TY - GEN A1 - Zhu, Mengjuan T1 - An Analysis of Holden in Cages from the Perspective of >The Sane Society< [>健全的社会<视角下解析牢笼中的霍尔顿], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2017. N2 - 姆•大卫•塞林格于1951年出版《麦田里的守望者》,一举成名,被誉为>当代风格独特的文学天才>;与此同时,该书被美国文学界公认为美国文学中的>现代经典<之一。该小说以二战后的美国为时代背景,当时美国物质生活极大丰富,人民的精神生活却是一片荒原,纸醉金迷的社会特征致使主人公霍尔顿对这虚伪的社会深恶痛疾。人本主义精神分析代表人物艾里希•弗洛姆融合了马克思的人本学说和弗洛伊德精神分析理论,提出社会像人一样,有性格特征并且会生病。人有病态的性格存在,社会也有病态的、不健全的性格存在。在虚伪世界和精神荒原并存的社会中,不健全的社会性格不仅导致>垮掉的一代<成了美国50年代的代名词,也成为《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的牢笼,导致了霍尔顿精神世界的压抑、孤独和焦虑。为保持精神健全,霍尔顿必须挣脱这牢笼。本文基于弗洛姆的社会性格和关联需求理论,解析霍尔顿深陷于不健全社会性格的牢笼并踏上挣脱牢笼的三天情感关联旅程。全文共分五章:引言介绍了作者塞林格和小说《麦田里的守望者》,并且综述了小说的国内外研究现状;第二章概述艾里希•弗洛姆的>健全的社会性格<和>爱的关联<理论;第三章从盈利的社会、虚伪的世界和异化的人性三方面入手,详细探讨霍尔顿深陷于不健全社会性格的牢笼里;第四章从母爱、性爱和友爱三方面,着重探讨霍尔顿挣脱了不健全社会性格的牢笼;第五章得出结论,霍尔顿在虚伪腐化的世界里,通过与妹妹菲比建立爱的联系,感悟到他心中驻留已久的童真和快乐,最终冲破不健全社会性格的牢笼,不仅改变了自身孤独困苦的精神状态,也改变了看待世界的方式。并由小说世界推至现实社会,鼓励人们在当下社会中用友爱的方式去塑造健全的社会性格,用爱去关联这个社会。 N2 - In 1951, >The Catcher in the Rye<, was published in North America, and its author J. D. Salinger became famous overnight and was hailed as the unique contemporary literary genius. At the same time, this novel was regarded as one of the modern canons by American literature. The background of this novel was the United States which had already become a powerfully political, economic and military country after the Second World War. Even though people at that moment enjoyed a rich material life, they suffered from spiritual wasteland to a large degree. The luxury and dissipation life made the protagonist Holden detest the phony world. Erich Fromm, a famous representative of the Humanistic Psychoanalysis, combined Marxist Humanistic Theory and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory, and announced that a society could have a character and be sick just like a human being. Thus, men could have neuroses and insane character, and a society could have social neurosis and the insane social character as well. The coexistence of the spiritual wasteland and the phony world made the generation in the fifties be labeled as the Beat Generation, and also became cages for Holden Caulfield in >The Catcher in the Rye<. These cages made Holden feel repressed, lonely and anxious. Therefore, to maintain his sane character, Holden must break cages which were caused by the insane social character. Hence, on the basis of the theory of the Social Character and Relatedness with Love, the dissertation aims to analyze Holden’s struggling in cages of the insane social character and breaking cages with love through his three-day wandering in New York. This dissertation contains five chapters. The introduction is about J. D. Salinger’s, >The Catcher in the Rye<, and literature review on this novel. The second chapter introduces Erich Fromm’s theory of the social character and the relatedness with love, and the third chapter aims to analyze Holden’s struggling in cages of the insane society from three aspects – the acquisitive society, the phony world and the alienated interpersonal relationship. The fourth chapter analyzes the explicit way of Holden’s breaking cages of the insane society from three aspects in sequence – motherly love, erotic love, and brotherly love. The fifth chapter draws a conclusion that Holden broke cages of the insane social character by establishing the union with his sister Phoebe in this phony world and feeling innocence and love which resided in his heart long time ago. Holden not only changed his depressed mental state, but also changed the way to look at the world. From the novel to the reality, this paper also encourages people to establish the sane social character by brotherly love and to relate this society through love. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Ling T1 - Social Filter Theoretical Perspective on Howard Goldblatt’s Translation of >The Field of Life and Death< – Taking Ge Haowen's English translation of >Life and Death Field< as an Example [社会过滤器视角下文学翻译研究 –以葛浩文英译《生死场》为例 ], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 翻译是一项跨文化的人类交流活动,由于文化具有个性,因此不同文化间的对等翻译是不可能实现的,在将由一种语言所承载的文化转换为由另一种语言来承载时,定会出现损失现象。翻译过程中的文化缺失现象早已引起了译界的广泛关注,但在过去漫长的时间里,译界对该现象的研究却一直局限于语言层面,多是借用语言学理论来对其进行分析。直到二十世纪七十年代多元系统理论被提出以来,人们才逐渐意识到翻译的跨学科性质,开始致力于从众多其他学科中寻求理论支撑。在此过程中,哲学对翻译的指导作用日益凸显并激起了学者的高度热情。鉴于翻译是一种社会活动,因此翻译批评决不能忽视特定的社会因素的制约,这种制约用西方哲学家弗洛姆的话来说就是>社会过滤器<,本文拟以弗洛姆的社会过滤器为理论基础来研究葛浩文翻译的《生死场》英译本中的文化过滤现象,希望能有助于扩展翻译批评的理论视野,加深人们对翻译的社会属性的认识。>社会过滤器<概念是弗洛姆在解释社会无意识理论过程中提出的一种社会过滤机制,弗洛姆认为正是>社会过滤器<横亘在经验与意识之间,阻止某些经验转换为意识。翻译总是在一定的社会环境中进行,受某些社会因素的制约,因此,以>社会过滤器<为理论基础进行翻译研究符合翻译活动的社会属性。《生死场》是我国当代作家萧红的成名作,小说讲述了九一八前夕哈尔滨近郊一个村庄的乡民们的生活情状。原作中独特的语言风格和文化元素给翻译带来了巨大挑战。葛浩文先生曾在译者前言部分明确表示为了适应读者的审美倾向,他在翻译过程中不得不删改了原文的部分内容。可见,即使是像葛浩文这样的翻译大家,在翻译诸如《生死场》这样充满乡土气息的文学作品时,也没能摆脱社会过滤器的束缚。然而,正是这样的英译本,自1979年出版以来,却一直深受外国读者的喜爱。因此,对该译本进行研究一定能为翻译实践提供可资借鉴的经验。但截止到目前,译界对这一译文的研究少之又少,更谈不上全面性和系统性的批评了。本研究以《生死场》的英译本为研究对象,通过仔细对比原文与译文,并查询往期关于对葛浩文和他的翻译思想的研究,分别从语言、逻辑、社会禁忌三方面分析了译者在翻译过程中对原文本的处理,发现葛浩文对语言,逻辑,社会禁忌三个方面的内容的过滤力度并不是一致的,他对语言和逻辑的过滤力度较小,在以归化为主,异化为辅的翻译策略的指导下,主要过滤掉了原文的表达方式,而在意义上则做到了忠实于原文,但对社会禁忌的过滤力度则相对较大,主要通过采用归化和替代,过滤掉了原文的文化内涵和意义,仅仅保留了其功能。2017年是萧红逝75周年,此论文一方面算作译界在译本方面对葛浩文翻译研究的有效补充,另一方面作者也希望借此文向民国才女萧红致敬。 N2 - Since translation is an intercultural communication, and each culture carries with itself unique characteristics, the equal translation between different cultures is surely impossible. When the culture embodied in one language is translated into another, it will inevitably undergo some losses. Though the loss of culture in translation has long be award and studied, most of such studies have limited their theoretical perspectives to linguistic theories and focused merely on language. It was not until 1970s, when the polysystem theory was proposed, translation started to walk out of the realm of linguistics and its inter-disciplinary nature began to become prominent. From then on, scholars all over the world expanded their studies from different perspectives to seek theoretical support for translation study. Among those perspectives, the philosophical ones have attracted abundant attention due to their remarkable guiding function on translation. Given the fact that translation is a social activity and is restricted by various social factors, translation studies can’t be completed without regard to the social filter. Though the combination of philosophy and translation enjoys a long history, the adoption of the social filter theory for translation study is rare and lacks of depth. This thesis takes Fromm’s social filter theory as its theoretical perspective to study the culture filtration in the English version of >The Field of Life and Death<, hoping that it will be of some help to broaden the theoretical horizon for translation studies and will do good to deepening people’s awareness of the social property of translation. The social filter is a filtering mechanism put forward by Erich Fromm in his attempt to explain how social unconsciousness occurs. According to Fromm, it is this mechanism that stands between experience and consciousness, forbidding certain experience to enter into the realm of con¬sciousness.– As translation always occurs in a certain social environment and is undoubtedly restricted by some social factors, so adopting the social filter theory for translation study is of high rationality and conforms to the social property of translation. Such application is made to the English version of Shengsichang, Hsiao Hung’s first novel that brought her great fame. The novel tells life stories about a group of peasants living in a small village near Harbin right before the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. The unique language style and cultural elements in the source text make the novel a paradigm of North-East China folk literature but at the same time, pose great challenges to translators. Howard Goldblatt stated in the Introduction of The Field of Life and Death that he had to make some changes and deflections to the source text to make the translation readable and acceptable by target readers. So it is safe to conclude that when translating literature filled with local flavor and unique language styles, even an excellent translator as capable as Howard Goldblatt can’t extricate himself from the restriction of the social filter. Though the English version of The Field of Life and Death is not faithful to the source text to some extent when considered strictly, it has enjoyed a high popularity ever since it was published in 1979, which proves that it is approvable to the target language society in both language and content, and thus a careful study of the translated version can certainly bring us valuable experience that is worthy of learning. It is for this reason and the insufficient study on it that this MA thesis is composed.– This thesis takes the English version of Hsiao Hung’s novel, Shengsichang, as a case study. By compa-ring the source text and the target text carefully and referring to the previous studies on Howard Goldblatt as well as his translation thoughts, the author has found that when dealing with language and logic in the source text, Howard Goldblatt adopted domestication as main strategy with foreignization functioning as a walking stick, but when it comes to the translation of social taboos, only domestication or substitution was adopted. It is concluded that social filtering does exist in translation and translation strategies should be selected flexibly in accordance with the power manifested by different components of the social filter in the target language society. In addition, since 2017 is the 75th anniversary of Hsiao Hung’s death, this thesis can not only be deemed as a supplement for studies on Howard Goldblatt and his translation, but can also be regarded as a way to honor the talented woman writer, Hsiao Hung. [Author’s translation Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Qian T1 - On Fromm's Sound Social Theory [论弗洛姆的健全社会理论] N2 - 弗洛姆健全社会理论的哲学基础和核心是以人的心理精神分析为特色的人性论,他通过分析社会中人病态的精神状况,得出西方社会是不健全社会的结论,并从经济、政治、文化三个方面对健全社会的实现提出改革的建议:经济上进行>人道主义经营管理<、政治上发挥民主制度、文化上提高人民的道德情操,最终的目的是要实现一种人性完善、个人自由、充满理性和爱的>健全社会<。文章的第一部分主要从时代背景和理论来源入手,梳理并总结出弗洛姆健全社会思想形成的源头。第二章重点阐述了弗洛姆健全社会思想理论的构思过程。弗洛姆认为健全社会的最初模型应该是人道主义社会的雏形,他通过对社会不健全现象的批判最终提出通往健全之路的改革建议。第三部分是对弗洛姆健全社会整体思想进行的评价。合理性表现在,弗洛姆揭示了西方社会存在的问题,将人性>理论<进行了详细的研究,同时拓展了我们对西方现代资本主义社会的观察视角;局限性则体现在,弗罗姆最终没能脱离其抽象的人性本质,他的人道主义社会观只是对西方社会进行的表面探索,未能找到资本主义制度存在的根本问题。因此,他的社会改革方案带有着理想主义的色彩。 N2 - The philosophical foundation and core of Fromm’s sane social theory is the theory of human nature, which is based on the analysis of human spirit, he analyzes the human society morbid psychiatric conditions, it is concluded that the western society is not perfect social results, and from the three aspects of economy, politics and culture, the reform proposals are put forward: >humanitarian management< in economy, political democracy and cultural play improve people’s moral sentiments. The ultimate goal is to achieve a perfect human nature, individual freedom, sane social rationality with full of love.– The first part of the article starts with the background of the times and the source of the theory, combs and summarizes the source of Fromm’s sound social thought.– The second chapter focuses on the conception of Fromm’s theory of social thought. Fromm believes that the original model of a sound society should be the prototype of the humanitarian society, he finally put forward the reform proposals to improve the road through the criticism of the phenomenon of imperfect society.– The third part is the evaluation of Fromm’s thought of perfecting the whole society. The rationality in western society, Fromm reveals the existing problems, the theory of human nature is studied in detail, and expand our understanding of modern western capitalist society perspective; limitation is reflected in the nature, Fromm ultimately did not deviate from the abstract theory of human nature,his humanitarian society only surface of Western society the study failed to find the fundamental problems existing in the system of capitalism. Therefore, his social reform program is with idealistic color. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Qianyun T1 - Escapism in Kurt Vonnegut’s >Slaughterhouse-five<[库尔特•冯内古特《五号屠场》中的逃避主义 ], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 库尔特•冯内古特是第二次世界大战后美国最多产和最受欢迎的作家之一。《五号屠场》是冯内古特最著名的一部小说,被广泛地认为是一部典型的黑色幽默小说,同时也是一部后现代主义杰作。本文采用弗洛姆的>逃避自由<学说和萨特的存在主义理论分析《五号屠场》中以主人公毕利为主的逃避方式以及逃避本质,从而阐释作者冯内古特的逃避主义观,即逃避不能改变人的困境,不能抹去战争给人类带来的心灵创伤,更不可能阻止战争的发生。只有以积极的心态直面残酷的现实,才是当今人类最好的选择。全文共分为四章。第一章主要分析小说主人公毕利对>他者<的逃避。萨特认为,如果和他人的关系变得扭曲,则>他人<就是地狱。德兵、战友甚至是家人,对毕利来说都是>地狱<,在德兵和以欺负毕利为乐的战友面前,毕利一再忍让、逆来顺受,在妻子面前,沉默寡言、漠不关心,甚至不愿面对自己的母亲,因为她给了他生命,而他只想放弃自己的生命。毕利不愿意通过自己的努力改变与他人的关系,他的行为代表了战后世界人们的人性冷漠与人际关系的异化。第二章主要分析毕利对事实的逃避。在小说中,毕利幻想自己被外星人抓去,并深受外星人价值观的影响。外星人认为时间没有先后顺序,死亡、战争等令人产生负面情绪的事情,仅仅是无数生命时刻中的其中某个时刻,人们应该对此>漠然以对<,仅仅关注生命中的美好时刻。这种种想象其实是毕利不愿面对事实,为逃避内心痛苦的一种自我欺骗,是萨特存在主义理论中的>自欺<行为。第三章分析小说中不同人物的>逃避自由<现象及其原因所在。弗洛姆认为,>逃避自由<有三种方式:极权主义、攻击与破坏以及顺势与趋同。这三种方式在小说中毕利、韦锐以及拉杂罗等不同人物身上均有体现。无论哪种方式,都是为了逃避孤独与无力的生存状态。第四章分析小说中作者的>介入<,作者在小说中通过元小说的方式透露出自己创作此小说的意图,表达了其勇敢回首残酷的战争记忆、愿意为世人担起责任的决心。通过《五号屠场》中的讽刺,作者表明了自己对待战争以及战后荒谬世界的观点——为自己更要对整个社会和人类担起责任,直面现实。 N2 - Kurt Vonnegut (1922-2007) is one of the most prolific and popular American writers after World War Ⅱ. >Slaughterhouse-Five< (1969) is the most famous novel written by Vonnegut, which is widely regarded as a representative novel of black humor and also a postmodern masterpiece. On the basis of Sartre’s existentialism theory and Fromm’s theory of escaping from freedom, this thesis makes an in-depth analysis of the methods and essence of character’s escaping performances. This thesis is divided into four chapters.– The first chapter analyzes the protagonist Billy’s escaping from >the other<. According to Sartre, once the relationship with others is abnormal, then the other is >hell<. The Germans, the comrades and even family members are all Billy’s hell. Billy is unwilling to face up to the relations but his escaping cannot change his situations.– Chapter Two analyzes Billy’s escaping from truth. Billy imagines himself being captured to another planet and refuses to accept the truth of his real life. His behavior is a typical case of Sartre’s concept of >bad faith< (self-deception).– Chapter Three probes into the manifestation of characters’ escape from freedom. According to Fromm, escape from freedom dues to loneliness and helplessness deep inside one’s heart.– Chapter Four illustrates Vonnegut’s ideas towards the character’s escape phenomena—There is no place to escape to. Vonnegut bears the responsibility to advocates courage of facing the absurd world. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Shuai T1 - Consumption Alienation: Dual Thinking of Theory and Reality [消费异化:理论和现实的双重思考], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, China Youth Political Institute, Beijing, China 2017. N2 - 自古以来,消费就一直存在于社会市场的经济运营中,并始终占据着重要的地位。从一方面来看,消费促进了生产力的发展,加速了消费商品的生产与销售,对人类社会的进步起到了重要的作用;但从另一个方面来看它却又给人们带来了不可避免的负面影响。例如,随着生活水平的提高,人们的消费行为出现了一些不正常现象,其中无节制地吃喝玩乐、攀比奢侈消费之风的蔓延都是典型表现。这种消费异化现象的出现不仅阻碍了人的自由全面发展,而且还不利于国家、世界的稳定发展。本文从马克思的异化思想及劳动异化入手,以马克思主义的基本理论为依据,对消费异化从理论和现实两方面进行分析,且在鲍德里亚、马尔库塞、弗洛姆和生态马克思主义学者等人所提出的消费异化理论基础上进行了认真的整理和总结,并希望可以通过一系列的分析和讨论能够让人们走出消费异化误区,感受生活的本真,追求生命的本身。文章以概括、梳理了异化消费现状分析为核心,共分四个部分。第一部分是绪论,主要介绍了本文选题的背景和意义、以往研究成果、消费异化含义、国内外研究现状综述等。第二部分则从马克思和西方马克思主义学者两个角度阐释了>消费异化<的理论渊源。第三部分则介绍了>消费异化<的现状和表现以及消费异化产生的内外根源,与此同时文章还着重从消费文化、消费主体、价值取向这三个方面对消费异化现象进行了有力的批判。第四部分主要从坚持适度理性消费、弘扬绿色生态消费、提倡个人精神文明消费、重塑健康消费文化四个方面入手,对消费异化这一问题展开对策性分析,并提出笔者观点:消费异化的祛除需要我们社会中每个人的共同努力,而当我们全社会消费者广泛投入,携手共进,利用一切方法和途径去充盈我们的精神需要、丰富我们的精神生活的时候,那么我们消除消费异化必将指日可待! N2 - Since ancient times, consumption has been in the social market economic operation, and always occupies a prominent position. On the one hand, consumption has promoted the development of productive forces, accelerated the production and sale of consumer goods, played an important role in the progress of human society; but from another point of view it has brought people to the inevitable For example, with the improvement of living standards, people’s consumption behavior has some abnormal phenomenon, unrestrained eating and drinking, comparisons of luxury consumption of the spread of the wind is one of the typical performance. The emergence of this phenomenon of consumption alienation not only hindered the free and comprehensive development of people, but also detrimental to the stable development of the country and the world. In this paper, Author makes a comprehensive analysis of consumption alienation based on the philosophical thinking of >consumption alienation< from the Marxist alienation and the alienation of labor, and in Baudrillard, Marcuse. On the basis of the theory of consumption alienation proposed by the scholars such as Fromm and Ecology Marxists, it is hoped that a series of analysis and discussion can make people out of the alienation of consumption and feel the truth of life, the pursuit of life itself. The article is divided into four parts, The first part, the introduction. This paper mainly introduces the background and significance of this topic, the previous research results, the meaning of consumption alienation, and the current research status at home and abroad. The second part, the origin of the theory of >consumption alienation<. This part mainly deals with the related expositions of Marx and Western Marxist scholars on consumption alienation. In the third part, the author introduces the present situation of consumption alienation, the material and spirit of consumption alienation, the expression of four aspects of luxury and sports, the internal and external analysis of consumption alienation, the consumption culture, consumption subject, value orientation of the three aspects of the phenomenon of criticism. The fourth part, mainly to eliminate the phenomenon of consumption alienation countermeasures, that is adhere to moderate rational consumption, promote green ecological consumption, promote personal spiritual civilization consumption, reshape the healthy consumption of four aspects of culture analysis, and pointed out that the dissipation of consumption needs us Everyone in the community’s joint efforts, only our whole society consumers are widely engaged, hand in hand, use all methods and ways to fill our spiritual needs, enrich our spiritual life, then we eliminate consumption alienation will be just around the corner! [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Xinyuan T1 - A Comparative Study of the Essential Thoughts between Marx and Fromm [马克思与弗洛姆人的本质思想比较研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 2017. N2 - 人的本质问题一直是哲学家所关注的焦点问题之一。马克思和弗洛姆在不同的历史条件下,对人的本质问题进行了各具特色的探讨,得出了具有一定的联系但又存在明显差异的结论。理解这些联系和差异,有助于我们更为具体的理解马克思的人学思想,更好的贯彻与落实以人为本的科学发展观。马克思对人的本质的理解主要体现在人的类本质是>自由的有意识的活动<、人的本质在其现实性上是>一切社会关系的总和<以及>人的本质是人的真正共同体<等几个命题中。其中,以人的物质生产活动为主要内容的实践活动即>自由的有意识的活动<是人的本质得以形成的基础,在实践的基础之上形成的人与人之间的社会联系以及在这些联系的基础之上而形成的共同体则是人的本质的现实存在形式。但在马克思看来,由于受到生产力水平的限制,在资本主义私有制中,人们不仅不会把人与人之间的社会联系和他们置身于其中的社会看作他们的生命须臾不可离开的本质,而是把自己理解孤立的个人,把各种各样的社会联系看作时刻需要逃离的外在束缚。面对人的本质的这种普遍异化,只有通过生产力的发展和生产关系的根本转变,才能最终扬弃。而这一切都只有通过无产阶级革命和共产主义制度的建立,才有可能得到实现。作为一名弗洛伊德的马克思主义者,弗洛姆的人学思想受到了弗洛伊德、马克思以及犹太教和佛教等各种思想的影响。在他看来,对人的本质的理解必须从他们生来就具有的同样的潜能这一角度着手,而劳动则是实现这些潜能的具体途径。但在资本主义私有制条件下,人们在实现其潜能的过程中,无法体会到现实生活中存在的各种丰富的道德与爱,从而会在心理上产生出深刻的孤独感。人与人之间的这些联系的疏离就人的本质的异化。要扬弃人的本质的异化,就必须在超越以私有财产的占有为目的的公有制社会中,重建人与人之间爱的关系。马克思的人学思想尤其是其劳动观点,对弗洛姆的人学思想有着明显的影响。但两者也存在明显的区别。马克思把劳动看作人的本质得以产生的基础,弗洛姆则把劳动看作人的本质得以实现途径;马克思认为异化就是劳动异化,弗洛姆则把异化理解人的一种心理体验;马克思认为异化的扬弃只有通过生产力的发展和无产阶级革命才能实现,弗洛姆则把异化的扬弃寄希望于心理治疗的途径。 N2 - The question of human nature has always been one of the focal points which philosopher concern about. Under different historical conditions, Marx and Fromm have different explorations of human nature and draw the conclusion, which have a certain connection but there are significant differences. Understanding these connections and differences will help us to understand Marx’s humanistic thinking more specifically and better implement the people-oriented concept of scientific development. Marx’s understanding of human nature is mainly reflected in the following aspects: the nature of human beings is >free conscious activity<, >the essence of man is the sum of all social relations<, >the essence of man is the true community of man<. Practical activities which are based on human material production activities as the main content, that is to say, >free conscious activity< is the basis for the formation of human nature, the social connection between people is formed on the basis of practice, the reality of the existence of human form is community which is formed on the basis of these links. But in Marx’s view, due to the level of productivity constraints, in the capitalist private system, people do not regard social connections and society as the essence of their life can not be left, they understand themselves as isolated individuals, and regard the various social connections as external constraints that need to be fled. This universal alienation in the face of human nature can only be discarded through the development of productive forces and the fundamental transformation of the relations of production. And all this can only be achieved through the proletarian revolution and the establishment of the communist system.– Fromm as a Freudian Marxist, his humanistic thought was influenced by various ideas such as Freud, Marx, and Judaism and Buddhism. In his opinion, the understanding of the nature of man must precede from this point of view the same potential that they are born, but labor is the concrete way to realize these potentials. However, under the condition of capitalist private ownership, people can realize the richness of morality and love in real life in the process of realizing their potential, which will produce a profound sense of loneliness. The alienation of these connections between people is alienation of human nature. To avoid the alienation of human nature, it is necessary to rebuild the relationship between people in the public society beyond the possession of private property.– Marx’s human thought, especially its labor point of view, has a clear influence on Fromm’s human thought. But Marx’s anthropological thought and Fromm’s anthropological thought have a clear distinction. Marx regards labor as the basis for the essence of man, and Fromm is regarded labor as a way to realize the essence of man; Marx argues that alienation is labor alienation, and Fromm understands alienation as a psychological experience; Marx argues that the abandonment of alienation can only be achieved through the development of productive forces and the proletarian revolution, and that Fromm is the way to dissipate alienation in the way of psychotherapy. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Yong-gang T1 - From the Original Fear to the Social Fear – On Hobbes' View of Fear and Its Evolution [从原始恐惧到社会恐惧 -论霍布斯的恐惧观及其演变], Master thesis, Political Science, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2017. N2 - 人类历史的发展,始终与恐惧相伴随。婴儿从脐带断裂开始,就对世界充满了恐惧。这种>始发纽带<断裂带来的恐惧,将贯穿个体成长的进程。并且伴随着人类历史的进程,将会不断产生新的恐惧。在某种意义上,可以说人类的文明就是与恐惧作战的历程。关于人类恐惧的由来,可以从外部和内部两个原因来分析。外部的恐惧主要来自于>空间<和<时间<的未知,而内部的恐惧主要是由人类>生理<和>心理<的弱点导致的。恐惧的因素早已深深埋藏在人性及其生活的世界中。不分宗教、地区、种族、性别、时代等,没有人能摆脱恐惧的困扰。所不同的是,恐惧在不同的人身上和不同的时代会有不同的表现。而当这些恐惧由当时最睿智的思想家,经过深刻的哲学思辨形成系统的恐惧观时,将会成为影响人类文明进程的伟大力量。在西方近现代政治思想中,最早对恐惧进行深刻论述的非霍布斯莫属。在霍布斯看来,正是由于自然状态下的人们,无时无刻不处在对暴力死亡的恐惧中。所以人们在理性的趋使下,出于自我保存的需要,将所有权力都授予主权者,>利维坦<就随之诞生了。在他看来主权者必须足够强大,否则就无法抵御恐惧的威胁。他认为,人类建立国家的原因,就是为了摆脱自然状态中的死亡恐惧。因此,对霍布斯恐惧概念的解读,也就成了我们理解其政治哲学的关键。但由于受到当时种种条件的限制,霍布斯的恐惧观仍然存在着许多不完善之处。首先由于他对战乱的恐惧,导致他迫切渴望和平。他认为要想保卫和平,必须使主权者拥有无限的权力,否则和平就难以维继。这就导致了,他的理论容易走上极权主义的道路。其次由于霍布斯的恐惧观是为其国家起源理论服务的,所以他缺乏对国家产生后的政治恐惧和社会恐惧的论述。最后,由于霍布斯过分强调死亡恐惧,导致其理论在面临自杀问题时出现了矛盾。后世的思想家在其基础上,结合自己时代的特点,发展了霍布斯的恐惧观。从而使得西方政治哲学中的恐惧观经历了从霍布斯的原始恐惧,到政治恐惧,再到社会恐惧的历程。对于政治恐惧的论述,我主要以孟德斯鸠和托克维尔为例,分别论述了他们对极权专制和多数暴政的恐惧。而对于社会恐惧,我以弗洛姆和鲍曼为例,分别论述了他们对自由和现代性的恐惧。这里需要说明的是,这三种恐惧之间并不是相互替代的关系。它们往往是共存于同一时代的,所不同的是在不同的时代其恐惧的侧重点不同。在现代国家产生前,人们的恐惧主要以原始恐惧为主。在现代国家产生后相当一段时期,恐惧的类型则集中表现为政治恐惧。而在当代社会,我们正处于社会恐惧的阶段,>风险社会<和<全球化<加剧了我们的恐惧。>现代性<的滋长带来了焦虑的蔓延,导致现代人大多生活于一种虚无的境况中。在工具理性和科学技术主导的时代,人自身的价值被忽略,这带给现代人一种极大的恐惧。为了逃避这种恐惧,他们试图通过彻底地纵欲或者禁欲来缓解内心的虚无。但不幸的是这些方法带来的只是暂时地安宁,当激情褪去,恐惧又会重新袭来。这种个体摆脱恐惧的尝试,之所以难以成功就在于他所生活的环境没变。人作为社会的动物,生活在社会之中,必然要受周围环境的影响。所以要想从根本上缓解这种恐惧,需要个人和社会两方面的努力。只有通过重新寻回>自我<和营造一个>健全的社会<,才有可能真正缓解社会带来的恐惧。对于缓解现代人焦虑的手段,我以为应该从价值的重构入手。它主要包括:重新发现自我、重新认识平等、重建积极自由和重回爱的怀抱四个方面。在当代社会,能否缓解这一恐惧,不仅关系到社会的稳定和政府的存续,更关系到我们人类的幸福和未来。 N2 - The development of human history always accompanied with fear. The world is full of fear to a baby when he separated from his mother. The fear of the fracture of the >original bond< will go through the process of personal growth. And with the development of human history, some new fears will be created. In some sense, it can be said that human’s civilization is a process of fighting with fear. The origins of human fear can be analyzed from both internal and external reasons. The external fear is due to the unknown >space< and >time<, and the internal fear mainly comes from the human’s weakness of >physical< and >psychological<. The factors of fear have been deeply buried in the human’s nature and life. Regardless of religion, region, race, gender, age, etc., no one can get rid of fear. The difference is that different ages and life experience can make a difference in fear. And when fear suffers a profound philosophical speculation by the brightest thinkers, it will form a system and become the great power to influence the process of human civilization. In the modern Western political thoughts, Hobbes is the earliest man who has deeply discussed fear. In Hobbes’s view, because of the people who live in the natural state always in fear of violent death, so under the drive of rational and due to the need of self-preservation, they will rant all rights to a sovereign. At the same time, the >Leviathan< is born. In his view, the sovereign must be strong enough, or unable to resist the threat of fear. In order to get rid of the fear of violent death, human beings begin to establish the country. Therefore, the understanding of the concept of fear has become the key to Hobbes’ political philosophy. But due to the limitation of various conditions at that time, the Hobbes’ views of fear still have many limitations. Firstly, he deeply desires peace because of the fear of war. In order to safeguard peace, he thinks that we must give a sovereign infinitely power. As a result, his theory easily leads totalitarianism. Secondly, his view of fear serves the theory of country’ origin, so it lacks the discussion about political and social fear. Finally, because Hobbes emphasizes death fear too much, so his theory can’t explain suicide. Later thinkers laid on the basis of it and combined the characteristics of their age, and then developed the Hobbes’ view of fear. The western political philosophers’ view of fear have experienced from Hobbes’s original fear, political fear, and then to the social fear. For the political fear, I mainly take Montesquieu and Tocqueville as the examples. For the social fear, I take Fromm and Bauman as the examples. Most important, the three kinds of fear can not be replaced by each other. They often co-exist at the same time, the difference of them is that there are different fears in different times. Before the country appeared, people’s fear is mainly composed of the original fear. During the period of the modern state, it is given priority to political fear. In contemporary society, we are in a stage of social fear, and the >risk society< and >globalization< has heightened our fear. The rise of >modernity< leads to the spread of the anxiety, make most modern people live in a nihilistic situation. In the time of the tool rationality and science and technology, people’s own value is ignored, this bring deeply fear to modern people. In order to avoid this kind of fear, they attempted to ease inner emptiness through acolasia or abstinence. But unfortunately these methods can only bring temporarily peace, when passion fades, the fear will hit again. This attempt to escape from fear by individuals is difficult to success, because they ignore the environment they lived. Man as a social animal, living in a society that is easily affected by environment. So as to root out this fear, needs the efforts of the two aspects of individual and society. Only through rediscover >ego< and to build a >perfect society<, it is likely to ease the fear of society. To ease the modern means of anxiety, I think that we should reconstruct value. It mainly includes: to find yourself, to recognize equality, to reconstruct positive liberty and back into the arms of love. In contemporary society, whether can alleviate the fear or not, it not only relates to the social stability and the existence of the government, but also relates to our human happiness and future. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Yue T1 - Loneliness – Beyond >Opium in the Clouds< [孤独—《云中鸦片》的彼端], Master thesis, Spanish Language and Literature, Beijing International Studies University, Bejing, China [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 《云中鸦片》是哥伦比亚作家拉菲尔•查帕罗的代表作品,获得1992年度的哥伦比亚国家文学奖。作为作者仅有的发表于生前的小说,这部作品在哥伦比亚国内反响巨大。而又因其主题表现了城市中年轻人的生存状态,在年轻读者中引起了广泛的共鸣。小说的创作手法非常新颖,多个叙事者,片段式结构,时间、逻辑顺序的混乱,独白、呓语、文字游戏的穿插,使作品语言带有明显的实验性。就其内容而言,反传统的人物设定,弱化的情节以及作品中荒诞的世界,也使这部小说与传统作品割裂开来。《云中鸦片》主要描写了一群社会边缘的年轻人,孤独的他们终日沉迷于酒精、毒品和性爱,而行尸走肉般的生活的使得他们既无法挽救他人,也无法实现自我救赎。于是,有人浑浑噩噩日复一日重复着这样的生活,也有人无法忍受而最终自我了断。整部作品虽然都在描写日常的生活,反映的却是城市生活中年轻人的孤独与痛苦。本篇论文首先介绍了作品及作者的概况,提出其中的孤独主题,并介绍了对这部小说各方面以及对孤独这一人类共有状态在心理学及哲学方面的研究现状。孤独是世界文学广泛关注的主题之一,而拉美地区又因其独有的历史与现状对孤独有着特殊的敏感,因此拉美文学格外关注孤独。海德格尔,弗洛姆等哲学家阐释了人类孤独的来源,而现代人又因其与自然环境的隔离,承受着一种异于农耕时代的新式孤独。作品所指的城市是哥伦比亚首都波哥大,工业的发展让城市生活日益现代化,而长期的武装冲突又让社会动荡不安。小说三要素的情节、人物、环境,以及作者重复使用的意象,和贯穿全文的摇滚音乐元素,都深刻反映出当时波哥大年轻人的孤独。本文作者尝试通过文中人物的行为方式,结合作者的自身经历及其发表的各种作品,探讨作者对于孤独的思考及写作意图。文中人物实则主动选择了孤独,作者这样的安排与其想要表达的思想密切相关,即当时年轻人内心对混乱社会的不满与排斥。本论文认为,《云中鸦片》无论从表达手法还是作品内容上,都反应了孤独这一主题。作者虽然描写的是城市中年轻男男女女的日常生活,但他们的离经叛道和消极颓废都只是其内心孤独的外化体现。书中那个淫雨霏霏的城市实际上脱胎于哥伦比亚首都波哥大,而这些年轻人的生活方式便是波哥大现实的文学体现。作者通过描写这些年轻人的主动孤独,表达了对于那个时代社会乱象的无声抵抗。孤独固然痛苦,但选择孤独就是为了不让自我意识消亡于城市机制的吞噬。《云中鸦片》看似呈现了一幅没有理想的年轻人的群像图,实则揭露了隐匿在当时社会繁华之下他们精神上的孤独空洞。愤怒而忧虑的作者,观察这个他深爱的城市,极冷的批判,却恰好吐露出他极热的心,折射出他对现代人生存状态的思考。 N2 - >Opium in the Clouds< is the representative work by Colombian writer Rafael Chaparro and won the 1992 Colombian National Prize for Literature. As the author's only novel published in his lifetime, this work has had a huge impact in Colombia. And because of its theme shows the city's young people's living conditions, has aroused widespread resonance among young readers. The creative method of the novel is very novel. The narration, the fragment structure, the chaos of time and logic order, the monologue, the bravery and the penetration of the word game make the language of the work be obviously experimental. As far as its content is concerned, anti-traditional characters, weakened plots and absurd worlds in the works also make the novel fragmented from traditional works. Opium in the Clouds mainly describes a group of young people at the margins of the society who, lonely, addicted to alcohol, drugs and sex all their day, and who live in a zombie -like way that make them neither save nor self-salvation. Thus, some people endless unexamined day after day repeated this kind of life, but also some people can not stand the ultimate self-judgment. Although all the works are describing daily life, they reflect the loneliness and suffering of young people in urban life. This paper first introduces the general situation of the works and the author, puts forward the lonely theme among them, and introduces the current psychological and philosophical research on all aspects of this novel and on the common state of loneliness. Loneliness is one of the topics that have drawn a lot of attention in world literature. However, Latin America has a special sensitivity to loneliness due to its unique history and current situation. Therefore, Latin American literature pays special attention to loneliness. Heidegger, Fromm and other philosophers explained the source of human loneliness, and modern people, because of their isolation from the natural environment, endured a new kind of loneliness different from the farming era. The work refers to the city of Bogota, the capital of Colombia. The development of industry has brought urban life to an increasingly modern level, and the long-term armed conflicts have made the community unstable. The plot, character and environment of the three elements of the novel, as well as the author's repeated use of the imagery and the rock-full music elements throughout the text all reflect the loneliness of the young Bogotang at that time. The author attempts to explore the author's thinking on loneliness and intention of writing through the way of the characters' behaviors and the author's own experience and the various published works. In fact, the characters chose loneliness on their own initiative. The arrangement of the author was closely related to the idea that he wanted to express, that is, the dissatisfaction and exclusion of young people in chaotic society. This thesis argues that >opium in the cloud< reflects the theme of loneliness both in terms of expression and content. Although the author describes the daily lives of young men, women and men in urban areas, their deviant and negative decadentness is only the manifestation of their inner loneliness. The demeaning city in the book was actually born in Bogota, the capital of Colombia, and the way of life of these young people is a reflection of Bogota's literary reality. By describing these young people's initiative and loneliness, the author expresses the silent resistance to the social chaos of that era. Loneliness is painful, but the choice of loneliness is to prevent self-consciousness from extinction in the swallowing of urban mechanisms. >Opium in the Clouds< seems to present a group picture of an unattractive young man, revealing in fact the spirit of loneliness hidden in the flourishing society at that time. Angry and anxious author, observing this city he loved deeply, extremely cold critics, but just reveal his extremely hot heart, reflects his thinking on the living conditions of modern people. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Zhen T1 - A Research on Fromm’s Theory of Alienation [弗洛姆异化理论研究], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 当今世界正处于生产力快速发展时期,物质财富达到了空前的水平,然而,在物质丰裕的背后,人在精神和心理层面却陷入了危机之中。弗洛姆的异化理论综合了马克思的学说和弗洛伊德的精神分析理论,开辟了独特的理论视角来研究当代人在心理上所面临的问题。他是新弗洛伊德主义的代表,他看到了资本主义社会下大多数人的生存状态,并继承了马克思关于异化理论的部分学说,将异化理论纳入到心理层面去研究,旨在深刻地批判资本主义社会的丑恶与扭曲,并提出一系列扬弃异化的途径,试图将人从资本主义全面异化中解放出来。这对于研究当代人身上出现的精神和心理问题,并提出解决方案具有重要的借鉴意义。弗洛姆一生经历了二十世纪两次世界大战及战后资本主义大发展和大繁荣时期。他见证了战争沉重打击了人们的心灵,及物质丰裕下人性的迷失,这两个方面都使得弗洛姆更加关心人的心理健康和精神问题。弗洛姆肯定了马克思所认为的资本主义时期出现了异化的观点,而且他更认为异化在资本主义社会已经无孔不入,社会是异化了的社会,人也是异化了的人。人失去了其应有的自由、本质和尊严,人的精神是不健康的,社会也是病态的社会。与马克思相比,弗洛姆更侧重于对人的异化的心理层面的研究。他以弗洛伊德的精神分析学为基础研究异化的根源,探索异化扬弃的途径。弗洛姆以人性论为基础,分析了资本主义社会下人的生存状况和精神健康问题。弗洛姆认为,人的需要不仅包括生理需要,还包括心理需要。心理需要的满足,才是使人感到幸福的关键所在。针对资本主义下人的异化问题,弗洛姆从主客观两个方面提出了解决异化的途径,倡导建立健全的社会。弗洛姆的异化理论对研究现.代人的现实处境具有积极的意义。 N2 - Nowadays, the world is in a period of rapid development of productive forces and material wealth has reached an unprecedented level. However, behind this, people’s spiritual and psychological level was in crisis. Fromm’s alienation integrated Marx’s theory and Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, opening up a unique perspective to study the problems which faced by contemporary people psychologically. As a representative of Neofreudism, he witnessed the living conditions of most people in the capitalist society, inherited the part of Marx’s theory on dissimilation, and studied the alienation theory from psychological level, which aimed to criticize capitalist society’s ugliness and distortion profoundly, and proposed a series of ways to sublate alienation, trying to free people from the total alienation of capitalism. It has great significance to study the problems of mental and psychological of contemporary people and propose the solution. Fromm went through two wars of the 20th, and the great development and prosperity of capitalism. He witnessed that the war hit people’s hearts, and the humanity lost under the material abundance. These both made Fromm concern more about people’s psychological health and mental problems. Fromm not only affirmed Marx’s view that alienation appeared during the period of capitalism, but proposed that alienation in capitalist society has been pervasive. He considered that society is a alienated society and human is alienated, too. Under this situation, people lost their freedom, essence and dignity, and, both the human’s spirit and society were sick. Compared with Marx, Fromm paid more attention to the research on the psychological alienation. He studied the roots of alienation based on Freud’s psychoanalysis and explored the ways of alienation and sublation. Being based on the theory of humanity, Fromm analyzed human’s living conditions and mental health problems. Fromm deemed that human’s requirements contained two sides, biology and psychology. And the satisfaction of mental requirement is essential to human’s happiness. Being pointed at the human alienation in the capitalist society, Fromm put forward that we should solve the alienation from two sides of objective and subjective, and advocated the appropriated way to develop the society. And it has positive significance to study the modern people’s realistic situation. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Yuying T1 - A Study of Alienation in David Mamet’s Plays 大卫·马梅特戏剧作品中的异化现象研究], Doctoral dissertation, English Language and Literature, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 美国著名剧作家大卫·马梅特①(David Mame, 1947-)曾多次获得美国和英国戏剧界大奖, 包括美国普利策奖、奥比奖、英国西城剧院奖等众多荣誉, 是当代美国最高产也是最受欢迎的剧作家之一。马梅特戏剧作品的人物设置、语言特色及其社会关怀博得众多学者的好评。他自早期戏剧作品如《湖舟》、《鸭子变奏曲》、《芝加哥的性堕落》等面世后就开始受到学界关注, 目前已有相当数量的研究成果。中国的马梅特研究虽起步较晚, 但由于马梅特的戏剧成就和国内学者的热情, 现已经逐渐成为美国戏剧研究的热点之一。国内对马梅特研究的视角主要有伦理学研究、女性主义批评、权利话语分析、文体学研究等, 但基本都是以单篇论文呈现, 未能展现马梅特戏剧的整体面貌。此外, 囿于研究视角比较集中, 国内的马梅特研究视野不够开阔。本论文对国内外马梅特研究现状进行比较系统的梳理后, 尝试以西方心理分析领域的马克思主义代表人物埃里希·弗洛姆的异化理论分析马梅特的《美国野牛》、《拜金一族》等剧作, 揭示剧中人物矛盾纠葛产生的深层原因。论文绪论部由四节构成。该部分包含对研究对象、研究现状、异化理论及研究方法和创新点的介绍和梳理。由于马梅特的作品较多, 可以切入研究的视角也纷繁复杂, 必须对其作品及现有研究成果进行合理分类, 才能发现已有成果的局限并为自己的研究找到契合点。其次, 绪论部分也对异化理论进行了梳理。多位哲人和学者从哲学的角度运用过异化概念, 但定义各不相同, 因此需要对论文中使用的异化理论予以界定。最后, 论文归纳了撰写过程中使用的研究方法、论文的创新点及后期研究的方向。除绪论外, 论文主体部分由三章构成, 分别研究商业活动、日常关系及情感活动中的异化现象。商品经济大潮对当今社会产生的冲击最强烈, 影响也最明显;商业活动又是商品经济中最常见、最普遍的活动, 因此论文主体部分首先讨论了商业活动中异化现象的表现及其影响。论文第一章题目是>《拜金一族》与《燃水引擎》中商业活动异化研究<。本章分别以马梅特的普利策戏剧奖获奖作品《拜金一族》及另外一部涉及商业犯罪的作品《燃水引擎》为研究目标, 分析两部作品中的物欲崇拜异化对社会的正常运转所造成的负面影响。《拜金一族》围绕推销员、主管威廉姆森的表现及公司老板的角色展开研究。论文通过分析上述角色的言行, 发现推销员的卑劣行径源于异化, 而推销员的异化则根源于公司的竞争制度和管理方式。《燃水引擎》将研究重点聚焦于商人劳伦斯·奥伯曼的言行, 通过将其言语与实际行为进行对比, 揭示这位道貌岸然的商人在物欲崇拜的驱使下如何与他人沆瀣一气追逐偏颇目标的。论文揭示了两部戏剧中商业活动缘何偏离正常轨道及商业活动中异化现象产生的原因, 认为两部戏剧都涉及因商业活动导致的犯罪问题, 其诱因表面上要归结为伦理缺失、道德失衡, 然而背后的原因却是人的异化观念导致了物欲崇拜现象。本章第四节从语言技巧出发探讨马梅特如何通过人物语言表现商业活动领域的异化现象。人际关系是链接人与人关系的重要纽带, 它决定着人际互动的展开方式并会从根本上影响社会的运转, 在社会生活中具有举足轻重的地位。马梅特在戏剧作品也非常关注异化对人际关系带来的影响, 因此论文在第二章研究了日常交往中的异化现象。本章研究异化如何影响日常交往, 研究对象是马梅特的戏剧作品《美国野牛》与《奥利安娜》。正常社会氛围中诸如相互照顾、帮助、关心都是较为常见的人际互动方式, 而>异化<会瓦解上述良性互动方式并导致社会中冷漠、仇恨等消极因素不断滋生蔓延。《美国野牛》中蒂奇说服店主更换合作伙伴、策划大部分作案细节、持续不断地中伤他人, 推动着戏剧情节的发展, 因此他的言行是研究的重点。论文运用社会表演学理论透视蒂奇言语与行为的矛盾之处, 揭示他行为表现出的深刻的异化特征。《奥利安娜》中卡罗尔经历了由>请求者<到>霸凌者<的转变, 她在要求没有得到满足的情况下执意提出控告并意图毁掉教授拥有的一切。论文分析了卡罗尔在>弱势<及>强势<身份时迥然不同的表演, 发掘其言行中异化特征。论文通过对两部戏剧的研究, 剖析了异化对人际关系的影响并揭示了人际关系异化形成的根源。本章的第四节从两部戏剧的情境入手, 以具体文本为出发点, 分析了马梅特如何巧妙地选择情境表现异化对日常生活产生巨大影响的。爱情是人类情感的升华, 是人类生活不可或缺的一部分, 同时也是文学研究的重要方面。巧合的是, 马梅特也有多部作品与爱情异化相关。因此, 论文主体的第三章研究感情生活中的异化现象。本章对《树林》与《波士顿婚姻》展开分析, 通过剧中人物的言行透视异化对情感生活的巨大影响。《树林》在上演后引起多家媒体的追捧和评论, 关注的焦点多集中于戏剧语言、情节等方面;《波士顿婚姻》引发的关注多集中在同性婚姻、爱情忠诚等方面。但在作者看来, 这两部戏剧反映的是资本主义工业化生产方式塑造的异化性格在爱情中的具体体现。《树林》中尼克对情人如丝的兴趣漠不关心, 他在爱情中只会索取, 却逃避应该承担的义务并仅仅追求即时的性欲。论文以表演学理论展现了>爱无能<在戏剧中如何体现及其产生的负面影响;《波士顿婚姻》中安娜以帮助同性恋人克莱尔的名义同已婚男性开始了新恋情。论文通过表演学理论分析其言行, 阐明她这一做法的真正动机是满足虚荣心。此外, 论文还就安娜身上所体现的金钱崇拜、不受挫原则等几个特征进行分析, 指出安娜的行为是不切实际的。论文认为, 异化改变了人的爱情观并损害了感情生活的基础。本章的最后一节阐述马梅特在戏剧中如何利用>陌生化<效果强化异化对爱情生活的负面影响。论文结论部分总结了主体部分的研究内容, 认为商业活动、日常关系及情感生活中的异化现象在马梅特的戏剧中普遍存在, 体现了马梅特对社会运行中异化、疏离现象的焦虑。论文借助相关戏剧理论分析了六部戏剧中形态各异的异化现象, 指出了异化对社会产生影响的具体方式, 揭示了异化产生的根源以及马梅特是如何通过多种艺术手法表现异化现象的。由于异化会对社会生活的各个方面都会产生消极的影响, 阻碍社会良性发展和社会个体间的良性互动, 因而社会所有成员都需要对此予以关注和重视。异化理论不仅可以解读出戏剧人物怪诞言行的深层原因, 而且可以追根溯源挖掘这些现象产生的社会原因。从异化视角解读马梅特的戏剧作品所获得的研究成果也为如何构建和谐发展的社会提供了比较有益的思考. N2 - David Mamet (born 1947), a famous American playwright, has won numerous awards in the U. S. and the U. K. , including the Pulitzer Prize, the Obie Award, the British Society of West End Theatres Awards, and so on, and is widely acclaimed as one of the most prolific and most popular playwrights. The construction of his characters, the language features and humanistic concern in the drama have won the praise of many scholars and aroused the interest of academic circles from many countries ever since the publication of his early dramatic works such as >Lakeboat<, >The Duck Variation<, and >Sexual Perversity in Chicago< The last quarter of the 20th century witnessed his quick rise from an obscure playwright into a famous master. Although the study of Mamet began later in China than in America, it has evolved into one of the most heated research objects due to Mamet’s achievements and scholars’ enthusiasm. Up until now, Mamet’s plays have been studied from the perspectives of ethics studies, feminist criticism, discourse analysis, stylistics studies and so on. Since most of the research works are presented in the form of journal articles, they cannot reflect the overall glory of Mamet’s drama. In addition, the research perspectives are relatively limited and unable to broaden the vision of Mamet’s study. Therefore, the dissertation having done a relatively systematic review on the research works of Mamet from home and abroad, attempts to apply Marxist psychoanalyst Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation to analyze Mamet’s, >Glengarry Glen Ross< and some other plays in order to reveal the deep reasons that cause the severe contradictions between the characters in the plays. The first part of the dissertation is an introduction. It firstly introduces the research objects, classifies existing research works and defines the theory of alienation used in this dissertation. Because Mamet has written many plays and that the research works on them employ various methods, it seems necessary to conduct a comprehensive summary and classification on the plays and research results so that an appropriate point can be chosen for the present study. Secondly, this part makes a comparison between different concepts of alienation because philosophers and scholars have diversified interpretations on the notion. Thirdly, this part also lists the research methods used in this dissertation, points out the new findings, and shows the directions for future work. Apart from the introduction, the dissertation consists of three chapters, aiming to analyze respectively the alienation phenomenon in business activities, interpersonal relationship and love. The tide of commodity economy has greatest influence on the society in a direct and violent way and business activities are the most common and noticeable in society. Therefore, the first chapter of the dissertation lays stress on the influence and exact forms of alienation in business activities. The research objects of this part are Mamet’s Pulitzer Prize-winning work >Glengarry Glen Ross< and another play >The Water Engine< which also talks about commercial crime. The alienation in the form of >money worship< is analyzed in this part. The study of >Glengarry Glen Ross< concentrates on the salesmen, their office manager Williamson’s performance and the firm’s owners. The dissertation analyzes the roles mentioned above and their performance and finds that the immoral or illegal behaviors are closely connected with alienation which originates from the way in which the competition is conceived. >The Water Engine< focuses on the businessman Lawrence Oberman’s performance and compares his performance with his actual deeds and exposes how the sanctimonious man works with others to chase biased objectives. Both plays have such plots that business activities and crimes are mixed together. On the surface the incentive is attributed to the lack of ethics and moral imbalance; however, the reason behind it is the pursuit of one’s interest. The alienated people view physical materials and money as the ultimate purpose for which they try every means available even criminal actions to obtain. The fourth part of the chapter studies the language of the plays and tries to find how David Mamet use language to vivify the characters and exhibits the negative role of alienation in the business activities. The interpersonal relationship is important, for it binds the people together and in this sense it decides how people interact with each other and exerts fundamental effect on society, so the second chapter conducts a research on alienation in the interpersonal relationship of >Oleanna< and >American Buffalo< In the normal social atmosphere, care and help are the common forms of interpersonal interaction; however, in an alienated social relationship, the individual’s indifference and hatred prevail, the usual intimate relationship between people gradually disappears. Teach in >American Buffalo< persuades the owner of the junk shop to change his assistant in the theft, conceives most details of the stealing and keeps on maligning others. In effect, he is the character who makes story move forward and therefore his performance can be regarded as the focus of the play. The dissertation avails itself of social performance studies to examine the contradiction in his words and deeds and finds that there is deep-rooted sense of alienation in him. Carol in >Oleanna< undergoes the transformation from a solicitant to a bully and she is determined to destroy everything the professor owns, just because the professor refuses to satisfy her improper requests. Therefore, the dissertation concentrates on the discussion of the great difference in her performances when she respectively acts as a vulnerable or mighty individual and exposes the alienation features in her deeds and words. The dissertation analyzes the two plays, exposes the influences alienation exposes on interpersonal relationship and makes an attempt to trace to the root which causes it come into being. The fourth part of the chapter focuses on plot-and-scene analysis, examining how the plot develops in each scene. With a close reading of the text, the author reveals how the author reveals how Mamet chooses various special scenes to exhibit the disastrous impact that alienation exerts on the interpersonal relationship. Love is the mightiest form of all human feelings and is essential to human beings; love is also an inseparable part to literature and literary research. Coincidentally, Mamet produces many plays concerning the alienation in love which is also worth studying. The third chapter conducts a research on the alienation in love embodied in Mamet’s >The Woods< and >Boston Marriage<. Mamet’s works such as >The Woods< and >Boston Marriage< develops around the characters in love and contemporary people’s attitudes towards love are revealed through the conflict of the characters in the play. When The Woods was put on the stage, it caused a lot of media attention and comments which mainly focused on the language and plot; Boston Marriage paid much attention to lesbian love, loyalty and so on. But in the author’s point of view, these two plays reflect the >alienated< characters shaped by the capitalist industrial production mode. Nick in >The Woods< shows little interest in what his lover Ruth cares about and refuses to take his obligation in love; instead, he asks for love from Ruth when he needs and is keen on sexual desire. The dissertation studies his behaviors from the perspective of performance studies and reveals how his inability to love is exhibited in the play and how this kind alienation affects life. Anna in >Boston Marriage< starts a new close relationship with a man who is married with the excuse that she can get enough money to support her lesbian lover Claire. The dissertation analyzes his words and deeds by means of examining her performance closely and refutes her excuse and points out that what Anna plans is rooted in alienation. As a result, the dissertation analyzes her several tendencies originating from alienation such as money worship and non-frustration principles and shows that both her views and her actions are unrealistic. The chapter concludes that alienation is changing people’s usual view on love and undermines its basis. The last part of the chapter explores how Mamet uses alienation effect to highlight the catastrophic effect of alienation in love. The last part provides a conclusion which reiterates the research findings on the alienation in Mamet’s plays in the previous three chapters. This part concludes that alienation analyzed in the previous chapters is a wide-spread phenomenon in almost all of Mamet’s plays, which reflects Mamet’s anxiety over the deviation from regular norms of society. The dissertation makes use of theory from performance studies to analyze alienation of different forms in the six plays, which exhibits the concrete ways alienation exerts effect on society and reveals the rooted reasons of alienation. Since alienation casts undesirable influence on society and hampers the benign development of society and regular interaction between people, all the members of society should keep an eye on it. Fromm’s theory on alienation can not only explore the deep-rooted reasons of characters’ queer behaviors in the plays but also trace their origin from social development. What is more, the research results of Mamet’s plays from the perspective of alienation can function as a precious reference to the construction of a harmonious society. [Author's translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Jing T1 - Fromm’s Theory of Alienation of Consumption and Its Enlightenment for China Building a Conservation Oriented Society [弗洛姆消费异化理论对中国构建节约型社会的启示], Master thesis, Fundamentals of Marxism, Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology, Shaanxi, Xi'an, China 2017. N2 - 自改革开放以来, 国人在较短的时间内实现了从温饱型消费到享受型消费的转变, 个人的消费需求得到极大满足。然而, 生活质量的提高不但没有降低人们对消费品的占有欲望, 反而造成了消费过程中的过度消费、超前消费、盲目消费等消费异化现象。基于此, 本文通过对弗洛姆消费异化思想的研究, 结合中国当前消费领域存在的问题, 提出科学合理、适合中国国情的消费理念和消费行为, 有效避免陷入西方式消费异化问题。弗洛姆在马克思主义劳动异化理论的基础上, 从社会心理学的角度批判资本主义消费中的不合理现象。他认为消费异化是把消费本身变成目的, 个体的消费行为受到外界的干扰, 使人变成贪婪的消费工具, 同时人们对物质无止境的追求而引发了一系列的社会及生态问题。他认为消费异化的产生是利己主义与资本主义共同作用的结果, 所以要消除消费异化必须要从政治、经济、文化、个体等方面着手, 找出导致消费异化产生的根本原因, 从根源上避免消费异化。当前, 随着我国生产力的持续发展和科学技术水平的不断进步, 人们的生活质量快速提高, 人们的消费需求也在不断增长, 且消费需求的快速增长逐渐成为我国经济社会发展的强劲动力之一。但伴随人们迅速增长的消费欲望, 我国消费领域也出现了类似弗洛姆所批判的消费异化现象。与此同时, 目前我国还存在较为严重的收入差距问题, 这在客观上加剧了消费领域的异化问题。不论是高收入者的奢靡消费还是低收入者的超前消费、盲目消费, 都面临消费异化倾向。当人们沉溺于过度消费的快感之中, 被物所束缚, 在消费中体验虚假>自由<和>幸福<, 并逐渐在异化消费中迷失自我。据于此, 展开对弗洛姆消费异化理论的深入研究, 对避免消费异化问题具有重要理论价值和现实意义。本文主要通过三种方法对弗洛姆消费异化问题进行研究, 一是文献分析法, 研读马克思主义及西方马克思主义学者的消费异化理论, 以期对本文研究提供理论支撑。二是历史与逻辑相结合的方法, 从历史角度阐释马克思主义经典作家及西方马克思主义学者对消费异化理论的研究, 重点分析弗洛姆有关消费异化的理论, 揭示消费异化产生的根源、表现极其影响, 总结克服消费异化采取的措施。三是理论联系实际的方法, 将弗洛姆消费异化理论与我国当前现实相结合, 从社会学、生态学、伦理学等角度分析, 为解决消费异化问题指明出路, 为我国建设节约型社会提供理论引导。通过以上三种方法对西方马克思学者消费异化理论进行深入研究, 以弗洛姆的消费异化思想为主线, 为我国研究消费异化问题奠定理论基石和消费理念。在消费主义盛行时代, 研究消费异化问题, 可以帮助人们审视自己的消费理念, 自觉抵制消费异化行为。引导人们以马克思主义理论为指导, 树立正确科学的消费观, 发挥社会主义核心价值观的价值引领作用, 在人们心中播撒绿色消费理念, 引导我国民众进行理性消费, 有力推动我国构建节约型社会的步伐。 N2 - Since the reform and opening up, the people in a relatively short period of time from the food and clothing consumption to the enjoyment of consumption changes, personal consumption demand has been greatly met. However, the improvement of the quality of life not only does not reduce people’s desire for consumer goods, but also leads to excessive consumption, excessive consumption, blind consumption and other phenomena of consumption alienation in the process of consumption. Based on this, this article through the research on Fromm’s thoughts of consumption alienation, combined with the existing problems in the field of China current consumption, put forward scientific and reasonable consumption concept and consumption behavior, for Chinese conditions, effectively avoid western consumption alienation. On the basis of Marx’s theory of labor alienation, Fromm criticized the irrational phenomena in capitalist consumption from the angle of social psychology. He thinks that alienation is the consumption itself, consumer behavior of individuals from outside interference, make people become greedy consumption tools, at the same time people endless pursuit of material and cause a series of social and ecological problems. He believes that consumption alienation is the common egoism and capitalism results, so to eliminate the alienation of consumption must proceed from the political, economic, cultural and individual aspects, identifies the root causes of consumption alienation, avoid the alienation of consumption from the source. At present, with the continuous development of China’s productivity and the level of science and technology, people’s quality of life has increased rapidly, people’s consumption demand is also growing, and the rapid growth of consumer demand has gradually become one of the strong momentum of China’s economic and social development. But with the rapid growth of consumption desire, there has been a consumption alienation phenomenon similar to Fromm’s criticism in the consumption field of our country. At the same time, China still has a serious income gap problem, which objectively aggravates the alienation of consumption. Whether it is extravagant consumption of high-income earners or low-income people’s excessive consumption, blind consumption, are facing the tendency of consumption alienation. When people indulge in the pleasure of excessive consumption, they are bound by things, experience false >freedom< and >happiness< in consumption, and gradually lose themselves in the alienation of consumption. According to this, it is of great theoretical value and practical significance to avoid the alienation of consumption in an intensive study of Fromm’s consumption alienation theory. This paper mainly through three kinds of method to study the Fromm problem of consumption alienation, is a literature analysis, the study of Marx’s doctrine and the Western Marxist scholars consumption alienation theory, to provide theoretical support for this study. The two method is a combination of history and logic, the research on consumption alienation theory from the angle of history interpretation of classical writer Marx and the Western Marxist scholars, focuses on the analysis of Fromm about the consumption alienation theory, and reveals the root performance consumption alienation produced extremely influence, summarizes the measures taken to overcome the alienation of consumption. The three is the method of theory and practice, combining Fromm’s alienation of consumption theory and the current reality of our country, from the analysis of sociology, ecology, ethics and other point of view, to solve the problem of consumption alienation pointed out, to provide theoretical guidance for the construction of a conservation oriented society in china. Through the above three methods to conduct in-depth study of the western scholars Marx consumption alienation theory, Fromm’s thought to the alienation of consumption as the main line, laid the theoretical foundation and the consumption concept for our country to study the problem of consumption alienation. In the era of consumerism, the study of consumption alienation can help people to examine their own consumption concept, and consciously resist consumption alienation. To guide people to be guided by Marx theory, establish the correct scientific concept of consumption, the value of socialist core values play a leading role, in the hearts of people spread the concept of green consumption, and guide our people to rational consumption, promote the construction of a conservation oriented society development in China. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dillon, Katrina E. T1 - An Ethic of Love: A Frommian Critique of Education, Doctoral dissertation, Language, Literacy and Sociocultural Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 2017, 283+5 pp. [digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1081&context=educ_llss_etds] N2 - This dissertation is centrally concerned with the ways in which Erich Fromm’s critical analysis of society can be applied to education, specifically looking at the ways in which Fromm’s conceptualizations of freedom, ethics, and love can be used both to critique education and to provide an alternative vision of education through an ethic of love. With its focus on humanization and freedom, critical pedagogy offers a powerful critique, but its liberatory potential has yet to be fully realized, largely because of the ways in which critical theory has been engaged in the work of critical pedagogy. Fromm’s work offers a necessary complication to critical pedagogy through his analysis of the psychological and emotional dimensions of authentic humanization. Combining the liberatory aims of critical pedagogy with Fromm’s work enables us to reveal how schooling functions to perpetuate negative freedom, to propose a universal ethic or moral vision for critical educational studies, and to engage in a critical humanizing praxis. Ultimately, the hope of this project is to show how a more complex understanding of freedom that centers a critical theory of love allows us to develop a pedagogical framework where education as the practice of positive freedom becomes synonymous with teaching as an ethic of love. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Avilés Herrera, Karen T1 - Análisis de la neurosis como resultado de la alienación al trabajo en el sistema capitalista en la obra de Erich Fromm, Bachelor thesis, Psychology, Facultad de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador 2017, 73+4 pp. [https://repositorioslatinoamericanos.uchile.cl/handle/2250/2969978] N2 - La relación del hombre con el trabajo es una problemática transversal a la historia humana, la deformación que ha atravesado esta actividad en los modos de producción que el hombre ha creado, hacen del contexto un factor determinante que aqueja la vida del hombre. Las relaciones que se establecen en torno al trabajo han sido analizadas y cuestionadas por un sin número de autores sin embargo, la perspectiva de Erich Fromm consigue entablar un diálogo entre dos vertientes teóricas que favorecen este análisis, el Marxsismo y el Psicoanálisis, con el fin de generar una visión más amplia del ser humano y encontrar las soluciones apropiadas al problema de su existencia. En este trabajo se realiza una investigación teórica sobre estos fenómenos individuales y sociales, con el fin de determinar la relación que existe entre la alienación en el trabajo y la constitución de la neurosis como categoría clínica en el marco del sistema capitalista. En este recorrido teórico se encontró que la alienación es la base estructural que determina las condiciones que impone el sistema capitalista sobre el trabajo y sobre los vínculos humanos, dando lugar a que el individuo degenere en una de las patologías psíquicas más comunes en la modernidad, la neurosis. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zheng, Lan T1 - Living Predicament – On the Theme of Alienation in >The Human Stain< [生存的困境 - 论《人性的污秽》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Sichuan International Studies University, Chongqing, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 中的异化主题作为当代最有影响力的美国犹太裔作家之一,菲利普·罗斯的小说主要描述犹太身份、美国梦、现代和传统道德的冲突以及性爱。2000年,罗斯完成>美国三部曲<的最后一部-《人性的污秽》。小说讲述浅肤色黑人科尔曼·西尔克的故事,他放弃自己的种族身份,伪装为犹太人最后导致自己的人生悲剧。小说和种族、黑人身份紧密联系,深刻揭示了隐藏的社会问题。国内外学者已经对这部小说进行广泛的研究,然而鲜有人关注小说中的异化主题。弗洛姆认为在现当代资本主义社会存在严重的异化。本篇论文拟借助弗洛姆的异化理论,剖析小说所表达的个人自我异化,人与人之间关系的异化和外部社会的异化。通过揭示普遍的异化现象进一步探讨小说中人物的生存困境。除导论和结论外,正文由三章组成。第一章分析小说的自我异化,主要包括科尔曼的种族逃离、莱斯特扭曲的性格、德芬妮的生存困境和福尼娅贬低自我的人生。异化的人丧失与自己的联系,也与他人失去联系。他感觉已经失去与外界的创造性联系,感到沮丧和无能为力。第二章探讨小说中人与人之间关系的异化,从家庭,爱情以及和周围人的疏离方面入手分析小说中人际关系的异化。异化不仅存在于自我,也存在于人与人之间。小说中人物的关系由于复杂的利益变得异化和扭曲。第三章考察小说中外部世界的异化,分析政治和种族异化以及病态社会给人们带来的影响。 N2 - As one of the most influential contemporary Jewish American writers, Philip Roth’s novels mainly deal with Jewish identity, American dream, the conflicts between modern and traditional morality and erotic love. In 2000, Roth finished the last one of >American Trilogy<: >The Human Stain<. This novel narrates a story of a light-skinned black man Coleman Silk. He chooses to abandon his racial identity, passing for Jewish people and leading to his final tragedy. It is closely related to race and black identity, profoundly revealing hidden social problems. There have been numerous researches on >The Human Stain<. However, few people explore the alienation theme in this novel. Fromm states there is serious alienation in contemporary society. This article tries to disclose self-alienation, alienation in interpersonal relationship and alienation of society through Fromm’s alienation theory. Through revealing widespread alienation phenomenon, it will further discuss the living predicament of characters in this novel. In addition to introduction and conclusion, there are three chapters in the main body.– Chapter one analyzes self-alienation in this novel, including Coleman’s racial passing, Lester’s twisted character, Delphine’s surviving dilemma and Faunia’s demeaning life. Alienated people lose contact with himself and other people. He feels that he has lost the creative contact with society, becoming depressed and powerless.– Chapter two focuses on alienation in interpersonal relationship in this novel, consisting of alienation in family and love and alienation of other people. Alienation exists not only in oneself, but also among people. The relationship between characters in novel is distorted due to complicated interests.– Chapter three argues alienation of society in novel covering political and ethnic alienation and discusses the impact of morbid world. [Author's translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mrnarević, Ana T1 - Etički pristup problematici ljudske seksualnosti [Ethical Approach to the Problem of Human Sexuality], Diploma thesis, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 2017, 38 pp., Croatian. [darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/9492/1/amrnarevic2017.pdf] N2 - Tema je ovoga rada ljudskaslobodau odabiru seksualne orijentacije i odgovarajućem ponašanju, odnosno seksualna sloboda pojedinca i utjecaj društvenih odrednica na nju. Cilj je rada prikazati i analizirati različite stavove o tim pitanjima, a pritom posebno istaknuti problematiku pedofilije, što je primjer na kojemu se može propitati postavljanje granica ljudskoj seksualnosti. Pitanje seksualnosti, općenito i u pojedinim slučajevima, promatrat će se pluriperspektivno, s naglaskom na filozofsko-etičkojtedonekle političkoji pravnojdimenziji. Je li seksualnost prirodni fenomenili društveni konstrukt? Ako i postoje granice ljudske seksualnosti, tko ih smije i može odrediti? Možemo li govoriti o prirodnom i neprirodnom, u smisludevijantnoga,ili postoji više seksualnosti? Na koji se način ljudska seksualnost može pravno regulirati? Kakva je povezanost između etičke i pravne regulacije? Ima li seksualnost uopće moralnu komponentu ili se uvijek radi o nekom postupku čija nemoralnost proizlazi iz nečeg što nije nužno vezano uz seksualnost? Konceptkoji je bitan u pitanjima seksualnosti jest pristanak. Pitanje koje se postavlja jest kada, odnosnood koje dobi nečiji pristanak prihvaćamo kao takav? Nije li dopuštenadobna granica za stupanje u spolne odnose proizvoljna? Možemo li doista zabranitiodnos samo zato što netko ima određeni broj godina? N2 - The topic of this paper is the question of human freedom in choosing sexual orientation and corresponding behaviour, respectively, the sexual freedom of the individual and the influence of social determinations on it. The aim of the paper is to present and analyse different views on these issues and thereby accentuate the issue of pedophilia which is an example in which the imposition of limits on human sexuality can be examine. The question of sexuality, in general and in individual cases, will be observed pluriperspectively, with stress on the philosophical-ethical and to some extent political and legal dimension. Is sexuality a natural phenomenon or a social construct? If there are limits to human sexuality, who is allowed to determine them and who can do that? Can we talk about natural or unnatural, in a sense of deviant, or there are many sexualities? In what way can a human sexuality be legally regulated? What is the link between ethical and legal regulation? Does sexuality have a moral component at all or is it always a process whose immorality derives from something that is not necessarily from this sexual part? The concept that matters within the question of sexuality is consent. The question that arises is when or, actually, from what age do we accept someone’s consent as such? Is it not the case that the age limit for entering in sexual relations is a bit arbitrary? Can we indeed forbid the relation just because someone have a certain number of years. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kılıç, Melike T1 - Türk Romanında Flanör Duşüncenin Eleştirel iki Yorumu: >Aylak Adam< ve >Aylaklar<, Master's thesis, Social Sciences Institute, Department for Turkish Language and Literature, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University, Istanbul 2017, 108+11 pp., Turkish. [acikerisim.fsm.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11352/2459] N2 - Bu çalışma, modernitenin oluşturduğu tiplerden biri olan aylakların, Türk romanına etkisini Yusuf Atılgan'ın >Aylak Adam< ve Melih Cevdet Anday'ın >Aylaklar< eserleri üzerinden incelemektedir. Moderniteyle gelen değişimlerin mekâna, zamana, topluma ve bireye etkisinin ele alındığı ve modernleşmenin, başkenti olan Paris'ten başlayarak, edebî eserlere ve Türk edebiyatına tesirlerinin irdelendiği tez, aylaklığa karşı toplumdaki iki farklı bakış açısını ortaya koymaktadır. Paris modernleşmesinin ardından, modern olana alışma sürecinde ortaya çıkan yeni tiplerden flanörün aylaklığı, bazı eserlerde modern olana başkaldırı ve bir duruş olarak görülürken, bazı eserlerde flanörler bir meşgaleye sahip olmamasıyla yerilir. Tez, aylaklığa bakışın Türk romanında da aynı şekilde teşekkül ettiğini ileri sürer. Bu görüşlerden elde edilen ise, Türk romanında aylaklık durumunun iki kutbunu gösteren >Aylak Adam< ve >Aylaklar'< ın flanör düşünce ve çalışma felsefeleri bağlamında incelenerek; dönem romanlarında toplumun yeniye, yeni çalışma tarzlarına, aylaklığa ve mirasyediliğe olan tavrıdır. >Aylak Adam'da< aylaklığın bazen bir başkaldırı bazen de toplumun dışlamasına bağlı olarak bireyin yabancılaşması sonucu ortaya çıkan bir durum olarak verildiği ve kahramanın aylak olmasının ona ait olumsuz bir durum olmadığı roman bağlamında açıklanmıştır. >Aylaklar< romanında ise, birden fazla aylak karakterin aylaklık durumlarının olumsuz olarak gösterilmekten öte, işsizliğin büyük bir eksikliğe tekabül ettiği, romana dayanarak ileri sürülmüştür, roman Marks’ın Fransa’daki başıboşlar için kullandığı ve geliştirdiği >lümpen< kavramıyla bağlantılar kurularak değerlendirilmiştir. N2 - This study is an inquiry into vagabonds, which is a new figure that emerges with modernization, and into the ways in which the vagabonds effect Turkish novel, particularly through the novels >Aylak Adam<, written by Yusuf Atılgan and >Aylaklar<, written by Melih Cevdet Anday. The thesis aims to consider the modernization together with the changes, those to be concerned in relation with the shifts on the concepts of time, space and individuals. I attempt to analyze how these very changes influence the Turkish literature, in general, and the Turkish novel, in specific. Having handled the modernization from its beginnings in Paris, I intend to assert two main approaches towards the figure of vagabond in societal sense. Inside the adaptation process that is followed by the Paris modernization, the figure of vagabond is tend to be considered either as a figure of rebellion, or, it is critized for being lack of the feeling and the act responsibility. So, the thesis asserts that the main approaches towards the vagabond is projected into the literature as well as the same. What is collected as a result of this diversity, I attempt to consider the novels >Aylak Adam< and >Aylaklar< as the two poles of vagabond thought. I intend to comprehend the adaptation process of modernization, as reflected into the novels >Aylak Adam< and >Aylaklar< with regard to vagabond thought. Following this map, I discuss the ways in which the society produces to survive in order to adapt what is new, and what is mainly thought about the figures of vagabond and heir. Based upon the novel >Aylak Adam<, it is explained that being a vagabond does not simply signify negativity, but represents either rebellion or alienation, related to the exclusion by the society. In the novel >Aylaklar<, among various representatives of vagabond, the figure is represented rather than basically being a negative figure, but as a figure in order to highlight the unemployement as a major deficiency. The novel is mainly evaluated with regard to the concept of >lumpen< that Marx had created and improved, for those who was roving in France. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Choiriyah, Mamluatul T1 - Ḥadῑs-ḥadîs tentang larangan isrāf dan makhῑlah (studi ma`ânī al-ḥadīs) [The Hadiths about the Prohibition of Isrāf and Makhῑlah (Ma`ânī al-ḥadīs Study)], Bachelor thesis, Department of Al-Qur'an and Tafsir Sciences, Faculty of Ushuluddin and Dadwah, Surakarta State Institute of Islamic Religion, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia 2017, 95+12 pp., Indonesian. [core.ac.uk/download/pdf/296470236.pdf] N2 - Penelitian ini adalah penelitian tentang makna isrāf dan makhīlah yang terdapat dalam ḥadīs, Aḥmad bin Ḥanbal, Ibn Mājah dan an-Nasai'. Melihat dari realita di zaman sekarang kebanyakan orang bersikap isrāf dan makhīlah maka penulis tertarik untuk mengkaji makna kata tersebut dan relevansi antara ḥadīs dengan apa yang terjadi pada saat ini. Adapun yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah 1) Bagaimana memahami ḥadīs-ḥadīs tentang isrāf dan makhīlah. 2) Bagaimana relevansi ḥadīs-ḥadīs tentang larangan isrāf dan makhīlah pada zaman sekarang? Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Dalam penelitian penulis melakukan kajian MA`ÂNῙ AL-ḤADῙS, tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui historis suatu ḥadīs. Dan dalam konteks apa ḥadīs tersebut disabdakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan bahasa, dan pendekatan historis serta kajian konfirmasi makna dengan petunjuk al-Qur`an agar matn ḥadīs tidak bertentangan dengan al-Qur`an. Dari hasil penelitian yang penulis teliti, Ḥadīs-ḥadīs tentang larangan isrāf dan makhīlah memberikan dorongan kepada manusia untuk menggunakan barang-barang dengan baik dan bermanfaat, serta melarang adanya pemborosan dan pengeluaran terhadap hal-hal yang tidak penting. Sesuatu yang berlebihan itu adalah tanda orang yang mubadżīr (boros) yang mendekatkan kita kepada perbuatan setan. Sesuatu yang dilakukan dengan berlebihan, akan memberikan sebuah dampak yang buruk kepada diri kita nantinya. Sehingga ḥadīs-ḥadīs tentang isrāf dan makhīlah ini mengingatkan kepada kita untuk diperbolehkannya makan, minum, bersedekah dan berpakaian akan tetapi dengan mengontrol atau memberi batasan agar tidak memberikan dampak buruk. Sedangkan makhīlah yang ada dalam diri seseorang, datang karena sifat takabur yang timbul akibat adanya keutamaan yang dilihat dari dirinya. Sehingga ia merasa lebih dari orang lain, dan mendorongnya menjadi sombong. Keterkaitan ḥadīs-ḥadīs tentang isrāf dan makhīlah dengan konteks kekinian tidak jauh berbeda dengan pada masa Nabi. pada zaman Nabi isrāf meliputi: makan dan minum dengan wadah emas dan perak, makan dan minum. Sedangkan di zaman sekarang berlebih-lebihan meliputi: berbelanja, bekerja, ibadah, pesta, berpakaian, makan dan minum, menghormati status sosial. Sedangkan makhīlah pada zaman Nabi dan zaman sekarang tidak ada perbedaan diantara keduanya, yang meliputi: ujub, dengki dan pamer. Isrāf dan makhīlah termasuk perbuatan tercela yang dibenci Allah dan pelakunya oleh Allah dianggap sebagai saudaranya setan. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pacheco Richter, Ernesto T1 - Influências da psicanálise na constituição da Psicologia Política: Reich, Fromm e Adorno [Influences of psychoanalysis on the constitution of Political Psychology: Reich, Fromm and Adorno], Doctoral dissertation, Social Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paul, Brazil 2017, 161 pp., Portuguese. N2 - Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar as influências da teoria psicanalítica no processo de constituição da Psicologia Política, como campo de pesquisa. Inicialmente, enfocamos os pensadores franceses Alexis de Tocqueville, Gabriel Tarde e Gustave Le Bon, cujas contribuições acerca das revoluções francesas sãorelevantes ao campo. Em contrapartida, apresentamos os autores anglófonos Graham Wallas e Harold Lasswell, pois suas reflexões aportam distintas perspectivas aos eventos políticos, porém, não menos significativas para a posterior institucionalização da Psicologia Política. Em seguida, os principais textos sociais de Freud, bem como os metapsicológicos, são abordados com o objetivo de analisar os elementos políticos subjacentes na teoria psicanalítica. Finalmente, apresentamos três autores, que no nosso entendimento, são essenciais à história do campo: ilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm e Theodor Adorno, cujo interesse principal era o estudo do autoritarismo. Por meio de uma análise crítica e reflexiva, buscamos mostrar as contribuições da psicanálise e como ela foi apropriada por esses autores. Esta pesquisa justifica-se por preencher uma lacuna na história da Psicologia Política e mostrar a relevância da psicanálise para o pensamento político, especialmente, durante e logo após a Segunda Guerra Mundial. Além disso, é indubitável a atualidade desses autores, haja vista a crescente adesão ao discurso autoritário que se observa em pleno século XXI. N2 - This work aims to analyze the influences of psychoanalytic theory in the process of constitution of Political Psychology, as research field. Initially, we focus on French authors, such as, Alexis de Tocqueville, Gabriel Tarde and Gustave Le Bon, whose contributions regarding French revolutions are relevant to the field. On the other hand, we present the Anglophone authors Graham Wallas and Harold Lasswell, as their thoughts bring different perspectives to political events, but no less significant for the later institutionalization of Political Psychology. Afterwards, we analyze Freud’s social texts, as well as the meta-psychological ones, in order to elucidate the political elements underlying psychoanalytic theory. Finally, we present three authors we consider essential to the history of the field: Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm and Theodor Adorno, whose main interest was the study of authoritarianism. Through a critical and reflexive analysis, we show the contributions of psychoanalysis and how it was appropriated by these authors. This research is justified by filling a gap in the history of Political Psychology, and showing the relevance that psychoanalysis has had for political thought, especially during and shortly after World War II. Furthermore, the contributions of these authors are undoubtedly present, given the growing adherence to the authoritarian discourse observed in the 21st century. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Respati, Robertus Theo Elno T1 - Konsep being dalam >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm Concept of Being in >To Have Or To Be< Erich Fromm, Thesis (Undergraduate), Theology, Faculty of Philosophy, Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia 2017. repository.ukwms.ac.id/id/eprint/11002/1/ABSTRAK.pdf] - Only summary available. N2 - Penulisan skripsi ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keinginan penulis untuk merefleksikan situasi zaman dewasa ini. Penulis melihat bahwa situasi zaman dewasa ini semakin didominasi oleh keinginan untuk memiliki lebih. Keinginan ini sangat tidak masuk akal karena orang didorong untuk memiliki sesuatu yang sebenarnya bukan menjadi kebutuhannya. Bahkan, manusia modern cenderung mengidentifikasikan dirinya dengan sesuatu yang mereka miliki. Tujuan hidup manusia direduksi hanya pada kenikmatan materi yang tiada habisnya. Pengaruh kapitalisme modern yang merasuk ke dalam semua aspek kehidupan manusia menjadi penyebab terjadinya situasi ini. Kehadiran kapitalisme mengubah orientasi manusia pada materi, apalagi dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin canggih. Manusia seolah bebas menentukan pilihan-pilihan dalam hidupnya. Namun, sebenarnya pilihan-pilihan tersebut telah ditentukan oleh sistem yang berlaku. Hal inilah yang menyebabkan manusia teralienasi dari kehidupannya. Konsumsi dan alienasi menjadi karakter yang utama di abad modern ini. Salah satu filsuf yang mengkritik situasi zaman ini ialah Erich Fromm. Ia mengajukan gagasannya tentang konsep being yang dibahas dalam >To Have or To Be< (1976). Rumusan masalah yang ingin dijawab dalam karya tulis ini ialah apa itu konsep being dalam >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. Pertanyaan ini dapat dijawab dengan menganalisa pemikiran Erich Fromm secara kritis dan sistematis. Dengan menjawab pertanyaan ini, penulis berharap agar skripsi ini dapat memberikan kritik sekaligus sumbangsih bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Metode penulisan yang digunakan dalam karya tulis ini ialah studi pustaka dengan sumber utama dari buku >To Have or To Be< (1976) karya Erich Fromm. Dari hasil studi pustaka, penulis menemukan bahwa konsep being yang diajukan oleh Erich Fromm berkaitan dengan dua modus eksistensi manusia yaitu being dan having. Keduanya menentukan karakter sosial dan karakter individu manusia. Orientasi hidup manusia juga berakar dari kedua modus eksistensi tersebut. Manusia dapat menentukan pilihan untuk menjadi semakin being atau semakin having. Erich Fromm mendefiniskan being sebagai sebuah proses, aktivitas, dan gerak. Definisi ini menunjukkan bahwa kehidupan bukan sesuatu yang berhenti, tetapi terus berproses. Erich Fromm mengartikan being dalam dua pengertian. Pertama, being sebagai eksistensi yang berbeda dengan having. Being mencakup keseluruhan realitas manusia, sedangkan having hanya merujuk pada benda. Kedua, being sebagai melampaui sesuatu yang nampak. Artinya, manusia dapat menyembunyikan diri di balik penampilan fisik dan perilakunya. Dengan demikian, being lebih rumit dan kompleks dibandingkan dengan having karena ia bukan sesuatu yang nampak seperti benda. Selanjutnya, Erich Fromm menunjukkan sifat utama being yaitu aktif. Keaktifan diartikan bukan sebagai aktivitas fisik, tetapi aktivitas batin. Syarat being adalah mandiri, bebas, dan kritis. Dalam hal ini diperlukan penggunaan akal budi untuk dapat memahami realitas manusia secara lebih mendalam. Selain itu, relasi dengan sesama juga membantu mengungkapkan realitas hidup yang sebenarnya. Erich Fromm juga menunjukkan aspek dari being yaitu kemauan untuk memberi, berbagi, dan berkurban. Aspek being ini lebih banyak ditemukan dalam situasi perang dibandingkan situasi damai. Pemikiran Erich Fromm ini bermuara pada terwujudnya sebuah masyarakat baru yang disebut dengan masyarakat being. Dari masyarakat being inilah akan muncul manusia-manusia baru yang mendasarkan hidupnya pada being. Manusia baru ini tidak menggantungkan hidupnya pada benda, tetapi pada dirinya sendiri. Setiap tindakan yang dilakukan berangkat dari dalam dirinya, bukan dari luar dirinya. Masyarakat being mengarahkan manusia untuk dapat mencapai kebahagiaan sejati. Erich Fromm mengartikan kebahagiaan sejati sebagai sebuah proses bertumbuh dalam kehidupan ini. Penulis menemukan tiga relevansi dari konsep being Erich Fromm bagi masyarakat dewasa ini. Pertama, modus eksistensi being menjadi jawaban atas situasi masyarakat yang cenderung didominasi oleh modus eksistensi having. Kedua, relasi menjadi syarat penting dalam memahami sebuah realitas khususnya dalam memilih pemimpin. Ketiga, pilihan atas modus eksistensi being membawa manusia kepada kebahagiaan sejati. Konsep being juga sangat relevan dengan nilai-nilai Kristiani. Hal ini dapat ditemukan dalam kutipan-kutipan kitab suci yang menekankan pentingnya menggantungkan diri bukan pada materi. N2 - The background of this paper is motivated by the desire of the author to reflect on the situation of today. The author sees that the situation of the present age is increasingly dominated by the desire to have more. This desire is very unreasonable because people are encouraged to have something that is not really his needs. In fact, modern humans tend to identify themselves with something they have. The purpose of human life is reduced only to the endless pleasures of matter. The influence of modern capitalism that permeates all aspects of human life is responsible for this situation. The presence of capitalism alters the human orientation of matter, especially with the increasingly sophisticated technological development. Humans apparently seem to be free to make choices in life. But in fact these choices have been determined by the prevailing system. This is what causes humans to be alienated from life. Consumption and alienation became the main characteristics in this modern age. One of the philosophers who criticize the present-day situation is Erich Fromm. He proposed his idea of the concept of being discussed in >To Have or To Be< (1976). The formulation of the problem to be answered in this paper is what is the concept of being in >To Have or To Be< Erich Fromm. This question can be answered by analyzing Erich Fromm's thinking critically and systematically. By answering this question, the author hopes that this thesis can provide criticism as well as contribution to society today. The method used in this paper is literature study with the main source of Erich Fromm's >To Have or To Be< (1976) book. From the results of literature study, the authors found that the concept of being proposed by Erich Fromm relates to two modes of human existence of being and having. Both determine the social character and individual human character. The orientation of human life also stems from both modes of existence. Humans can make choices between more and more being or more and more having. Erich Fromm defines being as a process, activity, and movement. This definition shows that life is not something unchangeable, but continues to proceed. Erich Fromm defines being in two senses. First, being as a different existence fromm having. Being encompasses the whole human reality, while having only refers to things. Second, being as beyond what is apparent. That is, humans can hide behind their physical appearance and behavior. Thus, being is more complex and difficult than having because it refers to thing. Furthermore, Erich Fromm shows the main nature of being active. Activity is defined not as a physical activity, but an inner activity. The requirement of being is independence, freedom, and the presence of critical reason. In this case it is necessary to use reason to be able to understand the reality of man more deeply. In addition, relationships with others also help reveal the realities of life. Erich Fromm also shows the aspect of being: the will to give, to share, and to sacrifice. This aspect is more prevalent in war situations than in a peaceful situation. Erich Fromm's thinking leads to the realization of a new society called the society of being. From this being society, it will emerge new man beings who base their live on being. This new man does not depend his life on things, but on himself. Every action taken departs from within himself, not from outside himself. Society is leading people to achieve true happiness. Erich Fromm refers to true happiness as a proses of ever-growing aliveness. The author discovers three relevances of the Erich Fromm’s concept of being for society today. First, the mode of existence becomes the answer to a society’s situation which tends to be dominated by the existence of having mode. Second, relationships become important conditions in understanding a particular reality in choosing a leader. Third, the choice of the existence of being mode brings human to true happiness. The concept of being is also highly relevant to Christian values. This can be found in scriptural quotations that emphasize the importance of being self-reliance instead of relying on matter. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dwi Junianto, Haris T1 - Humanistic Perspective Of Andrea’s Persoanlites As Reflected In Reid’s >My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name<, Master's thesis (in partial fulfillment of the requirements), English Letters, English Letters Department, Islamic Education and Teacher Training Faculty, State Islamic Institute of Surakarta, Java, Indonesia 2017, 73+13 pp., English. [core.ac.uk/download/296470823.pdf] [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - This research is an analysis about Andrea’s personalities that is performed by the main character Reid’s >My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name?< The humanistic perspective will use to reveal Andrea’s personalities. The objectives of the research are to describe Andrea’s personalities based on humanistic perspective of Erich Fromm. This research employs descriptive qualitative method. The data of this research are divided into primary and secondary data. The primary data are taken from >My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name?< by Christina Reid. The secondary data are other references that relate to the research such as humanistic perspective and other information about Reid’s >My Name, Shall I Tell You My Name?< The type of the data in this research is words, phrases, clauses, and sentences which is has correlation with personalities. In this research, the researcher uses triangulation method to get the data validation. Triangulation method is taken by using some perspective theory. It means that the researcher puts several theories from different author but basically those theories have the similar content. The findings of research show Andrea’s personalities is the major of this research. The conflicts between Andrea and her grandfather show her personalities. Based on humanistic perspective, mechanism of escape, positive freedom, human existential needs and social character types, Andrea’s personalities reveals. Y1 - 2017 ER -