来说,在如何关注人的问题、如何实现人的自由、如何推进和谐社会的建构等方面具有重要的启发作用。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Ling T1 - Reflection and Inspiration – Fromm's Personality Theory [反思与启示 - 弗洛姆人格理论研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2012. N2 - Fromm was a famous 20th-century Western psychologist, sociologist, philosopher, humanist, founder of [sociological] psychoanalysis. In the field of psychology, he is the representative of psychoanalytic school of culture and synthesizer; in philosophy, he is a Marxist Freudianism, well-known representative of the early Frankfurt School, one of founders of the new Freudianism. The study of his life is related to the commodity economy in a modern industrialized society survival problems and solutions; human survival has always been a cross-cutting ideas. As an important representative of the Frankfurt School, Fromm adheres to their school characteristics. By the absorption related to the theory of Marx and Freud at the same time try to turn the doctrine of the two should be integrated in order to create its new humanitarian ethics, said. Fromm concerned about the people, concerned about the plight of modern man to survive, their lives, their academic purpose for the modern man has always been to explore both from an individual alone can get a personalized path to independence, so that the modern effort to understand the self, the formation of a truly independent personality, lifting the shackles of suffering and attain true happiness. The main purpose of this article on Fromm's personality theory, research, analysis of this theory, the basic content and make their assessments. This paper first describes the home and abroad. In the study of personality for the study of this question have any meaning in our country.– Second, introducing the background of the formation of Fromm's theory of personality, including the growth of their special experience, background and life of the times the practice of psychoanalysis, focused on analyzing the formation of Fromm's theory, the theoretical basis of personality, personality theory with a view to Erich Fromm. The study provides historical and theoretical background.– Finally, the analysis of pros and contras of Fromm's theory of personality and its theory of the rational component of China's construction and development of revelation. At present, China is in a critical period of building a harmonious society, Fromm’s personality theory can promote the overall development of China, for us to correctly handle the relationship between human development and economic and social development, to enable people to harmonious development of man and nature, man and society, and promote the transition period of personality and spiritual civilization are of great significance. [Author’s translation] N2 - 弗洛姆是20世纪西方著名的心理学家、社会学家、哲学家,人本主义精神分析学的创始人。在心理学领域,他是精神分析学派文化的代表和集大成者;在哲学领域,他是弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义者,法兰克福学派早期著名代表人物之一,新弗洛伊德主义创始人。他一生研究的问题都是有关在现代工业化商品经济社会里人的生存困境与出路,人的生存问题一直贯穿其思想的始终。作为法兰克福学派的重要代表人物,弗洛姆秉承其学派特点,在吸收马克思和弗洛伊德相关理论的同时力图把二者的学说加以综合,以创立其新的人道主义伦理学说。弗洛姆关注人,关注现代人的生存困境,终其一生,其学术宗旨始终在为现代人探索一条既能摆脱个人孤独又能获得个性独立的道路,以使现代人努力认清自我,形成真正独立的人格,解除痛苦的束缚而获得真正的幸福。本文的主旨在于对弗洛姆的人格理论的研究,分析这一理论的基本内容并作出评价。文章首先介绍了国内外对于人格问题的研究情况,以及对于这一问题的研究在我国有何意义。其次,介绍了弗洛姆人格理论形成的背景,包括其特殊的成长经历、生活的时代背景及精神分析的实践,重点分析了弗洛姆人格理论形成的理论基础,以期为弗洛姆人格理论的研究提供历史和理论背景。第三,重点介绍了弗洛姆人格理论的基本内容。最后,分析了弗洛姆人格理论的得失及其理论中的合理成分对我国建设发展的启示。当前,我国正处于构建和谐社会的关键时期,对弗洛姆人格理论的研究可以推动我国对人的全面发展的研究,为我们正确处理人的发展与经济社会发展的关系,实现人与人、人与自然、人与社会的和谐发展,促进转型时期的人格塑造和精神文明建设都具有重要意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fang, Qi T1 - A Social Psychological Study of Refugees from Freedom in >The Room< and >The Birthday Party< [《房间》和《生日聚会》中自由逃避者之社会心理学研究], Master thesis, Foreign Language and Literature, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Harold Pinter (1930-2008), the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005, has been the most influential modern British dramatist. With an accurate and affectionate ear for the irrationality of the real-life conversation, he produces plays which stand out in their own enigmatic style-puzzling, dramatic and charged with fascination. From the one-act play The Room to the full-length The Birthday Party, one single pattern predominates: Within a cocoon-like room, the ordinary people pursue their mundane life and are reluctant to go out, always talking in a way which is full of uncooperative responses, awkward silence and pauses, until one mysterious figure enters and eventually leads to the mental breakdown of the characters when their internal fear of freedom is fully projected externally. Based on the study of freedom by the American social psychologist Erich Fromm, this thesis applies social psychoanalysis to identify and understand the characters in The Room and The Birthday Party as freedom escapers. It views personal progress in the social context and aims to conduct a social psychological research on the principles, neurotic symptoms, and mechanisms of the freedom escapers.– The thesis first puts forward the research questions and objectives of the thesis and introduces Harold Pinter, his reception and related criticisms on his plays; and then Chapter One discusses the social psychological principles of the freedom escapers to elucidate freedom as a social psychological problem.– Chapter Two collects qualitative data from the two plays and conducts a social psychoanalysis of neurotic symptoms of the freedom escapers.– Chapter Three categorizes mechanisms adopted by the freedom escapers with detailed analysis from the perspective of social psychology.– Finally, the thesis concludes that it is under the social influence that the characters who are in the fear of isolation and powerlessness become freedom escapers but never find a way out. As an interdisciplinary study in nature, the task of conducting a social psychoanalytic literary research is thus completed. N2 - 哈罗德•品特(1930—2008),2005年诺贝尔文学奖得主,是当今最具影响力的现代英国剧作家。他对现实生活对话中的非理性因素有着准确而细腻的洞察,使其作品呈现出谜一般的姿态:令人疑惑,引人注目,又动人心魄。从独幕剧《房间》到多幕剧《生日聚会》,总是有一种模式贯穿始终:在一个蚕茧般的房间里,普通人过着平凡的生活,不愿意走出自己的房门。在他们的日常对话中,能观察到大量不合作的回应,尴尬的沉默和停顿。当一个神秘人物出现后,房间内安静平凡的格局被打破,导致人物内心对自由的恐惧被投射到外在后,精神世界最终走向崩溃。本文基于美国社会心理学家艾瑞克•弗洛姆关于自由的理论,对品特的剧作《房间》和《生日聚会》中的人物进行社会心理学分析。本文将人物的精神发展与社会背景相联系,对关于剧作中自由逃避者的原则,神经质症状,以及逃避机制从社会心理学方向进行研究。本文在绪论中首先介绍研究问题和目标、剧作家哈罗德•品特、相关文献综述、论文研究方法等。第一章讨论了自由逃避者所遵循的社会心理学原则,并解释了自由为社会心理学命题的合理性。第二章从文本中收集质性数据,闸释了剧中自由逃避者之神经质症状,并用社会心理学方法对其进行精神分析。第三章对剧作中人物的自由逃避机制进行了系统化分类,并提供了相应的社会心理学阐释。最终,本文得出结论,在以现代社会为背景的品特剧作中,人物难以抗拒自由带来的无力感和隔离感,用尽各种方式逃避自由,却终究难以找到一个出路。至此,在跨学科视野下,本文完成了社会心理学分析和文学研究 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sang, Xiaoyan T1 - A Study of >The Human Stain< from the Perspective of Fromm's Humanistic Theory (2012)[用弗洛姆人本主义解读《人性的污秽》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - The Human Stain is the contribution of the contemporary American writer the Philip Roth in 2000 which completes his splendid trilogy that begins with American Pastoral (1997) and I married a Communist (1998). It is an exquisite and profound novel, which tells the tragic story of a college professor Coleman Silk, a black man who pretends to be white so as to pursue a better life development. The novel is well accepted and is awarded PEN / Faulkner Award in 2001. It is also adapted into a film of the same name in 2003 starring Anthony Hopkins and Nicole Kidman. Critics and scholars abroad and at home have studied The Human Stain from various perspectives, such as theme analysis, cultural criticism, intertextual study, writing techniques and so on, but few have studied this novel from the perspective of man's living situations. The novel is set at Athena College, which in fact is the miniature of American society. People who live in this environment encounter with various living predicaments, which expresses Roth's concern with the living situations of human being. The thesis attempts to analyze The Human Stain from the perspective of Erich Fromm's humanistic theory. It aims to analyze the wretched living situations of the main characters in this novel, explore the causes for their living plights and search the salvations of modern man. The paper falls into three sections apart from introduction and conclusion.– Introduction gives a general introduction to Philip Roth and his literary accomplishments, The Human Stain, literature review and the significance of this thesis.– Then, Fromm's humanistic theory is presented in brief. According to Fromm, the living situation of human being is a unique matter in nature. He takes human nature as the starting point of his humanism. With the rapid development of capitalism, escape from freedom and alienation become the typical living predicaments of modern people. Moreover, only through creative love can man find a way out of the predicaments.– Chapter One provides a detailed analysis for the wretched living situations of the main characters in this novel, namely escape from freedom and alienation, which are very typical. The freedom they pursue is negative freedom, which means to gain freedom only by getting rid of external bondage without a correct life orientation. The accompanying pressure and burden bring them lots of sufferings. Their life turns out to be perfect and prosperous on the surface, but to the core, it is oppressing. They have to suffer from mental alienation.– Chapter Two comes up with the causes for the paradoxical living situations from social and personal aspects. Man is social animal and cannot exist without the social environment. In this novel, racial discrimination, political correctness, persecuting spirit and the impact of the Vietnam War deepen the degree of man's predicaments. At the same time, various conflicts come into being due to the common living situation of human being, which lead to different psychological needs of people. People would suffer a lot if their basic needs are not satisfied or are satisfied through wrong way.– Chapter Three discusses the salvations of the main characters. According to Roth, death is a thorough and ultimate salvation for the main characters in this novel because it simplifies everything, purifies everything, and is also a form of self-transcendence. Coleman Silk and Faunia Farley end their lives in flowing river, which shows Roth's hope on purification of life. At the same time, a harmonious relationship between man and nature help people gain mental salvation. Lester Farley obtains inner peace in nature. Besides, love is the final salvation for modern people's mental crisis.– In the conclusion part, a summary is made based on the above analysis. The Human Stain expresses Roth's ultimate concern over human nature and the destiny of human beings. He insists on moral values in an age of materialism and has faith in salvations of modern man. The humanistic ideas in this novel heighten Roth's thoughts on human nature and are instructive to modern people. [Author’s translation] N2 - 《人性的污秽》是当代美国作家菲利普·罗斯2000年的作品,是他继《美国牧歌》(1997)和《我嫁了一个共产党员》(1998)之后创作的著名>美国三部曲<的最后一部。该作品叙述了一个冒充美国白人以获取更好人生发展机会的大学教授科尔曼·希尔克的悲剧故事。这部小说结构精巧,思想深刻,颇受欢迎,获2001国际笔会/福克纳奖。2003年本小说被改编为同名电影,由安东尼·霍普金斯和妮可·基德曼领衔主演。国内外的文学评论家和学者从多个角度分析了小说《人性的污秽》,如主题分析、悲剧原型、文化批评、互文性、写作技巧等,而目前还很少有从生存境遇这个角度对其进行研究。小说的背景设置在雅典娜学院,生活于其中的人遭遇各种各样的生存困境,这实际上是整个美国社会的缩影,体现了罗斯对人类生存状态的关注。本论文尝试藉埃利希·弗洛姆(1900-1980)的人本主义理论分析小说《人性的污秽》中主要人物的生存境遇,探讨造成这种困境的原因并揭示当代人的拯救之路。论文除了引言和结论外分为三个部分。引言包括菲利普·罗斯的生平及文学成就、作品简介、文献综述以及本论文的研究意义,并且对弗洛姆的人本主义理论进行了简要介绍。弗洛姆指出,人的生存状况问题是自然界中独一无二的事。人性理论是他人本思想的出发点。飞速发展的资本主义使逃避自由和异化逐渐成为当代人特有的生活困境。而要摆脱这种困境,人只有通过创造性的爱。第一章具体分析了小说中主要人物的悲惨生存境遇。小说中人物的生存境遇具有典型性,即逃避自由和异化。他们追求的是一种纯粹为了摆脱束缚的自由,是一种消极的自由。随之而来的压力和负担使他们陷入痛苦挣扎之中。他们的生活看似美好充实,实则备受压抑,遭受精神异化的折磨。第二章主要从社会和个人两方面探讨造成人物悖论性生存困境的原因。人是社会的动物,不可能脱离社会而存在。在这部小说中,种族歧视、政治正确性、迫害精神以及越战影响等加深了人们的生存困境。而人类共同的生存状况产生了诸多矛盾,从而导致人们种种精神需要的产生。人们基本需要未满足或者满足的方式错误也会导致人们的生存困境。第三章探讨主要人物的拯救之路。死亡能够简化和净化一切事物,是生命自我超越的一种形式,因而在罗斯看来不失为一种最终的、彻底的拯救之路。科尔曼·希尔克和福尼雅·法利在川流不息的河水中结束生命,表达了罗斯对生命净化的渴望。与此同时,人与自然的和谐相处也可以帮助人得到精神救赎,莱斯特·法利在自然中重获内心的平静。除此之外,爱是拯救现代社会人们精神危机的最终方法。结论部分指出小说《人性的污秽》体现了罗斯对人性和人类命运的终极关怀,他坚信在物质社会中道德的价值并对当代人的救赎抱有信心,罗斯在这部小说中表达的深刻的人本主义思想深化了他对人性的思考,对现代人具有启发意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xiang, Hua T1 - The Frankfurt School's Idea of the >Free and Comprehensive Development of the Human Person< and Its Contemporary Revelations [法兰克福学派>人的自由全面发展<思想及其当代启示], Master thesis, Scientific Socialism and the International Communist Movement, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China 2012. N2 - 人的自由全面发展,既是马克思主义学说的最高理论价值,又是人类社会发展要求解决的终极问题。人类社会的政治、经济和文化发展都取决于人在当时的社会条件下所取得的自身解放程度。从亚里士多德到马克思,从马克思到最年轻的理论学者,人类社会的每一个聪慧的头脑,都怀抱着这样一种伟大的人本主义情怀来对人类自己的生命形式和存在价值这一问题进行着理论和实践的求索。作为西方马克思主义的思想重镇,法兰克福学派构建了一个开阔而恢弘的社会批判理论大厦。霍克海默和阿多诺以批判理论和否定的辩证法为维度,构建了整个法兰克福学派的社会批判理论大框架;马尔库塞和弗洛姆从人类的内心机制出发,深度的剖析了在晚期资本主义社会人所遭致的更加深刻的异化和宰治;哈贝马斯更是高屋建瓴地对整个学派的批判理论进行了反思,进而提出了以交往取代劳动、重建历史唯物主义的思想理论。从文本研究中可以得知,贯穿于这些理论之中的一条红线,正是这一学派学者们对人的自由全面发展的孜孜不倦的追求以及他们自身博大的人本主义情怀。作为一种激进的批判理论本身,法兰克福学派的思想家们一方面希图构建起对现代社会生活的全面批判,另一方面也按照马克思主义辩证法的方法论要求不断反省着自己的批判理论本身。这种对批判理论本身的批判和反思不仅立场鲜明的表明了法兰克福学者们对马克思主义真理性认识的努力捍卫与天才发展,同时这种自我批判与反思使得该学派的理论充满了张力,在某种意义上也赋予了法兰克福学派一个马克思主义标签。中国的社会主义建设和发展已经进入了一个新的历史时期,科学发展观的提出标志着中国的政治方向发生了一些转移,即在强调经济成就的同时更加注意以人为本,各种民生问题的提出,各种保障政策的实行,都是为了真正实现人的自由和权利,为人的全面发展提供更加广阔的空间。在未来的社会发展中,我们所要面临和处理的问题还很多,如何能更好的实现人的自由全面发展,是我们当前进行社会主义建设所要解决的重大问题。认真学习法兰克福学派的关于人的自由全面发展这一思想,对于我们理解马克思主义本真、揭示资本主义的弊端、矫正中国现实社会中的各种失误、指导今后的社会发展等各个方面都具 有重要的理论意义和实践意义。 N2 - Free and overall development of human kind, is both the highest theoretical value of Marxism theory, and the ultimate problem to be solved in the development of human society. The development of politics, economy and culture of human society depends on the liberation degree that humans can achieve under social condition of that time. From Aristotle to Marx, from Marx to youngest theorist, every wise person, carrying this kind of humanistic feelings, tries to do theoretical and practical quest about the question of human’s life forms and existence value. - As a main branch of Western Marxism, Frankfurt School founded an open and broad social criticism theory. Max Horkheimer and Adorno built the broad framework of Frankfurt School's social criticism theory, by using the criticism theory and Negative Dialectics as the dimension. Herbert Marcuse and Erich Fromm deeply analyzed more profound dissimilation and being ruled people suffered in the late stage of capitalism, starting from inner mechanism of human kind. Jürgen Habermas reviewed the criticism theory of the whole school and then put forward the theory of displacing working by exchange and rebuilding historical materialism. From text studying we could know that the key which runs through these theories is scholars' tireless pursuit towards human beings' free and overall development from this school and their humanistic feelings. As holding the radical criticism theory, thinkers of Frankfurt School want to construct comprehensive criticism towards modern social life on one hand, and on the hand keep self-examining their own criticism theory in accordance with the require of methodology of Marxist dialectic. This kind of criticism and self-examining towards criticism theory not only shows that scholars of Frankfurt School endeavor to defend and ingeniously develop the true knowledge of Marxism, but also makes the theory of this school full of tension and thus labels Frankfurt School >Marxism> in a sense. - Chinese socialist construction and development has come to a new historical period. The proposing of scientific outlook on development signifies that there are some changes in Chinese political direction. The changes, which include paying more attention to >people foremost< while emphasizing economic achievement, proposing of livelihood issues, and implement of security polices, are made to realize people's freedom and rights, and to offer more broad space for people's comprehensive development. In the future social development, many problems will be faced and tackled with. And how to realize people's free and overall development is the problem we have to solve in current socialist construction. In-depth study of the idea about people's free and overall development from Frankfurt School has important theoretical and practical value in understanding reality of Marxism, uncovering drawbacks of capitalism, correcting faults in Chinese society and guiding social development in future. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xia, Bohua T1 - The Analysis and Comparison of Fromm and Berlin’s Freedom Theory [弗洛姆逃避自由理论和柏林两种自由理论之分析与比较], Master thesis, Foreign Marxist Theory, Southwest University, Yubei, Chongqing, China 2012. N2 - 本文就弗洛姆和柏林的自由理论分别进行了进行解读和分析。其中从自由是个心理学问题,人性与社会的两种适应关系,自由对人的双重影响、宗教改革和当代的自由、逃避自由的心理机制以及如何克服消极意义上的自由等多个方面解读了弗洛姆的自由思想。弗洛姆认为现代的我们比任何时候的人都需要自由,然而却没有享受到真正的自由,相反却是逃避自由。造成这个结果的原因主要是由社会和人心理双重压力所致。一方面,人越来越独立自由,越来越富有批判精神。同时,越来越孤立、孤独、微不足道、无能为力。另一方面,逃避孤独、是人性中固有的因素。弗洛姆认为逃避自由的主要机制就是权威主义、破坏欲和机械趋同。同时他也区分了消极自由与积极自由。本文对柏林的分析是从积极自由和消极自由、自我实现、多元论思想等进行的,伯林区分了消极自由和积极自由,认为>消极自由<为个人行动不受他人干涉的区域;>积极自由<意味着个人的生活和选择是由自己而不是任何异己的因素所决定。他极力推崇消极自由。但伯林的消极自由观也蕴含了内在的危机。同时文章也对两者的自由理论进行比较。他们都认为自由分为积极和消极自由。更多的是不同点,本文主要从他们对两种自由概念的理解、两种自由的侧重点,以及达到自由的途径不同,理论贡献和缺陷等四个方面进行分析。 N2 - This paper interprets and analyzes Fromm's and Berlin's theories of freedom respectively. The paper interprets Fromm's idea of freedom from various aspects, including freedom as a psychological problem, the two adaptive relations between human nature and society, the dual influence of freedom on human beings, the Reformation and contemporary freedom, the psychological mechanism of escaping from freedom and how to overcome the negative sense of freedom. Fromm argues that we need freedom more than ever in the modern age, yet we do not enjoy true freedom, but rather avoid it. The reason for this result is mainly due to the double pressure of society and human psychology. On the one hand, people are becoming more and more independent, free and critical. At the same time, they are becoming more and more isolated, lonely, insignificant and powerless. On the other hand, escaping from loneliness is an inherent element of human nature. According to Fromm, the main mechanisms of escaping from freedom are authoritarianism, destructive desire and mechanical convergence. At the same time, he also distinguishes between negative freedom and positive freedom. In this paper, Berlin's analysis is based on the ideas of positive freedom and negative freedom, self-realization, pluralism, etc. Berlin distinguishes between negative freedom and positive freedom. Individuals' lives and choices are determined by themselves and not by any dissident factors. He was a strong advocate of negative freedom. But there is also an inherent crisis in Berlin's view of negative liberty. The article also compares the two theories of freedom. They both agree that freedom is divided into positive and negative freedom. More points of difference, this article mainly analyzes four aspects, such as their understanding of the two concepts of freedom, the focus of the two freedoms, and the different ways to reach freedom, theoretical contributions and defects. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Tingting T1 - Research on the Needs Theory of Ideological and Political Education from an Interdisciplinary Perspective [跨学科视角的思想政治教育需求理论研究], Master thesis, Ideological and Political Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2012. N2 - 思想政治教育的复杂性使得思想政治教育跨学科研究成为重要方法。需求理论是哲学和社会心理学研究的重要课题之一。需求理论与思想政治教育具有内在一致性。本文在思想政治教育研究成果的基础上,尝试从跨学科的视角研究思想政治教育需求理论,分析其特质,总结跨学科的需求理论对思想政治教育需求理论的影响。全文分三大部分,分别为概述跨学科的需求理论,分析需求理论与思想政治教育的内在联系,用跨学科的需求理论提升思想政治教育观、拓展思想政治教育途径和完善思想政治教育方法。第一部分:跨学科需求理论的概述。这是本文立论的前提。本文主要借鉴的跨学科需求理论包括:马克思的需求理论、马斯洛的需求理论、奥尔德弗的需求理论、勒温的需求理论、弗洛伊德的需求理论、麦克利兰的需求理论、马尔库塞的需求理论和弗洛姆的需求理论。第二部分:思想政治教育需求理论的特质。这是本文立论的基础。需求是个人与社会发展之间永恒的主题,思想政治教育的研究对象正是人,所以需求理论与思想政治教育具有内在一致性。分析思想政治教育需求理论的特质,是为下一步研究跨学科的需求理论对思想政治教育需求理论的影响打下重要基础。本部分主要从思想政治教育需求理论的内涵、特征、功能以及对思想政治教育需求理论的反思四个方面进行分析。第三部分:跨学科需求理论对思想政治教育需求论的影响。这是本文的核心部分。本部分在前两部分的基础之上,运用跨学科的需求理论,加强思想政治教育的理论研究。本部分主要从跨学科的需求理论对思想政治教育需求理念的提升、需求途径的拓展和需求应用的完善等方面进行论述。本文主要采用文献分析法、逻辑分析法和对比分析法来进行研究。相比之前学者的研究,本文运用了更多西方学者关于需求的理论,并结合这些理论对思想政治教育需求理论进行全方面的分析 N2 - The complexity of ideological and political education makes interdisciplinary research of ideological and political education an important method. Demand theory is one of the important topics in philosophy and social psychology. Demand theory and ideological and political education are inherently consistent. Based on the research results of ideological and political education, this article attempts to study the demand theory of ideological and political education from an interdisciplinary perspective, analyze its characteristics, and summarize the influence of the interdisciplinary demand theory on the demand theory of ideological and political education. The full text is divided into three parts. They are respectively an overview of interdisciplinary demand theory, analysis of the internal connection between demand theory and ideological and political education, and use of interdisciplinary demand theory to enhance the concept of ideological and political education, expand ideological and political education methods, and improve ideological and political education methods. The first part: an overview of interdisciplinary needs theory. This is the premise of this article. The interdisciplinary demand theories that this article mainly draws on include: Marx's demand theory, Maslow's demand theory, Alderfer’s demand theory, Lewin’s demand theory, Freud's demand theory, McClelland’s demand theory, Marcuse's demand theory and Fromm’s demand theory.– The second part: The characteristics of the demand theory of ideological and political education. This is the basis of this article. Demand is an eternal theme between individual and social development. The research object of ideological and political education is human beings, so demand theory and ideological and political education are inherently consistent. Analyzing the characteristics of the demand theory of ideological and political education is to lay an important foundation for the next step of research on the influence of interdisciplinary demand theory on the demand theory of ideological and political education. This part mainly analyzes the connotation, characteristics and functions of the demand theory of ideological and political education and the reflection on the demand theory of ideological and political education.– The third part: the influence of interdisciplinary demand theory on the demand theory of ideological and political education. This is the core part of this article. On the basis of the first two parts, this part uses interdisciplinary demand theory to strengthen theoretical research on ideological and political education. This part mainly discusses the improvement of the demand concept of ideological and political education by the interdisciplinary demand theory, the expansion of demand channels and the improvement of demand applications. This article mainly uses literature analysis, logic analysis and comparative analysis to conduct research. Compared with previous studies by scholars, this article uses more Western scholars' theories on demand, and combines these theories to make a comprehensive analysis of the theory of demand for ideological and political education. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhu, Dai T1 - >The Way of the World< and >The Human Heart< – Diagnosis, Treatment and Healing Accor¬ding to Fromm [世道<与>人心< – 弗洛姆的诊断、治疗和拯救], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2012. N2 - 在弗洛姆看来,异化既是>世道<的病态,也是>人心<的病态。马克思是针对>世道<病态的人道抗议者,劳动异化本质上是人性异化和非人化,而马克思的目标是人的自由和解放。弗洛伊德是针对>人心<病态的人道关怀者,异化亦是心理的异化,表现为原欲的压抑和疏离的体验,因此人的解放亦是人心的解放。弗洛姆对异化的社会病理诊断,是从人性世界的精神诊断入手的。人性是善恶同体的。从个体性格看,爱生、爱人和独立性是积极的品质,爱死、自恋和乱伦固结是消极的品质。从社会性格看,创生倾向、成长综合症等是积极的品质,非创生倾向、衰败综合症等是消极的品质。弗洛姆对异化的社会治疗方案,包括了从>世道<到>人心<的各个维度和层面:消除人性的异化,满足人的需求,包括爱、自由及自我实现的需求等,是治疗的人道目标,这个目标通过培养健全的人格和建构健全的社会来共同完成。弗洛姆的拯救,是把爱作为一种伦理原则和一种信仰:人的世界应该是爱的世界,爱既是对人的信任,也是一种积极的自由。爱是一种艺术,需要克服个人的自恋,发展谦卑,需要客观性和理性以及培养他生性。弗洛姆启示我们:人性是一个既包括自然属性又包括社会属性,既包括理性又包括感性,既包括意识又包括无意识的多维度、多层面的范畴,>以人为本<应以这个人性范畴为本,而>和谐社会<的建设,也应该包括从>世道<到>人心<的多个维度和多个层面,是系统性的和整合性的。 N2 - For Fromm, alienation is both the pathology of the >way of the world< and the pathology of the >human heart<. Marx was a hu-mane protestor against the pathology of the >way of the world<, and the alienation of labor is essen-tially the alienation and dehumanization of humanity, while Marx's goal is the freedom and liberation of human beings. Freud was a humanist caring for the pathology of the human heart, and alienation is also psychological alienation, manifested in the experience of suppression and alienation of origi-nal desires, so the liberation of the human heart is also the liberation of the human heart. Fromm's socio-pathological diagnosis of alienation begins with the spiritual diagnosis of the world of human nature. Human nature is both good and evil in the same body. In terms of individual character, love of life, love of people and independence are positive qualities, while love of death, narcissism and incest fixation are negative qualities. In terms of social personality, generative tendencies and growth syndrome are positive qualities, and non-generative tendencies and decay syndrome are negative qualities. Fromm's social therapy program for alienation includes all dimensions and levels from >the way of the world< to >the human heart<: the elimination of human alienation and the satisfaction of human needs, including the need for love, freedom and self-actualization, are the humane goals of therapy. The development of a sound personality and the construction of a sound society come together to accomplish this. Fromm's salvation is love as an ethical principle and a belief: that the world of man should be a world of love, and that love is both a trust and a positive freedom. Love is an art that requires the overcoming of personal narcissism, the development of humility, objectivity and rational-ity as well as the cultivation of otherness. Fromm reveals to us that human nature is a multi-dimensional and multi-faceted category that includes both natural and social attributes, both rational and emotional, both conscious and unconscious, and that >people-oriented< should be based on this category of human nature, while >a harmonious society< should be based on this category of human nature. It should also include multiple dimensions and levels, from >the way of the world< to >the human heart<, in a systematic and integrated manner. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hu, Jingjing T1 - The Psychological and Aesthetic Significance of Abuse and Masochism [虐待与受虐的心理学美学意义], Master thesis, Literary Theory, Peking University, Beijing, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 埃利希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm:1900-1980)是二十世纪享有盛名的精神分析学家、社会学家,他的许多理论观点发人深省。在他的理论著作《逃避自由》、《健全的社会》等作品中,他给出了这样一种观点:人类社会的发展历程,是各式各样的对自由的逃避,这种种的逃避自由方式,可以叫做对他人的施虐或者受虐的过程。奴隶社会,奴隶与奴隶主之间的关系是互相依赖,他们借助彼此去逃避自由,去获得权力感或放弃自我获得与他人合为一体之感;中世纪的人匍匐在神的脚下,使自己变成神的附属品,交出自己的自由,获得安全感;宗教改革时期,人从出生到死亡都生活在一个被安排好了的环境中,生来注定了职业和地位,因此人也获得了安全感。然而在现代社会,人转而崇拜金钱、权力、名利,把自己交出去,放弃自由换回依赖。施虐与受虐的理论在分析人类社会发展过程上,也许有着偏颇之处,但它依然有着自己的价值。施虐与受虐理论在对>爱<的分析中,有着发人深省的地方。弗洛姆谈到男女之间的爱情,有些是施虐/爱虐式的,这样的爱情,用弗洛姆的理论来看,并不是真正的爱,而是对内心孤独的逃避;父母对子女的爱中也存在这样的误区,父母可能打着爱的名义完全剥夺了子女的自由,这样的爱可以归结为虐待欲——对别人的控制欲。此外,施虐和受虐理论去分析文学艺术作品,也为我们理解文艺作品打开了一扇新的窗口。因此,施虐和受虐理论有着它的实践和理论意义 N2 - Erich Fromm is a well-known American psychoanalyst and Erich Fromm is a well-known American psychoanalyst and social scientist of the twentieth century. He has presented many thought-provoking the theoretical views in his lifetime. In his most important writing >Escape from Freedom<, a famous opinion is given: the development of human society is a kind of escape from freedom, and this escape can be called abuse and abused. He arrived at this view from the development of western civilization. In the slave society, slaves and slave owners relied on each other heavily, so that they could escape from the endless loneliness and fear which were brought by their inadequate freedom. Medieval people gave their freedom to God in order to feel security and peace of mind. In modern society, however, the faith in God fades away, so people turn to money, power, fame and fortune to seek comfort and sense of dependence. The idea of abuse and abused is insightful, and can be effectively applied into the explanation about love between men and women, parents and children. In Fromm's opinion, some love is not true love, but abuse and abused in a sense. The view of abuse and abused has its own value, especially when it helps us analyze works of literature. This paper focuses on this view, and attempts to explain its connotation and to interpret the effect while reviewing its signification and limitations. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zuo, Danhua T1 - To Have or to Be – Fromm’s Critical Society Theory [占有还是存在 – 弗洛姆社会批判理论研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China 2012. N2 - >占有还是存在<这是一个现代生活中的重要问题,也是弗洛姆社会批判理论和实践中一条隐含的线索。本文首先对重占有和重存在两种生存方式进行了剖析,从中挖掘出了弗洛姆这一生存理论的前提,即人道主义原则、异化理论和社会性格理论。在此基础之上指出他这一理论的主旨:社会批判基础之上的社会拯救——构建>新人<和>新社会<。弗洛姆整个生存方式理论是以他对人性的分析作为基础的,人性中所固有的矛盾性是出现两种生存方式对立的根本原因,而人性中的主动和创造性本质又是消除这种对立,使得人类最终扬弃>重占有<的生存方式,建立>重存在<的生存方式的可能性所在。整篇文章的主要目的是对弗洛姆生存方式理论做一个较为全面的整理工作,同时站在马克思主义的哲学立场上对他的这种理论进行了分析。他这一生存方式理论主要涉及了三个方面:第一,对人的本性、人的生存状况作出的分析说明;第二,对社会状况、特别是社会病态进行了批判剖析;第三,为医治社会、拯救人类提供方案。这三方面也是他整个社会哲学所主要进行的工作。尽管弗洛姆的理论有偏颇之处,但是他为综合马克思的历史唯物主义和弗洛伊德的精神分析学说所做的努力是不容忽视的,正是他的这种努力为我们打开了一个应用马克思主义哲学分析当下社会问题的新视角。 N2 - >To have or to be?< is an important question in modern life, as well as an implicit clue in Fromm's social-critical theory and practice. This paper first analyzes the two modes of existence, namely, possession and existence, and finds out the premises of Fromm's theory of existence, namely, the humanitarian principle, the theory of alienation and the theory of social character. On this basis, he points out the main theme of his theory: social salvation on the basis of social criticism - the construction of a >new man< and a >new society<. The contradiction inherent in human nature is the fundamental reason for the emergence of two opposing ways of living, while the active and creative nature of human nature is the key to eliminate this opposition and make human beings finally abandon the >possession-oriented< way of living and establish a >new society<. The possibility of a >re-existential< way of being. The main purpose of the whole article is to make a comprehensive arrangement of Fromm's theory of ways of life, and at the same time analyze his theory from a Marxist philosophical standpoint. This way of life theory mainly involves three aspects: firstly, the analysis and explanation of human nature and human existence; secondly, the critical analysis of social conditions, especially social pathologies; thirdly, providing solutions for healing society and saving mankind. These three aspects are also the main work of his entire social philosophy. Despite the bias of Fromm's theory, his efforts to synthesize Marx's historical materialism and Freud's psychoanalysis should not be overlooked, and it is his efforts that have opened up a new perspective on the application of Marxist philosophy to the analysis of current social problems. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Baiwen T1 - Research on Erich Fromm’s Socialistic Ideology [洛姆社会主义思想研究], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2012. N2 - 社会主义的研究一直是东西方马克思主义者研究的热点问题之一。本文以著名的西方马克思主义者弗洛姆的社会主义思想为研究对象,对其进行较为全面地、系统地阐释与分析。在立足于科学社会主义原则的基础上,将弗洛姆社会主义思想与马克思社会主义结合研究,旨在更好地把握马克思主义基本原理,理解现代的社会主义实践。本文在对弗洛姆文化经历及其社会主义思想来源梳理的基础上,比较深入地探讨弗洛姆社会主义思想的理论基石与方法论基础,分析弗洛姆对不能满足>预制<人性的现代资本主义社会>丰裕<异化的批判,考察弗洛姆憧憬社会主义社会的新图景。同时,对弗洛姆社会主义思想进行了辩证的评析。文章认为,弗洛姆社会主义思想的合理成分在于崇尚社会主义的向上精神,坚定社会主义彻底否定资本主义,倡导规约技术与健康消费的社会主义理念。弗洛姆社会主义思想的理论缺憾在于,以抽象人性论为出发点,片面理解社会主义的内涵,漠视通向实现未来社会途径的现实性。弗洛姆的社会主义思想仍未能跳出乌托邦的理性藩篱,属于现代空想社会主义,其实质就是人道主义的社会主义。对弗洛姆社会主义思想进行研究,可以进一步审视已有研究成果存在的某些分歧。在社会主义思想发展的背景下,积极推进对西方社会主义思想研究的深化,正确把握科学社会主义的思想真谛,对我国社会主义建设具有重要的理论价值和实践意义 N2 - The research on socialism is always one of the hot issues to the eastern and western Marxists. This thesis focuses on Fromm, the famous western Marxist’s socialistic ideology as the research object; makes a comprehensive and systematic analysis and interpretation on it. Based on the principle of scientific socialism, this thesis makes a combined research of Fromm’s socialistic ideology and Marxist socialism, aims to grasp the basic tenets of Marxism and understand modern socialistic practice. - On the basis of reviewing Fromm’s cultural experience and the socialist ideological source, this thesis discusses Fromm’s socialistic ideology’s theoretical foundation and methodological basis deeply; analyzes Fromm’s criticism on modern capitalism’s >affluent< alienation not meeting prefabricated human nature; investigates the new picture which Fromm looked forward to. At the same time, the thesis gives dialectical comments on Fromm’s socialistic ideology. It argues that, the reasonable components of Fromm is to advocate socialistic positive spirit, strengthen socialism and repudiate capitalism, initiate socialistic ideas of restricted technology and healthy consumption. But his theoretical failure lies in that his thought starts as an abstract theory of human nature, understands the connotation of socialism partially, disregard the reality of ways to reach the future society. Fromm’s socialistic ideology failed to be out of restriction of reason of Utopia; it also belongs to modern utopian socialism and its essence is the humanitarian socialism. - Doing research on Fromm’s socialistic ideology can examine differences of existing research further. Under the background of socialistic ideas’ development, promoting to western socialism thoughts’ deepening and grasping the essence of scientific socialism correctly has important theoretical and practical significance to Chinese socialist construction. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Caling T1 - The Research on Fromm’s Freedom Thought and Its Present Enlightenment – Based on the analysis of >Escape from Freedom< [弗洛姆的自由思想及其当代启示 - 基于《逃避自由》的分析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2012. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆受弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思的社会理论的影响,致力于对人性和社会心理的思考,关注现实的人的生存状态,通过对弗洛伊德主义和马克思主义的结合,创立了在社会领域运用精神分析学说的独特视角。弗洛姆对自由思想的论述颇多,本文主旨在于以《逃避自由》一书为基础,对弗洛姆的自由思想进行梳理和评价,并结合中国的社会实践探讨其自由思想的理论和实践价值。文章首先介绍弗洛姆的生平,从他所处的社会环境家庭环境和个人生活经历出发来寻找弗洛姆思想形成的社会和理论根源。以《逃避自由》一书为基础,对弗洛姆的自由思想进行梳理。对《逃避自由》一书的产生、基本内容展开介绍,这本书揭示了现代人陷入自由的悖论,追求自由又逃避自由,实质上是不自由的生存状态,分析了逃避自由的心理机制,并找出了解决逃避自由问题的途径和理想的社会模式,这种对自由的探讨方法和视角是新颖的,有其独特的理论和实践价值。然后本文从马克思自由观的角度对其进行了评价,通过对马克思自由观的分析和与弗洛姆自由观的对比,来揭示弗洛姆的自由思想的可取之处和局限性。指出其在关于异化的概念、理想的社会模式、实现途径以及逃避自由的解决途径方面的主观主义的倾向,决定了他的自由观在理论高度上必将低于马克思,必将走向虚幻的乌托邦。最后,用宏观和微观相结合的方法,把弗洛姆的自由思想结合中国的社会实际,对现阶段中国民众的自由状态进行了具体的分析,力图从资本主义工业化进程中发现问题和解决问题的经验中探索出对中国社会转型期有益的启示,为构建和谐社会贡献一份力量。 N2 - Erich Fromm is influenced by Freud's psychoanalytic theory and Marx's social theory. He is devoted to thinking about human nature and social psychology, paying attention to the reality of human existence, through the confrontation The combination of Freudism and Marxism created a unique perspective on the application of psychoanalytic theory in the social sphere. Fromm's discussion of free thoughts is very much. The main purpose of this thesis is to sort out and evaluate Fromm's free thoughts based on the book >Escape from Freedom<, and to explore the theory and practice of his free thoughts in combination with Chinese social practice value. The article first introduces the life of Fromm, and seeks the social and theoretical roots of the formation of Fromm's thought from his social environment and family life experience. Based on the book >Escape from Freedom<, he sorts on Fromm's thought of freedom. This book introduces the production and basic content of the book >Escape from Freedom<. This book reveals the paradox of modern people falling into freedom, pursuing freedom and escaping freedom. It is essentially a state of non-free existence and analyzes the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom. And find out the way to solve the problem of escaping freedom and the ideal social model. This method and perspective of freedom is novel and has its unique theoretical and practical value.– Then the paper evaluates it from the perspective of Marx's concept of freedom. Through the analysis of Marx's concept of freedom and the comparison with Fromm's concept of freedom, it reveals the merits and limitations of Fromm's liberal thought. It points out that its tendency to subjectivism in terms of the concept of alienation, the ideal social model, the way of achieving it, and the way to escape freedom, determines that his concept of freedom will be lower than Marx at the theoretical level, and will surely move toward an illusory utopia.– Finally, using the combination of macro and micro, the theory of Freedom of Fromm is combined with the reality of China's society, and the free state of the Chinese people at this stage is analyzed in detail, trying to find problems and solve problems from the process of capitalist industrialization. The experience explores useful enlightenments for the transition period of Chinese society and contributes to building a harmonious society. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lue, Si T1 - Distortion and Loss of Love – Comment on the Family Relationship in Henry James's >Washington Square< [爱的扭曲和缺失 –评亨利•詹姆斯《华盛顿广场》中的家庭关系], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 亨利•詹姆斯(1843–1916)是美国19世纪后期三大现实主义大师之一,其多部作品历来倍受国内外学者的关注,其中的道德伦理主题引起了学者们的热烈探讨,然而其讨论却都相对忽略了詹姆斯早期作品中的道德伦理主题。本文拟从伦理批评的角度对其早期中篇小说《华盛顿广场》进行分析,探讨其作品所再现的家庭关系,挖掘出詹姆斯早期作品中的伦理思想。家庭关系是家庭成员间的人际互动或联系,属于社会关系的一种,是伦理批评的一个重要组成部分。家庭关系以主体为标准分为亲子关系、夫妻关系和其他家庭成员之间的关系。爱是处理家庭关系的核心原则,是维系婚姻和家庭的纽带。德国伦理学家爱利希•弗洛姆认为在家庭生活中,爱表现为亲子之爱、两性之爱和手足之爱三种形式,并认为爱包含了解、尊重、责任心和关心等基本要素。爱这一概念也因此体现了其伦理价值。《华盛顿广场》讲述了19世纪中叶纽约一个中上层阶级家庭的悲剧。本文以弗洛姆对爱的理论阐述为指导,分析《华盛顿广场》中的家庭关系及悲剧,试图揭示出19世纪三四十年代造成美国社会人性的扭曲和异化、道德的沦丧和滑坡的深层原因。全文共三章,第一章从作品的父女关系和母女关系入手,认为作品通过父亲对女儿的压制表现了一种扭曲的父爱,通过母亲对女儿的婚姻教导再现出错误的母爱,从而展示出一种亲子之爱的偏离,这种亲子之爱的偏离违背了老慈幼爱的伦理原则。第二章探讨两性之爱的缺失,认为未婚夫的贪婪表现出恋人间物化的爱,伪善表现出恋人间欺骗的爱,这两种爱都违背了男女互爱的原则。第三章则从弟弟的利己主义表现出的自私的爱,以及兄妹对婚姻的态度中传达出的相互矛盾的爱,分析了手足之爱的丧失,指出手足之爱的丧失违背了互谅互助的伦理原则。本文认为作品所体现的爱的扭曲和缺失是资本主义社会经济结构变化所带来的产物,是19世纪美国社会转型时期政治、经济、文化、历史多重社会因素造成的结果。詹姆斯在《华盛顿广场》这部早期作品中,就开始围绕爱的主题表达出对异化的家庭关系的批判,呼吁爱的社会的回归。 N2 - Henry James (1843-1916) is one of the three realist masters in the late nineteenth century and most of his works have aroused the domestic and foreign critics’ attention. They often discuss the moral theme in James’s works. However, the moral and ethical themes in the early works of James’s are relatively ignored in these discussions. The thesis attempts to criticize James’s early excellent novella >Washington Square< from the ethical point of view, exploring the family relationships in the novel and James’s ethical thinking in his early works. Family relationship, as an important part of ethical criticism, is the interpersonal interaction or contact among family members, belonging to a kind of social relations. Family relationships, based on the subject as standard, are divided into the parents-children relationship, the husband-wife relationship and relationships among other family members. Love is the core principle of dealing with family relationship and the link to maintain marriage and family. German ethicist Erich Fromm maintains that in the family life love registers as parental love, connubial love and sibling love and contains the basic elements, such as, understanding, respect, sense of responsibility and the care. The concept of love reflects its ethical value. Washington Square tells an upper-middle-class family tragedy in New York in them idle of the19th century. The thesis analyzes the family relation and tragedy in the novel in the light of Erich Fromm’s theory of love and tries to expose the underlying reason why there exists the distortion and alienation of the human nature, decay and landslide of the morality in the American society of19th century. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter one, with the father-daughter relationship and mother-daughter relationship as the starting point, concerns distorted fatherly love through analyzing father’s suppression over the daughter and misguided motherly love in surrogate mother’s marriage guidance for the daughter, showing the deviation of parental love. This kind of parental love violates the principle of love and beloved.– Chapter two mainly explores materialized love and deceitful love between lovers due to fiancé’s greed as well as his hypocrisy, demonstrating the lack of connubial love. Such two kinds of love deviate from the principle of reciprocal love.– Chapter three focuses on selfish love showed by the young brother’s egotism and contradictory love interpreted by sibling’s attitudes toward marriage, pointing out the loss of sibling love, which has deviated from the principle of mutual understanding and support. Through the above analysis, the thesis points out that the distortion and loss of love results from the change of the economic structure of the capitalist society as well as various social and cultural factors in the transition period of American society of the19thcentury. James expresses his criticism on the alienation of family relationships in his early work Washington Square around the theme of love and calls for the return of the society with truelove. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Liping T1 - Research on Erich Fromm’s Thought of Consumption Alienation [埃里希•弗洛姆消费异化思想研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China, 2012. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980),弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义(1)的主要代表人物,开业长达四十余年的心理咨询师。弗洛姆毕生致力于对>人<的生存境遇的关注,对造成人的异化的现代工业社会进行了无情地揭露和有力地批判,并积极探索实现健全人格和健全社会的途径。消费异化思想就是弗洛姆社会批判理论的重要组成部分。弗洛姆对消费异化的集中论述出现在《健全的社会》(1955)以及《占有还是生存》(1976)二书中。他在《健全的社会》中首先亮明一个观点:生活于现代西方发达工业社会中的绝大多数人的精神是不健康的。一个人的精神是否健康从根本上讲不是他个人的事情,而是取决于他所在的社会结构。弗洛姆认为>精神健康<不能被定义为人通过调整自身的行为来无条件地适应他所在的社会,相反,社会应该为人的精神健康负责,为人的全面发展创造有利条件。而且,社会经济结构与人的性格之间存在着相互作用的关系,社会经济结构塑造了人的性格,人的性格反作用于社会经济结构。因此,通过分析资本主义社会性格的非生产性(即放弃自身拥有的力量和创造性潜能,以异化的方式与外界发生关联),就能揭露资本主义社会的不健全。而>异化<正是弗洛姆用来分析这些非生产性社会性格的最核心概念;>消费异化<对应的正是从20世纪中叶开始在资本主义社会中占主导地位的接受取向和市场取向两种社会性格。在后期著作《占有还是生存》中,弗洛姆从国家、政府、消费者等方面提出了许多消除消费异化的具体措施。因此,根据弗洛姆消费异化思想提出和发展演进的过程,本文的行文脉络是:首先,梳理弗洛姆消费异化思想的理论根源,归纳概括出消费异化的涵义并交待该思想产生的历史背景;其次,从社会性格的功能入手分析消费异化的成因,这也是弗洛姆消费异化思想的特色所在,同时也是本文的主要创新之处;然后,分析弗洛姆消费异化的表现形式、危害和消除消费异化的途径;最后,对弗洛姆消费异化思想进行客观评价,彰显其消费异化思想对中国社会发展的启示意义。 N2 - Erich Fromm (1900-1980), as a well-known representative figure of Freudianism-Marxism(1)and a psychological consultant for 40 years, dedicated his life to paying close attention to people’s living condition and the value of person. He criticized the western developed industrial society severely which makes people to alienate, and actively explored the ways to healthy personality and society. Fromm’s thought of consumption alienation plays a big role in his social critical theory. It mainly appeared in the book >The Sane Society< (1955) and >To Have or to Be< (1976). In >The Sane Society<, Fromm held the view that the vast majority of people had mental disease in the western developed industrial society. It is fundamentally not a personal thing whether a man’s spirit is healthy or not, but the thing of the social conditions. In other words, the mental health of people can not be defined as people adapt to his society unconditionally. On the contrary, the society must meet the needs of people. Fromm further pointed out that the relationship between the socio-economic structure and the personality is interactive. That is to say, socio-economic structure shaped the character of the people, and people’s character reacts to the socio-economic structure. Through the analysis of non-productive characters (to give up one’s own strength and creative potential to be associated with the outside world by the way of alienation) of capitalist society, we can see that the capitalist society is not sane. Alienation is the core concept which Fromm used to analyze these non-productive social characters and the word consumption alienation represents the receptive orientated character and the marketing orientated character which are the dominant non-productive characters of the capitalist society in the mid-20th century. In his later work “To Have or to Be”, Fromm proposed a number of specific measures to eliminate consumption alienation from the aspect of the state, government, consumers and so on. According to the evolution of Fromm’s thought of consumption alienation, in my paper below, I firstly seek the theoretical roots of this thought. I sum up the meaning and essential features of it and reveal the historical background of it. Then, I analyze the causes of consumption alienation from the analysis of social characters’ function, which is the distinguishing feature of Fromm’s thought of consumption alienation and also the innovation of my paper. After that, I analyze the manifestations, endangers of consumption alienation and the way to eliminate it. Finally, I evaluate this thought objectively and enlighten it’s value for China’s social development. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Runge, Richard Friedrich T1 - Strukturen einer >biophilen Ethik< bei Hans Jonas. Bachelorarbeit zur Erlangung des Bachelor of Arts an der Hochschule für Philosophie, Philosophische Fakultät S.J., München 2012, 65 pp. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schneider, Gregor-Sönke T1 - Keine Kritische Theorie ohne Leo Löwenthal. Die >Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung< (1932-1941/42). Dissertation an der Philosophischen Fakultät der Leibniz Universiotät Hannover, Hannover 2012, 300 pp. N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird im Sinne einer Intellectual History der Beitrag von Leo Löwenthal an der Konzeption der Kritischen Theorie im Rahmen der Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung herausgestellt. In dieser Zeitschrift, die fast zehn Jahre lang das Publikationsorgan des in Frankfurt am Main gegründeten Instituts für Sozialforschung war, entwickelten Max Horkheimer, Friedrich Pollock, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Erich Fromm und auch Walter Benjamin während der 30er Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts eine kritische Theorie der Gesellschaft. Leo Löwenthal trug ebenfalls maßgeblich zur Entwicklung der Kritischen Theorie bei – sowohl in theoretischer als auch praktischer Hinsicht. Als verantwortlicher Schriftleiter der Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung hielt er das Forum und Sprachrohr des Instituts für Sozialforschung am Laufen, in dem die programmatischen Aufsätze zur Kritischen Theorie erarbeitet und veröffentlicht wurden. Doch auch seine theoretischen Beiträge stehen in enger inhaltlicher Beziehung zu den Arbeiten der anderen Institutsmitglieder und besitzen originären Charakter. Beide Aspekte – theoretischer und praktischer – zeigen, dass Löwenthals Arbeit unentbehrlicher Teil des kollektiven Projektes einer Kritischen Theorie war. N2 - In the present study, the contribution of Leo Lowenthal in the conception of Critical Theory in the context of the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung / Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences is pointed out. In this journal, which was almost ten years the official publication of the Institute for Social Research, Max Horkheimer, Friedrich Pollock, Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Erich Fromm and also Walter Benjamin developed a critical theory of society during the 30s of the 20th century. Leo Lowenthal also has contributed significantly to the development of Critical Theory. Both theoretically and practically. As the responsible editor of the Zeitschrift für Sozialforschung / Studies in Philosophy and Social Sciences he kept the forum and voice of the institute going, in which the programmatic essays on Critical Theory were developed and published. But his theoretical contributions are closely related to the work of other members of the Institute and have original character. Theoretical and practical aspects show that Lowenthal's work was indispensable part of the collective project of Critical Theory. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Xiaoyan T1 - Split Behind the Dilemma. >Grass is Singing< Mary's Tragedy Analysis [《困境后的分裂 - 《野草在歌唱》中玛丽的悲剧分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - >The Grass Is Singing< is Doris Lessing's first novel taken Africa as background. It receives wide attention as soon as it is published for its vivid and overall description of colonial life. Through a meticulous depiction of Mary Turner's living background and personality development, Lessing presents us a clear view of the colonial life, thus revealing the brutal oppression of colonization and the living crisis of the white settlers. Under the guidance of Marx's dialectic view and Fromm's view about personality development, this thesis is proposed to analyze the essential reason behind Mary's living background (external cause) and her psychological growth and development (inner cause), thus achieving the conclusion: only when a person is developing in accordance with the society and the external world, can he achieve the balance and sanity between his personality development and the external world. Otherwise, he will suffer from the disaster of spirit chaos and split. The paper consists of three chapters.– Chapter one gives an introduction to the living environment of the heroine, Mary Turner and analyzes Mary's confused and frustrating situation under the pressure of impoverishment and racial discrimination.– Chapter two is proposed to reveal the inner cause of Mary's tragedy and conducts psychoanalysis on Mary based on her traumatic childhood, unhappy marital life and contradictory relationship with Moses thus pointing out that a false social character is the remote cause of Mary's twisted psychological development and spiritual split.– Chapter three focuses on the combined action of the indifferent social context and false self system. It deprives Mary's self-knowledge of pushes her to spiritual split and schizophrenia and final destroy.– The conclusion part proposes that human beings are the output of certain social system and ideology, thus only when individual psychological development goes accordant with the social circumstances he lives in without loss of self-knowledge can he achieve integrate personality development. N2 - 《野草在歌唱》是多丽丝•莱辛的第一部非洲小说。凭着对殖民地生活的细致入微的描写,该小说自面世之初就赢得评论界的广泛关注。通过细致描写女主人公玛丽•特纳的生活环境和心理成长历程,作者为我们呈现了一个真实的殖民地世界,揭示了残酷的殖民统治以及在殖民统治下白人的生存困境和危机。在马克思主义内外因辩证法和弗洛姆人性理论的观照下,本文通过对主人公玛丽•特纳的外部生存环境的分析与其内部扭曲的心理成长的剖析,指出只有当个体成长与外部世界取得平衡时,个体的人格发展才能完整和完善,否则必然会遭受人格分裂带来的痛苦。论文由三章构成。第一章介绍了玛丽•特纳的生存环境,即在白人殖民统治下充斥着贫困、种族隔离和森严的等级制度的非洲,分析了在物质匮乏、种族隔离的生存状态下玛丽陷入了混乱、沮丧的困境;第二章从弗洛姆人性观的角度,探索了导致玛丽悲剧的内因。通过探索玛丽不幸的童年经历和婚姻生活以及与摩西矛盾的关系,指出错误的社会性格是导致玛丽心理扭曲和精神崩溃的导火索;第三章指出了在冷漠的社会文本和错误的自我系统的共同作用下,玛丽最终失去自我,渐渐分裂,最终沦为精神分裂的受害者,悲剧结束了她的生命。结论部分指出,人是社会的产物,只有当个人的心理发展与外部生存环境相融,与社会发展相平衡并不失去自我时,个体的人格发展才能得到完整与完善。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lue, Qian T1 - The Alienated Souls in Materialized World – Galsworthy’s >Forsyte< Image Analysis [物化世界下的异化心灵 - 高尔斯华绥作品中的>福尔赛<形象分析], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - This article regards Go the works for solicitor solicitor. By John Galsworthy was, who is a celebrated British realistic writer, as the research subjects, analyzes his group image The Forsyte, and then emerges the realistic critical spirit in Galsworthy works. There is a group of special images in. Galsworthy was a series of three novels >Forsyte Saga< and his short stories >The Apple Tree<, >The first and the Last<, and >Garth Fossett off Hard<, these images are selfish, callous and mercenary, they are the Forsytes, who can be represented by Soames in >The Man of Property<.– First of all, this article organizes and analyzes the background of reality, the origins of theory, and the directions of consciousness when Galsworthy created such images, indicates that the social historical reality in Britain during the late19th and the early 20thcentury is the soil to cultivate the Forsytes, while the critical tradition of realism is the cultural foundation of Galsworthy's authoring. Building the images by taunt and satire, Galsworthy reveals his desire and pursuit for the genuine emotions, such as beauty and goodness, by a series of images who are opposite of the Forsytes.– Not only that, this article will use the theories by Erich Fromm, who is the representative figure of Frankfurt School, in order to analyze the values of money, affection and the character mechanism, and also to interpret Galsworthy's callous repudiation to alienated humanity in the reified capitalist society. N2 - 本文选取了英国著名的现实主义作家约翰•高尔斯华绥的作品作为研究对象,对他笔下的群体性的人物形象>福尔赛<进行形象分析,从而揭示高尔斯华绥作品所具有的现实主义批判精神。在高尔斯华绥一生所创作的《福尔赛世家》三部曲、短篇小说《苹果树》、《在前的和在后的》、《斯•福赛特的脱难》等多部文学作品中,有一群特殊的群体。他们自私、冷酷、唯利是图,他们就是以《有产业的人》中的索米斯为代表的>福尔赛们<。文章首先梳理了高尔斯华绥在创作>福尔赛<形象时的现实背景、理论渊源和精神指向。指出19世纪末到20世纪初的英国独特的社会历史成为产生>福尔赛<的现实土壤,而现实主义反映丑恶现实的批判传统成为高尔斯华绥创作这一形象的文化底蕴。在充满嘲弄和讽刺地塑造这一形象的同时,高尔斯华绥旨在通过另一类与>福尔赛们<遥相对立的人物形象,表现自己对>美<和>善<等纯真情感的向往和追求。不仅如此,文章更要借助法兰克福学派的代表人物弗洛姆的相关理论,进一步对>福尔赛<形象的金钱观、感情观和性格类型进行逐一分析,解释高尔斯华绥的作品对物化的资本主义社会中这种异化的人性进行的无情批判。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Haihua T1 - Pursuit of Freedom and Fear of Freedom – Fromm’s Contemporary Interpretation of Freedom [追求自由与逃避自由 - 弗洛姆自由观当代解读], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 2012. N2 - Erich Fromm (1900–1980) was a famous western psychologist, philosopher, sociologist and ethicist in the 20th century. He is an important representative figure of psychoanalysis theory. In the course of combining the thoughts of Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx, he is considered one of the founding fathers of Freudian Marxism, so he is a disciple of Marxism, also the main representative of western Marxist Frankfurt's faction. His important works include >The Fear of Freedom< (1941), a book that treated all aspects of philosophy, psychology, sociology, ethics, religion and culture. In that book he stated his original view on freedom and the analyzed the internal reasons why modern people escape from freedom in accordance with humanitarianism. He explored the psychological basis and social factors by psychoanalysis, and then further explained the slavery and oppression of the capitalist system. He solved the question how to pursuit freedom, how to perfect social system and enhance democratic politics construction, and how to achieve real freedom by improving society construction and promoting people's development. This thesis is composed of three parts. The first part is an introduction of Fromm's life. It lays special stress on analyzing the theoretical sources and historical background of The Fear of Freedom, and objectively expounds Fromm's personal experiences which play an important role in forming his thought. In the days of ideology difference and value diversification, Western Marxism's freedom theory digs out some new problems for us on how to treat freedom issue in the course of the Socialist Primary Stage.– The second part mainly analyzes Fromm's freedom theory-pursuit of freedom and escape from freedom in book of the fear of freedom. From the angle of spirit, based on humanity, Fromm interprets men's survival of dual dimension and character structure, dissects the core content of men who pursuit or fear of freedom.– In the third part evaluates Fromm's freedom theory, including positive significance and defects. Marxist freedom theory is the fundamental guiding principle for our country, especially in the period of socialist construction. The essence and core content of freedom thought should be correctly fully aware of and be firmly set up. In real life, putting the theory into practice is extremely urgent, and it is also the most arduous point. [Author's translation] N2 - 埃里希.弗洛姆(1900—1980)是20世纪著名的哲学家、社会学家、心理学家和伦理学家。他既是精神分析学派的代表人物,又是西方马克思主义法兰克福学派社会批判理论的主要代表人物之一。弗洛姆是>弗洛伊德 主义马克思主义<的创始人之一,他不仅接受了弗洛伊德的思想;而且吸收了马克思主义思想。弗洛姆的著作涉及哲学、心理学、社会学、伦理学、宗教、文化等各个领域,但贯穿于他整个思想的精髓还是1941年发表的《逃避自由》一书。此书他站在人道主义立场阐述了人性异化,用精神分析法分析现代人逃避自由的心理因素和社会原因,揭露了资本主义制度对自由的奴役和束缚的本质。弗洛姆的自由观引导人们追求积极自由,通过完善社会制度和加强民主政治建设,建立健全的社会和健全的人来实现真正的自由。本文分为三部分:第一部分介绍弗洛姆的生平,尤其对《逃避自由》思想的理论渊源和历史背景进行详细的介绍和分析;并且从客观的角度探析弗洛姆生活的历史年代和个人经历对他的思想形成的重要作用;在思想多元化,价值多元化的时代,西方马克思主义自由观对我国社会主义初级阶段如何看待自由提出了新的问题。第二部分分析弗洛姆自由观的主要思想即《逃避自由》一书中的追求自由与逃避自由思想。弗洛姆自由思想的独特认识是以人性为基础从精神分析角度出发解读人生存的双重维度和人的性格结构并且对人追求与逃避自由的核心内容进行剖析。第三部分在掌握弗洛姆自由观精髓的基础上,正确评价弗洛姆自由观的积极意义和缺陷。取其精华去其糟粕,以马克思主义自由观来指导我们当前的自由思想和实践,力求树立正确的自由观,在现实中能够正确处理相关矛 盾,推动人的自由发展。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Lihui T1 - An Analysis of America's Next Top Model from the Perspective of Consumption Alienaton [从消费异化的角度解读《全美超模大赛》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Sichuan Universiy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Since the20thcentury, the assembly line brought by the technological progress has provided abundant goods. Consequently, the related unceasing possession and consumption have become the most dominating part of life and the main way of communication between the world and people. Scholars from Frankfurt School like Marcuse and Fromm have raised the idea of consumption alienation, which has been further developed by the Eco-Marxists, represented by Ben Agger. The consumption alienation gains the control of people, nature and society by creating false demands and the value system of signs and commercialize all to the consumptive object. Modern industry and technology have led to a new genre of media with world-wide popularity-the TV reality show. America's Next Top Model, one of the most popular reality shows in America, has set an example for the other similar shows. By eye -catching training on the models and stunning photo-shoot for advisement, America's Next Top Model makes every bit of effort to produce false needs and to assign meaning to the goods for the audience, which in turn leads to the identity crisis of the audience. Thus, the audience have unconsciously fallen into the circle of consumption alienation.– In the first part, the thesis analyzes the program from the perspective of false needs, in which the creating of false needs and consumption featured by blind conformity are elaborated.– The second part focuses on sign consumption in the program, which can be found in the living environment and fierce competition among the contestants.– In the third chapter, the identity crisis caused by consumption alienation is studied to a certain degree, which is represented by confusion in self-identity and construction of false identity.– Through the research, the thesis states that America's Next Top Model is a product of consumption alienation which should alarm audience. N2 - 20世纪以来,科技进步所带来的流水线生产模式为人们提供了丰裕的商品,而对商品的不断占有和消费也成为人们最主要的生活方式和与世界建构联系的主要手段,以马尔库塞、弗洛姆等人为代表的法兰克福学派和以本•阿格尔为代表的生态学马克思主义提出并发展了消费异化的理论。消费异化即是在生产力提高和生产方式变革形成大众消费集团之后,通过创造一种虚假需求以及符号价值体系,造成人的主体性构建危机,实现对人、自然和社会的控制,并将一切商品化成为消费客体。现代工业与技术的突飞猛进带来了一种新型的风靡全球的媒体形态——真人秀,美国著名真人秀节目《全美超模大赛》收视率在美国居高不下,它所创造的节目模式成为其他类似节目的典范。它通过夺人眼球的模特训练、广告拍摄等手段,竭力为受众制造购买商品的需求和意义,造成受众主体性构建危机,使受众不自觉地陷入消费异化的漩涡。本文首先从虚假需求的角度分析文本,指出其制造虚假需求及跟风消费的特点。第二部分从符号消费的角度解析此档节目,通过参赛选手的生活环境和比赛内容两方面揭示其赋予商品以符号意义。第三部分揭示其通过消费扭曲参赛者身份意识以达到消费对人的控制。本文试图从消费异化的角度分析《全美超模大赛》,证明其是消费异化的产物,以期警示观看者保持清醒的头脑,进行科学自然的消费。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guo, Wenchao T1 - Women's Freedom Tortured by Existence – Interpretation of the Doctrine of >Summer Bird Cage< [生存对女性自由的拷问 - 对《夏日鸟笼》的人本主义解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - >A Summer Bird-Cage< (1963) is the virginal novel of Margaret Drabble (b. 1939), the famous contemporary woman writer in Britain. In the novel, Drabble creates two different characters, Sarah and Louise. Though they are sisters, they vary from one another in life value and pursuit. Through the description of their discrepancies, Drabble uncovers the contemporary British women's predicament. Actually, A Summer Bird-Cage undertakes to reveal the true state of contemporary women, whether the women >in the cage< or >outside of the cage<, cannot escape from alienation and loneliness. Previous scholars and critics have done some research on the theories of alienation, freedom and love, for example, the well-known American humanistic psychologist and philosopher in the 20th century, Erich Fromm has made a profound study on them. Furthermore, several scholars and critics make studies on literary works based on the Fromm's theories. As for A Summer Bird-Cage, there are also a lot of studies on it since its publication, though more to be followed in the future, just as what the thesis intends to do. Based on these studies and enlightened by Fromm's theories, the thesis takes A Summer Bird-Cage as the object of study, trying to analyze the contemporary women's predicament in this novel from the aspects of alienation, freedom and love.– In terms of alienation, Drabble shows a panorama of women's dilemma in the contemporary society in A Summer Bird-Cage, and she studies the various conflicts brought about by the materialized society in the course of industrialization, elaborating that the western modern society is suffering from alienation without love. It follows that alienation as a common phenomenon has spread over each corner of the contemporary society.– As far as freedom is concerned, through the common predicament of both married and unmarried women in A Summer Bird-Cage, it reveals that freedom is double-edged as well as marriage. As for freedom, women pursue it, but too much freedom may not contribute to their predicament. As for marriage, it is not only a >cage< with bondage, but also a >bay< for women to escape from freedom. Freedom or marriage seems like a double-edged sword, torturing women's existence at times. Thus, facing freedom, are women supposed to go after it or escape from it? They are at a loss.– As for love, it is the theme running through A Summer Bird- Cage. Fromm has made a profound study on love in contemporary society, and he makes a conclusion that people's alienation and fear of freedom originate from lacking of love. In the novel, both Sarah and Louise don't have the proper understanding of love. Moreover, they live a life without love. All these result in their predicament. Consequently, it may safely be concluded that, >Love is the answer to the problem of human existence< (Fromm 1956: 7). And love can be the satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence. While, as for the dilemma brought about by the modern civilization, Drabble fails to point out a way-out, and she lacks the courage to overthrow the alienated and male-dominated society.– However, the open ending of the novel also hints that Drabble may see a pin point light penetrating darkness and a ray of hope beyond despair. The greatness of Margaret Drabble lies in the fact that her works reflect women's social predicament vividly and truly. To a certain degree, Drabble's A Summer Bird-Cage provides with an access to the knowable community by depicting the women intellectuals' life in the contemporary society. Essentially, love is only regarded as a struggle for the women, particularly when their existence is threatened. N2 - 《夏日鸟笼》(1963)是英国当代女性作家玛格丽特•德拉布尔的首部小说。在这部小说中,德拉布尔塑造了两个截然不同的姐妹——萨拉和路易斯。通过描写她们对人生的不同感悟和追求,折射出了当代英国女性的生存困境。《夏日鸟笼》实际上揭示了当代英国女性的真实境遇,无论是>笼中鸟<还是>空中雀<,最终都摆脱不了精神上的异化和心灵上的孤独。学术界对人类异化,自由,爱的研究由来已久,如美国二十世纪著名人本主义心理学家、哲学家埃里希•弗洛姆,曾对异化等问题作出较为深刻的研究。而且,也有学者和批评家运用弗洛姆的相关理论对文学文本进行分析。同时,《夏日鸟笼》自出版以来也广受学者和批评家的关注。在此基础之上,本文以《夏日鸟笼》为研究对象,运用弗洛姆相关理论,从异化、自由、爱三个角度,对小说中当代女性的生存困境进行探讨和剖析。关于异化,在《夏日鸟笼》中,德拉布尔通过向读者展示当代社会中女性生存困境的图景,解释了资本主义工业文明在发展的过程中所产生的种种矛盾,阐明了彻底物化了的当今西方社会,已经失去了爱的滋生土壤,演化为一个全面异化的世界。异化,已经作为一种普遍现象,遍及当代西方社会的每一个角落。关于自由,《夏日鸟笼》中的已婚女性和未婚女性的共同困境,昭示了自由如同婚姻一样,是一把双刃剑,过度的自由会加重女性的生存困境,从而对自由产生恐惧并避而远之。同样,婚姻对女性而言,既是束缚自由的鸟笼,又是逃避自由的港湾,它也像一把双刃剑,时刻拷问着女性的生存状态。面对自由,抑或追求,抑或恐惧,女性不知所措。关于爱,这是贯穿《夏日鸟笼》的主题。埃里希•弗洛姆曾经对当代社会中的>爱<做出深入的分析,剖析了当代社会因为缺乏爱而存在的异化问题以及人们对自由的恐惧。小说中的女性角色也正是因为缺乏爱而陷入生存的困境。因此,只有>爱,是对人类生存问题的回答<。(弗洛姆1956:7)爱,可以是解决人类生存问题的较为满意的答案。在小说中,对于现代工业文明给女性带来的种种困境,德拉布尔未能指出一条出路。然而,《夏日鸟笼》开放式的结尾暗示了德拉布尔从黑暗中看到了一丝光明,又或从绝望中看到了一丝希望。《夏日鸟笼》这部作品的价值在于:小说不仅真实生动地描写了当代西方社会女性的生存困境;从某种程度上讲,通过对当代西方社会知识女性的刻画,德拉布尔的《夏日鸟笼》还为读者指明了一条通往可知群体的可行之路。本质上,对于小说中的女性来讲,爱只能被看做是一种挣扎,尤其是当她们的生存受到威胁之时。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Du, Haiwei T1 - Analysis on the Thought of Fromm's >Escape from Freedom< [解析弗洛姆的>逃避自由<思想], Master thesis Foreign Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2012. N2 - >Escape from the freedom< is the core of Fromm’s academic system. The main content of >escape from the freedom< contains following five aspects.– At first, the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom forms in human history. As human get rid of natural bondage, our ability of using reason to control natural is stronger and stronger, the Degree, etc of our freedom seem to higher and higher. At the same time, individual’s loneliness, anxiety and insecurity have been deepened. When human history came into the capitalist society, the contradiction reached incompatible limit, and society appeared the psychological tendency of escaping freedom and giving up themselves. Investigate the cause of phenomenon, because, in the whole course of human history, human only realize negative freedom of getting rid of external bondage, people want to escape negative freedom of full of internal contradiction, and realize positive freedom.– Secondly, the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom results in three escaping forms, namely the authoritarianism, desire of destruction and automatic adaptability. These forms are different ways, but giving up individual integrity is their common feature, people is trying to setup some new relationship between themselves and others or organization, so as to get rid of insufferable loneliness and insecurity. But because of the rational mature, human have already known that they are independent, so people only just take various ways to evade the problem but not really solve the problem.– Thirdly, the phenomenon of escaping freedom also has special social reason. As individuation and loneliness increase together, the inner contradiction of negative freedom gets the maximum in capitalist society, the reason is that aspects of social alienation produce, including economy, politics and culture etc. And, alienation of economic life leads to entrepreneurs, senior white-collar workers and workers become gears of a big economic machine; Democratic election is only a meaningless term. Voters are fooled dolls, and those candidates are also used tools by big corporations; In cultural life, no matter family education, school education or social education, we just know the official facts and knowledge according with some political ideology and social moral needs, we are molded into a kind of people, not the unique personal.– Fourthly, to eliminate alienation, realize positive freedom, we will work hard to achieve overall revolution in individual and society; as for individual, to learn to love and creative work. Inner qualities of loving contain giving, care, respect, understanding and responsibility, love is the psychological foundation to realize positive freedom. Creative work is to make the job itself into a demand. The realization of the positive freedom also needs social revolution to do guarantee. In short, social revolution is to establish a new democratic socialism country that people become important participants and managers of national economic life, guarantee the people’s democratic rights, and make the people become the nation’s true master, at the same time, attempt to establish the human harmony cultural system.– Finally, the >escape from the freedom< thought has important theoretical value. It reveals the essence of alienation, explores a new way of researching freedom and saves the individual’s value. At the same time, it’s able to help us to reflect on modern materialistic society life and improve our mental consciousness. But the theory also has some limitations, it don’t see the fundamental economic cause of the phenomenon of >escape from freedom<, the method that he attempts to achieve positive freedom though changing individual’s thought is worth weighing deliberately, and Fromm’s some measures of changing social haven’t feasibility. N2 - >逃避自由<思想是埃里希.弗洛姆学术思想体系的核心部分。>逃避自由<思想蕴含着如下五方面的主要内容。第一,逃避自由心理机制在人类历史进程中形成。人类逐步摆脱自然的束缚,运用理智支配自然的能力也越来越强,我们获得自由的程度似乎越来越高了,但与此同时,个体的孤独感、焦虑感与不安全感也随之加深。当人类历史发展到资本主义社会时,这两者之间的矛盾达到了不可调和的极限,于是在社会中就形成了放弃自我、逃避自由的心理倾向。究其原因是由于到目前为止,人类历史进程中所形成的社会体制和文化帮助人类实现的都是摆脱外在束缚的消极自由,人们要逃避的正是这种充满内在矛盾的消极自由,而不是人们理想的以自我实现为目的本身的积极自由。第二,逃避自由的心理机制主要有三种表现形式,即权威主义、破坏欲和自动适应。这三种逃避形式尽管所采用的具体方式不尽相同,但从总体上来说,都带有放弃自我和个体完整性的特征,都是企图使自己与他人或组织建立某种新的联系,以此来摆脱无法忍受的孤独感与不安全感。可是由于人理性的成熟,早已深知我们是独立的个体,所以人们选择逃避自由的种种方式只是暂时的回避问题,而没有真正的解决问题。第三,逃避自由现象的产生也有其特定的社会根源。个体化与孤独感并增的消极自由的内在矛盾之所以会在资本主义制度下达到极限,促使人们通过各种方式逃避自由,原因就在于资本主义社会在经济生活、政治生活和文化生活等社会方方面面异化现象的产生,导致了无论是企业主、高级的白领工人还是底层工人都沦为经济这一大机器的齿轮,被>资本<和>利益<所奴使;民主选举成为华而不实的空话,选民是被蒙蔽、被愚弄的玩偶,而那些候选人们也不过是背后支持他们的大财团所利用的工具而已;在文化生活中,无论是家庭教育、学校教育还是社会教育,我们所能了解的基本上都是符合一定政治形态发展需要的官方事实和知识,被灌输的也都是符合主流意识形态和社会道德要求的思想观念,我们最终只能被塑造成特定文化模式下所需要的一类人,而非独一无二的个人。第四,要彻底的消除异化,实现积极的自由,就要努力实现个人与社会的同时变革。就个体而言要学会爱与创造性工作。爱是可以被培养的内在能力,给予、关怀、尊重、理解和责任感是爱的关键要素,爱是实现积极自由的社会心理基础;创造性工作则是要使工作本身不再是维持生存的手段,而是保障自我得以实现的需求。积极自由的实现更需要社会在经济、政治和文化方面的变革做保障。从总体上来说,就是要建立使人民成为国家经济生活的重要参与者和管理者,切实保障人民的民主权利,使人民成为国家的真正主人,同时在文化上企图建立和谐一致的人类文化体系的新型民主社会主义国家。最后,>逃避自由<思想在揭露异化本质、探讨自由新途径及肯定人的价值方面具有重要的理论意义。同时也有助于现代人更好的反省物欲横流的社会生活和提高精神觉悟。但这一思想也有一定的理论局限性,它没有看到>逃避自由<现象背后的根本原因不是心里原因而是经济原因,企图用人的思想的改变来实现积极自由的方法也很值得推敲,以及弗洛姆构想的>健全社会<在政治、经济和文化等方面的变革措施具有一定的空想性和难以践行性。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cheng, Aiai T1 - Fromm's Theory of Social Unconsciousness [述评弗洛姆的社会无意识理论], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2012. N2 - Fromm is an important contemporary Western philosopher, psychologist and sociologist. His theory of social unconsciousness analyses deeply the nature, causes and operating mechanism of the social unconsciousness, and the way of revealing the social unconsciousness. In doing this it unveils the mystery of the social unconsciousness. It is of great significance for us to understand this theory. Fromm’s theory of social unconsciousness is based on Freud’s theory of individual unconsciousness and the Marxist doctrine of social existence and social consciousness. He treats Freud’s theory of individual unconsciousness as an intermediate step of interaction between social existence and social consciousness according to the Marxist doctrine, thus complementing the Marxist theory. At the same time, He transforms Freud’s theory of individual unconsciousness into the theory of social unconsciousness with the help of Marxist social theory. It is through this creative comprehension that Fromm creates his own theory of social unconsciousness.– Fromm gives a detailed explanation on those many issues involved in the theory of social unconsciousness. In his view, the social unconsciousness is same for most members of a society, repressing or unperceiving certain mental content. The core of the social unconsciousness is depression, the psychological roots of fear. It is the fear of certain objects that lead people to repress some inner experience. The operation of the social depression is carried out by three kinds of >social filter<, that is, of the language, logic, and social taboos, which depress certain mental contents into unconsciousness that can’t go through the filters. However, the social repression itself will lead to the false social consciousness, and it is the social unconsciousness that represents the more complete humanity, so that only can the transformation of social unconsciousness into consciousness achieve the >common goal of human nature<.– Therefore, we must remove the depression. The specific method is to intuit unconsciousness through the emotional experience of individuals, as well as to criticize the >false consciousness< through the humanitarian social criticism. Only in this way can people become complete and free, and can the society become sound. Fromm’s theory of social unconsciousness has some important theoretical contributions, for it enriches and integrates the doctrine of Marx and Freud, and provides reasonable argument for the social reforms and feasible recommendations to solve the problems of the contemporary social problems. But it also has some important theoretical defects, for Fromm’s understanding of Marx is distorted and Freudianism, and it is unrealistic of his humanitarian standpoint, the presumption of >common goal of human nature<, and the doctrine of >psychological revolution<. Finally, Fromm’s theory of social unconsciousness has important implications for contemporary Chinese society. It is revelation that we must unswervingly adhere to the road of Marxism in China, to social reform, and to the socialist spiritual civilization and socio-cultural construction. Only in this way can we truly build a harmonious society. N2 - 弗洛姆是当代西方重要的哲学家、心理学家和社会学家,他的社会无意识理论深入分析了社会无意识的性质、产生根源、发生机制、运行机制以及揭示无意识的途径,为我们揭开了社会无意识的神秘面纱,对于我们认识社会无意识有着十分重要的意义。弗洛姆的社会无意识理论是以弗洛伊德的个人无意识理论和马克思关于社会存在与社会意识的关系的学说为理论基础的。他将弗洛伊德的无意识视作马克思的社会存在与社会意识相互作用时所需要的一个中间环节,从而补充了马克思的理论;同时又用马克思的社会理论将弗洛伊德的个人无意识改造为社会无意识。正是通过这种创造性的综合,弗洛姆创建了自己的社会无意识理论。弗洛姆对社会无意识理论所涉及到的诸多问题给予了细致的解释。在他看来,社会无意识就是对大多数社会成员相同的、对某些心理内容的压抑或未觉察状态,其中压抑乃是社会无意识的核心。这种压抑的心理根源是恐惧,正是由于对某些对象的恐惧导致了人们对某些内在经验的压抑。而社会压抑的具体运行,则是通过语言、逻辑和社会禁忌这三种>社会过滤器<来进行的,它们将某些不能通过过滤的内容压抑在无意识状态。但是,社会压抑本身会导致社会意识的虚假性,而且社会无意识才代表着更加完整的人性,因此只有使社会无意识转变为意识,才能实现>普遍的人性的目标<,因此必须要解除压抑。具体的方法就是通过个人的情感体验去直观无意识、以及通过人道主义的社会批判对>虚假的意识<进行批判。只有这样,人才能变得完整、自由,社会才能变得健全。弗洛姆的社会无意识理论有着重要的理论贡献,它丰富和综合了马克思和弗洛伊德的思想,为社会改革提供了合理化论证,并为解决当代社会的各种问题提供了一定的可行性建议。但它也有着重要的理论缺陷,弗洛姆对马克思的理解是歪曲的、弗洛伊德化了的,他的人道主义立场、>普遍的人性的目标<的预设以及>心理革命<说都是不切实际的。最后,弗洛姆的社会无意识理论对于当代中国社会有着重要的启示意义,它启示我们必须坚定不移地坚持马克思主义中国化的道路、坚持社会改革、坚持社会主义精神文明和社会文化建设,只有这样,才能真正建立起一个和谐的社会。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Chaoyan T1 - The Escape and Pursuit of Freedom. >Play It As It Lays< Psychological Analysis [自由的逃避与追求 -《顺其自然》的心理学分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art] . N2 - Joan Didion, entering the literary field in the1960's, has achieved great success in contemporary American Literature. Of Her works covers fiction with non-fiction and scriptwriting. Play It As it Lays depicts the social scenario and of America in the1960's and portrays especially the subsistent and psychological status of the female character Maria. It is for this reason that this novel becomes a symbol for the contemporary American society. This novel centers upon the process of Maria's psychological development, displaying the commonplace sense of people's insecurity and anxiety at that time, though they enjoy the abundant material pleasures. Living in the1960's, Maria takes on unconsciously all those features of that time, but only finds disappointment in the mechanism of how people think and behave. She feels more and more alienated and powerless in that world, which leads her to the midst of void.– In this thesis, the social-psychological theories by Erich Fromm are applied to analyze Maria's psychological development in the postmodern society. The theoretical framework, with >freedom< as its core conception, is intended to analyze the meaning of freedom to modern man as well as the reasons why people want to escape passive freedom and then point out the path to positive freedom. Maria's psychological status can be divided into two periods: the escape of passive freedom and the pursuit of positive freedom. Maria has experienced the disillusionment of the simulated Hollywood, wanting to escape the freedom that is gained through material pleasures and to pursue her individual freedom. The actions that Maria takes to escape the passive aspect of freedom almost end up with her self-destruction. For Maria, the three mechanisms of escape brought up by Fromm, namely, authoritarianism, destructiveness and automaton conformity, are all attempted by her unconsciously. However, by adopting these three escape mechanisms, Maria feels more isolated and anxious than ever. As a matter of fact, she doesn't want to perform as a part of this big machine called capitalism at the cost of losing herself. That's why she is defined by the society as a neurotic and ends up in neuropsychiatric hospital. Then Maria is on her way to freedom in a positive sense, which is realized through spontaneous love and work. The fact is that, in this novel, we only see the tendency and attempts of Maria's spontaneous activities as an individual self.– The spontaneity proposed by Fromm doesn't necessarily lead to any tangible results, but the willingness of individual to fully realize his true self. Through all the spontaneous activities mentioned above, Maria sets off on her way to freedom and salvation. N2 - 琼•迪迪恩,20世纪60年代步入文坛。她在文学创作上成绩斐然,在美国当代文学中地位显赫,并在小说、非小说及剧本写作上都颇有成就。迪迪恩的代表作《顺其自然》以独特的笔触描述了美国六十年代的社会图景,对生活在其中的女主人公玛利亚的生存状况和心理状况做了细致和深入的刻画,因而成为美国当代社会一个缩影。小说着力于描写玛利亚的心理发展历程,展现了后现代社会中人们物质生活充裕却又极度不安和焦虑的现状。她游离于社会和自我的边缘,无力地思考和行动,最终导致了精神崩溃。本文以弗洛姆的社会心理学为文本分析的框架,以>自由<为核心,以全新的视角诠释玛利亚的心理形成诱因和发展过程,以期能揭示现代人所处的>自由<的困境,并对此提出可供参考的解决方法。本文第一章介绍了该小说的研究现状、弗洛姆的理论框架以及本论文的结构。第二章叙述了玛利亚生活的时代背景,指出社会对于其生活方式和思想的影响,以及她对自由的渴求。第三章用弗洛姆的三种逃避自由的方式来分析玛利亚身处消极的自由中如何摆脱精神上的无力和不安。第一种是通过屈从于权威来摆脱孤独感;第二种是通过破坏自我去毁灭外在世界以摆脱外在的威胁;第三种是通过机械的自动适应来克服自身的软弱无力感。但是,这三种方式并没有使玛利亚摆脱困境,获得自由。第四章从积极自由的角度来反观玛利亚的心理发展历程,论证相对于其他人而言,她是小说总唯一一个追求积极自由的人。弗洛姆认为积极的自由应该是自发地去爱和工作,玛利亚就是这么选择的,坚持按自己的方式去生活。第五章是结论部分,通过对玛利亚心理发展过程的分析,揭示了一个身处后现代社会的女性如何面对自由困境问题并追求内心的自由。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Dandan T1 - Research on the Ethics of Love of Erich Fromm [弗洛姆爱的伦理思想研究], Master thesis, Ethics, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2012. N2 - As a famous philosopher, sociologist and psychiatrist, Erich Fromm devoted his life to the research on human beings, or more accurately, on how to achieve happiness. In modern society, human beings are satisfied with the fast development of science, technology and growing abundance in material things. However, human beings have neglected their spiritual world. This imbalance will not lead to real happiness. The ethic of love in Fromm embodies deeper meaning in happiness and even higher right for personal development. Happiness, according to Fromm, can be achieved through personal endeavor and practice. It goes without saying that real happiness originates from love. This paper will have a summary of Fromm’s ethics theory after a thorough reading and understanding of his relevant books.– We will attach more importance on deeper understanding of his books on related topics and hope to use this as the theoretical basis for this paper. Fromm’s ethics of love includes the theory and the practice of love. The former serves as the kernel in guiding the practice of love which constitutes the connotation, elements, and object of love. The systematic and objective analysis will enrich and accumulate our knowledge of love, but also direct us to our inner feelings. For the practice of love, Fromm believes the best way is to practice in person. Everyone is unique, and thus has his unique way to practice love. The purpose of love is the same – boosting its development. There are all kinds of love in our life, such as love from parents, lovers or even our selves. The origin of Fromm’s ethics on love must stem from his real life experience. Therefore, this paper aims to unfold a real Fromm and show a record of his emotional life which will provoke our reflections. Meanwhile, Fromm’s ideological system provides not only the theoretical basis for love but also an effective way to practice love. Fromm’s love ethics is a good remedy for reconstructing our spiritual world. In this world, love will help us stay away from loneliness and deception and contribute to establish a harmonious and complete entity. N2 - 作为西方著名的哲学家、社会学家、心理学家的弗洛姆以其自身真实生活和经历为出发点和原动力,运用精微的观察力和深刻的思辨力致力于对人的爱的研究,更确切地说他的思想最终是希望人们获得幸福。现代社会中人们收获于科技飞速发展和物质日益富足的成功感,而渐渐忽视了对人的精神世界的关心和爱护,人的这种失衡的发展和追求并不是通往真正幸福的道路。弗洛姆爱的伦理思想则赋予了幸福更深层的含义,更是赋予了人更高的权利,真正的幸福是个体可以通过自身主动的努力和实践而获得的,即真正的幸福是从爱开始的。弗洛姆爱的伦理思想源于对生活在一定历史时期人的全面发展进行思索与探究,经历了两次世界大战的洗礼以及饱受资本主义经济兴衰的摧残,人们的身心和发展受到重创并导致人的生存问题的出现,弗洛姆揭示这是由于人们对爱的缺失造成的,爱的缺失不仅影响人自身的发展还制约了人与社会的和谐相融。那么,要解决现实的问题,强大的理论支撑是必不可少的,本文通过对弗洛伊德的精神分析理论、马克思的社会分析理论以及宗教的信仰之爱的剖析,揭示弗洛姆爱的伦理思想的理论渊源。在此基础上对弗洛姆的经典著作进行爱的思想的梳理和阐述,论述了弗洛姆爱的思想的核心内容,即爱的理论、爱的行动与意志、爱的评析三部分,爱的理论是指导实践的核心。对于爱的实践,弗洛姆强调除了身体力行去实践外没有更好的办法,爱的意志与行动是实现爱的有效途径,每个人都是独一无二的个体,也应具有各自不同的实践爱的方式,但爱的最终目的却都是促其发展。语言轻松而又易于被人接受是弗洛姆爱的伦理思想特色之一,不仅如此,缜密的思维与清晰的逻辑及巧妙地将弗洛伊德与马克思的思想理论结合,这些都是弗洛姆爱的伦理思想的特色。任何一个理论都有其不完善的地方,弗洛姆爱的思想亦是如此,应客观理性地看待弗洛姆爱的伦理思想的局限性,做到去其糟博取其精华。通过对现代人情感现状中爱的分析,揭示现代人爱的问题,并以此引起现代人对自身爱的反思。反思的目的是为了发现问题和解决问题,通过对弗洛姆爱的伦理思想的研究,力图为指导现代人认识爱、实践爱提供有效途径,鼓励个体自身通过理论与实践的学习和研究获得爱、创造爱,并以此丰富现代人的精神家园——爱的建设,最终实现人与人、人与社会的和谐相融。弗洛姆爱的伦理思想展现了一个淳朴而又富有深刻意义的爱的体系,它充分肯定了人的主动性,宣扬了爱的生命意义,改变了以往人们对爱的理解,赋予人们一次爱的革命。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Juan T1 - The Essence of Love in >Thirst of Love< [论《爱的饥渴》中爱的真相], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2012.[application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - Love hungry Yukio Mishima in the second year after the published works of epoch >Mask of the confession<, Showa twenty-five years, another a novel. This novel broke free from the fetters of the social environment and the secular elements, is a reflection of human nature to focus on the personal inner works. The main content of the works for the hero from beginning to end in the pursuit of love, and eventually shift her love and with her love of the people implicated in the destruction. Hero Etsuko lack of moral and ethical concepts, her tireless search for love, even at the expense of the lives of others. Of Mishima Yukio popular for social ethical taken a negative attitude, he has been promoting a moral and ethical anti said. Hunger Mishima his unique moral ethics based on the novel creation into. Etsuko Isles >If you do not love someone, you must be in love with another person, If you love someone, then there must not love others< theory practice was very thorough. She accepted a civilized society, education, modern civilized man. But at the same time, she has continued to violate the secular moral ethics, and the pursuit of love and happiness they want. Ethical and loving relationships is constantly developing and changing, and it is extremely complex, Mishima create such a seemingly contradictory figures clearly its purpose. The three men depicted in the novel Etsuko relationship was set up in a different form and meaning of love. >Love< is the main theme of the novel, is to unite the feelings of the root causes of conflicts. Hunger >love< What is it, and why it has driven people the power to kill it. This paper will borrow Erich Fromm expounded the theory of love to explore the protagonist of >love< the true face of the date and murder reason. Papers constitute the main five sections, respectively, is the form of the >love<, >character's internal conflict<, >moral loss<, >love of truth< and >hunger lion<, this article will to explore the truth of this five-part love.– The first part of the paper >morphology of love< will mainly analyze the relationship between the heroine and three men discussed the survival of the state of the relationship between nature and Etsuko. – The second part of the character's internal conflict will be the hero, and the three men's relationship-based, and explore the contradictions between the hero's own internal contradictions and personal matter.– The third part of the >moral loss< morality as a hero of the lack of moral and ethical world exposition center.– The fourth part is to clarify the relationship of love and morality, and Etsuko love nature and love of truth.– The fifth part is the Comparative Study of Mishima another work >Lion< and >Love Hunger<, and further demonstrated the essence of the >hunger love<. N2 - 爱的饥渴》是三岛由纪夫在发表划时期作品《假面的告白》后的第二年,即昭和二十五年发表的另外一篇长篇小说。这篇小说挣脱了社会环境和世俗要素的羁绊,是一篇反映以人性为重点的个人内心的作品。作品中的主要内容为,主人公自始至终在追求爱,最终却将她自己的爱及同她的爱所牵连的人们所毁灭。主人公悦子是个欠缺道德伦理观念的人,她孜孜不倦地追寻着爱,甚至不惜牺牲他人的生命。作者三岛由纪夫对于社会通俗道德伦理采取的是否定的态度,他一直在提倡一种反说的道德伦理。《爱的饥渴》可以说是三岛以他独特的道德伦理观为基础而创作成的小说。悦子将三岛的>人如果不爱某个人,那么必定爱着另外一个人,如果爱着某个人,那么必定不爱其他人<这一理论实践得非常彻底。她接受着文明社会的教育,是现代文明人。但与此同时,她却不断违反世俗的道德伦理,追求着自己想要的爱和幸福。道德伦理与爱的关系是在不断发展变化着的,也是极其复杂的,三岛创作出这样一个看起来矛盾重重的人物显然是有其目的的。小说中描写的悦子同三位男性的关系是以不同形式及意义的爱成立起来的。>爱<是这部小说的主旋律,是诸种感情的矛盾的根源。那么《爱的饥渴》中的>爱<是什么呢,它为什么会拥有驱使人杀人的力量呢。这篇论文将借用艾里希•弗洛姆所阐述的爱的理论来探求小说主人公的>爱<的真面日和杀人原因。论文构成主要有五个部分,分别是>爱的形态<、>人物的内部冲突<、>道德的丧失<、>爱的真相<以及《爱的饥渴》与《狮子》,本文将用这五部分对爱的真相进行探寻。论文第一部分的>爱的形态<中将主要分析女主人公和三位男性的关系,论述这些关系之间的本质和悦子的生存状态。第二部分的>人物的内部冲突<将以主人公和三位男性的关系为基础,探求主人公自身的内部矛盾和个人物之间的矛盾。第三部分的>道德的丧失<以道德为中心论述主人公道德伦理欠缺的世界。第四部分则将阐明爱与道德的关系以及悦子的爱的本质及爱的真相。第五部分则是三岛的另外一部作品《狮子》和《爱的饥渴》的比较研究,进一步论证《爱的饥渴》中>爱<的本质。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sun, Wenyun T1 - The Aesthetic Look of Death [对死亡的美学注视], Master thesis, Literary Theory, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 死亡的美可以分为死亡本身特征的美和面向死亡的生命之美。本文从死亡与美的关系入手,概括中西方从古至今对死亡本质的认识,发现死亡具有超验性,在未体验过死亡之前很难探讨死亡。但正如海德格尔所说,每个活着的人都无法逃避死亡,文章从宗教、哲学、伦理等角度分析他们各自对死亡的阐释。发现宗教,伦理角度将死亡问题转化为死亡的结果,或者死亡的价值问题,从某种意义上回避了对死亡本质的解释。理性主义者在使用线性真理试图解释死亡时却自身陷入了绝对、极限也是封闭的矛盾。美学通过对死亡全过程的注视和模拟,从某种意义上使死亡得到了纾缓,将>不可逆转的时间<转化为>不可改变的时间<,在整个文化系统层面上将死亡转变成生命。因此,美学能够对死亡起到必不可少的作用。前人对死亡美的研究实质上多是研究面向死亡的生命之美,因为关涉死亡的艺术文本中痛苦、激情等主要还是强调人的精神自由,如浪漫主义、荒诞派等。哥特艺术排斥一切人的主观情感,执念于死亡的过程,精神上有封闭性、物化、范式等特征,同时在形式上有一定的美学价值。因此,将后者归为死亡本身的美,而前者作为面向死亡所激发的生命之美。死亡本身的美一章中,围绕>谦卑<、>执念<、>范式<几个美学特征来阐释,并以弗罗姆等人的心理分析为参照,说明这种美因软弱以及追求极致造成,并分析它与自卑、典型等概念的些微联系。在客观承认其局限美的前提下,指出其>物化<自身的危险。面向死亡的生命之美从生存论角度以人的情感线索展开,从最初意识到死亡之>惊<,到>痛苦<,然后对痛苦有些人会>沉论<,另一部分是行动,行动中又分为出声的呐喊、>反抗<,和内在反思的>沉默<。文章将中西方文学史中的不同形象、事件按照此情感类型划分,并且区分每种情感类型的内在心理机制,试图表现各个阶段中人的生命与死亡间的巨大张力。 N2 - Beauty of death can be classified as the beauty of death itself and the beauty of life facing death. This article started from the relationship between Beauty and Death. By summarizing the nature of death from ancient times to the present, the transcendence of death was found, and it was impossible to clarify death while outside it. But as Martin Heidegger said, each of the living could not escape death, this article analyzed death from the perspective of religion, philosophy, ethics. Religion and ethics both turned the question of the nature of death to the goodness or result of death, while philosophy fell into the contradiction pursuiting the truth. Aesthetic, through the gaze and analog of the entire process of becoming dead, in a sense, relieved the sadness of death, transformed >the irreversible time< to >the unchangeable time<, so that death became life in cultural system. Thus, Aesthetics could play important part in death problem. The previous study on the beauty of death was essentially the beauty of life, because the core spirit of the text concerned with death, such as pain, passion mainly emphasized man's freedom, for example, Romanticism and the Absurd. While Gothic Art tended to exclude subjective feelings and focus on the process of death, which had limited esthetics value in the form. Therefore, the latter should be classified as beauty of death itself, and the former beauty of life facing death. The chapter of beauty of death itself would be explained by analyzing these aesthetic features: >humble<, >obsession< and >paradigm<. And references to psychological analysis of Fromm, this chapter would explain the cause of this kind of beauty, which is mentally week and the pursuit of the ultimate, then analyze the relations between them with >Inferiority< and >Model<. Under the premise of acknowledging objectively its formal beauty, this chapter also pointed out the danger of becoming death themselves. The chapter of beauty of life facing death unfolded as a string of feelings from the existentialism perspective. In the beginning, man realized the existing of his very own death, he felt >shock<. >Shock< quickly became >pain< or angst. In pain, some chose to go down and do nothing, some stood up against the painful state. In this part, it could be classified as the >Resist and Silence<. Different characters and stories were divided into different kinds of feelings, and the inner psychological mechanisms of these different kinds were also explained. So the severe tension of life and death might appear. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tian, Yanmei T1 - An Inquiry into Fromm's Human Thought [弗洛姆人学思想探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2012. N2 - 在提倡>以人为本<的今天,人学理论得到了越来越多人的关注。弗洛姆作为人道主义精神分析学派的创始人,二十世纪最有影响力的学者之一,在国内外享有盛誉。其有关人及人性等人学的思想理论更是因其独特的研究视角和魅力,在人学理论界长盛不衰。本文主要围绕弗洛姆人学思想的来源、弗洛姆人学思想的内容以及弗洛姆思想在理论和现实方面的研究意义三个方面进行论述,力求从总体上将弗洛姆的人学思想呈现出来,以期达到人们对弗洛姆人学理论更全面、更深层次的理解,辩证分析其思想的理论价值和不足之处,进而带给人们更有启示性的思考。第一部分:主要论述了弗洛姆人学思想的理论来源。弗洛姆思想是建立在对马克思和弗洛伊德思想批判和继承的基础之上的。因此,在时代的影响下,弗洛姆一方面吸取了弗洛伊德的思想,另一方面又深受马克思主义思想的吸引。他试图将弗洛伊德的心理分析学说与马克思的社会批判理论进行结合,而弗洛伊德理论与马克思理论在思想基础和研究方法上的共同性使得弗洛姆将二者思想进行综合成为了可能。第二部分:主要论述了弗洛姆人学思想的主要内容。作为一位社会哲学家,人一直是弗洛姆关注和研究的中心问题,也是其人学思想赖以建立的重要前提。弗洛姆以独特的视角对人以及人性进行了深入剖析,并提出了他的多层次的总体人性论思想;西方资本主义社会普遍的精神危机和社会危机暴露了资本主义社会的内部矛盾。弗洛姆以犀利的眼光对资本主义社会进行审视,揭露了资本主义社会痼疾的根源在于异化。为寻求西方社会的出路,弗洛姆提出了全面消除人的异化,实现人的全面发展的人道主义社会的构想;弗洛姆关注人的心灵活动在社会生产和生活中的重要作用,对人的心理活动作了深入探索,将弗洛伊德的个体心理分析理论与马克思的社会批判理论相结合,提出了新的社会心理学的范畴:社会性格、社会无意识、社会自恋等,并将其运用到对资本主义社会现实的分析中,是心理学上的重要创见。第三部分:主要论述了弗洛姆人学思想的意义。弗洛姆注意从生理、心理、历史等多角度对人性进行分析,建立了他的多层次的总体人性论思想。但他未真正从社会生产方式、社会关系的角度对人性进行深入剖析,未能摆脱抽象人性论的束缚;弗洛姆以人性论为基础,揭示了资本主义社会的异化根源,并提出了建立人道主义社会的构想。但由于对阶级性的忽视,对宏观革命的忽视,这种构想只能是一种人道主义的乌托邦;弗洛姆注重心理因素在社会生产中的作用,但由于对马克思主义实践观的缺失,仅从社会心理层面对人性及人的生存方式进行分析,从某种程度来讲是片面的、不科学的。 N2 - In the >people-oriented< today, human theory has got more and more attention. Fromm as the founder of the school of the humanitarian spirit analysis in twentieth Century and one of the most influential scholars, renowned at home and abroad. His theory about human and human nature are longevity in theory circles because of his unique research perspective and charm. This article mainly revolves around the sources of the theory of Fromm's human thought, the academic performance of the theory of Fromm's human thought and the significance in theory and practice of the theory of Fromm's human thought to carry on the elaboration and strive to show the theory of Fromm's human thought overall. It can make people achieve a understanding of more comprehensive and deeper to the theory of Fromm's human thought and so as to bring people more enlightening reflections. - The first part mainly discusses the origin of Fromm's human thought of theory. Fromm's thought is based on the criticizing and inheriting to Marx's and Freud's thought. Therefore, under the influence of the times, on the one hand, Fromm critically inherited Freud's thought, On the other hand, he was deeply attracted by Marx's thought. He tried to combine Freud's psychoanalytic theory with Marx's theory of social criticism, and the common of the ideological basis and the study method of the Freud's theory and Marx's theory led Fromm to integrate the two ideas is possible.– The second part mainly discusses the main content of Fromm's theory. Fromm as a social philosopher, human has not only been the center issue of his focus and study, but also the important premise of his human theory upon which to build. Fromm carried on a thorough analysis on the human and the nature with an unique perspective, and put forward his theory of overall human nature of multiple levels; the universal spiritual crisis and social crisis of the western capitalist society have exposed the internal contradiction of capitalist society. Fromm with a sharp eye surveyed the capitalist social, uncovered the root of the capitalist social ills is alienation. In order to seek the Outlet for Western society, Fromm put forward the humanitarian society conception of total elimination to alienation, and all-round development of human; Fromm pay close attention to people's spiritual activities in social production and life, and made thorough exploration to the important role of people's psychological activity, to make Freud's individual psychological analysis theory and Marx 'social criticism theory combined, and put forward the new social psychological category, social character, social unconsciousness, social narcissism, and it is an important creative psychology to apply it to the analysis to the reality of capitalist society.– The third part mainly discusses the significance of Fromm's human thought. Fromm noted from physiological, psychological, historical and many other aspects to analysis the human nature, and established his overall theory of human nature of multiple levels. But he is not really from the perspective of social mode of production, social relations to take a deep analysis on human nature, and could not get rid of the shackles of human nature of abstract theory; Fromm reveals the origin of alienation in capitalist society based on the theory of human nature, and put forward the conception of building humanitarian society. But due to the neglect to the class and the macroscopically revolution, this kind of conception is only a humanitarian Utopia; Fromm focus on psychological factors' role in social production, but due to the lack of the Marxist doctrine view of practice, and only from social psychological layer to analysis the nature of human and the survival way is one-sided and unscientific from a certain extent. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Huan T1 - A Study of the Theme of Solitude in Carson McCullers Novels [卡森•麦卡勒斯小说孤独主题的研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 二十世纪开始以来,世界范围内发生了巨大的社会及经济变革。激烈的竞争及商业化使人们面临前所未有的压力。人人追求自己更大的利益及更高的社会地位,结果是传统的生活方式和文化价值发生了动摇。人与人之间的信任与真诚遭到破坏的同时,人与人之间的诚挚的交流也变得日益困难,因此人们便转而封闭自己的内心世界。人们不可避免地开始感到精神隔绝及孤独,于是孤独便成了20世纪的一个普遍主题。美国南方在这方面则有着更为深刻的体会,内战后随着社会的进步和物质文明的发展,工业化不可避免地侵入保守的南方,南方人在传统道德和现实精神的夹缝之间挣扎不已,他们比以往任何时候都孤独。作为一位重要的南方作家,卡森•麦卡勒斯自然也不遗余力地挖掘人们内心深处的孤独,并使之在作品中留下印记。她的所有小说几乎都贯穿着这样一个主题:人在社会中永远被禁锢于孤独状态,人不惜一切代价试图冲破这种孤独,但努力最终总是无济于事。随着社会的发展,人们发现上帝不是万能的,于是越来越多的人抛弃上帝,试图找到一条自我救赎的新路。然而,现实往往和人的意愿背道而驰,失去了上帝的人们无所依傍,精神空虚,寻找的路途又困难重重。于是迷惘、困惑、孤寂的情绪困扰着每一个陷入信仰危机的人。麦卡勒斯的小说深刻揭示了20世纪初期美国传统价值观崩溃的人们被信仰危机困在孤独迷惘之中得不到救赎的社会现实。卡森麦卡勒斯本人遭受不幸婚姻及疾病之苦,因此难以摆脱压抑的孤独心理。由于她对生活的特殊理解及感受,她对精神隔绝,孤独及异化这一类主题驾御起来得心应手。她把故事设置在美国南部小镇,解释孤独人物的内心世界及人们无法沟通及理解的现实。她的重要作品包括《心是孤独的猎手》《金色眼睛里的镜象》《伤心咖啡屋之歌》及《婚礼成员》。在她的所有作品中,最能代表她创作特色,也最能打动读者的是《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》。孤独是麦卡勒斯作品的一贯主题。生活在特定的历史时期以及独特的人生经历使得麦卡勒斯对人的孤独有着深刻的了解。在她的作品中,所有的一切都要为孤独主题服务。本文主要分析《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》这两部小说。以小说文本为基础,从分析创作动机出发,挖掘孤独的根源。导论部分概述了小说创作的背景及作品中孤独主题的由来,对麦卡勒斯作品的研究状况及本文研究的目的和意义。第一章不仅从作者的人生经历和美国社会背景探求作者坚持写孤独主题的原因,并运用弗洛姆的社会心理学来分析孤独的根源。卡森麦卡勒斯创作的一系列小说,其中人物大都被精神隔绝和孤独感所困扰。通过对作者人生经历的剖析,文学传统和社会背景等因素的探求,不难让读者看出原因。第二章具体从麦卡勒斯《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》杰出的两部小说分析孤独在文章情节的体现,及在小说要素的体现,并针对小说具体分析孤独之因。第一个原因寻找上帝之爱的失败,其二爱之无能,其三是亲情的疏离。第三章分析作者呈现孤独主题的独特手法。她利用了独特的音乐结构和聚焦手法使作品的孤独主题和精神隔绝表现得更加生动鲜明。结论部分总结全文.揭示小说中人物孤独感和精神隔绝的不可避免性以及对现代社会逃离孤独感的深远意义。对《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》这两部小说深入归纳和原因分析不难看出小说中人物无法交流沟通,隔绝和暴力倾向的不可避免性。小说中,每个人都怪异,自私,不成熟,性挫败,都从生活的社会隔离出去,但是作者把重点放在了人物生活的社会上。当人们都以自我为中心,当然无法与人沟通,但是由这种人群组成的不健全的社会让人们更加孤独。因此,只有通过人际交往,尽量协调好人际关系,与他人沟通交流去追求更好的精神世界才能构建和谐共生的社会。综上所述,通过挖掘麦卡勒斯作品中的孤独主题对现实生活的指导意义,以此论证麦卡勒斯是一个独特的现代主义文学代言人。 N2 - Since the beginning of the20th century, great social and economic transformations have taken place in the world. Fierce competition and commercialization brought human much pressure. Human in the pursuit of more interests and higher social status that ultimately shakes the traditional life style and cultural values. The trust and faith is being destroyed and sincere communication is becoming more difficult in modern society. Therefore, people tend to isolate themselves from the outer world which inevitably results in spiritual isolation and solitude. Solitude has become a universal theme for the writers in the 20th century, especially to the writers in the Southern States in the USA. With the rapid development of social progress and material civilization, industrialization inevitably invades the conservative American south area. Southerners feel more solitary in the endless struggle between the cracks of traditional morality and realism. - As an important southern writer Carson McCullers spares no effort to explore the solitude in people's heart and write down the solitude in her works. Almost all of her novels are permeated with such a theme: people in society will always be detained in a solitary state but trying to break through this solitude in vain. With the development of society, people discover that God is not omnipotent, so more and more people abandon God, trying to find a new path of self-salvation. However, the reality is often contrary to people's wishes. The people without the reliance of God feel lost and fall into spiritual isolation. Therefore, confusion and solitary emotion distress each person who has fallen into faith crisis. McCullers novel profoundly reveals the social reality in the beginning of 20th century that people facing with the corruption of traditional American values, trapped in solitary confusion, cannot get self-salvation. Carson McCullers suffers from unhappy marriage and miserable illness. So it's hard for her to get rid of the shadow of depression and solitude. Based on her special understanding and feelings about life, she finds the themes such as spiritual isolation, solitude and alienation are easy to handle. - The background of her novels mostly in the small southern town reveals the innermost world of solitary people and the reality that people have difficulties in communicating and understanding one another. Her masterpieces include >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter<, >Reflections in a Golden Eye<, >The Ballad of the Sad Café< and >The Member of the Wedding<. Among all her works, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café are the representatives. Solitude is the perpetual theme of McCullers' novels. Because of the specific historical period in which she was living and her special life experience, McCullers' comprehension and experience in insulation and solitude were deeper than anyone. In her works, everything should abdicate to and work for the theme of solitude. This thesis focuses on her two typical novels The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café. Based on the text of the novels and starting from the motives of creation, this thesis intends to study the solitude theme of the two novels. Introduction covers the background of the creation of this novel and the research that has already done on her works as well as the purpose and significance of the thesis. - Chapter one focuses on the reasons of the author in persistently presenting the theme from the writer's life experience and American social background to make further analysis in the light of Erich Fromm's social psychological theory. Carson McCullers' series of her novels are fraught with the characters that are spiritually isolated and solitary. Through the trace of her life and close looking at the literary radition and social background and other related factors, we may easily find the reason.– Chapter two makes further analysis of the reflection of solitude theme from the plots and novel elements in her two masterpieces The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café to probe the causes that account for the inevitability of solitude. The first cause is the failure of finding God's love and the second one is the inability of love and the last reason is the alienation of family affection.– Chapter three intends to analyze the writer's unique approaches to present solitude. She makes use of special musical structure and different focus modes to reveal the theme of solitude and spiritual isolation in a lively way. - Conclusion summarizes the whole thesis and demonstrates the inevitability of the characters' solitude and spiritual isolation and profound significance to face and get rid of solitude in modern society. By the delving into the causes and manifestation of solitude in McCullers' two representative novels The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café, the thesis intends to demonstrate the inevitability of the character's failure of communication, spiritual isolation and the violence prevalent in the modem society. Each person is incomplete, selfish, uncommunicative, immature, sexually frustrated and essentially alienated from their society. However, a concurrent emphasis is placed on the accurate social depiction of these characters. No communication can exist when people are self-centered. But a society composed of such individual parts will drive man further into himself. Therefore, only through interpersonal communi¬cation and coordinate with other people in the pursuit of better spiritual world can create harmonious society. In summary, the solitude theme in McCullers' works has practical guiding significance in the real life. With this to demonstrate that Carson McCullers is a special spokesman in modern literary history. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Huana T1 - Escapism in Iris Murdoch's Novel >The Sea, The Sea< [默多克小说《大海啊大海》中的逃避主义], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 默多克是二战后英国杰出的小说家兼哲学家,其小说具有深厚的哲学底蕴和内涵。她通过小说传达自己的哲学和伦理观念,即善和无我。其主要代表作有获1978年布克奖的小说《大海啊大海》、《黑王子》、《断头》等。本文主要通过分析《大海啊大海》里人物的逃避爱、自由与现实的方式以及原因,说明逃避的根源与自然、文化、心理因素之间的关系,阐述存在主义哲学观点对作者的影响以及在作品中的体现,即人的存在、人对自由的选择和逃避本能。作者认为,逃避并不能改变人的困境,只有通过善和无我,人才能够真正看清现实,得到爱,实现自由。全文共分为四章,第一章主要分析小说中的人物逃避爱的方式和表现。本文认为自欺、嫉妒与羡慕、猜疑是人们获得爱的绊脚石。自欺不同于说谎,自欺从本质上是一种意识的统一,是意识对自己的谎言。嫉妒与羡慕不同,虽然二者都会产生恐惧、不安等情绪。羡慕指的是渴望拥有被嫉妒身上特有的品质或者物品,而嫉妒是担心已有之物被人夺走而产生的强烈情感。猜疑使人们之间的隔阂加深。第二章分析小说中主要人物逃避自由的方式和表现,主要为权威主义、破坏倾向和依恋。权威主义有两种实现方式,一是服从权威,二是将自己塑造成权威,而权威主义中最极端的是施虐和受虐。无论是将自己变成权威还是依附权威,都是为了逃避作为独立个体所需要承担的焦虑和绝对自由带来的虚无、无力感。存在主义心理分析学派认为爱生是人的第一潜能,而当环境极度恶劣,人的第一潜能受到严重抑制时,就会表现出破坏性。第三章分析小说中主要人物逃避现实的方式和表现。本文认为自私、错觉以及自我主义是妨碍人认清现实的障碍。自私的人受困于自我的牢笼,无法对自己、他人、外在世界有客观真实的认识,因为自我、私欲会使人的认知发生扭曲,无法对现实有客观、全面的了解。自私和错觉还会导致自我主义或者唯我,唯我论者只关注自己,忽略他人的存在和感受,只关注自己的内心世界,根据自己的意愿构建内在现实。第四章侧重于从自然、文化、心理等方面探讨逃避的根源,以及逃避的作用。逃避是人类的本能,是自然给予所有生物的自我保护机制。然而与其他生物相比,人类因其独特的认知和思考能力,还承担着存在带来的焦虑与恐惧,尤其是在宗教的影响日渐式微的时候,上帝和神的缺失意味着统一的价值观的缺失,现代人更面临着虚无主义的困扰。文化是人类在逃避自然过程中的产物,另一方面也促成并加剧了人类的逃避的本能。作为一种特殊的存在,人有多种需求,而需求受挫也会导致逃避。逃避如同安慰剂,能够给暂时缓解焦虑中,也给夹在本我和超我的双重压力下的自我一个喘息的空间。 N2 - As the most eminent novelist and philosopher after World War Two, Murdoch is known for the profound philosophical probe and connotations in her novel, which exhibits the traces of influence of great minds in literature and philosophy. She uses her novel as a vehicle to elucidate her philosophical ideas and morality, the essence of which is good and >unselfing<. Her most widely read masterpieces are >The Black Prince<, >A Severed Head<, and >The Sea, the Sea>, which won the Booker Prize in 1978. Enlightened by Fromm's Escape from Freedom, this thesis attempts to analyze the mechanisms major characters use to escape from love, freedom and reality and most importantly, to reveal the roots of escapism from the perspectives of nature, culture and psychology. It also unravels the influence of existentialism upon the author and the traces of influence in the novel, which reveal the novelist's concern over the existence of human beings, the choice of freedom and our escapist instinct. It contends that escapism could not help human being out of their predicaments, and that they could only break away the burden of existence and the pain as isolated beings by >unselfing<. Through unselfing, one could see the light of reality, obtain the warmth of love and enjoy free freedom. Altogether, the thesis is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to revealing the mechanism applied by the major characters to escape from love, namely, bad faith, which is quite different from self-deception, envy and jealousy and distrust. Different from lying, bad faith is the deception of one own consciousness. More often than not, jealousy and envy are mistaken, since both of them can generate feelings such as fear and insecurity. While envy refers to the strong desire to acquire qualities or belongs of the envied, and jealousy suggests the intense emotion of losing what one already has. And distrust could only tear people apart.– Chapter Two reveals escapist tendency of the major characters in their attempt to escape from freedom, such as authoritarianism, destructiveness, attachment. There are two ways to achieve authoritarianism, one is to be submissive to the authority, the other is to turn oneself into an authority to apply structure and dictate people. The extreme case of authoritarianism is masochism and sadism. According to Fromm, a person tends to escape and get rid of the anguish of meaninglessness, powerfulness and the pain of existence either by submitting himself or herself to an authority or simply turn himself and herself into an authority. According to Existentialistic Psychoanalytical Characterology, biophilous is human being's primary instinct, while destructiveness is secondary. A person only resorts to destructiveness when his primary instinct is severely hindered and penned up by the hostile environment.– Chapter Three reveals the mechanism applied by the protagonist to escape from reality, with the attempt to elucidate the root of escapism. Selfish egotism, fantasy, and solipsism are the obstacles on one's pilgrim to reality. Fettered in the cage of self, a person is incapable to recognize his own self, others and the exterior world, since selfishness could distort one's awareness of the reality. More over, the combined effort of egotism and fantasy can also lead to solipsism. A person suffering from solipsism tends to neglect or overlook the needs or even the existence of others, and his or her only concern is himself or herself. Some solipsists even distort the reality according to their will.– In the last chapter, the root of escapism, in terms of nature and culture, and placebo effect are traced. Escapism is innate human nature, a mechanism provided by nature for self-preservation. Compared with other creatures, human being is constantly tortured and inflicted by the ability to think and recognition. With the absence of god, especially the decay and waning of religion, the absence of God or gods means the absence of fixed values, the modern men are faced with the torturing of nihilism. Culture is the product of human beings' encountering with nature, or to be more exact, the product to escape from hostile nature, which on the other hand, fosters and stimulates the instinct of human being to escape. In addition, as the most especial creature, human beings have varied needs with different levels, and frustration in such needs tends to lead to escapism. As an placebo, the act of escape soothe the anxious souls and provide a room for the tormented ego, which is constantly sandwiched between id and superego. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xiao, Lang T1 - All-healthy Man and Sound Society – A Research on Fromm’s Thought of Human Nature [健全的人及健全的社会—弗洛姆人性思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China 2012. N2 - Erich Fromm, (1900.3 1980.3) was a famous delegate character of by western Frankfurt School in the twentieth Century. His research involves the philosophy, psychology, ethics and sociology and other fields, and his representatives include >Escape from Freedom<, >Psychoanalysis and Religion<, >Sane Society<, >Beyond the Chains of Illusion< and >The art of Loving<. In his research, notably, he integrated Freud's psychoanalysis and Marx's thought on people and society and studied people's social character with the methods in psychology. This kind of research of interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary opened up a new field of research on human nature. He built up a unique >social character< theory by integrating Marx's social analysis theory, which emphasizes the social mode of production, and the research methods of psychology, paying attention to the analysis of impact which social structure has on the human. In the light of this theory, he tried to explain the dilemma and spiritual crisis which the modern people and society in the west are confronted with, and then put forward his idea of >perfect personality< and >perfect society<. This paper aims to study Fromm's thought of human nature, digging out its realistic significance. This paper is divided into three parts.– The first part: the origin of Fromm's thought. This section briefly introduces the formation of Fromm's thought and the theoretical source of the age factor.– The second part: the frame of Fromm's human nature thought. This part elaborates Fromm's unique >social character< and >social unconsciousness< theory and the relationship between the alienation of human nature and that.– The third part: Alienation and its reversion. In general, people in western modern society are in a state of alienation. In order to cure the pathological alienation of social, Fromm argues that people's self-perfection is a good way to solve the relevant people and social relationship problems. He also argues to establish a perfect society with friendship, mutual help, non-loneliness through a series of reforms in economic, cultural, political field. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900年3月一1980年3月)作为二十世纪西方法兰克福学派的著名代表人物,其研究涉及哲学、心理学、伦理学及社会学等多个领域,其代表作有:《逃避自由》、《精神分析与宗教》、《健全的社会》、《在幻想锁链的彼岸》、《爱的艺术》等。在其研究成果中,尤为突出的是,他整合了弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思关于人与社会的思想,采用心理学的研究方法对人的社会性格进行研究,这样的交叉学科和跨学科研究,开辟了研究人性的新领域。他通过把马克思那种强调社会生产方式的社会分析理论综合到心理学研究方法中来,注重分析社会结构对人的影响,形成了其独特的>社会性格<的理论,并试图据此来阐释现代西方人与社会所面临的困境和精神危机,进而提出他关于>健全人格<与>健全社会<的设想。本文旨在通过弗洛姆人性思想的研究,挖掘出其现实意义。本文分为三大部分:第一部分:弗洛姆思想的成因。这一部分简要地介绍弗洛姆思想形成的时代因素及其理论来源。第二部分:弗洛姆人性思想的构架。这部分详细阐述了弗洛姆特有的>社会性格<和>社会无意识<理论及其与人性异化的关系。第三部分:人性的异化及其复归。现代西方社会中人们普通处于异化状态,弗洛姆为了医治病态异化的社会,提出了要通过人的自我完善来解决有关人与社会的相互关系的问题,并通过经济、文化、政治领域的一系列改革,进而建立一个友爱、互助、没有孤独感的健全社会。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xie, Hui T1 - A Study of Toni Morrison's >The Bluest Eye< from Fromm's Sociopsychological Perspective [弗洛姆的社会心理学视角解读托妮•莫里森的作品《最蓝的眼睛》], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - Toni Morrison, winner of the Nobel Prize in1993, is indisputably the most prominent contemporary African-American writer. Morrison focuses on the African-American of the enslaved history and its effects on the African American identity construction and black community bonding is of Her first novel, >The Bluest Eye<, characterizes a black girl named Pecola who finds no love but contempt and insults within her black community. Critics have noted within this novel the erosion of the white mainstream culture and its disastrous impact on the psyche of the black community; however, few of them have taken the socio-psychological approach to explore the social causes for the distorted personality.– Drawing from the insights of Fromm's Theory of Love and Social Character Formation, this thesis focuses first on alienation and loss of love in >The Bluest Eye<, analyzing the black’s distorted love towards the whites and the God and the loss of love within the black community. It then delves into the myriad facets of black's social character formation and its repercussion on the individual and the whole black community.– The thesis argues that alienation and loss of love results in the predominance of non-productive orientation in blacks' character structures; that the black's marginalized; inferior, dependent and insignificant socio-economic life has repercussion on their psyches and forms the sado-masochistic social character which results in their internalization of the white supremacist ideologies. The ideologies they adopt in turn intensify and stabilize the social character. The sad-masochistic social character ultimately leads to their psychological trauma and damages their community bonding. N2 - [1993年诺贝尔文学奖得主托妮•莫里森,无疑是当代最杰出的一位非裔美国作家。莫里森关注非裔美国人受奴役史及其对黑人身份和种族构建的影响。她的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》讲述了一个叫佩克拉的黑人小女孩“寻爱不遇”的故事:佩克拉在她所生活的黑人群体中看不见爱的踪影,留给她的只是嘲讽和羞辱。许多评论家已经注意到作品里白人主流文化的侵蚀及其对黑人群体的心灵造成的灾难性的影响。然而,从社会心理学视角分析造成黑人人格扭曲的社会原因的研究,尚不多见。本论文主要从弗洛姆的爱的理论及社会性格形成理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》。论文首先运用弗洛姆爱的理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》中的爱的异化和缺失,包括黑人对白人、上帝的爱的异化以及黑人群体内爱的异化和缺失。论文接着运用社会性格形成理论分析作品中黑人群体如何形成这一非创造性的社会性格、形成怎样的社会性格以及这一性格对黑人群体产生的负面影响。论文认为,《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人群体绝大多数成员丧失爱的能力,因而他们的性格结构中非创造性的性格倾向占主导;黑人边缘化、卑下、从属的社会经济生活对黑人心灵产生塑型并使之形成受虐-施虐的社会性格,从而内化了白人主流意识形态,而白人意识形态反过来又加强并稳固受虐-施虐社会性格。总之,黑人受虐-施虐的社会性格倾向给黑人的心灵造成巨大的创伤,也极大地破坏了黑人群体的内部团结] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wu, Qiong T1 - A Study on the Theory of Western Marxism Alienation Consumption [西方马克思主义异化消费理论研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 2012. N2 - 1929年西方发达资本主义国家爆发的经济危机引发了一个崭新的时代——消费时代,随之而来的一系列问题引起了刚刚兴起的西方马克思主义理论家的关注。三十年代,法兰克福学派理论家的著作中隐约可见相关论述,而西方马克思主义异化消费理论的真正形成在四十年代末,五十年代初。有突出贡献的理论家为法国>日常生活批判理论巨擘<列斐伏尔;致力于将马克思主义与弗洛伊德>精神分析学<相结合的法兰克福学派理论家马尔库塞和弗洛姆。他们认为>消费不再是为了满足人类的基本生存需要,而是人们为补偿自己异化的劳动而致力获得商品的一种欲望满足,并且为统治者所操纵、控制。<他们无疑在资本主义变化发展的新形势下对马克思异化理论的继承与创新做出了巨大贡献,但在克服异化消费的基本路径上全然不同,也不无遗憾地体现出了乌托邦的幻想和理论的悲观主义、主观主义倾向。他们预言:社会主义并非是异化现象的终结。这为迅速发展中的中国敲响了警钟。我们是否要重蹈覆辙,走资本主义发展的老路,陷入异化消费的陷阱?本文予以了否定回答。全文由三部分构成:第一部分主要从词源学角度探源>异化<概念的发展演变过程:从社会契约论中>转让、让渡<之意到黑格尔的精神异化,直至马克思>生产异化<的诞生。第二部分以马克思主义理论为指导,立足西方马克思主义批判传统,探究列斐伏尔、马尔库塞及弗洛姆这三位理论家在同一时代背景下,对异化消费理论基本内容的阐述和对当代发展、影响的异同。在第三部分中对西方马克思主义异化消费的批判传统进行正反两方面的评析,分析当代中国社会主义市场经济中的消费现状,探索构建健康、文明、可持续的消费模式,实现社会主义和谐社会的宏伟目标。 N2 - The economic crisis in1929 which broke out in the western developed capitalist countries triggered off a new era in the world, Consumption Times. Followed by serious of problems, which aroused concern of the nascent theorists of Western Marxism. We can find some relative discussions about consumption in the works of The Frankfurt School theorists in the1930s, while the formal foundation of alienated con-sumption theory of Western Marxism was in the late1940s and early1950. Among the theorists who had made outstanding contributions, there are the French >critical theory of everyday life giant< Henri Lefebvre, the Frankfurt School theorists Herbert Marcuse and E.Fromm, who committed to the combination of Marxism and Freud >Psychoanalysis<. They believe that >the aim of consumption is no longer to meet human's basic survival needs, but to satisfy their desire for goods, was caused by their own alienation of labor, by committing to acquiring goods; and their aim of consumption is also controlled by the rulers.< Undoubtedly, they had made agreat contribution to the inheritance and innovation of the Marxist theory of alienation under the new capitalist situation. However their totally different paths to overcome the alienation of consumption reflected the utopian fantasy, the pessimism and subjective tendencies of theory. At the same time, they predicted: Socialism is not the end of alienation, which gave an alarm to the rapidly developing China. Are we going to repeat the same mistakes, take the old paths of capitalist development, and cave in the trap of alienated consumption? The answer in this paper would be negative. This paper consists of three parts: Part one dealt with the evolution process of >alienation< concept from the point of view of etymological: From >transfer, assignation< in Social Contract to the spirit of Hegel's alienation until the born of Marx's theory of alienated production.– Part two, taking the theory of Marxism as a guide, based on the critical tradition of Western Marxist, explored the similarities and differences in the interpretations of three contemporary theorists Lefebvre, Marcuse and Fromm of the basic content of the alienated consumption theory and its influence on the contemporary development.– The third part assessed both positive and negative aspects of the critical tradition of Western Marxism alienated consumption, analyzed consumption status in the system of contemporary China's socialist market economy and explored to build a healthy, civilized, sustainable consumption patterns, to realize the grand goal of constructing the socialism harmonious society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yang, Zhiping T1 - The Exploration of Liberation Theory of Freudian Marxism – Centered on Marcuse [>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<>解放<理论探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2012. N2 - 作为西方马克思主义的主要流派之一,>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<是于20世纪二三十年代出现并于五六十年代得以发展。这一理论思想是声称要把马克思主义与弗洛伊德的精神分析学说>综合<起来,而实际是一种用精神分析学>改铸<马克思主义的非马克思主义思潮。任何一种成熟的社会理论都必然关注人的解放问题,并把解放作为自己理论的历史使命。准确把握一个特定的社会理论或者社会思潮的>解放<理论,自然也就成为一种最有益的尝试。因此,本文主要是以马尔库塞为中心,系统地梳理>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<的解放理论,全文共分为四个部分:第一部分为引言。简单介绍本文选题研究的理论意义和现实意义,当前理论界对该选题的的研究现状,并简要阐述>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<的理论渊源及其基本观点,进而勾勒出笔者研究的基本逻辑思路。第二部分主要考察>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<>解放<理论的基本语境。本章以赖希、弗洛姆为线索人物,引出弗洛伊德的早期意识与无意识理论与马克思主义的社会结构理论综合在一起,得出了社会无意识概念的理论轨迹。在此基础上,以>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<这一思想体系中最具代表性的人物马尔库塞为中心,以他的《爱欲与文明》一书为主线,对马尔库塞解放理论形成的个人经历、社会背景,以及其理论渊源作系统阐释。>弗洛伊德主义<与马克思早期的>人本主义学说<相结合,构建了一种对于>现代工业社会<的新的批判理论,并进一步论述了>现代工业社会<对于人的>爱欲<的>压抑<,并提出了>人的解放<本质上是>爱欲<的解放的理论观点。同时马尔库塞的这一>解放<概念还包含着对于实现人的解放和社会解放的>新道路<的探索。他通过揭示>爱欲<解放的依据并实际地把人摆脱>压抑<和扬弃>异化<而发挥>潜能<实现>爱欲<的过程看作了人的解放过程。第三部分主要是对马尔库塞解放理论的核心内容进行梳理。首先考察马尔库塞对当代资本主义社会的批判确立其解放的依据,马尔库塞认为,由于资本主义社会的>额外压抑<,人类要想获得解放就必须实现>爱欲<解放。其次,马尔库塞认为要想消除各种导致人们>额外压抑<的异化,从本能上释放自由,就必须赋予一种革命主体,马尔库塞在寻求革命主体的时候则经历了无产阶级—新左派—艺术家这一过程。最后,由于马尔库塞对解放的目标与革命的动因与主体都做出了新的解释,因而,马尔库塞对解放的路径也提出了新的看法,马尔库塞从经济、政治、文化、意识形态、艺术等各个方面出发,提出了社会主义革命道路应该选择>第三条道路<,即非暴力的反抗,也就是进行>伟大的拒绝<。第四部分立足于马克思解放理论对马尔库塞>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<解放理论进行评论。首先,本文认为这一解放理论有两个显著的特点:一是对当代资本主义的批判与透视,二是对所尝试>西方思潮<与>马克思主义<进行的结合有一定的帮助和启示。其次,在马克思主义看来,马尔库塞>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<的解放理论带有显著的局限性,表现在:其哲学根基有着根本差异、>解放<理论的现实路径上也大异其趣。 N2 - As one of the main schools of Western Marxism, >Freudian Marxism doctrine< appeared in 1920s and1930, and got into full swing in1950s and1960s. This theory claims to integrate Marx’s theory with Freud's psychoanalysis theory, but actually it is non-Marxism thought which use psychoanalysis to >recast< Marxism. Any kind of mature social theory must pay close attention to people's liberation and regard liberation as the historical mission of his theory. It will naturally become a beneficial attempt to have an accurate grasp of >liberation< theory of a certain social theory or social trend of thought. Therefore, this paper, center around Marcuse, is to systematically tease Freudian Marxism liberation theory. - G253The paper will fall into four parts: The first part is introduction and will briefly introduce the theoretical and practical significance of the research and how far has this research been conducted at present, briefly describing the Theoretical Origin of Freudian Marxism theory and its basic points, and then outlines the author's basic logic thinking of study. The second part mainly focuses on the basic context of Freudian Marxism's liberation theory. This chapter takes Lai, Fromm as the clue character and lead to Freud's early consciousness and unconsciousness theory and Marxism general theory. And then, centers around Marcuse, the most representative figure in Freudian Marxism and take his book Eros and civilization as the main line to elaborate the personal experiences, social background, as well as its theory origin of the formation of Marcuse's liberation theory. The combination of >Freudianism< with Marx's early humanism theory builds a new critical theory of the modern industrial society. And elaborates the >repression< of modern industrial society on the >Eros<, and proposes the theory that human liberation is in essence >Eros< liberation. At the same time, Marcuse's >liberation< concept also includes the realization of human liberation and social liberation >new road< exploration. He reveals the >Eros< liberation and the basis actual put people out of >depression< and develop the useful and discard the useless >alienation< and play a >potential< implementation >Eros< process as the course of man's emancipation. The third part is mainly to tease the core content of liberation theory of Marcuse's Freudian Marxism. Firstly it examines Marcuse's social critique of the contemporary capitalist society and its liberation basis. Marcuse believes that due to the >additional depression< of capitalist society, human beings must realize >Eros< liberation if they want to liberate themselves. Secondly, Marcuse believes it if we want to eliminate alienations which lead to people's additional depression and to release instinct freedom, we must find a revolutionary body Marcuse in seeking revolutionary body when experienced the proletariat-New Left-artists of this process. Finally, by Marcuse on emancipatory goals and motivation of revolution and the main body have made a new interpretation, therefore, Marcuse on the emancipation path also offered new view, from the economy, politics, culture, Marcuse, ideology, art and other aspects set out, put forward the socialist revolution road should choose >the third road<, non violent resistance, is the >great refusal<. The fourth part, based on Marxism liberation theory, give a comment on liberation theory of Marcuse's Freudian Marxism. First of all, the paper holds that the liberation theory has two notable features: a critique of contemporary capitalism and perspective and to try to >Western genre< and >the Marx doctrine< was combined with some help and enlightenment. Secondly, it seems to Marxism that Marcuse's Freudian Marxism liberation theory has obvious limitations, for example: its philosophy basis has a fundamental difference, the realistic path of its liberation theory is quite different. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Yanmei T1 - Out of the Fog of Consumption – Resolution on Consumer Alienation [走出消费的迷雾 -对消费异化的解析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China 2012. N2 - 消费是人类物质生产与再生产中的一个重要环节,也是人类生存与发展的首要条件之一,但在当代>异化<却侵入了消费领域,以符号消费、奢侈消费、盲目消费为代表的消费方式,正在把我们人类引向一种可怕境地,这不得不引起我们对消费方式的反思。本文通过对消费异化的概念、特征及危害的阐述,使我们了解到,消费异化实质是一种脱离了消费者的正常需要,与消费的本质相背离,控制或操纵消费者,且具有严重危害性的非正常消费方式。这种非正常消费方式给自然、社会以及人自身都带来了严重危害。本文通过运用马克思的异化劳动理论分别从资本、商品拜物教等不同角度揭示出了造成消费异化的根源。同时面对我国目前消费领域中出现的种种异化现象,结合西方马克思主义扬弃消费异化之路的思想,特别是弗洛姆的>人道化消费<思想和生态马克思主义学派的>构建新的社会主义<思想,力图寻求即与我国当前经济发展水平、生态环境水平和资源状况相适应,又与人们的精神需要相协调的和谐消费模式,以期为最终走出消费的迷雾寻求人类的精神家园作出有益的尝试。 N2 - Consumption is human material production and reproduction an important role in human survival and the development also is one of the primary condition, but in the contemporary >alienation< hacked into the consumer areas to symbol consumption, luxury consumption, blind consumption, as a representative of the consumption pattern, are we humans to a terrible situation, this had to cause us to reflect on the way of consumption. This article through to consumption alienation of the concept, characteristics and harm paper, that we know, consumption alienation is essentially from the consumer's normal needs, and the essence of consumption departure from, control or manipulate consumers, and has a serious danger of abnormal consumption status. - The abnormal consumption to nature, society and the way people themselves with the serious harm. This article through the use of Marx's theory of alienation from each of the alienated labor, capital, commodity fetishism and so on the different Angle reveal the cause the origin of consumption dissimilation. While facing our country at present the consumption in the field of all kinds of alienation appear, combined with the western Marxist sublation of the road of consumption dissimilation thoughts, especially Fromm's >humanitarian change consumption< thought and ecological Marxist school of >constructing new socialism< thought, find out a namely and China's current economic development level, the ecological environment level and resources situation, the adapt, and the spirit of the people and to coordinate the harmonious consumption mode, finally out of the fog of consumption for the human spirit home. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Yehua T1 - Review Fromm’s >Marx’s Concept of Man< [评弗洛姆的《马克思论人》], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China 2012 N2 - 人的问题是马克思一生关注的主题,马克思从自然、社会、实践的三维视角,全面系统的讨论人的问题,从而实现了人的理论的变革。马克思人的思想诞生以后,引起了中西方学者的高度关注,弗洛姆就是其中之一。面对20世纪社会上人的问题的种种困惑,弗洛姆选择了马克思,在《马克思论人》一书中,对马克思有关人的思想进行分析和解读,试图从中找出解决的方法。本文认为,弗洛姆对马克思人的论述在一定程度上丰富了马克思的思想,但也存在着一些误解和曲解。本文对弗洛姆《马克思论人》中的观点进行了具体评析,由以下四个部分组成:第一部分,主要介绍了弗洛姆解读马克思思想所处的社会历史背景及其理论来源。20世纪初,战争的动乱,资本主义社会的经济危机不断爆发,社会中出现了一系列的问题,如人的信仰缺失和社会化生活机械化的倾向是弗洛姆解读马克思理论提供了现实基础;就理论来源来说,主要是弗洛伊德的精神分析理论、马克思的>异化<理论以及历史唯物主义对弗洛姆所产生的影响。第二部分,总结和提炼了马克思有关人的思想,介绍了马克思的人的思想发展历程,归纳了马克思人的本质内涵,并对马克思人的思想的特点做总结。马克思人的思想是逐步发展、逐步深化的,是对前人思想批判和吸收的基础上形成的,黑格尔的>绝对精神<和费尔巴哈的>类本质<都对马克思产生过极大的影响;马克思从自然、实践、社会的三维视角,对人的问题作了一个全面的阐述,自然存在物的人是基础,实践存在是人发展的动力,社会实践是人本质表现;马克思的人的思想具有现实性、多重性、统一性和发展性的特点。第三部分,主要从四个角度介绍弗洛姆《马克思论人》中对马克思人的思想的理解。关于异化理论,弗洛姆认为马克思的异化意味着主体和客体的分离,包括人的劳动过程异化和劳动结果异化两方面,异化问题历来就有,在资本主义到达顶点,并认为马克思没有预见到异化的程度;关于社会主义,弗洛姆认为马克思的社会主义的目标是实现人的解放,是一种先知式的救世主义的土壤,是基督教理想和个人理想的结合;历史唯物主义方面,弗洛姆认为历史唯物主义超越了传统的唯物主义,是人道主义和自然主义的结合,人的历史由劳动创造,是与大自然进行斗争的历史;关于人的本性,弗洛姆认为马克思所说的本性就是《手稿》中的本质,劳动是人本质实现的方式,马克思对资本主义的批判不是针对经济,而是针对人性异化,其所要做的就是实现将人从异化中解放出来。第四部分,主要对弗洛姆的思想进行评析。弗洛姆认识到了人在历史中的地位,社会主义的目标是实现人的解放,并结合精神分析学去分析社会中人的问题,丰富和发展了马克思人的思想;但他忽视了历史唯物主义的基本矛盾,没有看到人的本性和人的本质的区别,片面的夸大了异化的适用范围,脱离了社会现实;弗洛姆的思想为我们解决生活中的过度消费、人心空虚等问题提供了新的视野。 N2 - Marx focused the question of man in all his life. He discussed it on three-dimensional, natural, social, practical, which helped achieve the change of the theory. The birth of Marxist man's thoughts attracted lots of Western scholars' attention; Erich Fromm is one of them. Fromm chose Marx when he faced much confusion about social man in the 20th century. Marx's Concept of Man analysis and interprets man's thoughts of Marx, trying to find out the solution. Author holds that Fromm enriches the ideas of Marx, but there are also some misunderstandings and misinterpretations. - This paper evaluates Fromm's concepts in Marx's Concept of Man, which is made up of following four parts: The first part describes the social and historical background and theoretical sources of Fromm's interpretation of Marx's thinking. In early20th century, the turmoil of war and economic crisis broke out a series of problems, such as lack of faith and social tendencies of the mechanization of life. Fromm interpretation of Marxist theory intends to provide a realistic basis, which is from Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Marx's >alienation< theory and historical materialism.– The second part summarizes and refines the man's thoughts of Marx and his thinking process, then sums up the essence of Marx's definition of man, and concludes the characteristics of Marx's man thinking. Man's thoughts of Marx are gradually developed on the basis of Hegel's >absolute spirit< and Feuerbach's >class nature<. Marx gave a comprehensive understanding about man on three-dimensional perspective, which is consists of natural, practical, and social. Natural existence is the basis of practice, which is the power of the human development and the nature of man. Marx's mind about man has the characteristics of reality, multiplicity, unity and development.– The third part introduces Fromm's understanding of Marx's man thinking in Marx's Concept of Man from four perspectives. On the theory of alienation, Fromm think that Marx's alienation means the separation of subject and object, including the alienation of the labor process and labor product. Alienation has always been existed, but in capitalism it reaches the top. He recognized that Marx did not foresee the extent of alienation. About socialist, Fromm believes that the goal of Marxist socialism is the liberation of man, a prophet-like savior which is a combination of Christian ideals and personal ideals. In historical materialism aspects, Fromm thought that the traditional historical materialism was surpassed by historical materialism, which is a combination of humanitarian and naturalistic. The history of human is created by labor and the struggle with nature. About human nature, Fromm said Marx's interpretation of nature is that in the Manuscript. Labor is the way in which man to achieve, and Marx's critique of capitalism is not for economic but for the alienation of human nature. What they need to do is to achieve liberation from alienation.– The forth part gives a critical analysis of Fromm's thought. Fromm knew the status of people in history, and the goal of socialism is the liberation of man. He still analyzes the social human issues combined with psychoanalysis, which develop man's thoughts of Marx. But he ignored the basic contradiction in historical materialism. He could not see the difference between human nature and human character, and he exaggerated the scope of alienation, which made him separated from the social reality. But Fromm's thinking provides new perspective for us to resolve excessive consumption and people empty. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yang Kang, Yuxin T1 - Marx's Theory of Alienation and Its Practical Significance [马克思的异化理论及其现实意义], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2012. N2 - 异化作为标志人的生存状态的重要哲学范畴,一直是哲学家们关注和争论的焦点。异化理论是马克思理论的重要内容之一,他是在吸收前人思想的基础之上,创造性地提出了自己的异化理论。本文主要通过重新审视马克思的异化理论,探讨它的理论来源和形成阶段,重点分析了马克思的异化劳动理论,并且选取了西方马克思主义的几个典型代表人物:马尔库塞、卢卡奇、列斐伏尔、弗洛姆,对他们有关异化思想予以介绍。以此为理论基础,来分析现代人在人与物之间,人与人之间以其人与自然之间的异化表现,并且进一步分析了当代中国在经济、政治和文化领域内所存在的一些异化现象,探讨了这些现象存在的必然性和历史性。最后,在此基础上,探讨马克思异化理论的现实意义,即对人的全面发展的导向作用和对社会主义和谐社会构建的促进作用,从而彰显马克思异化理论的时代意义。 N2 - Alienation as a symbol of state of existence of human being in important philosophical category, which has been philosopher’s attention and point of contention. The alienation theory is one important content of the theory of Marxism, he is absorbed in the basis of previous thoughts, creative puts forward his own alienation theory. This paper mainly through to re-examine Marx's theory of alienation, discusses the theoretical sources and its stages, and analyses the alienation of Marx labor theory, and selected the western Marxist several typical representative character: Herbert Marcuse, Georg Lukács, Henry Lefebvre, Erich Fromm. They thought about alienation to be introduced. This as the theoretical basis, and to analyze modern people in between people and things, the person between nature, people between the dissimilation of the show, and further analyzed the contemporary China in economic, political and cultural fields of some existing alienation, discusses the necessity of existence and historical phenomenon. Finally, based on this, this paper discusses the significance of Marx's theory of alienation, namely the overall development of human oriented functions and for the construction of socialist harmonious society to promote effect and reveal the theory of Marx alienation time significance. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Feng, Zhaoxiang T1 - Study on Humanist Alienation Theory of Fromm [弗洛姆人性异化思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 2012. N2 - 埃利希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980),出生在徳国后来移居到美国,是著名的哲学家、精神分析学家、社会学家,他是西方马克思主义者和法兰克福学派人物。弗洛姆综合了弗洛伊德心理学和马克思主义的社会学,在历史观的理论方法和思想观点的基础上,提出了异化思想。它把弗洛伊德的精神分析学中的个体心理学转变为社会心理学,继承了马克思异化理论思想的社会批判但它注重的是心理的异化理论批判,没有对资本主义这个根源制度进行彻底变革。他的异化理论不具有马克思社会革命理论的彻底性。但弗洛姆的异化理论从心理学这个角度提出却对马克思异化理论研究起到了补充与丰富作用。弗洛姆认为,20世纪现代工业社会的机器大工业的异化与马克思手工业时代的异化有了重大分别。马克思所处的历史时代社会主要矛盾是手工业制造,主要异化现象是劳动对象化,即,劳动产品对象化,也就是说:劳动成果被资本家占有。而20世纪现代工业社会主要矛盾是机械大工业的发展,人没有了创造性,人变成了客体,成了机器的附属品,这时人们心理在各个领域上如生产、生活及人的精神方面出现了异化现象,因此弗洛姆这个时代主要异化现象是心理异化。由此可以看出弗洛姆对人性异化理论研究是对当代西方资本主义后期现状的深切关注,尤其关注西方社会文化生活中的各种现实问题、矛盾危机,并从人类生存的角度出发对资本主义社会进行了批判。提出通过心理净化、爱的教育来建立一种心理健全、没有冲突互敬互爱的人道主义社会。这些对于我们重新去认识人和资本主义社会和我国建设社会主义和谐社会具有一定的现实意义。通过认真梳理弗洛姆的异化思想,本文从心理学和社会学角度提出了弗洛姆的异化理论核心是人性异化,为此,本文将以弗洛姆各个时期的异化理论著作代表作为研究对象,并按照分析现象--解读根源—解析扬弃的步骤,对弗洛姆的人性异化思想进行全面分析解读。即,首先从人性异化的现实领域和人的病态症候来分析弗洛姆的人性异化现象,进而解读弗洛姆的人性异化根源,解析弗洛姆的人性异化扬弃,最后对弗洛姆人性异化思想的贡献与局限性做出评价,并对本文的研究做出展望,提出本论文的理论意义和现实意义。 N2 - Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980), who emigrated from Germany to the United States, was a famous psycholo-gist, philosopher, sociologist, Marxist and a representative figure of Frankfurt school. Based on the view of historical theory and concept, Fromm put forward idea of alienation by compounding Freud's psychology and Marx's sociology. He inherited Marx alienation theory of social criticism, and changed Freud's individual psychology into social psychology. But he insisted on criticism of psychological alienation theory, and ignored the root causes of capitalism. So his alienation theory lack of thoroughness of Marxist social revolution theory. However, Fromm's alienation theory plays a supplementary role in Marxist alienation theory from the angle of psychology. In Fromm's view, the alienation of modern industrial society is totally different from the alienation of hand industrial era in twentieth century. - The principal contradiction of Marx's historical society is the handicraft manufacture; the phenomenon of alienation is mainly object of labor, that is, the object of labor product, in other words, the fruits of labor were owned by the capitalists. But in twentieth century, the principal contradiction of modern industrial society is the machinery industry development; people without creativity turned into object and machine accessories. Then psychology in various fields such as production, life and spirit began to emergence alienation phenomenon. So, Fromm thinks that the alienation of era actually is the alienation of people's psychology. Hence, we can see that Fromm's theory of human nature alienation is the deep concern of contemporary capitalism period, especially various practical problems and contradiction crisis in western social and cultural life. Fromm criticized the capitalism society from the angle of human existence. He put through the idea of establishing a sound humanitarian society by means of mental purification and love of education. It has a certain practical significance for us to get to know people and the capitalist society, and speeds up the construction of our socialist harmonious society. - Through the study of Fromm's theory of alienation, the paper points out the core of Fromm's alienation theory is alienation of human nature. Therefore, according to the steps of phenomenon analysis - the interpretation of roots – develop the useful and discard the useless, it chooses Fromm's alienation theory works in each period as research object, and conducts a comprehensive analysis and interpretation to Fromm's alienation theory. From the aspects of reality of human nature alienation and people's morbid symptoms, it analyzes Fromm's alienation phenomenon; and then it interprets the root causes and sublation of Fromm's human nature alienation theory; finally, it makes an evaluation to Fromm's alienation theory in contribution and limitation, and raises a research prospect by putting forward the theoretical and practical significance. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dan, Wei T1 - Alienation Critique of Capitalist Society – From Marx to Habermas [资本主义社会的异化批判 -从马克思到哈贝马斯], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zheijiang, China 2012. N2 - 本文以哲学思想史为背景,首先对马克思以前的异化概念和思想进行回顾和分析。接着,分析指出马克思的异化理论是建立在前人的研究成果基础之上,具体是通过对霍布斯、卢梭、黑格尔、费尔巴哈等的异化理论的批判继承,从而创造出自己的劳动异化理论。马克思后来还进一步丰富和深化了他的异化理论,并将其贯穿到对资本主义制度的批判之中。>西方马克思主义<在马克思异化理论的基础上,结合自身所处的社会经济环境,发展出了各具特色的异化理论。其中,卢卡奇认为异化即是物化,可以通过无产阶级意识的觉醒和实践活动来克服各种物化;马尔库塞认为现代资本主义社会是一个病态的社会,通过爱欲的解放来摆脱资本主义社会对人的异化;弗洛姆认为当下资本主义社会的人性异化可以通过心理革命和社会革命进行克服;而哈贝马斯则认为可以通过>交往行为<的合理化来消除他眼中交往的异化。文章还论述了马克思和>西方马克思主义<对异化根源的探究以及在此基础上对资本主义社会的异化批判。本文的最后一部分主要是比较和分析马克思和>西方马克思主义<对资本主义社会异化批判的异同。指出了马克思对他那个时代的异化批判是准确的、科学的,而>西方马克思主义<对其所处的当代资本主义社会的异化批判也是有意义的,但存在不少问题。这对我们今天认识和批判资本主义社会的异化有着很好的启示作用。 N2 - This thesis first reviews the conceptions and thoughts about alienation which appear before Karl Marx's theory of alienation by taking the history of philosophical thoughts as background. Then, it points out that Marx's theory of alienation is based on the fruits obtained by his predecessors, such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, etc. He inherits but also criticizes their ideas about alienation and then puts forward his own theory of alienation, which enriches and develops those predecessors' theories, and is used in practical criticism on capitalist system. - Combining Marx's theory of alienation with their own socioeconomic environment, Western Marxism puts forward various characteristic theories about alienation. Among them, Georg Lukács thinks that alienation is materialization, which can be overcome by the proletariats' practical actions and the wakening of their consciousness; Herbert Marcuse holds that modern capitalist society is diseased. The liberation of sexual desire can help people emancipate from the alienation by the capitalist society; Erich Fromm considers only psychological revolution and social revolution can eradicate people's humanistic alienation while Jürgen Habermas, according to his famous theory of communication, believes that it is necessary to rationalize people's communicative behaviors which seems alienated in others' eyes. - Besides those, the thesis also discusses the studies on the origin of alienation and the criticism on capitalist alienation by Marx and Western Marxism. The final part is the comparison and analysis of the similarities and differences between Marx's theory of alienation and Western Marxism's, which concludes that the former is considered as right and scientific criticism on capitalist society while the latter has many problems though it is also significant in criticizing the society in that period. Anyway, those are all enlightening in knowing and criticizing toady's capitalist society and its alienation. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Guan, Jian T1 - The Study of the Western Marxist Theories of Alienation [西方马克思主义异化理论研究], PhD thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2012. N2 - 理论的生命力深深地扎根于现实的土壤中,异化理论之所以倍受关注,是因为现代人仍未摆脱异化的生存境况。在资本主义社会中,异化所达到的程度远远超出马克思在自由资本主义时代描绘的异化劳动的范围,生活在当代资本主义条件下的人,经常处于剥削、失业、破产、危机和战争的威胁之中,感受着孤独、疏远、恐惧、绝望和多种焦虑心理的折磨,异化已经成为令人忧虑且十分普遍的社会现象。因此,正视当今社会存在的异化问题,比较西方马克思主义的异化研究与马克思的劳动异化理论之不同,探索克服异化的途径和方法,不仅可以丰富马克思的异化理论,而且可以赋予异化理论以新的时代内容。论文主要采用历史分析和逻辑分析相结合的方法和比较法。首先通过对西方马克思主义异化理论的历史考察,对其思想内容及其历史地位作出说明,揭示西方马克思主义异化理论在不同时期的继承性和差异性,突出其思想的系统性和逻辑性;其次,通过比较西方马克思主义异化理论与马克思异化理论的共同点和区别,详细分析当今西方发达国家与资本主义发展初期异化的不同表现。论文主要研究了以下几方面的内容:首先,考察西方马克思主义异化理论的思想渊源。包括霍布斯、卢梭、费希特、黑格尔、费尔巴哈的异化理论,重点分析马克思的异化理论。其次,概括西方马克思主义异化理论的发展脉络。包括早期西方马克思主义代表人物卢卡奇的异化理论、法兰克福学派霍克海默的理性异化观、马尔库塞的总体异化理论、弗洛姆的人的异化理论、哈贝马斯的交往异化理论、芬伯格的技术异化理论,还有存在主义萨特和列斐伏尔的异化理论及生态学马克思主义的代表人物阿格尔、莱易斯、奥康纳的异化理论,进而形成系统的、全面的西方马克思主义的异化理论。再次,依据上述理论观点,探讨当今社会异化的各种形式及相关内容,重点研究异化的本质、产生根源、主要表现、严重后果及消除异化的基本途径,特别是分析技术异化、交往异化、日常生活异化、消费异化、文化异化等各种异化产生的时代背景及它们之间错综复杂的关系,分析诸种异化造成的人的生存困境,探索人类社会发展与异化的关系,探究克服异化的方式。最后,分析西方马克思主义异化理论的成绩和局限。探索西方马克思主义异化理论对马克思异化理论的丰富与发展、比较马克思异化理论与西方马克思主义异化理论的不同,指出西方马克思主义异化理论的片面性与乌托邦性。与马克思所生活的时代相比,生产异化已不是最主要的异化,消费异化成为今天异化的主要内容,与此同时,科技异化和交往异化也是不可忽视的,这些在当今西方发达国家出现的异化现象值得我们反思和借鉴,西方马克思主义异化理论对我国现代化进程具有重要的启示。 N2 - The strength of theory is deeply rooted in the heart of realism. The increasing attention given to the Theory of Alienation is due to the fact that men living in modern times have not been able to shake off the survival situation of alienation yet. In a capitalist society, the degree of alienation has gone far beyond the labor scope depicted by Marx in the era of laissez-faire capitalism. People living under the circumstances of contemporary capitalism, constantly threatened by exploitation, unemployment, bankruptcy, crisis and war, are torn by various psychological feelings like loneliness, estrangement, fear, despair and other anxieties, so alienation has become a widespread social phenomenon raising much concern. Therefore, the existence of alienation in modern society should be properly dealt with and different ways and means to de-alienation should be probed into by a comparative study on the differences between the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation and the Marx's Labor Theory of Alienation; as a result, the Marxist Theory of Alienation can be enriched, but also the Theory of Alienation can be endowed with new content of times. - This paper takes on the approach of a comparative analysis as well as one with historical and logical analysis combined. To begin with, it's a study into the history of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation and the explanation of its ideology and historical status. Then the inheritance and the differences of it in different periods are revealed; the systematic and logical aspects of this idea are highlighted. - Secondly, after a meticulous examination and comparison between the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation and the Marxist Theory of Alienation, the outcome of analysis will show the obvious signs of division between developed countries in the west today and those at an early stage of capitalism. This paper mainly covers the following aspects: firstly, the ideological origin of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation, including the Theory of Alienation from the perspective of Hobbes, Rousseau, Fichte, Hegel, and Feuerbach, with special emphasis on Marx's Theory of Alienation. Secondly, the development of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation is generalized, including Lukács' Theory of Alienation of the early Western Marxism, Horkheimer's Rational Alienation of Frankfurt School, Marcuse's General Theory of Alienation, Fromm's Theory of Human Alienation, Habermas' Communicative Action Theory of Alienation, Feenberg's Technological Theory of Alienation; the existentialists Sartre's and Lefebvre's Theory of Alienation and the representative figures of ecological Marxism, and Agger's, Levin Lewis's, O'Connor's Theory of Alienation. All of which together, constitute a comprehensive system of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation. - Thirdly, at the heart of the aforementioned theories and viewpoints, various forms and subjects of social alienation in modern times are explored. A spotlight will be placed on the nature of alienation, origins, manifestations, consequences and the basic measures to de-alienation. especially on the analysis of the background and the intricate relationships of scientific and technological alienation, communicative action alienation, alienation of daily life, consumption alienation, cultural alienation and others; the survival difficulties caused by alienation of various kinds are also analyzed; and the relationship between the development of human society and alienation as well as the measures to de-alienation are explored. - Finally, the achievements and limitations of the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation are analyzed. A study will be conducted on the contribution and development made by the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation to Marx's Theory of Alienation, and a comparison will be made between Marx's Theory of Alienation and Western Marxist Theory of Alienation. This will point out that the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation is one-sided and Utopian. Compared with our time to that of the one Marx lived in, manufacturing alienation is no longer the main division, but instead, consumption alienation has taken over as the leading role in today's modern society. Simultaneously, scientific and technological and communicative action alienation cannot be ignored. China needs to take into account and learn from its process of modernization as both of these occurrences have already taken place in developed western countries. Therefore, the Western Marxist Theory of Alienation has important implications for China's process of modernization. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Qian T1 - An Analysis of Alienation in >The Bluest Eye< [对《最蓝的眼睛》的异化分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 在当今文坛上,托妮•莫里森是一位极其出色的作家,也是在众多黑人女作家中获得诺贝尔文学奖的第一人。发表于1970年的《最蓝的眼睛》代表着她早期创作的开始。这部小说在展现那些失语的黑人女性的辛酸和苦苦挣扎方面具有极其震撼人心的影响力。在这部作品中,托妮•莫里森深刻地批判了美国的社会、政治、种族歧视和性别歧视。这部作品艺术特色鲜明,如结构新颖、多重叙事角度、象征、隐喻、对比等。这些写作艺术特色吸引着读者,引发读者想象和深思。同时小说与以往的黑人作家着重从政治和经济方面揭示黑人所遭受的歧视和压迫不同,莫里森把自己的注意力更多地投向黑人女性的内心世界。作为一个黑人女作家,托妮•莫里森自身的双重身份使她能走进黑人女性的内心最深处,进而能深刻而细腻地表现黑人女性因长期遭受种族主义和性别歧视的双重压迫而产生的辛酸、苦苦挣扎和扭曲的心理状态。正因为如此,世界上越来越多的人关注她的作品。本论文旨在分析导致异化的各方面的原因以及异化在小说中的表现。本论文共分为导论、正文和结论三大部分。第一部分是导论。主要介绍托妮•莫里森在当今文学史上的地位、主要作品、生活经历,《最蓝的眼睛》的国内外研究现状,本论文研究的方向、独特性及研究的重要意义。国内外以往的学者对于莫里森的研究往往是研究其作品的后殖民主义、女权主义、叙事技巧及艺术特色,但对她作品的异化分析涉及很少,因此本论文结合异化理论对作品进行分析有一定的现实意义。第二部分是正文,由三章组成。第一章着重介绍异化的理论研究、异化主题在西方现代文学中的呈现和莫里森的时代、生活经历以及她的异化主题的建立。本论文的异化主题是基于马克思的异化论、弗洛伊德的心理分析、弗洛姆的人性异化理论,并分析从古希腊到现代每一历史时期异化主题在西方文学中的呈现。本论文结合《最蓝的眼睛》创作时期所特有的历史环境、社会环境,和莫里森本人的生活阅历来论述异化主题的建立,从而说明对《最蓝的眼睛》的异化研究是有一定的理论和现实依据的。第二章具体分析导致异化的原因。《最蓝的眼睛》中的异化特征主要有以下四个原因,分别是:占主导地位的白人文化的影响、爱的缺失、学校教育的失败,以及自我认同感的缺失。黑人日常生活的周围弥漫着对白人文化优越性的宣传,在电视电影中有美丽的白人明星,在糖纸上做广告的是浅肤色的童星,甚至在学校的教材中也有对白人生活完美化的描述。黑人在潜移默化中被白人文化洗脑,渐渐丧失了自己的传统文化,丧失了自我认同感与自信。她们不再爱自己,也没有能力再爱别人,真正地成为与社会格格不入的隐形人。这四个方面原因的总结证明在工业化社会中,人类的异化是有其深层次的根源的,同时表现出在物质高度发展的社会中存在的人性扭曲和精神危机。异化的原因分析应唤起人们的全面发展意识,更加关注心理健康,防止人性异化。第三章探讨异化在该作品中呈现的特征。《最蓝的眼睛》中的异化特征共分为三个部分,分别是家庭成员间关系的异化(包括夫妻关系的异化和父母与子女关系的异化)、社会成员间关系的异化、以及人自我的异化。家庭不再是孩子幸福的港湾,夫妻之间不再互相爱戴,互相关心,取而代之的是漠然和相互鞭打;父母也不再是孩子的保护神,父亲给孩子带来肉体和精神的折磨,母亲对孩子的痛苦无能为力甚至是漠不关心。黑人不仅承受着白人社区带来的伤害,而且默默忍受着本社区同胞邻里之间的漠然和冷漠的态度。黑人是一个弱势群体,本应该坚持自我,互帮互助,齐心协力共同走出困境。然而,这些可怜的人们渐渐地失去自我,失去爱自己爱别人的能力。更糟糕的是,面对自己的处境和别人的无助,他们毫无作为,甚至相互欺凌,试图从弱者的痛苦中得到相对的满足。通过对这些异化特征的分析,现代人的生活困境及精神荒原一目了然。最后一部分是结论,这部分简要总结本论文的研究目的和研究意义。通过对异化的研究,本论文旨在揭示人的异化,展现人类精神世界的荒原。对于中国这个发展中的国家而言,在物质文明快速发展的同时,关注精神文明的建设也是至关重要的。笔者期在通过本论文当代人能在社会中找到自我,关注当代人的精神危机,防止异化。人们只有不再异化,人际关系才能和谐,才能构建社会主义和谐社会。 N2 - Toni Morrison is an outstanding writer in the contemporary literary world and is also the first black female Nobel Prize laureate for literature. >The Bluest Eye<, published in1970, is one of her earliest works. This novel has powerfully presented the silenced black women's bitterness and struggle because of the long-term double oppression of racial discrimination and gender discrimination. In this novel, Morrison has profoundly criticized the American society, its political prejudice, its racial discrimination and its gender discrimination. In >The Bluest Eye<, Morrison has shown several prominent artistic features, such as the structure of the novel, multiple narratives, symbols, metaphors and contrasts, which have attracted people to read and to imagine and contemplate. Unlike those writers who emphatically reveal the black people's economic prejudice and political prejudice, she pays more attention to the black women's inner world. As a black female writer, her own dual identity enables her to penetrate deeply into black women's inner world and reveal their psychological bitterness, desperation and distortion under the powerful oppression of racism and sexism. Therefore, more and more people have begun to pay attention to her novels. This thesis analyzes the causes of the alienation and the alienation features in this novel. It consists of three parts: an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. - The introduction briefly introduces Toni Morrison's significant status in the current literary history, her main novels, life experience, current study situation of >The Bluest Eye<, the direction, uniqueness and importance of this research. Both domestic and overseas studies on Morrison mostly dwell on post colonialism, feminism, the special narrative devices and writing features. But currently comprehensive and creative researches on the analysis of alienation in >The Bluest Eye< can hardly be found. Therefore, this thesis will analyze the novel based on alienation theories, which has certain practical significance. - The main body consists of three chapters. Chapter One mainly introduces the alienation theories, the alienation theme in western literature, Morrison's times, life experience and the foundation of the alienation theme. The alienation analysis of this thesis is based on Karl Marx's alienation theory, Freud's psychoanalysis, and Fromm's alienation theory. This chapter also analyzes the alienation features in western literature in every single history period from ancient Greece. This thesis illustrates and analyzes the foundation of the alienation theme with the combination of the historical background, social environment where >The Bluest Eye< is created and her own life experience. Therefore, all these show that the analysis of alienation in >The Bluest Eye< has both theoretical foundations and practical basis. - Chapter Two specifically analyzes the causes of alienation. There are four causes: influence of the dominant white culture, absence of love, failure of school education, and loss of self-identification. The advertisement and broadcast about the superiority of the white culture pervade everywhere in the black's daily life. There are white stars on the TV screen, the light-skin children stars on the candies' package, and the excessive description of the white people's life in a perfect way wrongly. The black are gradually brain washed unconsciously. Then they lose themselves, abandon their traditional culture and have no self-confidence. They stop loving themselves and they lose the ability of loving others, which means that they become the invisible men in the society. These four causes summarize that the human's alienation has its profound origins in this society, and manifest the distortion of human nature and spiritual crisis in the highly developed material society. These causes of alienation should wake people to pay more attention to the comprehensive development and psychological health to avoid human alienation. - Chapter Three explores features of alienation in this novel. The features include three aspects, respectively alienated relationship among family members (including alienated relationships between husband and wife and the alienated relationships between parents and children), alienated relationship among social members, and the protagonist's self-alienation. An alienated family is no longer a harbor for a child where the couples beat and torture each other instead of loving and taking good care of each other; parents stop playing the patron role or protecting role in a child's life. Instead, father brings sufferings to the child both physically and mentally and mother is either powerless to protect or indifferent to the child's sufferings. The black community not only has to suffer the discrimination from the white, but also has to endure the indifference from their neighborhood in the same black community. The black community is relatively weak and inferior, so people in the same black community are supposed to adhere to themselves and their culture, help one another, support each other and unite together to get rid of their difficulty or trouble. However, these poor people gradually lose themselves and their capacity of love. What is worse, when they are in front of their own desperate situation and others' helplessness, they haven't taken any action to fight back. Instead, they bully the relatively weaker ones in order to gain a kind of satisfaction from others' pain. The modern people's dilemma and spiritual waste land are unfolded through the analysis of these features of alienation in daily life. - The conclusion summarizes the purpose of the thesis and its significance. Through the study and research of alienation, the thesis aims to reveal human's alienation and the present waste land of human's spiritual world. The thesis also expresses the expectation of the further study and research into the alienation in Morrison's other works. As to China, a developing country, it is very crucial to promote the development of the spiritual civilization as the material civilization develops in this fast developing materialized society. The thesis expects the modern people to identify themselves in the material society and to pay more attention to their spiritual crisis to avoid alienation. As long as there is no human alienation, there are true harmonious relationships among people. Only in this case can a really harmonious society be constructed. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Dan T1 - Research on Utopian Thought: Exploration, Development Process, Comparative Analysis [乌托邦思想研究:理论探微•发展脉络•殊异甄析], Doctoral dissertation, Foreign Marxism Research, Jilin University, Changchun, China 2012. N2 - >乌托邦<,顾名思义,即没有寄寓之所的国度。乌托邦是对人类完美社会的理想设计,不过它只能寄托在远离现实的时空之中。本文本着对于乌托邦思想提供借鉴价值的宗旨来展开乌托邦马克思主义的研究,重点论述了>乌托邦<研究的构建、乌托邦的马克思主义、近代中国>空想社会主义<的梳理、欧洲历史上>空想社会主义<的探寻,并且阐述了>乌托邦<在中国的殊异与特征,从不同侧面来加以发现它的高深和精妙之处,指引我国乌托邦马克思主义又好又快发展。第1章,绪论。主要对容易混淆的相近词的概念加以厘定,并且介绍了选题价值、结构安排和研究方法。中国的>乌托邦<与欧洲的>乌托邦<的演进趋势基本类似,它们在不少方面是相通的,这些在一定程度上反映了乌托邦马克思主义的共同规律。我国乌托邦马克思主义既吸收了欧洲历史上空想社会主义思想的优秀成果,但又不是对它的简单照搬;虽然比它晚出,却因此而比它更科学。第2章,>乌托邦<研究的构建。正像卡尔•曼海姆所警告的那样:>如果摒弃了乌托邦,人类将会失去塑造历史的愿望,从而也会失去理解它的能力。<但是如果不同时期摒弃历史和乌托邦,中国乌托邦的历史演进决不可能完全按照乌托邦的模式来塑造,进而形成不同形态的乌托邦。第3章,乌托邦的马克思主义。早在17世纪,早期的乌托邦社会主义理论家提出了社会发展的乌托邦思想。在这样的历史中,国外马克思主义倡导>现代乌托邦<思想的流派诞生了。其代表人物有:布洛赫、弗洛姆、马尔库塞、哈贝马斯等。乌托邦马克思主义者是资本主义的坚定批判者,也是社会主义理想的坚定支持者。第4章,近代中国>空想社会主义<的梳理。首先,介绍了近代中国空想社会主义的发展历程。从十九世纪五十年代到二十世纪初,科学社会主义传入之前,中国出现过四种形态的空想社会主义思想,即农业社会主义、大同主义、民生主义与无政府主义。其次,介绍了其进步性。近代中国空想社会主义在各个历史时期,对当时的政治实践,都在不同程度上起到推动作用。再次,介绍了其消极性。近代中国空想社会主义一方面作为一种理想,曾鼓舞过人们当时的斗争热忱,另一方面作为实践纲领,对当时的斗争又起过某种破坏作用。最后,介绍了近代中国空想社会主义的典型代表。主要以近代中国的空想社会主义为研究对象,研究视阈覆盖洪秀全、康有为、梁启超、孙中山和刘师复等人的观点。第5章,欧洲历史上的>空想社会主义<的探寻。本部分主要介绍欧洲历史上空想社会主义的发展历程、主要贡献和典型代表。空想社会主义作为社会主义发展的一个重要时期,它是不成熟的资本主义生产状况和阶级状况的产物。它反映了早期无产阶级迫切要求改造现存社会,建立美好社会的理想,表达了他们的经济利益和政治要求,是早期无产阶级反抗资本主义剥削压迫的理论表现。第6章,>乌托邦<在中国的殊异与特征。本部分主要介绍>乌托邦<在中国的思想渊源、未来社会理想蓝图和理想社会实现途径的不同与其在中国的实践性和世界性层面上的特征。 N2 - >Utopia<, as the name it is not in the country. Utopia is an ideal design of perfect society on human, but it only can be placed far away from the reality. It is a research on the utopian to provide reference value of the purpose to launch the utopian Marx doctrine. It focuses on the study of >Utopia< construction, the Marx doctrine, Utopia in modern Chinese >Utopian Socialist<, European history >Utopian Socialist< of the search, and the >Utopia< in Europe and China do in comparison. It is between in its depth and subtlety. And how to be fast development in Utopia of our country. - The 1st chapter, introduction. Mainly on the concept of confusingly similar words to be determined, and introduced the topic values, structure, framework and research method. There exist many commonalities on Utopia of China and Western is essentially similar, they are communicating in many areas, which partly reflects the Marx doctrine of Utopia. The newly proposed scientific development view of China's both to absorb the outstanding achievements of European history of Utopian, but it is not a simple copy; although later than it, but consequently more scientific than it.– The 2nd chapter, study on the construction of >Utopia<. As Karl Manheim warned: >If abandoned Utopia, humans will lose shape the history of aspiration, which will also lose the ability to understand it. But in different period, it is discard historical and Utopia, Utopia Chinese history can never be fully in accordance with the utopian mode to shape, thus it is a different form of utopia.– The 3rd chapter, the Marx doctrine of Utopia. In early seventeenth Century, early utopian socialist theorists put forward social development thought of utopia. In this history, the Marx doctrine advocates abroad >Modern Utopia School, it was born. Its representatives are: Bloch, Fromm, Marcuse, Habermas. Utopia of Marx is a capitalist firm critic, and it is a staunch supporter of socialist ideal.– The 4th chapter, comb >Utopian Socialist< in Modern Chinese. First of all, introduced the modern Chinese utopian socialism development process. In the eighteen fifties to the early twentieth century, there are four forms of utopian socialism, namely agricultural socialism, cosmopolitanism, people's livelihood and anarchism. Secondly, introduces its progress. Modern Chinese utopian socialism in each historical period, on the political practice, from varying degrees to rise to urge action. Utopian socialism in Modern Chinese as an ideal, one inspired the people then struggle enthusiasm, on the other hand, as the practice program, it had to struggle and played a destructive role. Finally, introduced the modern Chinese utopian socialist representative. Mainly in the modern Chinese utopian socialism as the research object, research scope covers Hong Xiuquan, Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Sun Zhongshan and Liu Shifu's point of view and so on.– The 5th chapter, Search on the history of the European >Utopian Socialist<. The main part of the European history in utopian socialism development process, the main contribution and typical representative. Utopian socialism as an important period of the development, it is not mature capitalist production status and class status of products. It reflects the early proletariat urgent request transform the existing society, and it is established a good social ideal, expressed their economic interests and political requirements. It is the early proletariat against capitalism exploitation and oppression of the academic performance.– The 6th chapter, >Utopia< in China its differences and characteristics. It is the main part of the >Utopia< in China's ideological origin, social ideal and social ideal blueprint for the future realization of different. And they are features of practice and world in China. [Author‘s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Xiaofeng T1 - A Study of Ethan’s Alienation in >The Winter of Our Discontent< Theory [《烦恼的冬天》中伊桑的异化研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 《烦恼的冬天》是约翰•斯坦贝克创作的最后一部长篇小说,被认为是其获得诺贝尔文学奖的直接原因。本论文以埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论为基础,通过分析《烦恼的冬天》中主人公伊桑内心所经历的痛苦和随之而来的道德沦丧以及最后为重新找回自我所做的努力,旨在更好的理解这部作品以及斯坦贝克对于人性的关怀和信心。本文首先指出伊桑异化的原因在于身处一个金钱至上的消费社会以及个人试图逃避精神孤独而走向迷失、堕落。其次,本文从三个方面深入分析了伊桑的异化,即与曾经熟悉的家乡新港镇的异化,与他人的异化以及与自我的异化,展现了生活在20世纪中叶的美国人所遭受的无法逃避的疏离感和孤独感。最后,文章详尽地探讨了伊桑走向异化解除的倾向。虽然最终即将过上富裕的物质生活,伊桑内心却备受罪恶感和羞耻感的折磨,于是他开始重新审视自己,逐渐改变了一些生活实践,在准备自杀的时候获得了新生。论文结尾部分通过对前面内容的总结,得出结论阐明生活在一个物欲横流的社会,人的异化是不可避免的,但人性是可以完善的,通过自身的努力和觉悟个人一定能够重拾自我,走向异化解除。通过运用弗洛姆的异化理论解读《烦恼的冬天》,本文再现了斯坦贝克作为一个现实主义作家对社会观察的细致、认识的深刻以及对人类坚定的信心。 N2 - >The Winter of Our Discontent< is John Steinbeck's last novel and is considered to be the direct reason for him to acquire the Nobel Prize for Literature. Based on Erich Fromm's alienation theory, this thesis analyzes the suffering and corruption of the protagonist Ethan in >The Winter of Our Discontent< as well as his efforts to receive final redemption, for the purpose of better understanding this novel and justifying Steinbeck's love and faith in human beings.– This thesis firstly points out that Ethan's loss and degeneration is due to his living in a consumer society where money is the first thing and his own longing to avoid moral isolation.– The second part of this thesis analyzes Ethan's alienation from his once familiar hometown New Baytown, from other people as well as from himself, displaying Americans' inescapable sense of estrangement and alienation in the middle of the 20th century.– The third part focuses on Ethan's tendency to de-alienate. Though he finally is about to live a wealthy life, Ethan suffers from a strong sense of guilt and humiliation, he therefore begins to reconsider himself and change some of his life practices. At the moment of committing suicide here gains his self.– In the end, the thesis concludes that for a man living in a materialistic society, his alienation is unavoidable, but man has the potential of perfectibility and through his own consciousness and efforts he can regain his self and receive de-alienation. By employing Fromm's alienation theory to interpret >The Winter of Our Discontent<, this thesis properly demonstrates Steinbeck's meticulous observation and deep understanding of society as well as his firm faith in human beings. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Luo, Yingchun T1 - Ecology Interpretation of Moby-Dick [《白鲸》的生态学解读 -美国激进时代精神生态的质询], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 白鲸》是麦尔维尔的代表作,也是美国十九世纪文学史上最为重要的作品之一。作品讲述了>裴廓德号<出海捕鲸并在船长亚哈的带领下向其宿敌白鲸复仇的悲壮故事。评论界对于该作品的阐释已经是汗牛充栋,不可胜数。本课题在生态理论、生命哲学、精神分析学说的引导下,运用历史的与美学的方法,对其在精神生态上的思想意义进行探讨,试图以此推进对该作品的深入理解。文章分为五部分。引论部分主要是按照时间顺序简单梳理国内外麦尔维尔的研究成果,以确立本课题的理论视界与可能展开的具体路向,并表述本课题所运用的理论、研究方法与自己论文的主要研究价值。第二部分着眼于作品的时代语境,指出19世纪的美国正处于黄金时期,其政治、经济、社会高速发展,举国上下洋溢着豪迈乐观的激情和雄强不羁,充满自信的时代精神。正是在这样的时代语境下,作者以饱满的热情叙写了一部海上捕鲸的传奇故事,塑造了一个雄强粗犷的生命群体,给他们以宽广的胸襟,丰富的知识与强健的体魄。他们虽然处在社会的下层与边缘,但他们身上所焕发出的生机、活力,表现出了作者的生命理想。第三部分主要是运用精神分析学说对船长亚哈进行分析,论述作品在人的精神心理、意志、情感等探讨上所具有的意义与价值。认为故事所叙写的虽然是>复仇<这个古老的母题,但却通过亚哈对白鲸的复仇打开了人的无意识领域的广袤的世界,让人们见到了无意识的强大与混沌。作品在展示亚哈强大意志的同时也给人以警示,那就是人类的意志如果没有正确的价值原则与自由信念作为支撑,也很可能给生命带来悲剧。第四部分主要运用了弗洛姆的学说与社会文化理论,对作品中所表现出的宗教意识与时代精神的矛盾进行了分析。认为美国虽然是一个移民国家,但依然有着基督教的深刻影响,社会整体意识中潜藏着基督教文化所带来的压抑。时代的蓬勃发展让人们的理性意识高扬,人类希冀用理性来主宰自我的命运。但人类一旦远离上帝,脱离了先前固有的文化心理秩序和宗教信仰,就很容易陷入孤独的境地,只能面对精神与心灵的荒野,依然不能获得自由。对上帝失去敬畏,命运就会对人类进行相应的惩罚,当然这种惩罚不是来自外在的力量,实际上是来自生命本身的黑暗。就如亚哈的船只在杀死白鲸的同时,也让自我陷入了深渊一样。第五部分是全文的结语。该部分对本文主要观点进行总结,认为人应在身心、意志、信念之间建立起平衡,只有这样才可能获得精神的自由并实现生命的价值。 N2 - >Moby-Dick< is Melville’s representative work and one of the most important works in American literature history of19th century. The work told us a tragic and heroic story. It described a ship named >Pei Kudos< [Pequod] went whaling on the sea. Later, all the seamen in this ship, under the leadership of Captain Ahab took revenge on their old enemy >Moby<. There are already a lot of explanations about this work. However, this thesis was written under the guidance of the ecological theory, philosophy of life, the psychoanalytic doctrine. By using methods in history and aesthetics, the author tried to explore its spiritual and ecological implications, so as to promote readers' better the understanding of the work. - The paper concludes five parts: The introduction is primarily to sort out some of the major achievements of previous studies, so as to establish a theoretical foundation for writing this thesis. In this section, studies on Melville both at home and abroad are briefly sorted out according to the development of the times.– The second part introduces the context of the work. The work points out that the19th century's America is under The Golden Age with the rapid development of policy, economy society. The whole19th century brimmed with heroic optimism, and positive and high-spirited passion. People's words and deeds have shown the uninhibited and confident spirit of the times. In such a context, with an open mind, in his writing, the author created a group of bold and unconstrained males with simple, broad-minded, knowledgeable and strong and healthy characteristics. Although they have lower social status and live at the verge of the society, their vitality, dynamism, simplicity and nature have demonstrated the ideal of life ignited by the author.– The third part is mainly to analyze the Captain Ahab by using psychoanalytic theory. It points out the significance and value of the work on exploring the psychology and will of human beings. The work, through describing Ahab's revenge on the White Whale, opened an expansive world of unconsciousness to us. In an artistic way, the work also let us witnesses the power and chaos of unconsciousness. Meanwhile, the work reveals the strong will of Ahab and the power of the will in the life principles and freedom belief tend to bring tragedy to their lives, if they only rely on their instinct and will.– The fourth part, by using the Fromm and socio-cultural theory, mainly analyzes the contradiction between the religious consciousness and spirit of times which described in the work. It showed that although the United States is a nation of immigrants, it is also influenced by Christian. Americans subconsciously feel the repression caused by the rule of the God. The booming of the times made people's rational consciousness highly developed. Facing with the fate, people hope to dominate their lives with their own reason. Without the previous cultural psychology and religion, it is easy for human to fall into a lonely situation, only facing with the wilderness of their spirit and soul, humans still cannot get freedom. What's worse, they will lose the courage to move forward and needless to say becoming the master of their life. When they face their fates, they will lose reverence toward the God. Accordingly, Fate will punish humans for their errors and sins. Of course, this kind of punishment is not from external forces, but actually from the darkness of life itself. Just as Ahab's vessel killed the white whale, they also threw themselves into the abyss.– The fifth part is the conclusion. This part briefly summarizes the main ideas of this paper. In this part, the author points out that life should be in a balance between body, mind, will and faith. Only in this way, can humans obtain the freedom of spirit and realize the value of life. Y1 - 2012 ER -