TY - GEN A1 - Duan, Jingjing T1 - A Comparative Study of Fromm’s and Baudrillard’s Alienation Theory [弗洛姆与鲍德里亚异化理论的比较研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China 2017. N2 - 异化问题是现代社会发展进程中不可忽视的。西方资本主义国家经济的快速发展,社会财富的增加,人们的物质生存条件得到提高,但在精神方面陷入了异化的困境。现代社会错综复杂,异化现象被隐藏的很深使人们难以辨别。社会的新变化带来的是更深层的异化。我国作为发展中国家,同样存在着异化问题,并且在今后的发展中也同样会遭到西方国家的这种情况,所以,为了我国能够在进行中国特色社会主义建设时,少走发达国家的弯路,对异化进行全面、深层的探讨还是很有必要的。近现代异化领域中影响力较大的有弗洛姆和鲍德里亚的异化理论,对两者异化理论的比较可以为研究异化提供新的视角,丰富并发展马克思的异化思想,拓宽人们分析问题的思维。文章主要由四部分组成:第一部分先叙述了异化在西方历史上的演变,让人们能够清楚地了解异化的发展,为文章主题部分奠定基础。此外,还分别对形成弗洛姆和鲍德里亚的异化理论的背景作了概述,以便能够更好地理解两人的异化思想。第二部分主要是论述了两者异化理论的共同点,马克思的异化理论是两者异化理论的共同来源,导致异化的物质前提是相同的,异化给人带来的伤害也是一样的。第三部分先分析了两者异化理论的差异,并对其差异作了原因分析,两者异化理论的差异分别从剖析异化的视角、人的主观能动性及在各领域的表现方式这三方面进行分析的,并且也剖析了产生差异的原因。第四部分主要是评析了弗洛姆与鲍德里亚异化理论的比较研究所带来的理论意义和现实价值。 N2 - Alienation problem cannot be ignored in the process of modern society. The rapid development of economy of the western capitalist countries, the increase of social wealth, These makes people’s material living conditions improved, but people got trapped in the alienation’s dilemma in the aspect of spirit. The complicated modern society has alienation phenomenon be hidden deeply, it makes people invisible. The new changes of the society have the alienation deep. as a developing country, our country exists the alienation problem also, and in the future development we will also meet this kind of situation of western countries, therefore. Our country goes less detours of developed countries in the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics, a comprehensive and deep discussion about alienation is necessary. Especially Fromm and Baudrillard’s alienation theory has the great influence in the field of modern alienation, comparing the their alienation theory can provide a new Angle for the study of alienation, enriching and developing the research of Marx’s alienation. Widen the people thinking to analyze the problem. The paper mainly has four parts: the first part described the evolution of alienation in western history, let people can clearly understand the development of alienation, lay the ground for the article subject parts. In addition, respectively described Fromm and Baudrillard’s alienation theory of the background, to better understand Their alienation theory. The second part mainly discusses their alienation theory’s common point, Their theory is based on the Marx’s theory of alienation, leading to alienation of material premise is the same, the alienation brings the same damage to the person. The third part analyzes the difference of alienation theory and makes the differences’ cause analyze, their theory of alienation differences have three aspects: the Angle of anatomy of alienation, people’s subjective initiative and in all areas of expression and analyze the causes of differences. The fourth part : the comparative study of Fromm and Baudrillard’s alienation theory has theoretical significance and brings real value. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cai, Jing T1 - Productive Teacher-student Relation and Its Construction [论生产性师生关系及其建构], Principles of Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 教师和学生是教育教学实践中最主要的矛盾主体,构成学校最主要的人际关系,因此,师生关系一直是教育学界长盛不衰、历久弥新的话题。然而,师生关系的平稳、健康发展,需要多方面因素的支撑。随着经济社会的飞速进步,人们的生活充满了各种激烈的竞争与压力,充斥功名利禄、物欲横流的社会导致人对物质出现了前所未有的强烈欲求,甚至逐渐转嫁到了对人的占有。人们的生活丧失原有的温情,变得麻木和死板,人的生命价值无法具体临现,人与人的交往变成了 >物物交往<。盛行的>占有<风气渗透当下的教育,使得师生关系变得占有化、利益化、冷漠化。在教育教学活动中,一些教师为了提高工作效率,快速培养>高分<学生,争取更多的利益,一味地对学生实行>满堂灌<式的教育方式,完全忽略了学生作为人的存在。学生在毫无生气的教育中只学会了为了争取高分>掠夺<知识而非领会知识,认为学习不过是一种占有成功的工具。长此以往,师生关系情感淡漠,教师的职业动力不足,学生的创造力和自我实现力下降甚至丧失,不利于师生的个体发展,教育事业难以为继。在占有式师生关系里,教师与学生的发展是停滞,甚至是萎缩的,人们开始渴望建立能够让师生在教育关系中重塑鲜活个体,实现共生发展的交往模式,一种>共生型<、>生产性<理念悄然进入教育视野,构建新型的师生关系成为亟需迫切解决的课题。生产性师生关系是本文建构的理想师生关系。弗洛姆认为>生产性<是人运用自己的力量对自己的潜能的实现的特性。在他看来,具有生产性人格的人不仅具有较强的能动性,还能不断实现自身的潜能与创造力,使人的自我发展更加完善。生产性的爱则是对对方潜能的一种认可,即不断地对对方进行给予、尊重、认识、关心,当然也包含着责任。通过这些爱的表达促进人与人之间情感的亲密性,也促进自我与他人的发展。教师如果一味地以不合理的权威占有学生,对学生进行知识灌输,那么他的教学工作则会变得苍白无力,他所投放的知识的>石子<无法激起学生好奇心的>漪涟<,也就自然使他们的学习生活变得毫无生气,失去应有的创新思维。生产性的师生关系就在于要求教师对学生施以生产性的师爱,让教师和学生在生产性的师生关系中,使学生的潜能在教师的激励下得到实现,在教师的呵护中更懂得关爱他人,同时也让教师提高自我职业价值认同,这是关怀师生双方人性解放和发展的过程。总的来说生产性师生关系具有交融性、关怀性、精神性和共生性,这样的师生关系使单向的、死板的占有式师生关系变成双向流动的动态师生关系,在师生和谐相处,共同发展中关照教师与学生的生命价值。为了构建生产性师生关系,本文试图提出了可行性构建策略,包括培养教师的>生产性<理念,提高教师专业素质,增强教师关心、组织、管理能力;创建生产性校园文化环境;从教育目标、课程设置以及评价标准的改革构建生产性师生关系的制度条件;等途径进行入手,以期能为学校教育构建新型师生关系带来启示。 N2 - The main contradiction in teaching practice comes from teachers and students, who constitute the main relationship in schools and embody the value of teaching activities. Therefore, the teacher-student relationship is a long-lasting topic in education. However, developing good teacher-student relationship needs the support of many aspects. With the rapid development of economy and society, people are faced up with various fierce competition and pressure in life, gradually resulting in people the relationship of possessing and being possessed. People regard >possessing others< as condition for success, which is especially true among the young for utilitarian reasons. Consequently, people lost the warmth of life and life becomes full of materialistic numbness and rigidity, the value of human life cannot be found, human nature is lost and the contemporary teacher-student relationship is even distorted. The traditional binary opposition of the subject and the object, combined with the transformation of the society places teachers in the dominant position of teaching, >ruling< students with knowledge. In teaching, some teachers seek maximum interests even at the expense of education efforts, doggedly cramming students with knowledge without thinking of change. In a lifeless education, students only learn to >rob< knowledge for a higher grade instead of understanding knowledge, thinking learning nothing but a tool for gaining success. With this going on, the relationship between teachers and students becomes cold. Teachers lack teaching motivation and students’ creativity and self-fulfillment decrease or even disappear. This does harm to the development of teachers and students, making it difficult for education to continue. In this background, the construction of a new teacher-student relationship has become the most urgent task. This paper focuses on the new productive teacher-student relationship. Fromm believes that >productive< refers to the personality that people realize their potential with their own power. In Fromm’s view, the productive personality is one that enables people go upward, and people are full of love and care. People with productive personality can not only have a strong initiative, but also can realize their own potential and creativity continuously to perfect them selves. Productive love is the expression of others’ potential, constantly instilling in others respect, understanding, care and responsibility. The expression of this love not only fosters intimate emotion between people, but also contributes to better them. If teachers blindly control students with authority and cram students with knowledge, their teaching will become lifeless. This cannot stimulate students’ curiosity and interest but make their learning life dull without vigor and rob them of innovative thinking, making them unable to realize their potential. On the one hand, the productive teacher-student relationship require teachers to give students productive love, which enables students to realize their potential in this kind of relationship and learn to care for others under teachers’ mature love; on the other hand, this helps teachers to identify with their teaching value. This is a process that concerns the liberation of human nature for both teachers and students. On the whole, the productive teacher-student relationship is interactive, caring, spiritual and developing, which turns the one-directional rigid possessive teacher-student relationship into a bi-directional dynamic one, echoing the life value of teachers and students. In order to build a productive relationship between teachers and students, this paper sets out to put forward the strategy of feasibility construction, including the principle of being open to others, learning to give and loving each other; cultivating teachers’ pro¬ductive awareness, improving productive quality, enhancing productive management ability; constructing the system condition from the reform of educational objectives, curriculum set-up and assessment stan¬dards and creating a productive campus culture, so as to light upon some idea for the construction of a new teacher-student relationship. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fang, Yanfang T1 - The Analysis of Isabel’s Pursuit of Freedom in >The Portrait of a Lady< from the Perspective of Erich Fromm’s Theory [从弗洛姆自由观视角解读《一位女士的画像》女主人公自由之路], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2017 [application of Fromm’s theories to art]. N2 - 本文旨在用艾瑞克•弗洛姆的自由观来分析《一位女士的画像》女主人公伊莎贝尔的追求自由之路。正如弗洛姆所阐述,很多人对于自由的本质存在误解。经济独立与政治独立并不意味着真正自由,因为清除外界障碍所能带给我们的仅仅是消极自由。而自由的终极形式是积极自由,只有当我们作为完整主体自发自在地生活,并保持与世界的密切联系时,才能获得真正的自由。本文第一章是对伊莎贝尔错误自由观的阐述。女主人公受过良好教育却不谙世事,起初她认为婚姻势必阻断她的独立之路,而亲密关系则不利于个体性的保存。本章将说明她在经验缺乏的情况下如何做出了错误的选择。第二章分析了伊莎贝尔逃避自由的行为。由于追求消极自由,她自由生活的愿望落空,并陷入充满阴谋的无爱婚姻,而婚姻的不幸加剧了她的孤独,让她逐渐适应消极现实。第三章论述的是在遭受丈夫奥斯蒙德和友人梅尔夫人联合背叛之后,伊莎贝尔如何重塑自由观。挫折并未让她一蹶不振,而是教会她承担起属于自己的责任,正视自己的命运并满怀信心重建自由王国。她历经艰辛险阻后仍充满勇气的举动,证明她开始追求积极自由。这种自由超越了社会价值与传统观念,并给予人追寻从心而不逾矩、自发自在的生活的信心。伊莎贝尔的自由之路折射出个人在自我实现道路上的苦痛成长,但她追求自由和寻找自我的不折不挠精神仍然意义非凡。 N2 - [This thesis intends to analyze Isabel’s pursuit of freedom in The Portrait of a Lady from the perspective of Erich Fromm’s theory. As is elaborated by Fromm, many of us misunderstand the essence of freedom. The status of being free in economical and political sense doesn’t mean we are free, because removing external impediments can only bring us negative freedom. The ultimate form of freedom is positive freedom where we can live spontaneously as a complete individual closely connected to this world.– In the first chapter, I will explicate Isabel’s fallacious concept of individual freedom as a well-educated but inexperienced girl, who at first dismisses marriage as something that can stymie her pursuit of independence and evades intimacy with others to preserve her individuality. How her inexperience has led to her wrong choices will be also scrutinized.– In the second chapter, Isabel’s behaviors of escaping from freedom will be closely elaborated. Her pursuit of negative freedom has smashed her hope of living as a free soul, leading her into a loveless marriage of plots. The absence of marital felicity aggravates her situation of loneliness and she gradually adapts to the depressive reality.– The third chapter elucidates how Isabel’s understanding of freedom undergoes substantial changes after she is informed of the dual betrayal of her husband and her confidante Madame Merle. Instead of wallowing in despondency, she takes her responsibility and affronts her destiny with the faith of creating her new kingdom of freedom. Her courageous attempts attest to her pursuit of positive freedom after all the suffering and adversity. This freedom transcends the social values and conventional standards, and instills in an individual the confidence of following one’s heart and act spontaneously but not arbitrarily. Isabel’s journey of freedom illustrates how an individual experiences the painful growth and finally attains self-realization as a free soul, but her indomitable will of pursuing freedom and finding self is of great significance.] [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Feng, Zheng T1 - An Analysis of the Formation Factors of the Pedagogy Theory of the Oppressed [被压迫者教育学理论的形成因素分析], Master thesis, Comparative Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2017. N2 - 保罗•雷古勒斯•内维斯•弗莱雷(Paulo Regulus Neves Freire),简称保罗•弗莱雷(Paulo Freire),是批判教育和大众教育领域的标志性人物。后人对他的赞誉不胜枚举,如>20世纪的卢梭<、>当代的约翰•杜威<、>日内瓦的救世主<等等。笔者在7年的教育学学科的学习过程中,对保罗•弗莱雷的探究兴趣始终不减。进入比较教育学的领域后,笔者对发展中国家在该领域话语权地位的缺失深以为然。研究保罗•弗莱雷—一位来自发展中国家,在国际世界享有崇高声誉使笔者对该现状的一种反向反思。根据《被压迫者教育学》以及保罗•弗莱雷的一些其他著作,人们将他的理论称为解放教育学或被压迫者教育学理论。通过各种渠道,笔者发现对保罗•弗莱雷的研究多集中于对该理论内容的解读,但对该理论形成背景的详细论述相对较少。研究被压迫者教育学理论的形成因素可以帮助笔者在一定程度上解决发展中国家话语权地位低的疑问。通过对资料的整理及加工,笔者将众多因素归为三大类——家庭因素、社会及时代背景因素、理论源泉。第一章,分析保罗•弗莱雷成长的家庭背景,并要特别指出他的父亲给他带来的影响。该部分透过细节如保罗•弗莱雷父亲对他幼年教育方法的选择,和对他选择宗教时的态度的反应,说明父亲的做法对他日后>对话<和>扫盲教育<概念的提出的影响。同时,出于剔除母亲因素和避免自上而下的惯性思路,笔者将保罗•弗莱雷和卢梭(Rousseau)作了简要的对比,通过对比进一步说明幼年时期父亲教育对保罗•弗莱雷的影响。第二章,分析被压迫者教育学理论形成的社会及时代背景。该部分是本文的重点。该章主要分为两个部分,分别是巴西国内的社会背景和拉美地区的时代背景。对巴西国内社会背景的研究重点放在教育领域,通过分析严峻的教育背景引出保罗•弗莱雷的扫盲教育或成人教育,继而说明扫盲给被压迫者教育学理论带来了什么。拉美地区的时代背景主要包括古巴革命的影响、民众主义的传播和美国进步联盟计划对拉美地区的改变,两大时代背景是被压迫者教育学理论形成的重要因素,文化行动理论直接作用于该时代背景。第三章,分析被压迫者教育学理论的理论来源,即被压迫者教育学理论借鉴了哪些理论的精华。由于该理论涉及到的人物众多,出于创新性及水平的考虑,笔者将目光聚焦于以下三位:心理学家弗洛姆、社会学家马尔库塞以及哲学家黑格尔。本论文在研究>形成因素<时没有按照传统的政治、经济、文化等思路,而是按照时间的顺序进行排列。三部分分别对应保罗•弗莱雷成长的20世纪30年代、50年代和60年代。 N2 - Paulo Regulus Neves Freire (Paulo Regulus Neves Freire) referred to as Paulo Freire, is critical of education and public education in the field of iconic figures. Descendants of his praise too numerous, such as >the 20th century Rousseau<, >contemporary John Dewey<, >the savior of Geneva< and so on. In the course of the seven-year pedagogy study, the author’s interest in Paulo Freire has never diminished. […] Studying Paulo Freire-one from developing countries, enjoys a high reputation in the international world is a reverse reflection of the present situation. According to the >educated pedagogy< and some other works by Paulo Freire, people put his theory into the theory of liberation education or the theory of the oppressed education. Through various channels, the author found that the study of Paulo Freire more focused on the interpretation of the theoretical content, but the theory of the background of the detailed discussion is relatively small. The study of the oppressive theory of the formation of educational theory can help the author to a certain extent, solve the low status of developing countries, the right to speak. Through the finishing and processing of data, the author will be many factors attributed to three categories-family factors, social and temporal background factors, the theoretical source. In the first chapter, restore the family background of Paulo Freire’s growth, especially the influence of his father’s influence. This part, by details, such as the choice of Father Paulo Freire’s choice of his juvenile education method and his attitude towards the choice of religion, initially states that his father’s approach to his future >dialogue< and >literacy education< The author made a brief comparison of Paulo Freire and Rousseau, by contrast to further explain the childhood education of his father to Paulo Freire The impact of mine.– In the second chapter, the author mainly analyzes the social background and the background of the theory of the oppressed. This chapter is divided into three parts, namely, the background of the northeast of Brazil, the social background of Brazil and the background of Latin America. The social background and the background of the times are the key points. The social background of Brazil is concentrated in the field of education, through the analysis of the severe educational background leads to Freire’s literacy education or adult education. Latin American background includes the impact of the Cuban revolution, the spread of populism in Latin America and the Federation of American progress plan changes, three back¬ground is an important factor in the formation of the theory of cultural oppression, action theory is directly on the background.– The third chapter analyzes the theoretical sources of the theory of the oppressed education. That is, the oppressor’s pedagogy theory draws on the essence of what theories. As the theory involves a large num¬ber of people, for innovation and level of consideration, I will focus on the following three: psychologist Fromm, sociologist Marcuse and philosopher Hegel.– In this paper, the formation of factors in the study of the traditional political, economic, cultural and other ideas, but in accordance with the order of time to arrange. Three parts corresponding to Paulo Freire grew up in the thirties, the fifties and sixties. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cen, Yanmei T1 - Fromm’s Theory of Alienation of Human Nature and Its Practical Enlightenment [弗洛姆人性异化理论及其现实启示], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China 2017. N2 - 埃利希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980)是美籍德裔杰出的人本主义精神分析学家、社会学家和哲学家,是西方马克思主义流派中的典型的弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义者,还是法兰克福学派中的骨干之一等。他一生致力于探索人在社会中的生存规律,人性异化理论即是他的核心理论。近年来,随着我国科技的进步和经济的发展,人们沉浸在快节奏的生活中,虽然生活物质丰裕却缺乏对生活意义的思考,甚至对自身的本质和重要性也缺乏准确的认知。为了给人们更好地思考人的问题提供理论依据和启示,促进人们对生活意义以及自身价值的反思,本文以弗洛姆人性异化理论为逻辑起点,展开探讨该理论的理论渊源和理论内容,重点探析该理论合理性和意义、理论困境及其对现实的启示。首先,探析弗洛姆人性异化理论产生的渊源。弗洛姆以人的生存状态作为理论研究的切入点,一方面是源于其独特的家庭环境和动荡不安的时代背景的影响,另一方面是受到犹太教的救世思想、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说以及马克思关于劳动异化的理论的启示。其次,爬梳弗洛姆庞杂的人性异化理论框架。弗洛姆认为人是在历史中生成的、具有自我意识的、现实中的社会存在物,人性就是人生存所固有的矛盾。异化自古就有、无处不在,覆盖了生产领域、消费领域、人际关系领域以及无意识领域等,要实现健全的人格和社会就必须进行全面的改革,包括政治、经济、文化等方面。然后,评析弗洛姆人性异化理论的合理性和意义、理论困境。弗洛姆探索人性异化理论所采用的科学的方法论——理论联系实际和总体性原则——使其理论具有较强的时代性和现实性,有助于我们正确认识我国当前的异化现象。但同时,由于历史的局限性,弗洛姆本人对马克思思想的解读存在片面性。他将马克思主义哲学看成纯粹的理论抗议,不仅认为马克思的异化论具有总体性,还将异化当成马克思主义哲学的中心概念。此外,弗洛姆因为否定够暴力革命、放弃无产阶级专政、忽视生产资料公有制而使其救赎方案具有空想性。最后,挖掘弗洛姆人性异化理论的现实启示。一方面,弗洛姆的人性异化理论启示我们务必要坚守社会主义的性质,亦即坚持无产阶级专政和公有制的主体地位。另一方面要坚持构建社会主义和谐社会,亦即加强社会信仰体系构建,防止人性异化;深化以人为本的科学发展观,走可持续发展道路。 N2 - Erich Fromm (1900-1980), a German American and outstanding humanistic psychoanalyst, sociologist and philosopher, was not only a typical Freudian Marxist in School of Western Marxism, but also one of the representatives of the Frankfurt school. He devoted his whole life to the exploration of man in society. The theory of alienation of human nature was his core theory. In recent years, with the progress of Chinese science and technology and the development of economy, people immerse themselves in the fast-paced life. In order to provide a theoretical basis and inspiration to people to think better about human, promote people to reflect on the meaning of life and their own value, Fromm’s theory of human alienation will be analyzed in this thesis. Taking the theory as logical starting point, the theoretical origin and theoretical content will be explored in detail. This thesis will focus on the exploration of the rationality and significance of the theory, the theoretical limitation and its practical enlightenment. Firstly, the exploration will focus on the origin of Fromm’s theory of alienation of human nature. The reason why Fromm took the living condition of human being as a starting point on his research, on the one hand, is that the influence of his unique family environment and turbulent background, on the other hand, is that the enlightenment of Jewish Messianism, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory as well as Marx’s theory of labor alienation.– Secondly, the theoretical framework of Fromm’s complex theory will be clarified. Fromm believed that human being is a social existence in reality, being created in history and having self-consciousness. Human nature is the inherent contradiction of life. Alienation exists from ancient times and everywhere, covering the fields of production, consumption, interpersonal relationships the unconscious, and so on. Thus, in order to realize a sane society and personality, a comprehensive reform, which includes political, economic and cultural aspect, should be carried out.– Thirdly, the rationality and significance of the theory, the theoretical limitation and its practical enlighten-ment will be analyzed in this thesis. The methods of combining theory with practice and the general principle Fromm adopt during researching the alienation of human nature make his theory have stronger times and reality, helping us to correctly understand the current phenomenon of alienation in china. But at the same time, due to the limitations of history, Fromm’s understanding of Marx’s thoughts was incomprehensive, regarding Marx’s philosophy as a pure theoretical protest, considering the alienation theory of Marx as totality, taking alienation as the central concept of the philosophy of Marxism. In addition, Fromm’s design was Utopian because he denied violent revolution, abandoned the dictatorship of the proletariat and neglected the public ownership of the means of production.– Finally, the practical enlightenment of Fromm’s theory of alienation of human nature will be explored. On the one hand, Fromm’s theory of alienation of human nature enlightens us to adhere to the nature of socialism, that is to say, to uphold the proletarian dictatorship and the dominant position of the public ownership. On the other hand, on the other hand, we must adhere to the construction of a socialist harmonious society, that is, to strengthen the construction of social belief system and prevent the alienation of human nature; to deepen the people-oriented scientific outlook on development and take the road of sustainable development. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Sikai T1 - A Study of Fromm’s Thought of >Escape from Freedom< [弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 埃里希·弗洛姆是20世纪二十年代法兰克福学派的重要成员,其突出的理论贡献在于他结合弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思主义哲学理论,创造性的提出了>逃避自由<思想。在关注到现代人生存境遇时,他揭示了资本主义社会结构的不健全之处,以现代人的性格结构为出发点,对现代人普遍存在的>逃避自由<的现象做出了深刻分析,他借鉴弗洛伊德创立的精神分析方法,挖掘出现代人逃避自由的真正心理根源。弗洛姆的>逃避自由<的思想不仅能帮助寻求一种解决生存困境的途径,而且对积极自由之路的探寻和对理性信仰的构建以及对健全社会的设想都具有巨大的启示意义。本文基于前人研究的成果,在弗洛姆学术思想体系背景下,梳理了弗洛姆逃避自由思想的主要内容以及其论证进路,企图从弗洛姆对理想人格、理性信仰和健全社会的阐述中,挖掘解决个人自由却孤独的生存困境的启示。本文分为三个部分,第一部分阐释了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想产生的社会背景和理论渊源;第二部分主要是勾勒弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想的主要内容和弗洛姆论证现代人为何逃避自由的线索;第三部分分析了弗洛姆>逃避自由<思想在揭示现代人生存困境、描绘理想性格、阐述理性信仰以及构建健全社会的启示,最后对这一思想理论的不足和存在的缺陷做一个简要的评析. N2 - Erich Fromm was an important member of the Frankfurt School in the 1920s. His outstanding theoretical contribution is that he combined Freudian psychoanalysis and Marxist philosophical theory and creatively put forward the idea of >escape from freedom< When he was concerned about the living situation of modern people, he revealed the imperfection of the capitalist social structure and made a profound analysis of the common phenomenon of >escape from freedom< by taking the character structure of modern people as the starting point. Fromm's idea of >escape from freedom< not only helps to find a way to solve the dilemma of existence, but also has great inspiration for the search of the path of positive freedom, the construction of rational beliefs and the conception of a sound society. Based on the results of previous researches, this paper, against the backdrop of Fromm's academic system of thought, examines the main contents of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom and the way forward in his argumentation, and attempts to find insights for solving the dilemma of individual freedom but loneliness in Fromm's exposition of the ideal personality, rational faith and sound society. The first part explains the social background and the theoretical origin of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom; the second part outlines the main contents of Fromm's idea of escaping from freedom and Fromm's arguments for why modern man escapes from freedom. The third part analyzes the revelation of Fromm's idea of >escaping from freedom< in revealing the dilemma of modern human existence, depicting ideal character, expounding rational beliefs and building a sound society, and finally makes a brief analysis of the inadequacies and defects of this idea and theory. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Yan T1 - The Dialectical Relationship between Happiness and Morality from the Perspective of Fromm’s >The Art of Loving< [论幸福与道德的辩证关系 - 以弗洛姆《爱的艺术》为视角], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 古希腊时期开始,幸福与道德的关系问题就一直受到哲学家们所关注,时至今日,随着消费主义的横行以及随之而来的全社会的幸福危机和道德危机的侵袭,幸福与道德的关系问题历久弥新,值得一再探讨。作为对当代幸福危机与道德危机的正面回应,我们首先必须正确认识幸福与道德的内涵及其关系。幸福不是作为纯粹感官愉悦的快乐,也不是完全个体的心灵愉悦的满足,幸福是作为使得人与人相紧密联系的现实的、实践的幸福而存在。道德同样不是空洞的道德口号和完全他律的道德规则,道德有其社会性,道德来源于社会,道德的健全依赖于社会的健全,不健全的社会下必然是不健全的人,而不健全的人必然是不健全的道德的怀揣者。幸福和道德有其内在的统一机制:即在社会中,在社会性的实现过程中,实现两者的统一。任何以二分的方式对幸福与道德进行断裂式的划分都是错误的,甚至是别有用心的。企图通过将幸福装饰成为可以通过消遣、消费而直接获得的感官与物质需求的满足,更是不道德的表现。所以打破幸福与道德两者的悖论关系不仅在理论上是必要的,在应对和改变社会现状方面更是尤为重要。弗洛姆《爱的艺术》这本书正是对试图打破幸福与道德相悖的现状所做的努力,试图通过爱的途径实现两者的内在统一性。弗洛姆笔下的>爱<不是软弱无力的个体之爱,弗洛姆的>爱<是苍劲有力、具有建设性的>爱<,是社会个体你我相连的现实之爱、实践之爱。用爱的理论贯通幸福与道德的联系,用爱的实践构建幸福的社会、道德的社会、爱的社会,不仅在理论上是可行的,在实践中更是具有至关重要的作用。 N2 - In ancient Greece, the relationship between happiness and morality has been increasingly a major concern. With the life being occupied by consumerism and the ethical crisis, the relationship of happiness and morality become a timeless legal issue, which has been added to more brand-new significations. As a positive response to contemporary moral crisis and crisis of happiness, we must correctly understand the connotation and relationship between happiness and morality firstly. Happiness is not the pleasure of pure sensual, nor the satisfaction of a purely spiritual pleasure of the individual, happiness is the existence of the reality, the practice of happiness, which is closely linked with people. Moral rule is not an empty slogan and the same moral heteronomy completely. Morality has its social, moral form the social, moral sound depends on social sound. Unsound society is not necessarily perfect, not perfect people is not necessarily a sound moral with them. There is an inherent unity between happiness and morality, which is to get the unity in society. It is immoral to try to decorate the happiness as the satisfaction of the senses and the material needs that can be obtained directly through recreation and consumption. Therefore, it is not only necessary to break the paradox between happiness and morality, but also to deal with and change the social situation. Fromm’s book >The Art of Loving< is an attempt to break the status quo of happiness and morality in an attempt to achieve the inner unity of them. Fromm’s >love< is not a week and feeble individual love, it is vigorous and constructive, the love of practice which connected with reality. Using the theoretical love to link happiness and morality. Using the practical love to achieve the inner relationship. It is not only feasible in theory, but also plays an important role in practice. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Song, Ping T1 - Fromm’s Construction of Ethical Relationship of Love – The Word >love<, the Disease of the Society [弗洛姆>爱<的伦理关系建构 - 正>爱<之名,疗社会之疾], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China 2017. N2 - 上世纪80年代后期,我国学术界掀起一股研究弗洛姆的热潮,这股热潮出现的原因显而易见。弗洛姆在其著作中,把握住了近代资本主义社会及近代人的生存状况的脉搏,指出当时社会的问题是物质(丰裕)精神(贫乏)失衡、道德滑坡、迷失自我、生活无意义。某种程度上,弗洛姆切中了问题要害。然而紧接着,研究弗洛姆的热潮开始降温。历史巨变总夹杂倒退及前进过程分娩的剧痛,不能因理论一时的冷却而否定它的价值。事实上,弗洛姆的思想仍然对解决当代中国社会的问题有诸多启发。弗洛姆对人的生存境况作出历史和现实的反思,认为人性根植于人的生存两歧,在此基础上衍生出人的独特需要,基于这样的人性观,弗洛姆在作品中概述了>爱<的不同类型。拙作意在根据弗洛姆关于>爱<的具体形式,勾勒弗洛姆>爱<的伦理关系体系,在此过程中,诠释>爱<的思想内涵、本质、性格特征与>爱<的关系、以>爱<为核心的各种社会关系中所应遵循的伦理规范,及探讨>爱<的伦理思想的当代价值。 N2 - In the late 1980 s, the domestic academic community had set off a boom in the study of Fromm, the main reason for the emergence of this boom is that in his writings, he grasped the pulse of the modern capitalist society and the survival of modern people, pointed out that the social problem is the imbalance of material (abundance) and spirit (poor), moral landslide, self-lost, life meaningless. To some extent, Fromm is crucial to the problem. But then, the floods began to cool. Historical changes are always mixed with the progress of the process of childbirth pain; we cannot deny a theory’s value because of its temporary cooling. In fact, Fromm’s thoughts still have a lot of inspiration for the solution of contemporary Chinese society. Fromm reflected the human’s living conditions in history and reality, and think the human nature is rooted in the people’s existential contradiction, which derived person’s unique needs. Based on such understanding of theory of human nature, Fromm strives to construct his own system of the ethical relations about >love<. According to Fromm’s specific form about >love<, my paper is intended to build Fromm’s ethic relationship system about >love<, in the process, summarizes the thought of >love< connotation, essence, the relationship between characteristics and >love<, ethical norms followed among all kinds of social relations with >love< as the core, and evaluate the contemporary value of >love< ethics thought. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shi, Guanghui T1 - Study on Evaluation Model and Design Patterns of Internet Social Networking Applications [互联网社交应用产品设计方法与评测模型], Doctoral Dissertation, Digital Art and Design, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 本文以互联网社交应用产品设计方法和评测模型为题,从社交需求理论出发,借鉴社会心理学研究中有关社交需求的经典研究成果,结合交互设计和产品设计理论研究虚拟世界中人们的社交需求、社交活动和社交感受,探索互联网社交应用产品的评测模型和设计模式。主要运用了文献调研法、统计分析法和质性研究等研究方法。研究过程方面,首先通过文献调研分析理顺研究思路,制定研究计划,设计问卷模型和调研问卷。对问卷中的质性因素和量化指标进行分门别类,通过调查问卷、访谈、抽样调查等手段获得调研数据。运用统计方法从第一阶段调查结果分析中得出初步研究成果,然后根据问卷模型设计新的调查问卷分析具体的社交应用,根据统计分析结果设计初步的评测模型。接着通过交叉分析验证或调整模型中相应指标的权重,并建立评测模型的矩阵算法。再用矩阵算法对不同的社交应用进行对比评测,验证模型的效度和信度。最后,通过对比评测和设计对比实验验证设计模式的有效性和有效程度。研究完成了互联网社交应用产品DPCF问卷模型,提出了 SFT互联网社交应用产品评估模型,和基于评估模型的SFT社交应用设计模式。达到了既定的研究目标,取得了预期的研究成果。研究发现,基于社交需求和自然交互行为的互联网社交应用设计评测方法和设计模式,从人的存在、发展、交往本质需求出发,将偏向认知的交互设计研究和偏向交互体验的设计理论与社会心理学研究有机的结合起来,可以更为全面、清晰、有效的对现有的社交应用进行评估,可以为社交应用的优化和新产品的开发迭代提供快速有效的方法。社交应用评测模型和设计模式的研究提出了一种新的研究视角,丰富了互联网社交应用产品的数字化设计理论;为广大用户在虚拟世界里更好的完成社交活动和自我实现提供了可能;为设计师和开发者提供了一种创新、高效的设计方法。 N2 - [This thesis mainly surrounds subject on Internet social app product design patterns and evaluation model based on social psychology. The author tries to use social psychology research as an angle of view. Classical social theories are concerned including: Marx’s practical theory, Freud’s subconscious theory, Sartre’s freedom theory, Fromm’s interpersonal and social needs theory, Marcuse’s creative love and desire theory, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory. Combining theory of digital art and design, interaction design, discuss human social activities in the internet virtual world, study on evaluation model and design patterns of Internet social networking applications. Using literature research, statistical analysis, and qualitative research methods is to conduct research. First, through the literature research study on straightening out ideas, develop a research plan, designing questionnaires; and then, obtaining first-hand information through questionnaires, interviews, sampling experience surveys and other means. Questionnaire models for qualitative and quantitative indicators in the survey were categorized. From the first stage of the investigation, I used the method of statistical analysis of preliminary research results design the new questionnaire and evaluation model based on humanology research. Through investigation and analysis, validate and adjust the index weight in evalu-ation model. The evaluation model is presented in the form of matrix algorithms. Finally, the evaluation model for the comparative evaluation of different social applications is to verify the validity and reliability of the model. The study completed the DPCF (Demand Production Consume Feeling) questionnaire model based on humanology research, SFT (Social Feeling Tools) evaluation model of social applica-tions, and social networking application design patterns based o evaluation model. This research reaches the established goal, and has achieved the desired results. Studies have shown that, study on evaluation model and design patterns of internet social networking applications based on social psychology research, combines the studies of interaction design and humanology research. The evaluation results of popular social app become more comprehensive, clear and effective. This research can provide quick and efficient method for the optimization and development of social applications of new products. Research enriched digital design theory of social applications, also presents a new perspective, provide a new way of thinking and design methods for designers and developers. In this paper, the design method and evaluation model are proved to be valid and effective by empirical research. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Si, Qiqi T1 - A Study of Fromm's View of Freedom [弗洛司琪琪], Master thesis, History of Marxism Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 弗洛姆在对前人思想的继承批判和社会活动的实践中,立足人的主体性,从深不可测的精神世界和变化多端的行为入手,引出了对现代社会中人们>逃避自由<现象的深刻思考,构筑起自己关于人的自由状况、表现及如何实现的一系列鲜明独特的观点。首先,文章力图从时代的重大事件和他的特殊经历来理解弗洛姆本人及自由观点,重大事件包括两次世界大战、资本主义和社会主义阵营的军备竞赛、资本主义经济危机和经济繁荣、法西斯和纳粹主义的肆虐等,特殊经历包含弗洛姆忧郁的童年生活、辗转逃离纳粹的迫害中受到疾病的纠缠、坎坷的爱情生活等,并在此基础上梳理了弗洛姆自由观形成的历史阶段。同时,他的自由观也是在多种思想交流和文化观念的碰撞中形成火花,弗洛姆主要吸收了弗洛伊德的无意识、性格学说和本能理论为主的精神分析理论和马克思主义的历史唯物主义、部分阶级分析工具和关于人的全面自由发展的理论,尤以马克思主义理论对他的影响最大,另外,他的自由观点还受到犹太文化传统的影响。其次,弗洛姆自由观的基本思想主要划分为4个版块。研究他的自由观点当然不能仅仅局限在《逃避自由》这一著作中,受限于人们对自由逃避的心理状况和对自由追寻的社会全方位的变革途径。纵观弗洛姆一生的所有著作,可以发现与自由作抗争的活动与人本身的存在难以分割,自由更多地与人格或性格相关,存在着积极自由和消极自由两种形式,及与此相对应的重存在和重占有的生存方式,弗洛姆将矛盾聚焦现实的社会环境中人们面对的自由困境,解析了人们逃避自由的心理、社会机制,最终满怀希望地构思出在社会各个领域进行变革和通过塑造健全人格来实现人的全面发展的自由之路。最后,文章对弗洛姆的自由观点给出了一个综合的评价。他侧重从人的微观心理方面分析和关于人类主体的理想实现的自由观点具有一定的理论和实践价值,这体现在弗洛姆的自由观点创新了心理概念在历史唯物领域的运用,深化了对资本主义社会的批判和丰富了劳动异化理论,这对人的创造性发挥和和谐社会建设具有重大的实践价值,但是弗洛姆的自由观也存在着理论局限性,它仍是一种人本主义伦理的自由观,过分关注了人的人格、信仰、情感等因素,在关于新社会的构想中充满了空想社会主义的色彩。 N2 - From the inheritance and criticism of the predecessors’ thoughts and the practice of social activities, Fromm is based on the subjectivity of human beings, from the unfathomable spiritual world and the changing behavior, it leads to the phenomenon of >escape from freedom< in modern society. Deep thinking, to build their own on the freedom of the situation, performance and how to achieve a series of distinctive and unique view. The article first seeks to understand from the great events and special experiences of the times and the views of Fromm himself and his freedom, including the two world wars, the capitalist and socialist camps of the arms race, the capitalist economic crisis and economic prosperity, fascism and Nazism Raging and other major events, and flog melancholy childhood life, was removed from the Nazi persecution by the disease entangled, bumpy love life and other personal experiences, and the history of the formation of the history of the history of the composition of the defense. At the same time, his view of freedom is also in a variety of ideological exchanges and cultural ideas in the collision of the formation of sparks, Fromm mainly absorb Freud’s unconscious theory, personality theory and instinct theory-based psychoanalytic theory and Marxist Historical materialism, some class analysis tools, and the theory of the free and free development of man, especially the influence of Marx’s thought on him, and his view of freedom is influenced by Jewish cultural traditions. Secondly, the basic idea of the concept of Fromm’s freedom is divided into four sections. The study of his free view can not be confined to the >escape from freedom< in the book, subject to the freedom of people to escape the psychological situation and the free pursuit of social all-round way of change. Throughout all the works of Fromm’s life, it can be found that the activities of struggle against freedom are difficult to divide with the existence of man itself, and that freedom is more related to personality or character, and there are two forms of positive freedom and negative freedom. The corresponding re-existence and re-possession of the way of life. Then Fromm’s focus is on the contradictions in the reality of the social environment in which people face the freedom of the plight of people to escape the freedom of the psychological and social mechanisms, and ultimately hopefully conceived in all areas of society to change and create a sound personality to achieve people The road of comprehensive development of freedom. Finally, the article gives a comprehensive evaluation of Fromm’s view of freedom. He has a certain theoretical and practical value from the analysis of human microcosmic aspects and the free view of the ideal realization of human subjects. This is reflected in the fact that Fromm’s free view innovates the use of psychological concepts in the field of historical materialism, the criticism of capitalist society and enrich the theory of labor alienation, which is of great practical value to the construction of the subjective personality and the construction of a reasonable socialist system in the current Chinese society but there is also a theoretical limitation in the view of Fromm’s view of freedom, which is still a liberal view of humanistic ethics, too much attention to human personality, belief, emotion and other factors, in the idea of the new society is full of fantasy the color of socialism. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Chaonan T1 - Joshua Oppenheimer’s View of Humanity – Interpretation of >Killing Interpretation< and >Image of Silence< from the Perspective of Fromm [约书亚•奥本海默的人性观 - 弗洛姆视阈下的《杀戮演绎》《沉默之像》解读], Master thesis, Radio and Television Art, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 古希腊神庙中刻着几个字——>认识你自己<。这是一个人类永恒探索并为之付出长久努力的话题。人通常最想了解也最难了解的就是>人<自身,它需要我们破除种族和文化差异的观念,将其放置在一个与世界诸多文明并行的环境中进行探究。《杀戮演绎》《沉默之像》正是在这种深沉的自我观照中,首次从施暴者和受害者两个视角对屠杀展开审视,将一个群体性的暴力事件呈现为直击人心的纪录片作品,犹如一枚硬币的两面,在杀戮者令人震惊的夸耀行为中追寻人性暴力的根源,又在受难者无奈的悲恐中探寻宽恕的真谛。导演将视角聚焦在半个世纪之前的那场屠杀,以历史灾难为叙述载体,以纪录片为话语媒介,折射当下人的生活品貌,表达自己对>人性<的思考。埃里希•弗洛姆作为西方伦理学的重要代表人物,一生中所涉猎的不同领域的研究都与>人<密切相关,都蕴含着对>人<的问题的深切关怀,主张>为了识别何为善、何为恶,就必须懂得人性<。弗洛姆的理论庞杂繁复,但却为我们提供了一种冷静、客观的视角来看待>人<,并最终获得了悟。本文旨在通过对《杀戮演绎》《沉默之像》文本的细读,引用弗洛姆的观点对其进行分析,试图破译潜藏在影像深处的密码,洞察导演内心深处的人性观。在弗洛姆的视阈下,奥本海默两部作品中的人物在病态的社会中走向迷失,也因为迷失的必然匮乏不得不通过救赎寻求认同,最终走出自我压抑的困顿,为扭曲的灵魂重新寻找出口。导演的思考冷峻中带着温度,主观但不偏激,在弗洛姆勾勒的理论世界里得以遇见,用那些细小的、留白的、碎片化的、讽刺的或者饶有意味的画面,跳出思考的模糊地带,直接展现人性最原始、多变的模样。 N2 - Ancient Greek temple is engraved with two words: >know yourself<, which is an old and eternal topic. The most difficult thing that people are eager to understand is to understand >humanity<, which requires a concept of wiping off racial as well as cultural differences, and doing research in an environment of various civilizations. Under the influence of this conception, the film The Act of Killing and The Look of Silence describes massacre for the first time from the points of view of both the killer and the victim, and makes a documentary film to present mass incidents in a more direct way. This direct way, acting like both sides of a coin, can seek for not only the original source of violence from killer’s act of killing, but also the true essence from the victim’s sorrows. Directors of the two films mentioned above focus on the massacre which happened fifty years before, take historical disaster as narrative carrier and documentary as media discourse, reflect daily lives of human beings, and consider the essence of humanity. As an important representative in Western Ethics, Erich Fromm conducts various research that are closely related to >humanity<, and holds the opinion that if one wants to distinguish between good and evil, he has to understand >humanity<. Fromm’s theory is much complicated, however, it provides us with a dispassionate and objective perspective to observe humanity and eventually understand it. Thus, this essay analyzes the texts of the two films mentioned above with Fromm’s theory, aiming at deciphering the code that is deeply hidden in the film as well as grasping the view of humanity within the directors. From the perspective of Fromm, the characters in two works of Oppenheimer lose humanity in the sick society, and have to get it back through redemption. Eventually, they get rid of self-repression and find new directions of their lives and souls. Directors are dispassionate, objective but not extreme. They use tiny, white, fragmented, satire and interesting pictures to express the original and fickle appearance of humanity. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Hanxiao T1 - From Alienation to Sanity – On the Cultural Identity of Tayo in >Ceremony< [从异化到健全 - 论《典仪》中塔尤的文化身份认同问题], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2017 N2 - 莱斯利•马蒙•西尔科在其代表作《典仪》中,使用框架叙事的叙事方法,成功地展示了在印第安神话故事讲述中,巫术如何消亡,并以散文形式呈现了异化中的主人公如何被典仪治愈的过程。她通过解释传统神话故事与主人公塔尤复苏的关系,探讨了平衡,改变以及重生等深刻的哲学道理。本文主要运用著名的人本主义精神分析学家埃里希•弗罗姆的异化理论分析了《典仪》主人公——印第安和白人混血的塔尤,在面临印第安传统文化与美国主流文化冲击下的无助、无根、绝望的自我异化,以及他如何经过典仪克服异化,走向健全的过程。本文通过文本细读的研究方法,系统分析了塔尤异化的原因,分类,症状和解决办法。异化中的他幸而得到贝托尼药师不断变化的印第安典仪的救治。在贝托尼的典仪中,塔尤重建了与自我,与两种文化间的联系。最终,塔尤作为拉古纳部族的英雄为印第安部落所接受,他的叙述也将融入印第安神话,继续守护着印第安子民。塔尤在皈依印第安信仰、融入印第安文化的典仪过程中,找到了自己的根基;恢复了与他人的联系,感受到了由爱带来的自我个性与完整性的统一;同时形成了开放的民族观和世界观,实现了对自身被动性的超越;并成功在部族中获得身份感。至此,塔尤在印第安典仪的帮助下,通过满足作为一个健全的人所需满足的需要,成功克服了同自我、同印第安文化以及白人文化的异化。 N2 - In her masterpiece >CeremonyThree Lives< from the Perspective of Fromm's Psychoanalysis [弗洛姆精神分析视阈下《三个女人》中孤独主题的解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 格特鲁德•斯泰因是20世纪美国现代主义文学的创始人,被冠以>现代文学之母<、>海明威的导师>和<‘迷惘的一代’的发言人和引路人<的称号。1909年获得热烈反响的中长篇小说《三个女人》问世,带有明显的福楼拜《三故事》风格,语言朴实、准确、简明,被评论为>的确是现代主义的经典<,确立了她的作家地位。《三个女人》是一部显露了作者的艺术手法与艺术思想的作品,是美国文学中首先表现了黑人真实生活的杰作,曾多次被选入文学选集中。《三个女人》是格特鲁德•斯泰因正式发表的第一部作品,小说讲述了安娜、梅兰克莎、莉娜的日常生活和命运遭遇,在世界文学史上为女性主义主题创作起到了领先作用。这部作品的描写具有高度的实质性,真实地反映了生活在19世纪末至20世纪初的妇女处在半醒不醒的状态,斯泰因借助这三位女性揭示社会的伦理关系,批判现实社会存在的不合理的现象,也意在引起人们的注意,唤起女性自身的觉醒。本论文试图从主题切入,选用精神分析法来探索格特鲁德•斯泰因《三个女人》中的孤独主题,以弗洛姆精神分析论为视角,对小说中的人物进行心理解读,结合小说人物,找到孤独在每个人身上的体现并追根溯源,找出她们在解决孤独方式中的误区所在。本论文由引言、正文和结语三大部分构成。引言对斯泰因本人及她的作品《三个女人》做了简要介绍,并对该作品的国内外研究状况进行了综述,最后对论文的主题进行了陈述。正文分为四章,第一章为理论基础,即阐述弗洛姆精神分析法的内容及理论框架,并概述弗洛姆精神分析法中关于孤独的理论。第二章重点在找出小说人物中的一些奇怪的行为并用弗洛姆精神分析法进行阐释。这些行为都反映出主人公的内心世界以及他们潜意识中自己都没发觉的孤独感。第三章承接上一章小说中人物的孤独表征,透过现象看本质,结合理论,深探人物孤独的内在原因。第四章揭示了她们解决各自孤独感的办法,并运用弗洛姆精神分析法分析了其中的误区,帮助读者去理解小说中人物的一些异常行为,同时,提出了怎样做才是能够真正解决孤独的>爱<。结语部分对全文进行总结概述。纵观全文,笔者深刻细致地挖掘《三个女人》中一个重要主题——孤独,而不是只停留在关注女性的悲剧却忽略斯泰因对人类的本质、人类社会历史的变迁、性别关系战争、社会现实等问题的思考与认识,为该作品相关的研究提供新的思路与方向。 N2 - Gertrude Stein was the founder of American modernist literature in 20th century. She was known as >the Mother of Modern Literature<, >Hemingway’s Mentor< and >the Guide and Spokesman of ‘Lost Generation’< In 1909, she published her medium-length novel >Three Lives< which received heated responses. The novel is said to follow the model on Flaubert’s >Three Tales<. Her language is simple, accurate and concise. This work has been regarded as >the Classic of Modernism< and then her status as a writer was firmly established. >Three Lives< exhibited the author’s artistic techniques and artistic ideas. It is the masterpiece that primarily shows the real life of blacks and has been selected into many different literary anthologies. >Three Lives< is the first one of Gertrude Stein’s published novels. It tells stories about Anna’s, Melanctha’s and Lena’s respective daily life and fate. In the world’s literary history, >Three Lives< takes the lead in the feminist theme creation. The work describes real lives and truly narrates the life-situation of insensible women living in the late 19th century to early 20th century. Stein tried to reveal the ethical relations in society by means of the three protagonists, and criticized some unreasonable phenomenon that existed in the society. She was also intended to draw the attention of the people and arouse the women to wake up themselves. This thesis, through psychoanalysis, explores the theme of loneliness in Gertrude Stein’s >Three Lives<. From the view of Fromm’s psychoanalytic theory, the writer of the thesis gives psychological studies of the characters, trying to find out the loneliness of the characters, elaborating the wrong solutions they have taken to their loneliness, and finally points out the wholesome solution. The whole thesis consists of three parts: introduction, the main body and the conclusion. In the introduction, the writer gives a brief introduction to Stein and her novel >Three Lives<, presents current researches of the novel at home and abroad, and then comes the thesis statement of this paper. The main body is divided into the following four chapters. The first chapter is the theoretical basis which expounds the content and theoretical framework of Fromm’s psychoanalysis, and sums up the theory of loneliness in Fromm’s psychoanalysis.– Chapter Two presents and interprets the characters’ strange behaviors by using Fromm Psychoanalysis. These behaviors are the symptoms which reflect these characters’ inside world and the subconscious loneliness they are not aware of.– Chapter Three connects with the symptoms of loneliness in the preceding chapter and deeply researches the inner causes of characters’ loneliness, digging out the essence by the phenomenon with the combination of theories.– Chapter Four reveals the three heroines’ solutions to loneliness and analyzes the errors therein through Fromm Psychoanalysis. It helps readers to understand some eccentric behaviors of the characters’ in the text, meanwhile points out the real love that can solve the problem of loneliness validly.– The conclusion part summarizes the whole thesis. On the whole, this thesis analyzes one of the important themes in the novel >Three Lives< –loneliness deeply and meticulously, and this attempt will provide a new idea and a direction for the research of the novel besides other topics such as the tragedy of women and that may remind us not to overlook Stein’s essential concerns about human, the change of social history, the gender war, social reality and other issues. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Mengbei T1 - Fromm’s Self Theory and Its Contemporary Significance [弗洛姆的自我理论及其当代意义], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2017. N2 - 本文通过对弗洛姆的著作的分析,探究了弗洛姆思想的来源与发展沿革过程,系统梳理了弗洛姆对马克思和弗洛伊德思想的吸收和发展,从哲学心理学的角度探讨了弗洛姆自我理论的内容体系和灵感来源。以弗洛姆的哲学为工具结合当代人焦虑的心理特征,孤独的个体状态,异化的消费形式,占有的生存方式等,分析了当代人自我迷失的原因,以及获得自由的办法。文章第一部分介绍了弗洛姆的自我理论形成的思想背景和理论渊源。弗洛姆的理论筑基于马克思思想和弗洛伊德精神分析理论,筑基于马克思关于人、人的本质与发展和弗洛伊德人道主义的精神分析,筑基于精神分析社会文化学派和法兰克福学派等其他心理学及哲学学派。马克思认为资本主义社会造成劳动的异化,劳动异化又带来心理冲突,弗洛姆继承和发展了马克思关于异化的理论,他认为社会生产的异化是造成心理问题的来源之一。在弗洛伊德>无意识理论<及其后继者荣格>集体无意识<的基础上,弗洛姆提出了自己的>社会无意识<理论和>社会性格<等重要概念;受霍尼、沙利文等社会文化学派心理学家的影响,他将社会文化、历史发展等因素融入自己的理论;经历了两次世界大战,弗洛姆对战争和人性有深刻反思,他的著作语言内容直观细腻且不乏准确深刻。弗洛姆终其一生致力于将哲学、心理学、社会学、伦理学等学科结合起来,希图能给迷失的个人和社会的问题找到解决的良方。第二部分介绍的是弗洛姆自我理论的形成与理论基础。弗洛姆融合马克思思想和弗洛伊德思想的人学理论,他希望能实现社会变革和心理变革。弗洛姆思想主要有五个来源:早期的犹太教的影响,这是他心中的博爱精神的源泉;巴霍芬的思想引导弗洛姆寻找人类的爱的道路;弗洛伊德思想的影响,在其创造性的无意识理论基础上发展出>社会无意识<理论;马克思的劳动异化的理论,让弗洛姆意识到社会异化是人产生心理问题的根源;佛教思想的影响,让他把对人灵魂的关注和发扬人的爱和理性的力量作为人生的最高目标。第三部分是关于弗洛姆的自我理论的内容,以及关于当代人自我问题的阐述。这一部分将弗洛姆的自我理论做了系统的归纳和整理。首先梳理了弗洛姆对佛教的有我——无我理论的研究和继承;其次分析了弗洛姆的哲学和心理学的关系;再次,用历时性与共时性的研究方法,把弗洛姆自我理论的内容加以整理,让其理论的发展历程更为清晰,着重分析了他提出的>社会无意识<、>社会性格<、>生存方式<等核心概念;继而描述了当代人的自我迷失及其表现,对自我认识不清,情绪和情感失衡,自私与利己,以消费与享乐作为价值的标准,以及缺乏亲密和真诚之爱;最后根据弗洛姆在其理论中提出的方法,对上述当代人自我迷失的问题进行了诊断并提出了应对策略:获得行动自由,思考自由,重塑人们对生产与消费的认识,破除当代消费异化的迷局,在工作中寻找自我和自我价值感,在爱中寻找自我,用真诚的有创造性的爱与世界建立联系,打破现代城市森林的樊篱,用真爱与博爱消除内心的孤独与焦虑。最后一部分是对于弗洛姆自我理论的评价与思考,着重分析弗洛姆的理论对我们当代人的价值和实践意义。从现代经济发展、政治发展、文化更迭、意识形态变化的角度,分析弗洛姆理论的一些局限性和乌托邦成分;其自我理论的合理性与当代价值;对弗洛姆自我理论的若干思考和追问。弗洛姆毕生做了大量跨学科的研究工作,非常关注人自身、人与人、人与社会等问题,一直致力于融合马克思和弗洛伊德等人的思想,思考关于病态的社会、混乱的人格、战争的形成等问题,并力图寻找能解决这些社会问题、个人问题和世界问题的答案。他对人的本性和生存状态倾注了大量关心,希望通过对社会现状的批判和解析,为解放和拯救人类指引方向,其理论即使跨越大半个世纪,对我们二十一世纪的当代人仍然有很大的参考价值和借鉴意义。 N2 - [Based on the analysis of his works, this thesis explores the origin and development of Erich Fromm’s thought, systematically analyzes the construction of his understanding and criticism of Marx’s thoughts and Freud’s Thoughts on the basis of integration of individual personality and social character of self theory, especially from the perspective of philosophical psychology content system of Fromm self theory. Then in today’s era and the social and historical background, the author analyzes the current situation of the contemporary people’s self lost, such as the psychological characteristics of anxiety, the individual state of loneliness, the form of alienation of consumption, the way of living, etc. To overcome the series current problems, we can focus on the idea of Fromm’s dialectical theory to help modern people out of psychological lost, methods and ways of life. Moreover, for the existence of egoism and alienation, we should not forget the most important factor in human existence-love. The first part introduces the ideological background and theoretical origin of Fromm’s theory of self formation. Fromm’s theory of building the thought of Marx and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory based on the analysis of the spirit of Marx, built on the human being, nature and human development and humanitarian Freud, based on the spirit of the Frankfurt school and other social cultural psychology and philosophy. Marx believed that the capitalist society caused by the alienation of labor, labor alienation and psychological conflict, Fromm inherited and developed Marx’s theory of alienation, he thought that alienation of social production was one of the sources of psychological problems. In Freud >theory of the unconscious< and his successors Carl Jung >collective unconscious< basis, Fromm put forward the important concept of his >social unconsciousness theory< and >social character<. Influenced by the social and cultural school psychologists, such as Karen Homey and Sullivan, he incorporated social, cultural and historical development into his own theory. After the world war Ⅱ, Fromm had a profound reflection on war and human nature, and his writing language was intuitive and delicate, and there was no lack of accuracy and profundity. Fromm devoted his life to put philosophy, psychology, sociology, ethics and other disciplines together to research personal and social problems and to find some effective solution. The second part of the thesis introduces the formation and theoretical basis of Fromm’s theory of self. Fromm, integrated Marx’s and Freud’s theory of human nature, hoped to achieve social change and psychological change. Fromm thought there are five main sources: the impact of early Judaism, this was the source of his heart the spirit of love; the thought of Bachofen led Fromm to find the road of human love; the influence of Freud’s ideas, in the unconscious theory of the creative development of >social unconsciousness< theory of Marx’s labor alienation; Fromm realized that alienation is the source of social people have psychological problems; the influence of Buddhist thought, let him put on the soul of concern and attention to people’s love and the power of reason as the highest goal of life. The third part is about the content of Fromm’s theory of self, as well as the exposition of the contemporary man’s self. In this part, Fromm’s theory of self is systematically summarized and arranged. Firstly, it introduces Fromm of Buddhism […]; then followed by analysis of the relationship between Fromm’s philosophy and psychology; thirdly, with the diachronic and synchronic research methods, the Fromm theory of self content to arrange, let the theory development process more clearly, analyze the >social unconsciousness< and survival mode< and other core concepts; then describes the self lost and relevant performance of contemporary people, the self understanding of emotions and emotional imbalance, selfishness and egoism, consumption and enjoyment as a standard of value, and the lack of intimacy and sincere love; finally according to the method proposed in Fromm theory, carried on the diagnosis of the contemporary people lost problems and puts forward the countermeasures for freedom of action, thinking freedom, reshape the understanding of production and consumption, get rid of the alienation of contemporary consumption puzzle, self seeking and self worth in the work, find oneself in love, with sincere creative love to establish contact with the world, breaking the barriers of modern city forest with love, universal love and true love can eliminate inner loneliness and anxiety of human. The last part is the evaluation and reflection of Fromm’s theory of self, focusing on the value and practical significance of Fromm’s theory to our contemporary people. From the modern economic development, political development, cultural change, ideology change perspective, analysis of some limitations and utopia component of Fromm’s theory and its contemporary value is made; also on self theory; on some thinking and questioning Fromm’s self theory. Fromm had done a lot of research across disciplines in his lifetime, had paid close attention to people themselves, people and people, people and society, and had been committed to the integration of Marx and Freud’s thought, thinking about the morbid society, confusion of personality, the formation of war and other issues, and tried to find the solution to these social and personal problems. He focused on the nature of human existence and devoted a lot of care, hoped through the social status of the criticism and analysis, and guided the direction for the liberation of human salvation. Even more than half a century, for the people of our twenty-first Century, the theory still have great reference value and significance. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Mengting T1 - Ethical Diagnosis of Morbid Society – A Study on Fromm's Ethics Thought of >Sound Society< [病态社会的伦理诊断 –弗洛姆《健全的社会》的伦理思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2017. N2 - 埃利希•弗洛姆是二十世纪著名的哲学家、心理学家,也是法兰克福学派的第二代重要成员。他的研究领域十分宽泛,在各领域都建树颇丰,其中最值得一提的也是贯穿他多部著作的一个重要思想是健全伦理思想,在他的《健全的社会》一书中得到最为完整的体现。本文首先从伦理背景、伦理分析和理论构架的逻辑线索展开,力图全面展现弗洛姆健全社会思想的总体概貌。在此基础上,本文以健全社会伦理动机和病态与健全的意涵解析作为逻辑起点,深入分析人性、人的生存所面临两难困境、人的本质、人的社会需求,并着重分析了作为个体与社会之间中介的社会性格,其后,分析由于人的生存需要被抑制,导致了社会性格的异化,以及异化所呈现出病态人格和病态社会的样态,进而诊断西方社会的病态的根源。在此基础上,探讨了弗洛姆如何尝试构建健全社会的路径——讨论了以往的实践失败原因,提出评判健全社会的伦理标准,并且从伦理视域提出了经济变革、政治变革和文化变革的设想及其实践方略。弗洛姆《健全的社会》的伦理思想,一方面,为我们审视资本主义社会的种种弊病提供了新的视角;另一方面,也为我们发展马克思主义提供了新的研究视域。弗洛姆关注人,将人的重要性置于其研究的重心,对我们倡导以人为本的社会主义核心价值观以及正在进行的各项改革具有深刻的启示性。 N2 - Erich Fromm was a famous psychologist and philosopher and sociologist in twentieth century, he was also an important member of Western Marxist and Franck school. His research field is very wide and made a great contribution to the theorists, which must be mentioned is his ethical theory in sane society thoughts throughout his many works. This theory has got most complete embodiment in The Sane Society. This paper starts from the ethical background analysis, theoretical framework as the logic route, try to show complete picture of Fromm’s sane social thought. On this basis, this paper is use the social ethical motivations and pathological and sane implications as a logical starting point, in-depth analysis of people’s human nature, social needs, and especially analyze the social personality as the intermediary between the individual and society. Afterwards, elaborate morbid personality and morbid society, especially the alienation, thus diagnose the pathological source of western society. In this book, Fromm’s attempt is to find a path on how to build a sound social. On the one hand, Fromm provides a new angle of view as we look at the disadvantages of capitalist society. On the other hand, he also provides a new research horizon for us to develop Marxism. Fromm focuses on human being, take the importance of human being as the main emphasis of its research. It has profoundly important revelatory for advocating our people-oriented socialism core value and the ongoing reform. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Yinglei T1 - From Negative Freedom to Positive Freedom – The Theme of John Wayne's Novel from Fromm’s Perspective [从消极的自由到积极的自由 – 从弗洛姆自由观看约翰•韦恩小说主题]Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 本论文以弗洛姆关于>积极自由<的理论阐发为基点,以对二战后英国现状介绍为背景,以对约翰•韦恩《每况愈下》、《叛逆年代》两部作品中主人公探求和实现自由的蜕变过程为研究对象,深入解读了兰姆利和杰里米作为>愤怒青年<的代表实现自由的历程。研究试图表明:对抗社会的激进行为并不能带来所谓的>自由<,而只有劳动和爱才能跨越狭隘的自我园囿,实现真正的精神自由。本文共分为五部分:第一章为导论,介绍了二战后的英国社会现状,并简述了英国20世纪50年代以约翰•韦恩为代表的>愤怒的青年<作家及其作品以及本论文的研究目的及研究意义。第二章为文献综述,分析了国内外对约翰•韦恩《每况愈下》、《叛逆年代》两部作品的研究现状。本章也对艾里希•弗洛姆的自由理论进行了介绍。第三章详细解读了在巨大的压力下,《每况愈下》的主人公兰姆利、《叛逆年代》的主人公杰里米通过逃避责任、反抗中产阶级文化教育以及违背传统道德的偏激行为来追求自由。然而这种弗洛姆称之为>消极的自由<的激进行为并没有带给他们精神上的解脱,反而带来了无尽的空虚与孤独。第四章主要研究了主人公如何通过自发的爱与劳动重新建立起与世界的纽带,重新获得了真正的自我和归属感.他们最终找到了真正的自由之路,实现了 >积极的自由<。第五章对本论文进行了总结,得出结论:激进行为所带来的>消极的自由<不能缓解人的孤独与无助感,只有回归真实的生活,通过自发的爱与劳动重新建立起与世界的纽带,才能获得幸福感与归属感,实现>积极的自由<。 N2 - Based on Fromm’s theory of freedom, with post-war British society as the background, this thesis aims at making a research on protagonists’ road to freedom in John Wain’s >Hurry on Down< and >Strike the Father Dead<, analyzing the realization of freedom of Lumley and Jeremy who are typical angry young men. This study attempts to indicate that the radical behaviors against society cannot lead to co-called freedom; only work and love can break narrow personal bondage, leading to a true spiritual freedom. This thesis consists of five parts: The first chapter is introduction, which introduces the post-war British society, >Angry Young Men< and their works, John Wain and his works and the purpose and significance of this paper.– Chapter two is literature review about the John Wain’s Hurry on Down and Strike the Father Dead. In addition, Erich Fromm’s theory of freedom is also mentioned in this chapter.– Chapter three makes an examination of Lumley and Jeremy’s pursuit of freedom under repression through a series of radical behaviors including escaping responsibility, rebelling against middle-class culture, education and traditional morality. However, these radical behaviors which are >negative freedom< called by Fromm can not lead to their liberation in spirit; on the contrary, it caused deeper sense of loneliness and emptiness.– Chapter four focuses on how the heroes awaken after disillusion and establish the connection with the world by spontaneous love and work and regain the sense of self and belonging. Eventually they find the right road to freedom and realize >positive freedom<.– Chapter five draws a conclusion of this thesis: >negative freedom< caused by radical behaviors could not reduce the loneliness and helplessness of modern people; only by returning to the real life and establishing a tie to the world with spontaneous love and work, can they get the sense of happiness and belonging and achieve the quest for >positive freedom<. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yang, Mei T1 - The Spiritual Crisis of Contemporary American Intellectuals in >Herzog< [论《赫索格》中美国当代知识分子的精神困境], Master thesis, Foreign Linguistics and Applied Linguistics, Nanhua University, Dalin, Chiayi, Taiwan 2017 [ application of Fromm's Theories to art]. N2 - 当代美国杰出的小说家索尔?贝娄(1915-2005),二战后美国犹太裔小说家,诺贝尔文学奖获得者。贝娄的代表作《赫索格》(1964)展现了主人公摩西赫索格五天旅行中的混乱的思绪,苦闷与迷茫,追寻于探索,精神受难。真实地再现了美国当代知识分子在现代社会中的挫败感、迷茫、对人生意义的追寻与自我调整。国内外学者多用存在主义、女性主义、原型批评等相关理论对小说进行分析,很少有人从认知诗学及弗洛姆的人本主义精神分析视角解读该小说的主题。该研究以长篇小说《赫索格》为研究对象,运用认知诗学中心理空间理论和弗洛姆的人本精神分析理论,探讨《赫索格》中的主人公赫索格的婚姻危机、事业危机、自我身份危机。通过文本细读,本论文综合分析赫索格的心理空间的意义构建、美国现代知识分子的生活与学术困境、后现代性中的>精神分裂<现象,追踪主人公的心路历程。首先,论文从心理空间理论入手,突出故事的后现代语境、主人公与社会之间的裂隙,强调赫索格是有一定思想深度与独立见解的美国当代知识分子。从他对真理的追求与信念、他自身的弱点,勾勒出晚期资本主义社会所造成的>人生的空虚<、人性的扭曲,以及主人公形象所具有的普遍性与意义。该研究借用弗洛姆的人本精神分析理论,追踪赫索格走出精神困境的路径。论文指出,赫索格具有复杂的精神诉求:既渴望集体生活又与社会疏离,既要有确定的身份又拒绝身份的羁绊,既要求人际关系的平等又追求与众不同。他的人生充满了无奈与无力感,但他依旧有知识的深厚积淀、对社会的深刻洞察力、强烈的家庭责任感。种种人生起伏,恰恰成就了他的优秀品质与自我身份。最后,赫索格在通过写信释放自我,回归本真,及亲朋的关爱及大自然的精神滋养下,改善人际关系,拥抱生活,走出了精神困境。研究发现了赫索格的心理空间的意义构建以及他所代表的美国现代知识分子的精神困境。文本再现了美国现代大众社会对>知识分子的自我<的消解,试图为赫索格找一条既不逃避现实又保持个性独立的理想道路,体现了作者对生命意义的追求。对文本的心理空间分析表明,赫索格与他人、与社会的互动,是人类(尤其是美国当代知识分子)生活的常态。当代知识分子能够在各种消解自我的压力下幸存并维持知识分子的良知,其实维系着人类社会的光明与未来。赫索格的精神危机,反映了社会经济发展过程中带来的社会成员的精神危机。因此,为身处同样经济飞速发展的当代中国人,提供借鉴。 N2 - Saul Bellow (1915–2005), an eminent contemporary American novelist, won extraordinarily great literary achievements in his life and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Bellow’s masterpiece >Herzog< (1964) demonstrates the sense of frustration, confusion, quest for the meaning of life and self-adjustment of the contemporary American intellectuals in the society. Many scholars at home and abroad carried out analyses about the novel from the theories of existentialism, feminism, archetypal criticism and other suitable theories, but there have been few analyses to explore the themes of the novel from the perspective of cognitive poetics and Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis. By closely reading the text, this thesis takes Herzog as research subject, synthetically analyzes the features of Herzog’s mental world, the dilemmas in American contemporary intellectuals’ life and academic activities, the postmodern schizophrenic phenomenon, and traces the protagonist’s journey of soul. The research attempts to analyze the text from the perspective of Mental Space Theory by foregrounding its post-modern context and the protagonist’s disjuncture from society, emphasizing that Herzog is a contemporary American intellectual with in-depth thought and independent views. From his pursuit of truth and faith and his own weaknesses, this research sketches the contours of the sense of emptiness, the distortion of human nature caused by capitalist society, and the universal meaning in the image of the protagonist. Drawing on Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis, simultaneously the thesis traces the ways of Herzog’s self-redemption, analyzing Herzog’s marital crisis, career crisis, crisis of his self. As the thesis points out, Herzog has a complex spiritual quest. He longs for the community life but is alienated from society;he desires for clear identity but refuses to the fetters of identity; he wants interpersonal equality but pursues to be out of the ordinary. His life is full of helplessness and powerlessness, but he still has a large accumulation of knowledge, profound perception of the society, and strong sense of family responsibility. All the ups and downs in his life just bring out his good qualities and his self-identity. And finally, it proves that Herzog walked out of his spirit dilemma with the release of the Self, the care from his family and friends as well as the spiritual nurture from Nature so that a healthy relationship with the Self, the society and the world is built. The research makes a summary of the features of Herzog’s mental space and spiritual predicament of American intellectuals represented by Herzog. It holds the following opinions: First, the text represents the dissolution of the intellectuals’ selves by contemporary massive society, tries to find out an ideal way of both being in reality and keeping one’s individuality, and embodying the author’s quest for the meaning of life; second, the analysis of mental world shows that the interactions between Herzog, people around him and the society is actually the normalcy of human beings, especially contemporary American intellectuals; third, it is not easy for contemporary intellectuals to sustain their conscience under the various pressures of self-dissolution. Their efforts are actually the foundation for human bright future. Herzog’s spiritual crisis reflects spiritual crisis of social members brought in the process of social economic development. Therefore, this thesis provides reference for the contemporary Chinese who are experiencing the rapid economic development. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Tengwen T1 - >The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844< in the Vision of Frankfurt School [法兰克福学派视域下的《1844年经济学哲学手稿》], Master thesis, Foreign Marxist Research, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2017. N2 - 法兰克福学派的社会批判理论具有很强的现实针对性,反映了19世纪30年代的时代特征。关于法兰克福学派的政治观点,主要反映在霍克海默、阿多诺、马尔库塞等人对大众文化理论的批判中。法兰克福学派被称为新马克思主义的代表派系,他们打破实证主义,以反实证主义的视角重新审视社会现状。法兰克福学派不仅继承了青年黑格尔学派的相关理论,而且受到叔本华和尼采非理性思想影响,还吸收了新康德主义和韦伯的文化批判理论。其中,马克思早期著作《1844年经济学哲学手稿》(以下简称《手稿》)中的异化概念对法兰克福学派影响最为深刻,他们以此为根基,创立了一套特色的社会批判理论体系,并由此进入到对资本主义意识形态批判中,在法兰克福学派理论家的眼中,批判是理论特色的标志,批判理论高于哲学,且与哲学思想形成对立。法兰克福学派的批判理论,批判否定一切现存的事物,同时,对一切事物真理追求复归到事物自身之中。20世纪的30年代,法兰克福学派批判视角开始转变,那时西方工人的运动处于低潮时期,法西斯的集权主义者在欧洲迅速崛起,在此种背景下,法兰克福学派的理论家们的研究重心不在是无产阶级所具有的强大的革命信念,而转向了对工人阶级意识形态研究,由此进入对《手稿》工人阶级的同情和关注的视域中。他们试图唤起人们理性觉醒,来打破实证主义的思维模式。在《启蒙辩证法》中,霍克海默和阿多诺指出从启蒙运动至今,人类的理性虽然获得了一些成就,但是与此同时,人类的理性坠入了实证主义思维模式中,在现代化的工业社会中,人类理性的思考和反思,沦为了奴隶,成为了工具,这种理性不在是服务于民,而是成为人类谋取利益的手段,理性的背后是一种钱权交易、是一场话剧表演、是一种景观社会。理性失去了为人类自由而奋斗的意义,不在是忠诚服务者,却成为人类的统治者。对此,法兰克福学派理论家在研究工业社会的高级文化、通俗文化等问题时,他们都围绕着对理性问题的研究。他们通过对资本主义的工业文化的批判,进而对整个意识形态的批判。在法兰克福学派对资本主义意识形态的批判中,我们可以来理解《手稿》对国民经济学家批判,马克思批判了国民经济学家所遵循的经济理性原则,是否科学,是否现实,是否符合工人的利益。法兰克福学派的理论家们对这种所谓的经济理性原则,进行了深刻的思考,揭示了资本主义经济理性的背后,所掩饰的个人经济利益、个人的权利以及人与人等级划分等问题。法兰克福学派以敏锐的视角发掘到资本主义经济理性原则背后,人类对理性意义错误的理解。由此,对理性问题的研究成为法克福学派理论家们新的研究路径。为了对理性问题的研究,马尔库塞和弗洛姆对《手稿》的异化理论进行分析,探究人类理性到底是什么?人类如何才能保持理性?他们对人的本质问题进行了深入的思考,并吸收了《手稿》的异化理论,且不局限于《手稿》涉及到的劳动产品异化等问题的研究范围,而是把异化问题的视域拓展到工业文化以及其它人类现实生活领域中,揭示出现实生活的方方面面也存在许多异化问题。马尔库塞对《手稿》异化劳动问题的研究,把劳动问题复归到现实,指出了人的劳动属性不属于自身的原因,失去的到底是什么?他们认为,劳动与人本质分离,根源是个性自由的丧失。此外,他们把马克思对人与劳动的关系研究,看成是理性自反性的折射,理性具有的自反性,可以对现实活动产生新的认识。马尔库塞、弗洛姆认为马克思和他们一样,也站在这样理性的视角,他们的理性基础都是重视人类的价值,强调个性自由和思维的能动性以及关心人的生命以和生存状况,由此他们共同走进了人道主义视域。马尔库塞和弗洛姆试图在人道主义视角中,唤起人们对人本质问题新认识,通过人道主义唤醒人们的良知,构建伦理道德价值观,来约束人们的活动。他们关注现实生活,对现实生活中存在的问题,进行人道主义批判。在现实生活中,他们对人个性自由的发展,进行考察、分析。通过现实生活中个性自由程度的考察,来判断当下人的理性是否真合理,是否真自由,是否真得到解放。施密特继承了马尔库塞和弗洛姆提出的新课题,施密特在《马克思的自然概念》一书中,把人对现实生活问题的理解,归于人与自然关系的研究。施密特继承了《手稿》人与自然关系的理解,并在此基础上提出,实践活动是连接人与自然关系的中介桥梁。但是,施密特并没有过于关注人的实践活动,认为对现实的关注不能只是实践活动,最重的是《手稿》中的感性思想,施密特把《手稿》中的感性思想与现实活动结合起来,认为感性的现实活动才是探求人类寻求真理的标准,施密特把情感问题与现实生活结合起来,关注人的情感、感受。由此看出施密特也陷入的马尔库塞的人道主义视角中,他们表达的情感是一致的。因此,施密特感性现实活动,最终也走进了人道主义视域。在法兰克福学派对感性问题的研究中,维尔默把感性、情感的研究纳入到对美学思想的研究。通过人对事物美的认识,来分析个人情感等问题。他追求情感产生的根源,挖掘美学思想中蕴含的感性思想。维尔默的美学思想与《手稿》美学思想不同,《手稿》指出>劳动创造了美<马克思认为人的美学思想来源于人的劳动过程,人在劳动中通过五官感受,产生了对美的认识,马克思强调个人与个人之间对美学思想认识的差异性,每个人对美的认识都是不同的。维尔默强调美学思想的大众化认同,认为人对美学思想统一认识是人与人之间思想发生碰撞后,产生对审美的统一。由此建构起统一的审美标准。可见维尔默美学思想是一个否定之否、不断批判再批判的过程。维尔默追求理性的方式其实是一种批判再批判的方式,他试图把美学思想蕴含的感性思想与理性统一起来,希望在感性中寻求人类的自由。虽然他把美学思想规范成标注化、实证化、统一化认识,企图打破了理性研究中存在的实证主义的缺陷,但是,却陷入感性抽象的视域。 N2 - The social critical theory of Frankfurt school has a strong realistic pertinence, which reflects the characteristics of the times in the 1830s. About the Frankfurt school’s political views, mainly reflected in Horkheimer and Adorno, Marcuse et al. Critique of mass culture theory in. The Frankfurt school is known as the representative of the new Marx doctrine, they break the positivism, re-examine the social status from the perspective of anti-positivism. The Frankfurt school not only inherited the relevant theories of the young Hagel School, but also influenced by the irrational thoughts of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, but also absorbed the Neo Kantian theory and the critical theory of culture of the United States. Among them, the 1844 Manuscript of economics and philosophy of Marx’s early works (hereinafter referred to as the >Manuscript<) of the concept of alienation in the Frankfurt school is most profound, they use it as the foundation, the system of social critical theory created a set of characteristics, and thus into the capitalist ideology, the Frankfurt school theorists in the eyes that is a sign of critical theoretical characteristics, critical theory is higher than that of philosophy, and the formation of opposition and philosophy. The critical theory of the Frankfurt school criticizes all existing things, and at the same time, the pursuit of the truth of all things is returned to the thing itself. In nineteenth Century 30 s, the Frankfurt school’s critical view began to change, when the western workers’ movement is in the low period, the rapid rise of totalitarian fascism in Europe, in this context, the research focus of Frankfurt school theorists is not the proletariat has a strong belief in the revolution, and turned to the working class study on the ideology, enter the >Manuscript< of the working class from the perspective of sympathy and concern. They try to arouse people’s rational awakening, to break the positivism thinking mode. In the >Dialectics of enlightenment<, Horkheimer and Adorno pointed out that since the enlightenment, the rationality of human has made some achievements, but at the same time, the fall of human rational positivism thinking mode, in the modern industrial society, human rational thinking and reflection, in order to become a slave, became the tool, the rational is not in service to the people, but as for the interests of human beings means rational behind is a trading power for money, is a drama, is a kind of social landscape. Reason has lost the meaning of striving for the freedom of human beings, not loyal servant, but the ruler of mankind. In this regard, the Frankfurt school theorists in the study of the advanced culture of the industrial society, popular culture and other issues, they are around the study of the issue of rationality. They criticize the whole ideology by criticizing the capitalist industrial culture. Critique of capitalist ideology in schools in Frankfurt, we can understand the >Manuscript< of national economists criticism, Marx criticized the principle of economic rationality, followed by national economists whether science, whether real, whether conforms to the interests of workers. The Frankfurt school theorists of this so-called principle of economic rationality, a deep thinking, reveals the capitalism behind the economic rationality and human rights classification is covered by personal economic interests and personal problems. From the perspective of the Frankfurt school, the author explores the rational understanding of the rational meaning behind the rational principle of capitalist economy. Thus, study on the rational problems become a research path of Frankfurt School theorists new. In order to study the problem of rationality, Marcuse and Fromm analyze the theory of alienation in the manuscript, to explore what is human rationality? How can human beings remain rational? They conducted in-depth of human nature, and absorb the >Manuscript< theory of alienation, the scope of the study but not limited to product of labor alienation >Manuscripts< involved, but the alienation view to expand industrial culture and other human life field, reveals the real life. There are many aspects of alienation. Marcuse’s research on the alienation of labor in the manuscript, the return to the reality of the work, pointed out that the human labor attributes do not belong to their own reasons, what is lost in the end? They believe that the separation of labor and human nature is rooted in the loss of individual freedom. In addition, they regard Marx’s research on the relationship between man and labor as a reflection of the rational reflexivity. Marcuse, Marx and Fromm that they like, standing in such a rational perspective, they are rational foundation of respect for human values, emphasizing the initiative and freedom of personality thinking and caring life and living conditions, thus their common people into the humanitarian perspective. Marcuse and Fromm tried to arouse people’s new understanding of the nature of human beings in the perspective of humanism, to arouse people’s conscience, to construct ethical values, and to restrict people’s activities. They pay close attention to the real life and criticize the problems in real life. In real life, they investigate and analyze the development of individual freedom. Through the investigation of the degree of freedom of personality in real life, we can judge whether the rationality of the human being is reasonable, whether it is free or not. Schmidt inherited the new topic proposed by Marcuse and Fromm. In his book >the concept of nature< by the author of the book, the author holds that the understanding of the problem of real life by human beings is the study of the relationship between man and nature in the book of the nature of the book by the author of the book, which is based on the concept of nature by the author of the book, by the author of this thesis. In this case, the author of the thesis is a study of the relationship between man and nature in the book of nature of the book. Schmidt inherited the understanding of the relationship between man and nature, and on this basis, the practice is to connect the relationship between man and nature of the intermediary bridge. However, Schmidt did not pay too much attention to people’s practical activities that focus on reality not just practice, the most important is the >perceptual ideas manuscript< in Schmidt, the >Manuscript< in the perceptual thinking and reality activities together, that emotional reality is the human activities to seek truth standard, Schmidt the emotional problems with real life, pay close attention to people’s emotions and feelings. From this we can see that Schmidt is also involved in the humanitarian perspective of Marcuse. Therefore, Schmidt’s perceptual activities, and finally into the humanitarian perspective. In the study of the Frankfurt school, the study of sensibility and emotion is incorporated into the study of aesthetics. Through people’s understanding of the beauty of things, to analyze personal emotions and other issues. He pursues the root of the emotion, and excavate the emotional thought contained in the aesthetic thought. Wilmer’s aesthetic thought and aesthetic thought of >Manuscript<, >Manuscript< pointed out that >labor produce beauty< Marx believes that the source of human aesthetic thoughts on human labor in the labor process, people through the five senses, the understanding of the United States, Marx stressed that the relationship between the individual and the people on the understanding of differences of aesthetics everyone, the perception of beauty is different. Wilmer emphasized the popularity of aesthetic thought, and thought that the unity of people’s aesthetic thought is the unity of aesthetics after the collision between people. From this, the unified aesthetic standard is constructed. It can be seen that the aesthetics of silence is a process of negation and criticism. The way of Wilmer’s pursuit of reason is actually a way of criticizing and criticizing. He tries to unify the perceptual thought and reason contained in the aesthetic thought, and hopes to seek the freedom of human beings in sensibility. Although he has standardized the aesthetic thought into annotation, positivism and unification, he tried to break the limitation of positivism in the study of rationality, but it was in the visual field of sensibility. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhao, Xinghua T1 - A Study of Alienation in Ian McEwan’s >Saturday< [对伊恩•麦克尤恩《星期六》异化主题思想的探究] N2 - 麦克尤恩被普遍认为是当今英国文学领域最优秀的小说家和剧作家之一。作为一个多产的作家,《星期六》只是他的杰作之一。自2005年发表以来备受评论界的关注和研究,研究的角度也各不相同。他们大都研究小说中的主人公心理、伦理道德、社会政治危机及创伤主题,同时也有从叙事技巧对其进行研究的,主要包括空间叙事、时间及自由叙事等。本论文作者发现异化也是《星期六》的一个重要主题,很值得深入系统地进行研究。因此,本论文主要运用埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论来探究麦克尤恩《星期六》所表现的这一主题,希望本研究对该经典作品的解读提供一个新视角,拓展对该小说和作家的研究。本论文将借助埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论研究分析《星期六》这部小说,主要从社会异化、人与人关系异化、人的自我异化三个方面分别进行阐释。通过以上详细分析,文章最后得出结论,《星期六》这部小说充分表现了现代社会和现代人异化这一深刻主题。它体现了麦克尤恩对和谐社会、友好人际关系、健康人性的企盼以及对人类社会的终极关怀。 N2 - Ian McEwan is widely regarded as one of the outstanding novelists and playwrights in the world of the English literature. He is also a prolific writer, and >Saturday< is only one of his masterpieces. It has been frequently studied by literary critics from multiple perspectives since its publication in 2005. Most of them have made thematic studies of the novel such as the psychology of the main characters, ethics and morality, socio-political issues and trauma. Others have done researches in its narrative techniques which mainly include spatial narrative, free narrative and chronological narrative. The author of this thesis demonstrates that alienation is also an important theme of Saturday, which deserves an intensive research. So this thesis intends to make such an attempt with the application of Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. It is hoped that this study will contribute to a better interpretation of the writer and the novel, and extend the research in both of them. The thesis endeavors to place Saturday under a close examination with the help of Erich Fromm’s theory of alienation. It will be conducted in three aspects: a thorough analysis of the alienated society, the alienated interpersonal relationship and the alienated self reflected in the novel. By means of these analyses the thesis finally draws the conclusion that Saturday, in a large sense, expresses the theme of alienation of modern society and people. Through it Ian McEwan expresses his hope for a harmonious society with friendly human relationship and man’s benign humanity, and ulti¬mately his deep concern for human future. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhou, Jinsui T1 - Loneliness in >The Sea, the Sea< [《大海啊,大海》中的孤独], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2017 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 本文借助罗伯特•韦斯和本•米尤什科维奇关于孤独的理论,以及埃里希•弗罗姆对孤独这一普世情感的应对机制理论,探讨艾丽斯•默多克作品《大海啊,大海》中主人公查尔斯的孤独。本文共分为四章。第一章包括本书和作者的简介、文献综述以及本文理论框架。第二章着眼于孤独的表现和原因,主要分为社会和情感两个层面。此章分析将分别从查尔斯的童年、老年以及孤独的群体三个角度进行。第三章研究查尔斯如何应对孤独,主要分析施虐与受虐倾向。此外二、三两章还将涉及艾丽斯•默多克本人对孤独的态度。第四章为全文总结。孤独既是一种普世情感,也是人类注定的生存状态。如果深陷于孤独,人会变得绝望。学会和孤独和谐相处将是成长的必经之路。而尊重和关注他人是应对孤独并与孤独和谐共生的绝佳方式。 N2 - Applying Robert Weiss and Ben Lazare Mijuskovic’s theory of loneliness as well as Erich Fromm’s theory of defense mechanism against this universal human feeling, this thesis forms an attempt to discuss the loneliness of the protagonist Charles Arrowby in Iris Murdoch’s novel >The Sea, the Sea<. The Thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter One provides a brief introduction to the novel and the author, literature review and the theoretical framework of the thesis. Chapter Two focuses on the representations and causes of loneliness, which chiefly includes social and emotional aspects. Charles’ childhood, his agedness and the lonely crowd are analyzed at length respectively. Chapter Three analyzes Charles’ coping with his loneliness, which is sadism and masochism. Iris Murdoch’s attitudes towards loneliness will also be touched upon in these chapters. Chapter Four is conclusion. Loneliness is both a universal feeling and a predestined human condition. Overwhelmed by it, people act desperately; co-living with it peacefully is a required course for growing up. As for how to subdue it and to live with it in harmony, respecting and giving attention to others is a recommended way. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER -