TY - GEN A1 - Chávez, Mariana Elizabeth Reyna T1 - Erich Fromm en México. El psicoanálisis humanista y sus aportaciones a la cultura méxicana, 1947-1973. Tesis (Licenciada) Dissertation of the Universidad Michoacan de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Faculdad de Historia, Morelia 2010, 248 p. T2 - Internet http://bibliotecavirtual.dgb.umich.mx:8083/jspui/bitstream/123456789/3277/1/ERICHFROMMENMEXICOELPSICOANALISISHUMANISTAYSUSAPORTACIONESALACULTURAMEXICANA19491973.pdf Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kutschan, Sabine T1 - Die produktive Lebensweise nach Erich Fromm. Theoretische Ausarbeitung und Konstruktion eines quantitativen Fragebogens. Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Friedrich- Schiller- Universität Jena, Fakultät für Sozial- und Verhaltenswissensch N2 - Die Frage nach Selbstverwirklichung und Selbstentwicklung geht bis zu Aristoteles zurück und hat im aktuellen Gesellschaftsdiskurs nicht an Relevanz verloren. Wie aber sieht eine gelungene Selbstentwicklung eigentlich aus? Und welche Kriterien sollte ein Konzept der Selbstentwicklung erfüllen? In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden verschiedene Anforderungen an ein solches Konzept expliziert und ihre Geltung in den bisherigen Ansätzen geprüft. Dabei zeigte sich, dass es vielen Forschungsansätzen an einer adäquaten Operationalisierung oder einer theoretischen Fundierung fehlt, die über einen hedonistischen Standpunkt, eine subjektive Meinung oder einen gemeinschaftlichen Konsens hinausgeht. Erich Fromms Konzept der Produktivität hingegen fußt auf einer theoretischen Grundlage in der Tradition der Eudaimonia. Die Bestimmung konkreter Merkmale einer Selbstentwicklung erfolgte deshalb durch die Systematisierung dieses Konzepts. Die Ergebnisse der Herausarbeitung der theoretischen Grundlage und der Verfolgung der inhaltlichen Veränderung des Konzepts über die Schaffensperiode Fromms wurden in einem übersichtlichen Modell integriert. Dieses umfasst die Aspekte des Bezogenseins zur Arbeit, zu anderen Menschen, zur Natur und zu negativen Emotionen. Zusätzlich wurde das Empfinden von Glück und Freude als möglicher Indikator für die Produktivität erörtert. Zur Operationalisierung der genannten Aspekte wurde das Inventar der produktiven Lebensweise nach Erich Fromm (IpLEF) entwickelt und durch eine Onlinestudie empirisch überprüft. Trotz der theoriegeleiteten Bestimmung der fünf Skalen zeigten sich beachtlich hohe interne Konsistenzen für das Inventar. Die Ergebnisse der Faktorenanalyse bestätigten die angenommene fünf-faktorielle Struktur. Zur Validierung der Skalen wurden Maße für das Flow-Erleben (LMI), die Sicherheit und Unabhängigkeit in einer Beziehung (BBE), die Offenheit gegenüber Erfahrungen (NEO), die Akzeptanz eigener Emotionen (SEE) und die Lebenszufriedenheit (Single-Item) herangezogen. Hinweise auf die konvergente und diskriminante Validität konnten, mit Ausnahme der Skala Bezogensein zur Arbeit, für alle Skalen auf vielfache Weise erbracht werden. Die fehlende Konvergenz der Skala Bezogensein zur Arbeit kann möglicherweise darauf zurückgeführt werden, dass die zur Validierung herangezogene Skala des Flow-Erlebens die Häufigkeit des Phänomens nicht impliziert. Das Gesamtkonzept der Arbeit geht über die bisherige Forschung zum Thema hinaus, da es die Explizierung eines Ansatzes vornimmt, der alle herausgearbeiteten Anforderungen an ein Konzept der Selbstentwicklung erfüllt. Die daraus resultierende Möglichkeit zur quantitativen Erhebung greift somit auf einen fundierten theoretischen Rahmen zurück. Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bao, Beibei T1 - On the Theme of Isolation in the Garden Book [论《花园书》的孤独主题], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Brian Castro is an outstanding writer in the new rising Australian literature. With the publication of his first novel, Birds of Passage, Castro has won great reputation and recognition. From then on, Castro became a quick rising star and drew more and moBrian Castro is an outstanding writer in the new rising Australian literature. With the publication of his first novel, Birds of Passage, Castro has won great reputation and recognition. From then on, Castro became a quick rising star and drew more and more attention from both critics and readers. The Garden Book is Castro’s eighth novel, which is set in Australia in the years between the Depression and the Second World War. It depicts the stories of Chinese Australian Swan Hay and people around her. This thesis attempts to study the theme of isolation in The Garden Book in detail. It falls into five parts with the first part making a general introduction to Brian Castro’s life and literary works, followed by a literature review of both home and abroad and an exposition of Fromm’s theory about loneliness. In addition to that, the central argument and the methodology of this thesis are put forward.– Chapter One aims at elaborating four types of isolation represented by the four protagonists: Swan, Darcy, Jasper and Dr Hay. This chapter is divided into four sections: The first section concentrates on that Swan is suffering from her identity as a woman and a Chinese Australian, looking for social admission and recognition from her beloved people. The second section focuses on Darcy, who is a lonely wanderer seeking for a home and dies in solitude in the end. The third section tries to identify Jasper with an isolated man yearning for true love. Though he finally finds his true love, he has no chance to keep it because he dies alone in his last mission during wartime. The last section reveals that Dr Hay is a lonely victim of the racial prejudice.– Chapter Two focuses on the arrangements for settings in the novel. There are two parts in chapter two, namely, the natural settings and the social settings. The first part explores the effect of arrangements of natural settings in this novel in deepening the theme of loneliness. The part of social setting reads The Garden Book in the light of social psychology. It mainly borrows Erich Fromm’s theory of isolation to analyze the root causes of the protagonists’ isolation in the novel.– Chapter Three explores the narrative techniques in this novel from two aspects. The first part will concentrate on studying the symbols and their relation to loneliness. The next part will discuss the employment of multiple narrative perspectives and voices in presenting isolation. The last part is a Conclusion summarizing the whole thesis by pointing out that both the artistic arrangements of settings and the remarkable writing techniques have made contributions to deepening the theme of isolation in the novel. N2 - 布赖恩•卡斯特罗是澳大利亚文坛卓越的作家。他的成名作《漂泊的鸟》一经出版便为他赢得广泛赞誉。卡斯特罗旋即成为澳大利亚文坛一颗璀璨的新星,受到评论界和读者们越来越多关注和称赞。《花园书》是卡斯特罗的第八部力作。这本书以两次世界大战之间的澳大利亚为背景,以一个华裔澳大利亚女人双的生活经历和心灵历程为主线,讲述了发生在双及其周围的人身上的故事。本文试图就小说的孤独主题进行详细研究。全文共分为五个部分。引言首先简要介绍了卡斯特罗及其作品《花园书》,接着对该部作品国内外学术界的相关评论作了简要回顾并指出本文的目的、相关理论及研究方法。第一章详细分析了小说四位主人公双、达西,贾斯珀和海博士各自不同的孤独感。本章分为四部分。第一部分反映了深受女性及华裔身份双重困扰的双始终在孤独地探寻,希望被社会及爱人认可和接受。第二部分分析了达西作为一个渴望家庭温暖的孤独的行路者的状况。第三部分表明了贾斯珀一直在孤独中寻找真爱。最后一部分反映了海博士作为一个种族歧视受害者的悲苦一生。第二章分析了小说的情节背景与孤独主题的关系。本章分为两部分,分别探索了作者如何通过对小说中自然背景及社会背景的安排来深化主题,并且在本章第二部分中借助社会心理学家弗罗姆的孤独理论来分析小说主人公孤独的根源。第三章讨论了小说中的写作技巧对孤独主题的深化。本章分为两部分,第一部分详细研究了象征在小说中的应用以及它们如何强化孤独主题。第二部分主要分析了多重视角和多重叙事声音在表现孤独中所起的作用。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Werneth, Christian T1 - Haben oder Sein im Unterrichtsfach Geschichte, Sozialkunde und Politische Bildung. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichtsdidaktik nach den bildungstheoretischen Betrachtungen Erich Fromms. Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung eines Magisters der Philosophie an der Universität Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pekkola, Mika T1 - Phrophet of Radicalism. Erich Fromm and the Figurative Constitution of the Crisi of Modernity, Jyvälsklä (University of Jyvälsklä) 2010, 271 p. Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Cai, Hui T1 - The Compromised Humanity. A Study on the Protagonists of three of George Orwell's Novels [妥协的人性 - 谈乔治•奥威尔三部小说中的主人公形象], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - As one of the most important writers and thinkers in Britain in the 20th century, George Orwell is well-known around the world for his most celebrated novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-four. Though he passed away about six decades ago, Orwell’s literary creative thoughts and political views are still hot topics in the eyes of literary critics. However, there remain a number of problems in comprehending Orwell since his works are closely connected with the international situations in the first half of last century. In addition, Orwell’s unique life experiences have also led people into a labyrinth in understan-ding him. There is no doubt that‘ politics’ takes an essential position in Orwell’s writing career, but in many of his works he also reveals his deep concerns on the distortedness of human nature under different political circumstances. With a purpose of finding a new angle to decode George Orwell, this thesis studies three main characters in three of his novels which demonstrates the author’s different life stages. These books are Burmese Days, Coming Up For Air and Nineteen Eighty-four. This thesis is divided into five parts.– Chapter One serves as a general introduction to George Orwell’s life experiences, the background of the selected novels and Erich Fromm’s theories of humanity.– Chapter Two discusses Flory in Burmese Days. Haunted by the feeling of loneliness, Flory commits a suicide to end his isolation from the outside world.– Chapter Three focuses on George Bowling in Coming Up For Air, a victim of the society that laid great pressure on him while depriving him of a healthy environment.– Chapter Four analyzes Winston Smith who found himself completely dehumanized by totalitarianism. The last chapter is the conclusion which dates back to Orwell’s early school years to prove his emotional attitude in writing analyzed in this thesis. N2 - 作为二十世纪英国最重要的文学家和思想家之一,乔治•奥威尔以其代表作《动物农场》和《一九八四》两部小说而为世人所熟悉。虽然他已经去世多年,但他的文学创作思想和所持的政治观点一直是文学评论界和社会科学界所关注的热点。由于奥威尔的作品紧密地和二十世纪上半叶的国际局势联系在一起,多年以来人们对他的研究始终离不开外部政治形势和意识形态的影响,至今仍然存在着较大的争议。同时,奥威尔本人特殊的人生经历也为后人对他的解读增添了许多变数。无疑,>政治<是奥威尔笔下的重要内容之一,但在政治的背后,奥威尔在许多作品中更流露出了他对于不同政治体质下的人性遭到扭曲这一现象的深深忧虑。基于这样的观点,本文分析了奥威尔在不同时期所完成的三部小说《缅甸岁月》,《上来透口气》和《一九八四》中三个主人公形象,力求为我们对奥威尔的解读提供一个新的视角。论文共分为五章。第一章为>前言<,主要介绍乔治•奥威尔的生平,其三部小说的创作背景以及埃里克•弗洛姆有关人性的理论。由于这三部小说和奥威尔三个不同的人生阶段联系甚密,论文提出,上述作品中的三个主人公身上所表现出来的特质也体现了作者在不同时期的心理历程。第二章探讨了《缅甸岁月》中的弗洛里这一形象。身在和祖国相隔万里的东方,无法融入殖民主义的氛围与精神,同时也无处寻求友谊和爱情,弗洛里最终选择了自杀以结束多年以来笼罩着他的孤独之感。第三章分析了《上来透口气》的主人公乔治•保灵和他所生活的一个庸碌、沉沦的世界。作为一个普通的英国人,保灵被沉重的生活压力压的喘不过气,而他所处的时代又剥夺了人们缓解压力的权利,将人性牢牢的绑在了社会的巨大变革中。第四章的研究对象是名著《一九八四》中的主人公温斯顿•史密斯。在这一章里,笔者通过作品中对于主人公遭遇的描写进行分类分析,集中探讨了在高度专制的体质下人的自由所遭受的压迫。最后一章为结论,通过进一步分析奥威尔少年时期的经历,证明了他自少年时期形成的写作动机其实就是他对>人<的关怀。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dai, Jixia T1 - The Frommian Humanity Thought [弗洛姆人性思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2010. N2 - The American scholar, Erich Fromm, 1900-1980, who advocated the neo-Freudianism, was an important leading figure of the Frankfort School. He had abundant works covering the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology and so on. In his works, he analyzed the contemporary developed capitalistic social and its human problem, and his theory about human nature is reckoned as the most influential thought to solve the contemporary social problem. Erich Fromm’s thought on human nature, integrating the theoretic of Freud and Marx, is the result of his historic and dialectic study, and also is the core and sill of his philosophic theory.– In my paper, the first chapter is introduction, and it introduces the research significance, the situation, method, etc.– Chapter Two of this paper introduces Freud depth psychology, Marx’s throes on human, and Oriental Zionism’s great influence to Fromm human nature.– Chapter Three gives a comprehensive research on Fromm human nature, including its methodology and meanings. In Fromm’s mind, humanity is a kind of contradict human existing state, human survive in the world to solve the contradiction, this course arouses the needs of existence. Fromm thought these needs are human needs, and he revealed the pattern to meet the needs by canalizing social character and social unconsciousness. Fromm also posed the theory of human alienation and conception of sane society by repudiating the wheaten society.– Chapter Four evaluates Fromm’s human thought, taking Marx’s fundamental measures. Fromm’s human thought development Marx’s theory on human. It points out the rationality and limitations of Fromm’s human thought. And the thought has great significance to the China’s modernization. N2 - 美国著名学者埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900-1980)是新弗洛伊德主义的倡导者,是法兰克福学派的重要代表人物,他的思想与著作极其丰富,涉及了当代西方的哲学、社会学、心理学、伦理学、精神学等诸多领域。他在著作中深刻剖析了当代发达资本主义社会及其生活在其中的人的人性问题,他的人性思想被称为对解决当代社会问题最有影响力的思想。弗洛姆的人性思想是在融合弗洛伊德与马克思的理论的基础上,对人性问题进行历史的、辩证的研究结果,他的人性思想是其哲学理论的核心与基石。本论文第一章为导论部分,介绍了课题研究意义、现状、方法等。在第二章介绍了弗洛伊德精神分析学说、马克思关于人的学说、东方的禅宗思想对弗洛姆人性思想形成产生的重大影响。在第三章对弗洛姆人性思想的内容进行全面的梳理和研究,详细叙述了弗洛姆人性思想的方法论及其含义。在弗洛姆那里,人性是一种人存在的矛盾的状态,人的生存就是为了解决这些矛盾,人在寻求解决矛盾的方法的过程中人们产生了生存需要。弗洛姆认为这些需要是人性的需要,并通过分析社会性格,社会无意识等来揭示满足这些需要方式。弗洛姆还通过批判西方社会,提出了他的人性异化理论以及健全社会的构想。第四章,以马克思基本原理为标准,对弗洛姆人性思想进行了评价。略微介绍了弗洛姆的人性思想对马克思关于人的学说的丰富。指出了弗洛姆人性思想的合理性与局限性以及弗洛姆的思想对我国现代化建设的重大启示 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kong, Xiangzhen T1 - D.T. Suzuki and Zen Study in the Western Context [铃木大拙与西方语境下的禅学研究], PhD thesis, Religious Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2010. N2 - DT Suzuki is undoubtedly the most crucial figure in the formation of Zen context of the 20th century in the West. His achievements not only prevent Zen from scapegoat-type presentation by Jesuit missionaries and orientalists, but also make Zen enter Western world as an academic research. Therefore, He represents a new epoch in the history of Western Zen. People call this phenomenon >Suzuki effect< or >Suzuki stage<. From this, one can see how important Suzuki is to the Zen study in the Western context. This thinking pattern is what my paper follows and expands. The whole structure and content can roughly be expressed as below: Introduction: to expound the motivation and purpose of this paper by four questions which are >Who is DT Suzuki?<, >What does Suzuki effect bring to West?<, >How does Zen be understood and interpreted in the Western context?<, >Is there any problem of communication between Zen and Western culture?< According to these four questions, the theme and scope of this paper can be described as to discuss DT Suzuki's Zen and relevant study by Western scholars from the fields of psychology, philosophy, history and religion. From this, one can know clearly that West absorb something from Zen on the surface, but in fact there exists an ideology of orientalism.– Chapter One: Focus on discussing the description of Zen from 16th Century to 19th Century which forms the >Zen context< of 20th Century in the West. Basically the image of Zen belongs to atheism, mysticism and quietism both in the observation from Jesuit missionaries and in the books written by orientalists. It doesn't make any change until the World's Parliament of Religion in Chicago, 1983. Zen Masters coming from East introduce the real Zen during the Conference; this is the first time for Zen to speak about itself. Japanese Zen monk Shaku Soyen who is Suzuki's spiritual teacher is one of the crucial figures in this big event. After that, through Suzuki's efforts, he finally makes Zen enter Western world successfully.– Chapter Two: Focus on discussing Suzuki's life history, academic career, sectarian heritage and Zen experiences. This is a way that we place Suzuki in the circumstances of the whole society so that one can explores specifically the background from which Suzuki and his thought grow up. It's surprise to know that the life of Suzuki is not just only his own personal history, but also reflects a trend of the time of the academic achievements. Some people praise him as >The great results of human knowledge< or >a great persuasive advocate of Zen<; but also some people criticize him as >a great tailor of Western Zen< or >the spirit of colonist<. Such a life that mixes with praises and criticizes just stand out the meaning and worth of my research.– Chapter Three: Focus on the inheritance and development of Suzuki's Zen thought from Chinese Ch'an school. One can see specifically the connection between it and Daosheng, Sengzhao, Huineng, Huayan school. Moreover, Nishida's >pure experience< which emphasizes on direct experience integrated subject with object also enrich the interpretation of Suzuki's Zen. But without the spirit of practice, one can't understand clearly about what real Suzuki's Zen thought is, therefore, we must discuss >the Ch'an methods of Linji< and >the combination of meditation and wisdom<. Those two factors bring the spirit of practice and life into Suzuki's Zen, this is why it is so attractive to West.– Chapter Four: Focus on the psychological characteristic of Suzuki's Zen, such as >self<, >consciousness<, >unconsciousness<. This tendency builds a close connection between Zen and Western psychology. For example: Fromm thinks Zen and psychology share the same goal because of the insight into human nature and the release of inside power; Jung thinks Zen's unconsciousness is more profound than Freud's repressed unconsciousness. Although the connection is built by Suzuki and those psychoanalysts, but the truth is their differences are more than similarities. For example: psychology wants unconsciousness to enter into consciousness, but Zen asks consciousness to go back to unconsciousness. One can see Zen and psychology share the same words with different meanings. Moreover, Western psychology often treats Zen as a kind of psychotherapy, but the truth is Zen help people not only to return to normal, but also to live in an integral life of body and mind. Therefore, it is true that Zen shows up the strong side on psychology, but Zen is not a kind of psychology, it is more than that!– Chapter Five: >Experience< is the core thought of Suzuki's Zen which has the characteristic of individuality, intuition and ineffability. Coincidentally, there are the similar essences in the mystical experience of Christian, so both of Zen and Christian get a further chance to know each other. For example: Suzuki praises Eckhart's thought is very close to Mahayana Buddhism especially Zen; and Thomas Merton thinks Zen can wake Christian's religious consciousness because Zen includes many contents of practice which is similar to Western religion. This kind of idea is accepted by many Westerners, so they treat Zen as a kind of mysticism. Therefore, Suzuki starts to clarify the differences between Zen and mysticism. In addition, West chooses to practice Zen through meditation which Suzuki mentions less. Some scholars think this phenomenon represents West has went out of Suzuki's effect, but we think no matter which way to approach Zen, the final goal is still something that Suzuki emphasizes.– Chapter Six: Although Suzuki insists not to confuse Zen with any system of philosophy, but his philosophical interpretation of Zen just stands out the philosophical factors in Zen. This way builds a strong connection between Zen and post-modern philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, especially on the concepts of >illogical<, >practical experience< and >absolute freedom<. For example: Van Meter Ames declares both Suzuki and Dewey are the critics of traditional logic, they all try to de-construct the method of dichotomy; moreover, both Suzuki and Heidegger grasp >person< as a subject through Being and experience. Such analogy from appearance is a habitual way for West to study Zen, but in fact, there exist some key points which are completely different in Zen and philosophy. For example: Heidegger sets up an average state of Being for people to follow, but Zen opposes this kind of state because it violates the basic spirit of human. In sum, Zen comes from experience; philosophy derives from logical analysis and conceptual knowledge, therefore, Zen after all can't be confused with any philosophy.– Chapter Seven: In the eighties of 20th century, West turns its methodology of Zen study into historical and critical research, it seems a debate between Suzuki and Hu Shih happens again in the West. They expect to pull Suzuki's non-historical Zen back to the scene of history in order to get new understanding. The result is Suzuki and his Zen thought are subjected to strong criticism. Moreover, by using systematic academic discourse and narrative strategy, West scrutinizes Suzuki's ideology, then put many labels such as ideology of sectarian, ideology of nationalism or reverse orientalism on Suzuki himself. This is the main content of Zen study in the West of the eighties of 20th century. Such intention of strong criticism or action of de-construction and reconstruction actually reveals an ideology of orientalism that Edward W. Said mentions that is no matter what Suzuki says, West is the real one to interpret Zen.– Chapter Eight: Undoubtedly, >DT Suzuki< is the name worthy to be remembered forever in the history of Western culture; He is not only a pioneer of Zen study in the West, but also a driver in this field. Just like Luis O. Gomez says that to stand on Suzuki's shoulder one can see farther. Indeed, in the Zen boom of 1950, West finds out its own potential of culture through Suzuki's Zen; and in the academic change of 1980, West retrieves its own cultural identity also through Suzuki's Zen. These two leaps represent not only the influences caused by >Suzuki effect<, but also the manifestation of orientalism of West. Therefore, Suzuki is just like the bridge of Zhaozhou which never mind people's abuse and just finishes its duty. But when we look closely into the study of Zen in the West, we find out obviously that West is anxious to restate Zen before completely understand it, so even though Zen in the West obtain a new epistemology, but it has already lose the essence of Zen. Suzuki says that Zen will be invited as long as people needs. It means Zen is always flexible and free enough to be applied to any kind of situation and to meet different people in the world. This is why Zen can be developed in the fields of psychology, philosophy, history and religion. From this point of view, we can say that Zen is just like a moon in the sky which becomes thousands of moons on thousands rivers, and each moon in the water is real, because there is no certain form called moon, this is Zen! N2 - 有关20世纪西方论说禅之语境的形成,铃木大拙无疑是最为关键性的人物。他不仅使禅摆脱耶稣会传教士和东方学者>替罪羔羊<式的表述,还使禅作为一种学术研究,正式进入西方视野,造成一股禅学热;因此可以说,铃木标帜着西方禅史上的一次划时代转变,当属无疑。有学者将此现象称为>铃木效应>或>铃木时代<,就足以看出这位>世界禅者<对西方语境下的禅学研究,有着至为重要的影响与驱动。本文即是循此思路而渐次展开的,整体结构与内容概括如下:引言:论文首先以四个问题阐述本文的动机与目的:即>铃木先生何许人也<、>铃木效应驱动了西方什么<、>在西方语境下,禅是如何被认识和被诠释<、>禅与西方文化的会通,是否出现状况<。根据这些动机与目的,本文逐步展开所要研究的主题与范围:即从铃木的禅学思想出发,依次探讨禅分别在心理、哲学、历史和经验四个向度中,所接收到的来自西方学界和大众的关注、分析与研究。这个过程,表面象征着西方对禅的吸收与应用,但骨子里却潜藏有一种东方学的意识形态在内。然不管如何,铃木都是20世纪西方论说禅的中心,都将为西方的禅学研究带来无法比拟的驱动力!第一章:有关20世纪西方>禅语境<的形成,必须追溯到16至19世纪西方有关禅的表述,因此,论文开端先对此语境做了深入探讨。禅从耶稣会士眼中的>目击对象<到东方学者笔中的>文本对象<,都摆脱不了无神论、神秘主义或寂静主义色彩,直到1893年芝加哥万国宗教会议,东方禅者亲临西方展现禅的本来面貌,这才使禅在西方语境中第一次获得自我表述权。日本临济禅僧宗演和铃木对此起到关键性作用。特别是铃木,掌握禅在西方语境的话语权,把禅传入西方。第二章:主要论述铃木的人生经历、学术生涯、宗派传承与参禅体验。这是将铃木置身于整个社会时代背景之下,以便具体探究其人及其思想的成长环境。我们赫然发现:铃木的一生不仅止于他个人事迹,更为要者,它反映出一个时代的学术成就及思想趋势。因而有人赞誉他为>人类知识的伟大成就<、>极具说服力的宣传者<;但也有人抨击他是>西方禅的剪裁者<、>精神殖民主义者<。这样功过参半的一生,正突显出我们对铃木的研究意义与价值。第三章:主要论述铃木之禅学思想对中国禅宗的承继与发挥。从道生、僧肇、惠能与华严思想,就可以明显看到其与铃木禅学间的密切联系。又西田之>纯粹经验<中主、客未分的直接经验,也进一步充实铃木禅的现代性诠释。然而,在这些学理依据与表述方式中,如果缺乏践行基础,仍旧不能圆满对铃木思想渊源的探究,因而有必要将>临济禅法<与>禅定分途<加以论述。此二者为铃木禅学注入实践性与生活性,是铃木禅所以吸引人之处,因此,格外重要。第四章:铃木早期思想特色,主要把禅呈现为一种具有心理学化倾向的特质,如他以>自我>、>意识<和>无意识<等诠释禅悟体验,从而促使禅与西方心理学有进一步联结。如Erich Fromm认为禅对人性的洞察、对自然能力的释放,与精神分析所渴求的目标一致;Carl Jung则认为禅的无意识比Freud等人理解的压抑性之无意识要更深远。而尽管禅与心理学进行了诸多联结,但二者间的相异性却多于相似处;比如心理学使>无意识进入意识中<,而禅却要>寓有意识于无意识中<,这里明显产生同词异义的混淆与误解。此外,西方心理学多把禅看成一种精神疗法,突出禅对心灵疾病的治疗,但禅所强调的不仅只是对常态的复归,它更要人活在身心整体的生活中。因此,尽管西方语境中禅的心理向度明显而突出,但与作为分析科学的心理学相较,它却又另类而特殊!第五章:>经验论<是铃木禅学的核心思想,具有>个体性<、>直觉性<与>不可言说性<之特征。无独有偶,基督教之与神合一的神秘经验也具有此种类似本质,因而促进禅与基督教间的进一步对话。如铃木盛赞Eckhart的思维之道与大乘佛教特别是禅宗极为相近;而Thomas Merton则认为禅包含许多西方宗教的实践内容,有助于唤起基督徒的宗教意识。这类思潮在西方曾经炽盛一时,以至多将禅视为一种神秘主义。为正视听,铃木从禅的>纯粹主观性<与>生活性<上突显禅的经验特质,使其得与神秘主义区别开来。此外,西方近来热衷坐禅,禅修中心如雨后春笋般设立,有学者认为这是西方对铃木禅学的降温,但事实上,尽管实践禅的方式有所不同,趣向心灵觉醒的终极目标则始终与铃木禅相符。第六章:尽管铃木宣称:不应把禅与任何哲学体系相混,但铃木对禅所作的哲学式陈述,都再再体现出禅佛教中的哲学元素,这就使20世纪下半叶后现代主义哲学家在禅中找到共鸣,特别是有关>非逻辑<、>实际经验<和>绝对自由<的观点。如Van Meter Ames认为铃木与Dewey都是传统逻辑的批判者,都企图对>二分法<进行消解;又铃木与Heidegger都从存在和经验上去把握作为主体的>人<。这种外在形式上的相互比附,是西方对禅进行研究的惯性作法,但事实上,在某些关键点,禅与这些哲学概念却迥然相异。如Heidegger为人设定生存的>平均状态<,但这对禅来说却恰是对个体的规范与限制,违反人的根本精神。我们认为:禅的哲学从感觉经验出发,而西方哲学则以逻辑分析和概念知识为基础,因此,禅终究不能与任何哲学体系相混。第七章:20世纪80年代,西方对禅的理解转为历史考证批判性的研究,一场铃木与胡适相互的批驳之战彷佛在西方重演;他们期望把铃木非历史性的禅拉回到历史文化场景进行重新认识,铃木禅学也因之受到强烈批判。不仅如此,西方还以一整套系统化的学术理论和叙述策略对铃木本人的意识形态进行剖析,于是,种种诸如宗派意识、民族意识和反向东方主义的名目加之于其上,这就构成了20世纪80年代后西方禅学研究的主要内容。然西方的这种强烈批判的意图,这种要把禅进行解构和重构的举动,实际上也透露出一种Edward W. Said所谓东方学的意识形态,即铃木对禅的诠释不算什么,西方才是禅真正的表述者。第八章:在西方文化史上,>铃木大拙<绝对是一个值得被记住的名字,他不仅是西方禅学研究的先驱,更是这个领域承先起后的驱动者。就如Luis O. Gomez所言:>站在铃木的肩膀上可以看得更远!<确实,1950年的禅学热,西方因着铃木见到了自身的文化潜能;1980年后的学术转向,西方又藉着铃木找回自身的文化认同。这两次跃进,不仅意味着>铃木效应<对西方的影响,更意味着西方传统东方主义的意识形态之显发。然而,当我们仔细检查禅与西方文化的会通时,明显察觉:西方未能>入乎其中<对禅进行理性理解,仅是急于>出乎其外<把禅纳入西方语境以便重新表述;尽管禅因此获得一种崭新的知识形式,但却尽失禅的本质与风味。然就如铃木所言:禅并不具有时代性,只要人是在人的限度内,禅就会被邀请;换言之,随着人的不同需要,禅就在不同环境中被应用,是以禅在西方语境中可以同时具有心理、哲学、历史、经验等向度;而不管在哪一向度,禅都还是禅,因为禅无法被概念化、定型化,所以,禅能如千江有水千江月,>千山同一月,万户尽皆春!< Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Han, Wie T1 - Fromm's Ethical Thoughts of Love [弗洛姆爱的伦理思想探微], Master thesis, Ethics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2010, 50 pp. N2 - Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is a well-known Western social psychologist, humanitarian ethicists, philoso-phers, is a well-known representative of the Frankfurt School in twentieth-century. He have written a lot in his life, his research areas almost range from the macro socio-economic, political and cultural to the micro-personal psychology, behavior, emotion, character, temperament and other characteristics of most of the social and human sciences. After the 20th century, the standard of Western society’s material living had a big leap, but along with satisfaction of the material life, there was also a spiritual crisis: people felt their own strength insignificant in front of a huge community, and the development of modernization, mechanization made people feel lonely, anxious and lose the meaning of existence, so there was increasing suicide rate, pan-sexual doctrine, alcohol and other undesirable phenomena. In this realistic conflict and crisis situations, Fromm took the Frankfurt School’ social critical theory, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, Marx’s materialist conception of history, humanism and alienation theory as theoretical, source, he aimed at modern people’s survival dilemma and spiritual confusion, and took human alienation as logical basis and establishment of a sound social as moral goal, he proposed on the ethics of love which was based on psychoanalysis.– In the system on ethics of love of Fromm, he preserved and discarded the understanding of traditional love, and he thought love is a positive dynamic and creative activity and its nature is given. Only through this emotion, people can keep their own independence while maintaining the whole world together. Fromm divided love into five kinds: universal love, motherly love, sex love, self-love and God love while he interpreted that love is foundation of human existence. He thought love is a kind of practical art, and it is a panacea for people to pursue their own perfection and save humanity and establish a sound social. Due to the reference and absorption of the theory of Marxist historical materialism and the love, Fromm’s definition of love is more mature than Freud, and his understanding on love is more optimistic. However, after all he is a successor of >New Freudianism<, the content of his theories about love is rich and the point of view is deep, but it’s limited inevitably for him to try to combine Marxist theory with Freud’s psychology. Besides, his implementation plan on establishment of a sound society is only a cosmetic repair to social system, it didn’t yet touch the root of capitalist economic and political foundation, so his so-called socialist ideal is just an utopian fantasy. Fromm’s in-depth analysis on a variety of pathological conditions right in real life provides us with a new perspective that examine ourselves and measure modern society. It has reference value for China that is in the social transition period to heal individual personality and maintain social stability. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆(1900——1980)是二十世纪西方著名的社会心理学家、人道主义伦理学家、哲学家,是法兰克福学派的著名代表人物。他一生著述颇多,其研究领域几乎涵盖了从宏观的社会经济、政治、文化到微观的个人心理、行为、情感、品格、气质特性等绝大部分的社会人文科学主题。进入20世纪之后,西方社会物质生活水平有了一个大的飞跃,但物质生活满足的同时也伴随着精神方面的危机:人们在庞大的社会面前感到自身力量的渺小,现代化、机械化的发展使人们孤单焦躁,感到生存意义的迷失,出现了自杀率上升、泛性主义、酗酒等不良现象。在这种矛盾与危机的现实境况中,弗洛姆以法兰克福学派的社会批判理论、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说、马克思的唯物史观、人本思想及异化论为理论来源,针对现代人所产生的生存困境和精神困惑,以人性异化为逻辑基础,以建立健全社会为道德目标,以精神分析学为心理学依据,提出了他有关于爱的伦理学说。在弗洛姆爱的伦理思想体系中,他对传统爱的理解进行了扬弃,认为爱是一种积极能动的创造性活动,其本质是给予,只有通过爱这种情感,人才能实现在保持自身独立性的同时与世界这个整体联系在一起。在阐示爱是人类生存的基础的同时,弗洛姆又把爱分为博爱、母爱、性爱、自爱、神爱五种形式,认为爱是一门实践艺术,是人们追求自身完善、拯救人性、建立健全社会的良方妙药。由于借鉴吸收了马克思历史唯物主义及其爱的理论,弗洛姆在爱的界定上比弗洛伊德更成熟,对爱的理解也更显乐观,但是弗洛姆毕竟是>新弗洛伊德主义<的继承者,尽管他关于爱的理论内容丰富、观点深刻,可力图把马克思主义理论与弗洛伊德的心理学统一起来,其立场仍不可避免地存在局限性。在对健全社会建立的实施方案上,也只是对社会制度的小修小补,没有从根源上触动资本主义的经济政治基础,他所谓的社会主义理想也不过乌托邦主义的空想。弗洛姆对现实生活中各种病态状况的深入剖析,给我们审视自身和衡量当今社会提供一个新的视角。对于正处在社会转型期的中国,弗洛姆爱关于爱的理论对健全个体人格、维护社会安定具有借鉴意义。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yanli T1 - On the Women's Persistent Pursuit of Freedom in >The Golden Notebook< [《金色笔记》中的女性对自由的不懈追求], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Since the 19th century, because of the rapid development of science and technology and strengthening of people 'ability to reform the nature, people's chief part initiative and the functions of spiritual factors protrude, and so appear various kinds of theories, doctrines, views, trend of thoughts and schools. Existentialism is a trend of thought of irrationalism, it emphasizes individuals, independence and self-decision, subject experiences. The formation and development of existentialism are never an isolated issue. It mainly criticizes socially the alienation of people's way of survival caused by the capitalism development after the Second World War, it has vivid time brand. It shows despair mood and contradiction psychology after the Second World War and during the cold war period. It is a crisis of philosophy, it supplies people with philosophical base.– Sartre is one of the most active preachers of the western society. He emphasizes human being, emphasizes the individual's chief part, emphasizes the chief part's initiative choice, it has positive significance. The fundamental viewpoint of existentialism is to regard isolated individual's irrational conscious activities as the truest existence, and as the whole philosophical starting point. It claims to be a philosophy that regards human being as center and respect human being's personality and freedom. Sartre is not only a highly productive man of letters who advocates intervening reality, but also a positive social activist with vivid viewpoints. The transmission of his existentialism thoughts and mainly depends on the argument in philosophical theories, but through literature and art. In his whole life, he regards freedom and justice as standards. His existentialism should be believed as an introspection philosophy facing miseries. His philosophy can be mainly summarized as the following three points: (1) Existence precedes essence; (2) Free choice; (3) The world is fantastic. Sartre's philosophy is in fact the freedom philosophy. Freedom is the center of Sartre's whole life philosophy, and is the basic content and important component of his existentialism philosophy. A human being's freedom issue is extremely concerned in Sartre's whole life, his freedom notions are mainly the following: First, a human being is free, a human being is freedom. Second, freedom is the freedom of choice, absolute freedom is realized by choice. Third, a human being should be responsible for his free choice. Sartre closely concerns human beings' existence and freedom, and in his corresponding individual practice, he positively and boldly intervenes in the society. The existence problems of human being have shown to the contemporary people. Their spiritual living situations show that affluent modern life hasn't brought people healthy and contended spiritual condition but enslaved them. Not only have individual spirit lives fallen into an unprecedented anxious and immanent state, but also the contemporary people faced the plights of living.– Erich Fromm has been keenly concerning about the conditions of living, fate, and soul of the temporary people. He concretely explained the living conditions of humankind, made an overall analysis on the existing conditions of the contemporary people, revealed the living dilemma of the contemporary people. He argues that mankind's history is just the history of pursuing freedom, the real outlet for the living plight of men should be developed toward the direction of freedom, and develop the creative activities of men.– Another well-known existential philosopher Karl Jaspers cares for human existence in the modern society. He analyzed the spirit conditions of the modern people and put forward the spirit crises of the modern people.– The free women in >The Golden Notebook< fall into plight. Though they praise themselves as free women, they are only apparent free women, limited free women, they are free women without freedom. It's just an irony on freedom. Reflecting on free women, they come to the answer of life state of gender reconciliation. The last section discusses Sartre's existentialism intervening thought, viewpoint of literature, viewpoint of love and their embodiment in free women. N2 - 十九世纪以来,由于科学技术的快速发展,人们改造自然的能力增强了,人们的主体性和精神因素的功能突显出来,因而出现了各种各样的理论、学说、观点、思潮和流派,存在主义是一种非理性主义的思想趋势,他强调个人、独立、自我决定、客观经验等,它的形成和发展不是孤立的,它主要批评第二次世界大战后由资本主义发展带来的人们生存方式的异化,带有鲜明的时代烙印。它展示了第二次世界大战后及冷战期间人们的绝望情绪和矛盾心理。它是一种危机哲学,为人们提供哲学基础。萨特是20世纪50年代西方社会中存在主义最积极的倡导者之一。萨特强调人,强调人的主体性,强调主体主动的选择,具有积极的意义,存在主义的基本观点是将孤立的个人的非理性意识活动视为最真实的存在,并作为整个哲学的起点。它声称是一种以人为中心、尊重人的个性和自由的哲学。萨特不仅是一个多产的作家,他提倡介入现实;又是一个积极的带有鲜明观点的社会活动家,他的存在主义思想的传播不是主要依据哲学理论的论证,而是通过文学和艺术。他的一生视正义和自由为标准,他的哲学本质被视为面对苦难的哲学。萨特的存在主义哲学主要可以归纳为下面三点:一、存在先于本质;二、自由选择;三、世界是荒诞的。它事实上是自由哲学。自由是萨特整个生命哲学的中心,也是他的存在主义哲学的基本内容和重要组成部分。萨特一生极为关注人的自由,他的自由观念主要是:一、人是自由的,人就是自由。二、自由是选择的自由,绝对自由是通过选择实现的。三、人应对他的自由选择负责任。萨特密切关注人的存在,相应地在他的个人实践中,他积极勇敢地介入社会。人的生存问题呈现在当代人面前,人们的精神生活状况表明富裕的现代生活并没有给人们带来健康、满意的精神状况,反而使人们深受奴役。不仅人的精神生活陷入前所未有的焦虑状态,而且使人们陷入生存困境。弗洛姆密切关注当代人的生存状态、命运及灵魂。他具体解释了人的生存条件,全面分析了当代人的生存状况,揭示了当代人的生存困境。他认为人类的历史就是追求自由的历史,人类走出生存困境的出路在于向自由的方向发展,发展人的创造性活动。另一位著名的存在主义哲学家雅思贝尔斯也关注当代社会人的生存问题。他分析了当代人的精神状况,提出了当代人的精神危机。《金色笔记》中自由女性陷入了困境,尽管她们自称为自由女性,但她们只是表面上的、有限度的自由,是不自由的自由,这是对自由的反讽,反思自由,她们达到了性别和解的生命状态。本文最后一部分论述了萨特的存在主义介入思想、文学观、爱情观及其在自由女性身上的体现。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Huang, Qian T1 - The Religious Study on the Love in the >Story of the Stone< [红楼>情<缘——对《红楼梦》中>情<字的宗教学研究], Master thesis, Religious Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China, 2010.[application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - In China, the Story of the Stone, one of the four most famous Chinese classical literature works, almost known to all, has been liked by people from all walks of life ever since the ancient times. But what is the true meaning as opinions the vary, no unanimous conclusion can be drawn since the very beginning. In the paper, the author will explore and understand the significance of the novel. The idea knowing the Form (see, color) for the nothingness of the novel? (Kong, null); getting the Love (Qing, love) from a Form; bringing the Love into the Form; enlightening the Nothingness from the Form-which is from chapter one of the novel, is a very important key to understand the novel. The novel, the Story of the Stone, begins from two myths, in which the characters, affairs and things the begin too the author of the novel during wartime, that the Love is the Way (Dao, Tao), then everything would return to Nothingness. The idea of the love roots in the thought of Buddhism, especially Chinese Buddhism. According to unscramble the love in the novel, we can also know about the history of Chinese Buddhism and Chinese Philosophy. Moreover, we can comprehend the characteristics of their developments too. The idea of the novel-the Love is the Way and enlightening the Nothingness from the Nothingness-is the typical thoughts of Chinese Buddhism and Philosophy.– Objectively speaking, this idea is also similar to the theory of the Holistic Personality which is brought in the psychology of religion by Fromm and Jung. In fact, Jia Baoyu, the protagonist of the Story of the Stone, achieved the Holistic Personality because of the idea, enlightening the Way and the Nothingness from the Love. So we can understand the Chinese traditional thoughts based on the researching of the novel. Besides, we can also know about the features and meanings of the Personal Selfhood. N2 - 小说《红楼梦》在我国可谓是家喻户晓,自古以来深受社会各阶层人士的喜爱。然>红楼一梦<之真意究竟为何?自古以来众说纷纭。本文以小说第一回中提出的>因空见色,由色生情,传情入色,自色悟空<为阅读全文的钥匙,品《红楼梦》之真味。小说《红楼梦》由两个神话引出全文,自>空<缘起,生出故事中人事百态。小说>以情为道<,终又复归于>空<。这种自空而起又归于空的思想,主要是以佛教、尤其是中国佛教的思想为主要背景。通过对于小说《红楼梦》的解读,可以一窥中国佛教史、中国哲学史的发展特点。《红楼梦》>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,可以通过对于主角贾宝玉的解析,集中体现。而贾宝玉这种>以情为道<,自空悟空的思想,不但在根源上深受中国佛教、中国哲学思想的影响;在客观上,也与弗洛姆、荣格在宗教心理学研究中提出的关于对于完整人格的境界的追求不谋而合。这种以中国佛教思想为主要基础的>以情悟道<、以情悟空的思想,在客观上使得贾宝玉完成了对于个人圆满人格的实现。故而,通过对于《红楼梦》思想的研究,还可以从某种程度上窥探到中国古代传统思想在心理学意义上、在对于个人自我人格的实现上,具有什么样的特点和意义。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lu, Yinghua T1 - Analysis on Wilhelm Reich's Thought of Man [赖希人学思想辨析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2010. N2 - This paper attempts to analyze Wilhelm Reich's ethical thought, the center of which is sexual ethics. Reich, consolidated and developed the thought of Freud and Marx, therefore created Psychoanalytic Marxism. By analyzing Reich's thought, this thesis also explicates the theories of Freud and Marx.– This paper doesn't simply research thinkers by dint of thought, but also research thought by dint of thinkers, emphasizing the topic of desire and human nature. In the aspects of human nature first, Marx believed that the desire for economic benefits is inherent in human nature. However, this desire is not equivalent to human essence, in his view, the true humanity is the creative demand. The ultimate goal of eliminating alienation is to endow people with creativity and to achieve self-realization.– Second, people have instinctive desire and non-instinctive desire, and great attention was paid to the former one in this paper. Freud thought what is inherent in human nature is life instinct (appetite and sexual desire) and death instinct (assault and self-destruction). The proposal of attack instinct shows Freud's pessimism about human nature. The instinct of self-destruction is inevitable concomitant life instinct. One purses happiness to the extreme so that his excitement decrease to the least, which signifies the coming of death.– Third, Reich's theory of human nature takes sex as the focus. He transformed Freud's distinction of id, ego and superego, and Marx's alienation theory, put forward a new three-levels character structure. He believed that the sexual instinct is good, sexual repression is the root of all evil. He mentioned the >character armor< in psychology, which is similar to the sense of honor and shame in ethics. In the interpretation of social and political phenomenon, Reich highlighted that under sexual repression man will have mental illness. They become numb, mechanical, vegetative people who act according to irrational emotions and personality which are caused by sexual repression. They are incapable to be free, resulting in authoritarian society, such as Fascist society. The people suffering from sexual repression con not recognize their own interests, they lose class consciousness and support a political party which can not represent their interests. This article's analysis and evaluation on Reich's construction of sexual revolution, discusses the ethics of sexual activity, Reich's idea of >Orgon< Energy and Work-democracy, expounding the reverie of Reich's thought. According to Reich, religion is a product of sexual repression, while worsening sexual repression. He criticized religious mysticism and racism at the same time. This paper analyzes the nature of religion i.e. soothing painfulness and the basis of region i.e. morality, pointing out the meaning of abstinence and the paradox of hedonism and altruism. In a word, Reich's understanding of religion is not thorough. This paper explicates inspiration and reflection caused by Reich's ethical thought. First, faced to the nature of sex, there are different views of optimism and pessimism. Speaking from Kant's discussion of sex, we illustrate characteristics of sexual desire, such as, for satisfying sexual desires people need to let their sexual organs get physical contact with other people. It embodies the conflict of wills, therefore implying harm. Reich's metaphysically optimism lacks awareness of these.– Second, from the view of psychology and philosophy (especially philosophy of life), this thesis questions whether sexual repression causes mental illness, proves Reich's exaggeration.– Next, discusses the dialectical relationship between sex and love, what 'is voluntary, and the question of sexual indulgence and the elimination of sexual repression, pointing out contradiction in Reich's thought. Reich's thought is significant, especially in his time. However, people's sexual repression has been greatly eased in contemporary society, and the harmfulness of sexual indulgence is emerging gradually. Today our task is to re-establish the two endpoints as evil and new middle way as good. Reich's sexual ethics, still has positive meaning to us. By comparing with the theories of Fromm and Marcuse, Reich's thought can better promote our freedom, while the former one's criticism of advanced society will hinder our progress. N2 - 本文重在分析赖希的人学思想与伦理思想,他的伦理思想重心是性伦理。赖希综合并发展了弗洛伊德和马克思的思想,开创心理分析的马克思主义,故本文在对他的分析和对他与弗氏、马克思的比较中,也阐发了弗洛伊德和马克思的理论。本文借助人物研究思想,而非仅借助思想研究人物,重视对欲望与人性等话题的研究。人性论方面。第一,马克思认为人性中固有对经济利益的欲望。然而这种欲望不能代表人的本质,在他看来真正的人性是创造的需求。消除异化的最终目的是使人具有创造性、实现自我。第二,人有本能欲望和非本能欲望,本能欲望被重点论述。弗洛伊德认为人性中固有生的本能(食欲与性欲)和死的本能(攻击与自我毁灭)。攻击本能的提出显示了弗氏对人性的悲观。自我毁灭的本能是与生的本能必然相伴的,追求快乐到极致,兴奋量降至最低,也就是死亡的来临。第三,赖希的人性论,以性为中心。他改造弗洛伊德对本我、自我、超我的区分,以及马克思的异化理论,提出新的三层性格结构。认为性本能是善的,性压抑是万恶之源。他在心理学上提的>性格盔甲<与伦理学上的廉耻之心有共通之处。在对社会政治现象的解释中,赖希突出强调人在性压抑之下会产生精神病态。他们成为麻木、机械、顺着由性压抑引起的非理性情绪和性格而行动的植物人,无能力自由,促成了权威主义社会,如法西斯社会。性压抑的人认识不到自己的利益,丧失阶级意识,支持不能代表自身利益的政党。文章分析和评价了赖希的性革命建构。论述了性活动伦理、赖希宇宙生命能和劳动民主的构想,阐发赖希理论的空想性。在赖希看来,宗教是性压抑的产物,同时加重性压抑。他把宗教神秘主义和种族主义联系在一起进行了批判。本文分析宗教的本质(抚慰痛苦)和基础(道德),以及禁欲的意义,指出快乐主义和利他主义的悖论,证明赖希对宗教的理解并不透彻。文中对赖希思想的论衡,阐发了赖希带给我们的启示和思考。首先,对待性的本质,有悲观主义和乐观主义的不同见解。从康德论性说起,说明了性欲具有需要性器官与对象身体接触才可满足等特征,它集中体现了意志的冲突。因此必然隐含了伤害。赖希的形而上的性乐观主义对此认识不足。其次,从心理学和哲学(尤其人生哲学)角度追问性压抑是否带来精神疾病,指出赖希思想的夸张。再次,论述性与爱的辩证关系、什么是自愿、性放纵与消除性压抑,指出赖希思想中存在的矛盾。赖希的思想影响重大,尤其在他的时代。然而当代人的性压抑得到很大缓解,性放纵危害也逐渐显现出来。今天的任务是重新确立作为恶的两个端点,建立中道的善。赖希的性伦理思想,对我们仍有积极意义。其思想比弗罗姆和马尔库塞的学说更有助于我们走向自由。弗罗姆和马尔库塞对先进社会的批判会使我们因噎废食,裹足不前。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qing, Ling T1 - Lack of Love and Looking for Love – Duras and Hong Ying's Novel – >Transnational Lover< Comparative Study [爱的缺失与寻觅 - 杜拉斯和虹影小说中的<跨国情人<比较研究], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - This article attempts to make a comparative study on >transnational Lover< in the novels of Duras and Hong Ying from the perspective of the love lacking and finding of which Duras has similar background with Hong Ying the who apparently affected by the former. Both of them are influenced deeply by Eastern and Western cultures and praised greatly as well. In the novel, the unique background, special identity of character, the similar >love lacking< with the author, all of which make the process of >love finding< inevitably filled with the collision. In this sense, it is worthy of studying. This article also attempts to have a comparative study to the contents of the novel in terms of the theory of cross-cultural comparison, Fromm psychoanalytic as well as the philosophy, aesthetics on the other. It is meaningful to have a cultural contrastive study of >translation lover<, to analyze body and Eros, conflict and integration as well as the free thought and death action, to explore life and death, to verify the purpose and meaning of the existence, to seek cross-cultural identity. Therefore, it can fill the gaps in relevant research. The whole thesis is divided into the following sections.– 1. Introduction. I will make an explanation of research significance and purpose of this thesis and make elaborate simply about current research situations in home and broad. It is of great value to put forward the research method, pay attention to the root of love lacking as well as to analyze the similarities and difference between Eastern and Western in the process of love finding.– 2. Love Lacking. It is necessary to find the root of love lacking in the autobiographical novel of Duras and Hong Ying, make further study of its influence to the work and analyze the cause of lonely soul of special hero. Meanwhile, it is of great value to have a brief analysis about the author's marginal feminine identity under double background. Therefore, it is paramount important to find the loving lacking in terms of different ways starting from their unique perspectives.– 3. Body and Eros. It is important to present the body primitive, analyze the mind hidden behind the body conversation and make further research about love lacking. The body of >transnational lover< hides desires, attracting and repulsing mutually. Besides, it is necessary to analyze implicated human and cultural factors and have comparative study to the implication of >transnational lover<.– 4. Conflict and Integration. When different cultural roots encounter, conflicts must happen inevitably. Then, they may be interactive with each other and stimulate new vitality. In this changeable world, different choices lead to different development, whereas, the difference results in changing. The Eastern and Western culture embodies in many aspects, i.e. collision, estrangement, convergence, integration, etc. Researching and analyzing the cause of transnational lover's encounter and conflict, the choice confronted and the ways of communication will gain integration, continuity and development. Only in this way can we find the habitats of soul in self, other and other factors.– 5. Free to Flee. >Transnational lover< try to find love as for the lack of it. In the process of love finding, they are bound by a number of factors. Therefore, they want urgently to get rid of them in terms of various attitudes and methods so as to be free. Their attitudes towards freedom in the background of Eastern and Western culture are different respectively, whereas, freedom itself is bondage. The factors that bind man is here and there: existence, society, self, etc, and then it becomes nowhere to escape about freedom resulting from different cultures.– 6. The Change of >the Theme of Death<. It is necessary to discuss the implication and the ways of expression of the death, and then make further discussion about transcendental spirit to death consciousness. As the culture in East and West is different, the attitudes and perceptions towards the death is different too. It is also important to study the death factors hidden in the human mind, the relations between >self-Death< and >the death of other person<, the attitude towards death, the death and equality and the death and fear, etc, to find the meaning of uning away from death to life; therefore, the eternal life will be gained.– 7. Conclusion. Under the multi-cultural development, conflict and integration are frequently happened. It prompts us to think about the cultural similarities and differences of distinct groups, seeking cross-culture identity among it. N2 - 本文从爱的缺失与寻觅角度,对杜拉斯和虹影小说中的>跨国情人<进行比较研究。其中,杜拉斯和虹影有相似成长背景,虹影坦言受到前者影响,她们深受东西方文化熏陶,均获得东西方极大好评,作品中>跨国情人<独特的背景、人物特殊身份,他们与作者同样>爱的缺失<,文化背景的不同促使多方面的异同,>寻觅爱<的过程,他们不同的观念与行动产生冲突与融合,很值得研究。本文试图以弗洛姆精神分析等理论,同时结合哲学、美学对内容进行比较研究,对>跨国情人<进行对比,分析身体与爱欲,冲突与融合以及产生的自由思索及死亡行动,探讨生死,求证存在的目的和意义,寻求认同,从而填补相关研究的空白。全文分为以下几个部分:一、绪论。对本文所要研究的意义、研究目的做出阐述,并简单梳理国内外研究现状,提出研究方法,关注爱缺失的根源,分析>跨国情人<寻觅爱过程中异同。二、爱的缺失。从杜拉斯和虹影自传体小说中发现爱缺失的根源,进一步研究影响在作品>跨国情人<中的表现方式,分析特殊身份主人公孤独灵魂产生的原因。同时,简要分析作者双重背景下的边缘女性身份,由此求证她们从独特视角出发,跨越东西方文化,在作品中用不同方式对缺失爱进行寻觅。三、身体与爱欲。呈现身体本原,分析身体对话中隐藏的思维,进一步研究爱的缺失,>跨国情人<身体潜藏着欲望,他们相互吸引和排斥,企图通过身体寻觅爱,分析暗含的人性等因素,对>跨国情人<的内涵意蕴进行比较研究,分析异同,不同中求证相同,寻觅中发现回归自然的真谛。四、冲突与交融。文化根基的不同相遇必然发生冲突,并相互影响,从而激发新的生命力。变动中的世界,选择导致不同发展,差异导致变化,从而碰撞、隔阂到交汇、融合。研究分析>跨国情人<相遇与冲突的原因,面临的抉择、交融的方式,形成此岸与彼岸,对立存在,相互影响,从而得到延续和发展,在自我、他人或其他因素中寻觅到灵魂栖居地。五、自由逃离。>跨国情人<缺失爱,并试图寻觅,过程中很多因素成为束缚,使他们迫切用各种态度和方式摆脱,以此获得自由,寻找皈依。>跨国情人<追求自由态度各不相同,然而,自由本身也是束缚,奴役人的因素无处不在:存在、社会、自我……由此,自由逃离成为无处可逃的必然。六、>死亡主题<的变迁。讨论死亡的内涵和表现方式,进而对死亡意识中的超越精神进行探讨。>跨国情人<对待死亡的认识和态度不同。研究人物内心潜藏的死亡因素,研究>自我之死<和>他人之死<的关系,对死的态度……发现>向死而生<的意义,由此获得永恒的生命。七、结语。多元文化发展下,冲突与融合频繁,促使我们思索>跨国情人<独特群体的异同,从而寻求认同。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yang, Bo T1 - Alienation and Salvation – A Study on Fromm’s Educational Theory [异化与拯救——弗洛姆教育思想研究], Master thesis, Comparative Pedgogy, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 2010. N2 - Erich Fromm, a most important figure in Western thinking public, proposed that in the capitalist society where social and human are double aliened. And Fromm has ever shown great concern with education. In his view, education is also aliened. The discussion of theory on education alienation can be found almost everywhere in his famous books which include the missing of freedom, love and creativity. For the alienation theory, Fromm considered that the capitalist society and the people have the need of reform in order to achieve salvation. And he believed that the >new man< needs educational reform, therefore, education played an important role in the salvation which became the new access and the only way to a sane society. This study includes four chapters.– The first chapter outlines the ideological source of Fromm and the current status of research.– Chapter 2 focuses on Fromm’s theory of education which discussed from three aspects, social alienation, human alienation, alienation of education.– Chapter 3 focuses on the theory of Fromm about the salvation of education. Educational reform should based on the reform of society to achieve the new man and the sane society.– In chapter 4, based on Fromm’s educational theory, contact with the development trend of education reform in current world, Fromm’s theories of survival of education, liberal education, love of education and creative education have significance and the great inspiration to today’s education reform of our country. [Author’s translation] N2 - 弗洛姆作为西方思想界的一个重要人物,提出了资本主义社会中社会和人的双重异化理论。同时,弗洛姆对于教育也表现出了极大的关心,在他看来,教育同样出现了异化。弗洛姆关于教育异化思想的论述渗透在其名著中,主要体现在自由、爱和创造性三个方面的缺失。针对异化,弗洛姆认为资本主义的社会和人都需要进行改革,才能实现拯救,教育在其中发挥着重要的作用,教育也就成为通往健全社会和新人的必由之路。本文分为四章:第一章概括介绍弗洛姆思想的来源以及当前的研究现状。第二章主要介绍弗洛姆的教育思想,分别从社会的异化、人的异化、教育的异化三个方面展开论述。第三章主要介绍弗洛姆关于教育异化的拯救思想。在社会改革的基础上进行教育的改革,实现新人和健全的社会。第四章在通过对弗洛姆教育思想研究总结的基础上,联系当前世界教育改革的发展趋势,可以得出其关于生存教育、自由教育、爱的教育以及创造性教育思想的现实意义和对我国教育改革的启示。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xia, Huiyun T1 - A Lonely Soul and His Doomed Tragedy [孤独的灵魂,注定的悲剧], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - John Fowles is a writer with international fame in the contemporary British literary arena. His achievement has covered a wide range of genres, such as novel, poetry, literary criticism and so on. Many of his works have been translated into a variety of languages and attracted the intensive attention of critics and scholars all over the world, especially his masterpiece The French Lieutenant’s Woman (1969). As an internationally acclaimed novelist, Fowles occupies an irreplaceable position in the history of English literature. >The Collector< is Fowles’s maiden work which has brought him great success since its publication in 1963. Critics have made studies on the novel from various perspectives. In the novel, it is undeniable that Miranda’s life is a tragedy. However, as a kidnapper, Clegg also lives a miserable and tragic life.– Here, in light of Erich Fromm’s humanism, the thesis tries to make an analysis of Clegg’s tragedy in the hope of providing a different angle to interpret this novel. What’s more, the significance of the thesis lies in that it can also impart to us some profound and practical social meaning. Nowadays, with the development of science and technology, great changes have taken place to the world that we live in. The application of high-tech in daily life leads to fiercer and fiercer competition between people. People, especially the workers, are likely to be mechanized into a piece of machine. Meanwhile, the invention of various communication facilities quickens up the life tempo. Thus the sincere communication between people is becoming less and less. And the relationship between people has tended to be alienated. Therefore, at the crucial moment when alienation has penetrated into almost every field of people’s life, it is of great importance to draw a lesson from Clegg’s tragedy. Especially the love theory of Erich Fromm can shed light on how to build a more harmonious society. The thesis is composed of five chapters: – Chapter one includes a brief introduction of John Fowles’s life, the general plot summary of The Collector as well as the critical responses to the novel home and abroad. Last but not least, it points out the significance of a humanistic interpretation of Clegg’s tragedy.– Chapter two makes a general introduction to the theoretical system of Fromm’s humanism. His humanistic theory mainly talks about three issues, namely, the theory of human nature, the theory of alienation and the love theory. His human nature theory is the base and starting point of his humanism. His theory of alienation is the core of his humanism as well as the deepness and outspread of the human nature theory. And the love theory is the crest and end-result of his humanism. The thesis mainly focuses on the theory of alienation and his love theory which are applied in the thesis.– Chapter three applies Fromm’s alienation theory to the description of Clegg’s forlorn spiritual world. Alienation has pervaded every corner of his life which is displayed in the following three aspects: he lacks national responsibility and obligation and is alienated from the nation; the relationship between Clegg and the people around him is also alienated; he is even alienated from himself.– Chapter four analyzes the causes of Clegg’s tragedy. One cause is the social reality which generates class distinction. Coming from the bottom of society, Clegg is subject to the feeling of inferiority, thus he lacks confidence and becomes too sensitive. On the other hand, Miranda’s contempt of him also exerts a negative influence on him. Another cause is his morbid character structure which is an integration of hoarding character, sadistic tendency and necrophilous orientation. Besides, Clegg’s failure in understanding the essence of love is another cause of Clegg’s tragedy. Here, by the application of Fromm’s love theory, the thesis gives an analysis to Clegg’s loneliness. And the analysis centers on his relationship with Miranda. It starts from giving, the nature of love, and then goes deep into the four basic elements of love, that is, care, responsibility, respect and knowledge. And these four elements are mutually dependent and complementary. Under the combined result of these three factors, Clegg’s tragedy is inevitable.– And the final chapter is the part of conclusion. It summarizes the factors of Clegg’s tragedy and maintains the importance and significance of a humanistic interpretation of his tragedy. N2 - 约翰•福尔斯是当代英国文坛上一位享有国际声誉的作家。他在小说,诗歌,和文学评论等方面都有显著的成绩。他的很多作品先后被翻译成多种语言,并引起了世界各国文学评论家和学者的密切关注,尤其是出版于1969年的代表作《法国中尉的女人》。作为一位国际闻名的小说家,约翰•福尔斯在英国文学史上占有着不可取代的地位《收藏家》是福尔斯的处女作,自1963年问世以来,便给福尔斯带来了巨大的成功。评论家们也从不同的角度对这部小说进行了研究。不可否认,在小说中米兰达的生活是一个悲剧。然而,作为一个绑架者,克莱格的生活也是一个悲剧。基于弗洛姆的人本主义,本论文试图分析克莱格的悲剧,从而为这部小说的解读提供一个不同的角度。更重要的是,论文还力争传达给我们一些深刻和实际的社会意义。现今,随着科学技术的日益发展,我们生活的世界也发生了巨大的变化。高科技在日常生活中的应用导致了人们之间的竞争越演越烈。人们,特别是那些工人们,都快被机械化成了机器。与此同时,各种通讯设施的发明加快了人们生活的节奏。因此,人与人之间的真诚交流也越来越少,人际关系趋向于异化。在异化已经渗透到人们生活的各个领域的关键时刻,从克莱格的悲剧中汲取教训是至关重要的。特别是弗洛姆的爱的理论能够帮助人们建立一个更和谐的社会。本论文共有五章组成:第一章简单介绍了约翰•福尔斯的生平,大致概括了小说《收藏家》的故事情节以及这部小说的国内外研究现状。最后但同样重要的是,它还指出了对克莱格悲剧进行人本主义解读的重要性。第二章对弗洛姆的人本主义理论体系进行了大致介绍。他的人本主义理论主要讨论了三个方面的问题,也即是,人性论,异化理论和爱的理论。人性论是他的人本主义的基础和出发点,而异化理论是人本主义的核心,同时也是人性论的深化和扩展。而爱的理论则是他的人本主义的顶峰和最终归宿。这里主要介绍了他的异化理论和爱的理论,因为这两个理论在论文中得到了充分的应用。第三章运用弗洛姆的异化理论对克莱格孤独的精神世界进行了描述。异化已经占据了他生活的每一个角落,这主要体现在以下三个方面:首先他的责任感和义务感的缺失导致他与国家关系的异化,其次他与周围人的人际关系也是异化的,最后他甚至异化于自己。第四章分析了克莱格悲剧产生的原因。一个原因就是由社会现实所产生的阶级差别。来自于社会的底层,克莱格常常被自卑感所困扰,因此他缺乏自信,变得极其敏感。另一方面,米兰达的藐视也对他施加了负面影响。克莱格悲剧产生的另一个原因就是他病态的性格结构,他的性格是囤积性格,施虐倾向和恋死倾向的统一体。此外,克莱格悲剧产生的另外一个原因就是他不能很好的理解爱的真谛。运用弗洛姆爱的理论,论文克莱格孤独感的产生进行了分析。分析主要是通过他与米兰达之间的关系来展开的。首先从给予,也就是爱的本质开始,然后更进一步地分析了爱的其他四个基本要素,也即是,关心,责任,尊重和了解。爱的这四个基本要素是相互依存,相互补充的。在这三重因素的相互作用下,克莱克悲剧的产生是不可避免的。最后一章是论文的结论部分。它总结了克莱格悲剧产生的原因,并强调了对克莱格悲剧进行人本主义解读的重要性和意义。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yang, Xi T1 - The Alienation Characteristic in Merchant Characters of Dickens' Works [论狄更斯作品商人形象的异化特征], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - This article analyzes the merchant characters selected from Charles Dickens' works. In his works have a common characteristic, in a word: Successful career does not bring happiness. Often have great material wealth and social impacts admired by others, however, their emotional life and fate were invariably failed to bring happiness, mainly caused by their personality alienation. While the ability to change the nature and outside world is continuously increased, the mental and emotional crisis was intensified, producing all kinds of personality alienation, especially in western countries. Therefore, this article uses the theory of alienation of personality from Fromm to analyze the merchants selected from Dickens's novels, hoping to achieve a deep understanding of these characters. This article is composed by three parts, including the introduction, body and conclusion. The introduction presents the current status of researching Dickens, the meaning of the topic, the introduction and review of alienation theory. The body includes three chapters.– Merchants which demonstrate the characteristics of alienation from the abused type, the self- sacrifice type, the abusive type and the destructive type were analyzed in the first chapter. Since the personality of abused type and the self-sacrifice type are often mixed, the descriptions to these two types are combined.– Through the analysis of individual alienation in the second chapter, the author finds that the lack of creativity in love and the ability to work is the key factor for alienating the individual personality.– In the third chapter, the author analyzes the causes of alienation from social impacts, concluding that the suppressing to the uniqueness of individual nature and the cultivation of false ideal are the major social factors contributing to the individual alienation. At the last part, this article analyzes and describes the awakening thought and the ideal of serving society conveyed through the alienation features in Dickens's merchant characters. N2 - 本文主要选取狄更斯作品中商人形象展开探讨。狄更斯笔下大部分商人形象存在一个共同特征,就是事业的成功却无法带来个人生活的美好结局。他笔下的商人往往是芸芸众生中的强有力者,无论所取得的物质财富或是社会地位都使旁人艳羡,然而却在情感生活和命运归宿上却无法获得幸福,究其原因,与他们人格上的异变有很大关系。弗洛姆则认为,人改造自然和外界的能力在不断增强的同时,心理和情感危机却在持续的加剧,出现了种种的人格异化形态,尤其在资本主义社会更是如此。因此,本文主要采用弗洛姆异化理论切入对狄更斯作品商人形象的分析,以求能够深究其内涵。本文主要由绪论、主体、结语三个部分组成。绪论部分综述了当前国际国内狄更斯研究现状及本文论题的提出及意义,同时对异化理论进行了回溯和介绍。主体部分由三个章节组成,在第一章,本文对狄更斯笔下商人形象体现出的受虐型、舍我型、施虐型以及破坏型的异化特征进行了具体分析,由于受虐型与舍我型人格常交织体现,因此对这两者的阐述是结合进行的;在第二章,本文分析了异化人格形成的个体原因,认为个体在爱与工作活动中创造性能力的缺乏,是导致其人格出现异化的关键因素;第三章中本文对异化的社会原因进行了分析,认为对个体独特性的打压以及虚假理想的培植,是导致异化产生的重要社会因素。在最后的结语部分,本文对狄更斯希望通过其商人形象塑造而传达出的醒世思想和济世理想进行了分析 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhao, Qingmei T1 - Study on Harmonious Society of College Students Interpersonal Self-adjustment [和谐社会视域下大学生人际交往的自我调适], Master thesis, Ideological and Political Education, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2010 N2 - Interpersonal communication is not only access to information and opportunities as the basic channel, is also an important factor in the success or failure determine the cause. College Students in the 21st century knowledge economy and the backbone is of the mainstream, they are the hope of the nation, the motherland's future, shouldering the important task of building socialist modernization, the social relationships they are an important component. Particularly in the context of building a socialist harmonious society, the students interpersonal harmony or not related to the smooth realization of a harmonious society. Based on the lessons of previous studies based on the lack of useful and to Harmonious Society interpersonal communication for college students self-adjustment for the study. This subject is divided into four parts: The first part, Introduction. This section includes the research background, research review and research the content and methods. The second part, students an overview of interpersonal self-adjustment.– First, students self-adaptive content defined. This article reference in the Ci Hai >self< and >adjustment< based on the Definition of summarizing the content of Self Adjustment.– Secondly, the students inter-personal meaning and characteristics. In this paper, the content and relationships on the basis of comparative analysis, creatively summarize the content of interpersonal communication, and thus summarizes the students interpersonal meaning of self-adjustment. By the definition of interpersonal meaning, combined with the actual students summed up the students are the characteristics of interpersonal communication has four aspects: (1) the urgency of communication needs; (2) to highlight the personality and strong sense of independent exchanges. (3) interpersonal expansion of content areas; university exchanges for university students provides a very wide world; the majority of students in relationship with other people want to act in their own opinions, teachers or parents do not want too much interference. Again, students interpersonal theory of self-adjustment support. Students self-adjustment of interpersonal communication has a profound theoretical basis. Confucianism in ancient China, such as starting from the Mind almost made people believe that the inner virtue, based on human nature, emphasizing self-denial self-reflection, self complacent, and explored a set of more systematic and self-education method with oriental features; learn these ideas and method of self-adjustment of interpersonal communication has an important inspiration and reference. Also some foreign famous philosophers, such as Fromm, Kant and others have thought about self-education. Students of these ideas would be harmonious interpersonal self-adaptation theory.– Finally, the students interpersonal meaning of self-adjustment. Interpersonal Communication Students help to promote self-adaptive self-realization; help to promote the formation and development of self-consciousness; help students to maintain physical and mental health; help improve students personality. Students interpersonal self-adaptation in the improvement of college personality, to maintain physical and mental health, enhanced self-awareness and the promotion of self-worth has a significant, interaction in these areas are interrelated. Students improve character, to maintain physical and mental health, enhanced self-awareness is to promote the realization of self-worth based on the premise of the conditions and to promote the realization of self-worth is to improve students personality, to maintain physical and mental health, the ultimate goal of enhancing self-awareness. The third part, students interpersonal problems and causes of self-adjustment analysis.– First, students who show outstanding problems of interpersonal communication there are four main areas: (1) self-centered, emotional instability of interpersonal conflict, personality; (2) low self-esteem, create contacts and other psychological terror alert; (3) shy, closed own and other poor communication psychology; (4) addicted to the Internet caused a long-term loneliness, depression and other personality defects.– Second, the impact of interpersonal factors that college students are mainly two aspects of subjective and objective. Subjective factors include cognitive factors, emotional factors and personality factors. Objective factors include social, family-school aspects. The fourth part, students interpersonal self-adjustment of the principles and methods.– First, the students interpersonal self-adjustment of the basic principles. To the principles of equality, honesty, tolerance and so on principle.– Secondly, the students interpersonal self-adjustment of the main methods. In interpersonal conflicts, communication fear, poor communication, the network self-regulating aspects of addiction. Needs to be stressed is that students cultivate a harmonious interpersonal relations cannot do without the social, school and family and other environmental efforts, this article does not deny this. The past, scholars have most of these environment-pronged approach to explore students interpersonal adjustment measures, but this paper scholars on the basis that to solve the key problem is that students interpersonal self-adjustment of the Strategy, from the students themselves point of view Students of solving interpersonal harmony way.– In addition, this paper comparative research methods, literature search methods, history and logic of the method, deductive reasoning and inductive research methods, to extract from the whole social system starting on College Students interpersonal self-adjustment of the significance of interpersonal discord status and causes of, College Student Communication self-adjustment of the principles, methods and other issues for some useful exploration. N2 - 人际交往不仅是获得信息和机遇的基本渠道,也是决定事业成败的重要因素。当代大学生是21世纪知识经济时代的主流与中坚,他们是民族的希望、祖国的未来,肩负着建设社会主义现代化的重任,他们是社会人际关系中的一个重要组成部分。特别是在构建社会主义和谐社会的背景下,大学生的人际交往和谐与否关系到和谐社会能否顺利实现。本文在吸取以往研究有益与不足的基础上,以和谐社会视域下大学生人际交往的自我调适作为研究对象。本文的主体内容分为四部分:第一部分,绪论。本部分包括研究背景、研究综述以及研究内容和方法。第二部分,大学生人际交往自我调适概述。首先,大学生自我调适内涵的界定。本文在借鉴辞海中有关>自我<和>调适<内涵界定的基础上概括总结出大学生自我调适的内涵。其次,大学生人际交往的内涵及特征。本文在与人际关系的内涵进行比较分析的基础上,创造性地总结出人际交往的内涵,并由此概括出了大学生人际交往自我调适的含义。通过对人际交往内涵的界定,结合大学生的实际总结概括出大学生人际交往的特征有三个方面:(1)交往需求的迫切性;(2)突出的个性和独立交往意识的强烈性。(3)人际交往内容范围的扩大性;大学为大学生的交往提供了非常广阔的天地;大多数大学生在人际交往方面希望以自己的意见行事,不希望老师或家长过多的干涉。再次,大学生人际交往自我调适的理论支撑。大学生人际交往的自我调适有着深刻的理论基础。如我国古代儒家从心性论出发认为德性发乎人的内心、基于人的本性,强调克己自省、修身自得,并探索出了一整套较为系统并具东方特色的自我教育方法;学习这些思想和方法对人际交往的自我调适具有重要的启示和借鉴作用。另外国外一些著名的哲学家,如弗洛姆、康德等都有关于自我教育的思想。这些思想都将是大学生和谐人际交往自我调适的理论基础。最后,大学生人际交往自我调适的意义。大学生人际交往自我调适有利于促进自我价值的实现;有利于促进自我意识的形成和发展;有利于大学生保持身心健康;有助于完善大学生的个性。大学生人际交往的自我调适在完善大学生个性、保持身心健康、增强自我意识以及促进自我价值方面有着重要的意义,这几个方面相互影响相互联系。完善大学生个性、保持身心健康、增强自我意识是促进自我价值实现的条件和前提基础,促进自我价值实现是完善大学生个性、保持身心健康、增强自我意识的最终目的。第三部分,大学生人际交往自我调适的问题及原因分析。首先,大学生人际交往的突出问题表现主要有四个方面:(1)以自我为中心、情绪性格不稳定产生人际冲突;(2)自卑、戒备等心理造成交往恐惧;(3)羞怯、封闭、自负等心理产生沟通不良;(4)长期沉迷于网络造成孤独、抑郁等性格缺陷。其次,影响大学生人际交往的因素主要有主客观两个方面。主观因素主要包括认知因素、情感因素和人格因素等。客观因素主要包括社会、家庭学校方面的因素。第四部分,大学生人际交往自我调适的原则与方法。首先,大学生人际交往自我调适的基本原则。要本着平等、诚信、宽容等方面的原则。其次,大学生人际交往自我调适的主要方法。在人际冲突、交往恐惧、沟通不良、网络沉迷的方面进行自我调节。需要特别强调的是,大学生和谐人际关系的培养离不开社会、学校和家庭等环境努力,本文不否认这一点。以往学者们大都从这些大环境方面入手去探讨大学生人际交往的调适对策,而本文在学者们研究的基础上所要解决的关键性问题是大学生人际交往自我调适的对策,即从大学生自身的角度去探讨解决大学生人际交往不和谐的途径。另外,本文采用比较研究方法、文献查阅法、历史与逻辑的方法、演绎推理和归纳研究等方法,力求从整个社会系统出发对当代大学生人际交往自我调适的意义、人际交往不和谐的现状与成因、大学生人际交往自我调适的原则、方法等问题作一些有益的探索。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhao, Jing T1 - On Fromm’s Theory of Human Nature [弗洛姆人性理论探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2010. N2 - Erich Fromm who is an American social philosopher, psychologist and ethicist, is an important representative personage of Frankfurt school of thought in the 20th century. Frankfurt school of thought about philosophy research of >human< holds the important status in the modern West, but as its main representative personage Fromm to be not allowed to neglect to the human nature research theory achievement to the entire westerner’s study research contribution. Fromm devoted his whole life on the >people< issues of concern for people concerned about human nature, human alienation, and human liberation. His human nature theory is founded on the basis of the Freud’s psycho-analysis mediates Marx to form about in person’s theory foundation, simultaneously has also absorbed the Judea Christianity, the Zen Buddhism and so on outstanding cultural thought essence, is his entire social philosophy theory core and the cornerstone.– He receives Marx >person’s liberation< this grand concept and the philosophy subject, takes root to person’s attention in the real life, faces directly modern people’s survival circumstances, may say that >the human nature theory< is the Fromm thought theory core. The human nature theory’s basic connotation and so on three parts conducts system’s research and the elaboration to its human nature theory’s dialectical analysis, The attempt unearths its profound thought theory connotation, and in the dialectical analysis’s foundation, wants to show its sincere academic value and to the real life guiding sense. Fromm devotes to the capitalist economy society disease’s revelation and to the developed industry social person’s disassimilation root exploration, The goal is liberates the human from the disassimilation condition, re-establishes person’s in dependent status, realizes person’s free development truly. We must a more profound assurance and dialectical ethics morals which, the philosophy of life, the political philosophy develops in his human nature theory to contain and so on this complex and have the depth topic, unearths its profound connotation and in-depth theory and the practical significance. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆是20世纪美国著名的社会哲学家、心理学家和伦理学家,法兰克福学派的重要代表人物之一。法兰克福学派在现代西方关于>人<的问题的哲学研究中占有及其重要的地位,而作为其主要代表人物的弗洛姆的人性研究的理论成果对于整个西方人学研究的贡献不容忽视。弗洛姆一生致力于对>人<的问题的研究,关注人、关注人的本性、人的异化以及人的解放。他的人性理论主要是在>综合<弗洛伊德的精神分析理论和马克思关于人的学说的基础上形成的,同时也吸收了犹太基督教、佛教禅宗等优秀文化思想的精髓,是他的整个社会哲学理论的核心与基石。他秉承马克思>人的解放<这一伟大构想和哲学主题,对人的关注植根于社会现实生活中,直面现代人的生存境遇,可以说>人性理论<是弗洛姆思想理论的核心。文章主要从弗洛姆人性理论产生的社会背景和思想渊源、人性理论的基本内涵以及对其人性理论的辩证分析等三部分来进行系统的研究和论述,尝试挖掘其深刻的思想理论内涵,并在辩证分析的基础上,欲彰显其厚重的学术价值与对现实生活的指导意义。弗洛姆致力于对资本主义经济社会弊病的揭示和对发达工业社会人的异化根源的探索,目的是把人从异化状态下解放出来,重新确立人的主体性地位,真正实现人的自由发展。我们要更深刻的把握并辩证的发展他的人性理论中包含的伦理道德、人生哲学、政治哲学等这个复杂而又有深度的课题,挖掘其深刻内涵及其深层的理论与现实意义。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Fujun T1 - Fromm's Humanitarian Ethics and its Implications [弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想及其启示], Master thesis, Ethics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China 2010. N2 - Fromm as the twentieth century, the famous psychologist and humanitarian ethicists, his unique personal experience and the prevailing turbulent social environment is generated by its ideological premise of humanitarian ethics, his ideas mainly come from the Jewish humanitarian ethics, ethical thinking, Marx and Freud’s theory, Bahe Fen’s [巴霍芬, Ba huò fēn] social theory and ideology of Zen. Human nature is based on Fromm humanitarian ethics. Human nature is the theoretical foundation of humanitarian ethics, and psychology from a psychoanalytic point of view of human nature, that human nature is >the presence of people inherent contradictions<, nature itself is not good and evil, good and evil is the two kinds of potential for meeting the >existing needs< and pointed out the existence of good and evil are two potential that achieve the status of the conditions are different, good is >the first potential< and evil is >the second potential< ,the realization of human potential for good and evil mainly influenced by external social. Fromm believed that the human has the highest values and the genuine self-realization as its main task of ethics. For this reason, Fromm thinks that >free<, >love<, >conscience< are main content of his humanitarian ethics, through the >free<, >love<, >conscience< categorized and described, it shows the real people self-realization must have a truly >free<, >love< and >conscience<. People also need to have a complete personality to realize themselves, from socialization, assimilation, pathology and values of the four angles, Fromm improves his personality theory and divides into healthy and unhealthy personality character. People really should have their own self-realization in addition to the above these qualities, the view from the external conditions, there should be a maximum value of human society, therefore, Fromm results the >healthy society< as the practice of humanitarian ethics. Fromm humanitarian ethics has its significance and contribution, Fromm explains his ethics from a new perspective, which has positive significance for the spirit of ethics and the development of Western Marxism Ethics, but Fromm’s humanitarian ethics also has its limitations. Meanwhile, Fromm’s humanitarian ethics improves a useful reference for the construction of harmonious society and the civic virtue building in our country. N2 - 弗洛姆作为二十世纪著名的心理学家和人道主义伦理学家,他独特的个人经历和当时动荡的社会环境是其人道主义伦理思想产生的前提,他的人道主义伦理思想主要来源于犹太教的伦理思想、马克思和弗洛伊德的理论、巴赫芬的社会理论及禅宗思想。弗洛姆的人道主义伦理思想是以关于人性的知识为基础的,人性是其人道主义伦理思想的理论基石,并且是从精神分析心理学的角度来探讨人性,认为人性就是>人的存在所固有的矛盾<,人性本身没有善恶之分,善恶只是人在满足>存在的需要<时出现的两种潜能,并指出善恶两种潜能存在的地位和实现条件却是不同的,善是>第一潜能<,恶是>第二潜能<,人的善恶潜能的实现主要受到外界社会环境的影响。弗洛姆以人为最高价值,把人的真正自我实现作为其伦理学的主要任务。为此,弗洛姆把>自由<、>爱<、>良心<作为其人道主义伦理思想的主要内容,通过对>自由<、>爱<、>良心<分类及阐述,说明了人的真正自我实现必需具有真正的>自由<、>爱<和>良心<。人为了实现自我,还必需具有完整的人格,弗洛姆从社会化、同化、病理学和价值观四个角度提出了他的性格理论,区分为健康的性格和不健康的性格。人的真正自我实现除了自身应该具备以上这些素质外,从外在条件来看,应该建立一个以人为最高价值的社会,所以,弗洛姆把>健全的社会<作为其人道主义伦理思想的实践旨归。弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想有其意义和贡献,他从新的视角来阐释伦理思想,对精神分析伦理学和西方马克思主义伦理学的发展具有积极意义,但弗洛姆的人道主义伦理思想也有其局限性。同时,弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想为我国当前和谐社会的构建及公民道德建设提供了有益的借鉴。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Weiwei T1 - Marx's and Fromm's Alienation Comparative Study [马克思与弗洛姆异化观之比较研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2010. N2 - In modern society, great wealth of human material, life changing. Personality, fashion, enjoy, Petty have become a trend. However, abundant material life doesn’t give people the expected healthy spiritual life. Pressure, stress, emptiness, lost shadowing, often accompanied by about, people’s spiritual life but into unprecedented anxiety and solitude. The face of this situation of human existence, people cannot help ask, why modern man’s spiritual life are not with material development and the development? In order to in-depth understanding and analysis of this phenomenon, we need to analyze and compare the Theory of Alienation of Marx and Fromm. This article is sort of the two theories on alienation, carried out on the comparative analysis of both Theory of alienation, not only they see similarities between the two Alienation, but alos see two differences between Alienation. By comparing, this article hoping to find such a person living condition of the modern understanding of the key. N2 - 在现代社会,人类物质极大富足,生活日新月异。个性、时尚、享受、小资已经成为一种潮流。然而丰裕的物质生活并没有给人们带来预期的健康的精神生活。压力、紧张、空虚、迷失如影随形,常伴人左右,人们的精神生活反而陷入空前的焦虑和孤独之中。面对人类生存的这一现状,人们不禁要问,为何现代人的精神生活并没有随着物质文明的发展而得到足够的发展?为了能够深入了解和分析这一现象,需要对马克思与弗洛姆的异化理论进行分析和比较。本文是在对二者异化理论的梳理之上,展开了对二者异化理论的比较分析,既看到了二者异化观的共性,又看到了二者异化观之间存在的差异。通过比较,本文希冀从中找到了解现代这种人生存境遇的钥匙。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Song, Huifen T1 - The Emotional Dilemma and the Exploration of Free Women – A Psychoanalytic Interpretation of >Love, Again< [自由女性的情感困境与出路 - 爱情》的精神分析解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - Doris Lessing (born 1919) is one of the most famous writers in contemporary England In her novel >Love, Again< (1996), Lessing tries to put her focus on the emotional dilemma of the ignored old professional women at The novel describes a free professional woman Sarah Durham experiences the emotional confusion in the process of the pursuit of freedom and reveals the actual state of free women in contemporary society: in the emotional dilemma. The thesis analyzes Sarah's emotional dilemma and tries to find the possible way out of emotional dilemma. The thesis is based on the study of Sarah's life experiences with the help of Fromm's theory of love and freedom. The thesis attempts to interpret Love, Again from the perspective of psychoanalysis by analyzing its text in detail. It is composed of six parts.– In Chapter One a brief survey is made on Doris Lessing's life, her novel >Love, Again< and her concern for women reflected in her life. Also demonstrated is the structure of the thesis.– Chapter Two is Literature Review and Theoretical Foundation. Firstly, the previous critical studies from various angles on this novel are summarized. Then, psychoanalysis is introduced, which serves as the theoretical basis for the analysis to follow.– In the third chapter, based on the theory of psychoanalysis, through close reading of the novel, the illusion of women's emotional freedom in Love, Again is illustrated.– Chapter Four stresses the fact that free women are becoming increasingly confused in the illusion of freedom. Sarah gets the so-called freedom, but in this freedom Sarah feels lonely most of the time: the more freedom the more loneliness. In loneliness and trouble, Sarah gets comfort through dreams.– Chapter Five discusses what the novel conveys as a solution to Sarah's emotional dilemma-a solution similar to Fromm's proposal that man has to find >a new harmony< to man and nature, a relationship that connects the individual with the world without eliminating his individuality. >Real freedom< will be achieved in the fusion and understanding between the sexes.– The last part summarizes the present research and points out that >Love, Again< reflects Lessing's thinking on the emotional problem of >free women<: the real freedom of women should not be confined to the external freedom or independence signified in >a room of one's own<; it depends more on the harmonious relationship between women and men, women and nature. N2 - 多丽丝•莱辛(1919- )是英国当代文坛最著名的女作家之一,在《又来了,爱情》(1996)这部作品中,她将关注的视角放到了一直被人们所忽视的老年职业女性的情感困惑上,这部作品讲述了以萨拉•德拉姆为代表的自由女性在追求自由的过程中所遭遇到的情感困惑与精神彷徨。本文通过女主人公萨拉的人生经历,分析她的情感困惑产生的原因以及走出情感困惑的出路。萨拉的人生经历是本文分析的重点,弗洛姆的关于自由和爱的理论是本文的理论依据。论文包括六个部分。第一部分为引言,第一章简要介绍此论文的结构安排,并简要介绍作家多丽丝•莱辛及其作品地位和小说《又来了,爱情》,探究莱辛对女性的关注意识。第二章是文献综述及论文的理论基础。首先,对以往文学界对《又来了,爱情》的研究进行总结回顾。同时在这一章对弗洛姆的精神分析学做简要的阐释,为本论文提供理论背景。第三章通过文本细读,具体分析《又来了,爱情》中的>自由女性<情感自由假象。第四章结合弗洛姆关于自由和梦的理论阐析>自由女性<在自由的假象中精神却愈见迷茫的社会事实。萨拉获得了所谓的自由,但在这种自由下萨拉感受最多的是孤独的困扰,即越自由越孤独。在孤独和困扰中,萨拉只有通过梦境得到安慰。第五章阐析萨拉的经历显示女性应该如何真正走出感情危机。小说中展示的出路与弗洛姆的爱的理论异曲同工,人(不限于女性)应该在肯定自己的基础上通过爱的实践与别人建立联系,达成男女两性乃至与世界的融合,在两性之间的联系与理解中追求到自己的自由。第六章总结本论文的研究成果,指出《又来了,爱情》展示了莱辛对>自由女性<情感问题的深入思考,女性的真正自由不限于>一间属于自己的房间<所体现的外在的独立,更在于与男性、与世界的和谐关系。 Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xie, Xinqiu T1 - The Writer as Migrant: Reading Ha Jin’s Novels as Metahistorical Fiction [我以我心荐轩辕:解读哈金小说的元历史性] English Language and Literature, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China 2010 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 本论文旨在探讨作家哈金的历史情结和他十余部作品中一贯的关于当代中国的历史叙事。我的论文主题是:解读哈金作品为元历史小说(Metahistorical Fiction);区别于琳达•哈契(Linda Hutcheon)解读后现代小说而得出的史学性元小说(Historiographic Metafiction)。由于篇幅所限,笔者主要选取哈金的三部长篇小说《战废品》,《等待》和《疯狂》作三章来讨论。理由在于三部小说均为作者有代表性的重要作品,而且将三部小说叙事的历史背景连接起来即可基本构成整个当代中国历史的风云变迁。哈金早期赋予自身的>代言人<身份和该身份引起的持久的笔伐争议是我思考其历史叙事合法性的肇始和论文写作的切入点。哈金阐释的由康拉德和纳博科夫开启的移民作家英语写作传统和海登•怀特(Hayden White)的元历史理论(Metahistory)是提领该论文理论参照。而各章节在分析每一部小说叙事特点和具体的理论运用上各有其相对的独立性。第一章运用E.L. Doctorow关于虚构和历史的真实性的理论阐述《伪造文书》(>False Document<)来分析小说《战废品》中再现的抗美援朝战争时期中国战俘的历史记忆。第二章主要分析小说《等待》中爱情故事和历史叙事的互文并置来探讨个人追求与历史背景的关系。第三章意在运用R.D Laing的《The Divided Self: An Existential Study of Sanity and Madness》和Erich Fromm的《The Sane Society》分析小说《疯狂》中借>癫狂者<之口叙述历史。哈金在其写作主题转型的纠结过程里否定自己前期>代言人<身份。笔者于后记中就此主题矛盾和哈金开始涉及的身份认同政治学(The Politics of Identity)亦有探讨,认为他期望摆脱其备受争议的代言人<角色而转变为一个华裔美国作家。正如怀特分析总结的西方十九世纪史学(Historiography)和历史哲学(Philosophy of History)的各种历史认知和书写方式,窃以为该论文的意义在于通过分析哈金以其中国经验为素材写就的小说发掘其叙写历史的客观意图并提出以一种客观,包容和多元的态度观照另一种历史书写的可能性。 N2 - This thesis aims to explore the historical complex of writer Ha Jin and the historical narrative about contemporary China in his more than ten works. The theme of my thesis is: Interpretation of Ha Jin's works as Metahistorical Fiction; the difference between historicographic metafiction and Linda Hutcheon's interpretation of postmodern novels. Due to space limitations, the author mainly selected Ha Jin's three novels, >War of Waste,< and >Waiting< and >Crazy< for three chapters. The reason is that the three novels are representative works of the author, and the historical background of the narratives of the three novels can basically constitute the change of the history of the entire contemporary China. The identity of the >spokespersonFalse Document< to analyze the historical memory of Chinese prisoners of war during the War of Resistance against US Aggression and Aid in the novel >War of Waste<.– The second chapter mainly analyzes the intertextual juxtaposition of love stories and historical narratives in the novel >Waiting< to explore the relationship between personal pursuit and historical background.– The third chapter intends to use R.D Laing's >The Divided Self: An Existential Study of Sanity and Madness< and Erich Fromm's >The Sane Society< analysis novel >Crazy< to recite history through the mouth of >mad person<. In the process of the transformation of his writing theme, Ha Jin denies his pre->spokesperson< identity.– In the postscript, the author also discussed the contradiction of this theme and the political identity (The Politics of Identity) that Harkin began to explore. He believed that he expected to break away from his controversial >spokesperson< role and become a Chinese American writer. As White's analysis summarizes the various historical cognitions and writing styles of Western Historiography and Philosophy of History, the significance of the paper is that by analyzing Ha Jin's Chinese experience as a material. The novel explores its objective intention of describing history and proposes the possibility of writing another history in an objective, inclusive and pluralistic manner. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yan, Jiezhi T1 - On Distorted Love: Psychoanalytical Interpretation of Toni Morrison’s >Love< [论畸形的爱—托尼•莫里森《爱》的心理解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2010 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 美国黑人女作家托尼•莫里森一直以来都关怀、同情黑人妇女这一边缘群体,并关注黑人女性在充斥着父权制和种族歧视的社会中的命运。在其2003年发表的小说《爱》中,莫里森展示了历史、种族、性别等诸多因素作用下维系黑人民族的最基本的情感-爱,并以爱的扭曲与复原为主线探讨并指出:黑人家庭和社区中诸多矛盾的解决都需要爱的力量。本论文以心理学家弗洛姆和罗杰斯的理论为依据,探讨了畸形之爱产生的原因及解决的方法。首先,论文通过分析《爱》中畸形之爱的表现形式,如畸形的母女关系、黑人女性之间失败的友谊以及畸形的婚姻,展示了黑人女性的边缘化地位。在小说《爱》中,种族歧视和父权制使人与人的关系发生扭曲。爱的异化使深厚的母女感情和纯真的友谊演变为彼此间的敌对和仇恨,婚姻也在这种力量的催化下摇摇欲坠。其次,论文探讨《爱》中畸形之爱产生的原因。父母之爱缺失的转移、人性弱点的投射和父权种族主义的压抑共同产生作用,使原本美好的爱扭曲变形。最后,论文为黑人女性走出畸形之爱指明一条道路。罗杰斯认为人性本善,有自我实现的发展潜力;他创立的当事人中心疗法主张:要真心关怀当事人的感情,在真诚和谐的关系中启发当事人运用自我发展潜力促进自身的健康成长,增强自信心。而在小说《爱》中,黑人女性个体和社区充当的就是心理治疗师的角色。基于以上分析,论文认为:异化的爱虽具极强的摧毁力,但爱作为黑人民族凝聚力的象征,在黑人女性个体和黑人社区的共同努力下得以回归。 N2 - Tony Morrison, a black woman writer in the United States, has always cared and sympathized with the marginalized group of black women and paid attention to the fate of black women in a society full of patriarchy and racial discrimination. In her novel >Love< published in 2003, Morrison showed the most basic emotion-love of the black people under the influence of history, race, gender and other factors, and discussed and pointed out the distortion and restoration of love. The resolution of many contradictions in black families and communities requires the power of love. Based on the theories of psychologists Fromm and Rogers, this thesis explores the causes and solutions of deformed love.– First, the paper demonstrates the marginalization of black women by analyzing the manifestations of deformed love in >Love<, such as the deformed mother-daughter relationship, the failed friendship between black women, and the deformed marriage. In the novel Love, racial discrimination and patriarchy distorted the relationship between people. The alienation of love has transformed the deep mother-daughter relationship and innocent friendship into mutual hostility and hatred. Marriage is also faltering under the catalysis of this power.– Secondly, the paper explores the causes of deformed love in Love. The loss of parental love, the projection of human weakness, and the suppression of patriarchal racism work together to distort the original good love.– Finally, the paper points out a way for black women to get out of deformed love. Rogers believes that human nature is good and has the potential for self-realization; he founded the party center therapy advocate: to truly care for the feelings of the parties, to inspire the parties to use their self-development potential to promote their healthy growth and enhance self-confidence in a sincere and harmonious relationship. In the novel Love, black female individuals and communities act as psychotherapists.– Based on the above analysis, the paper argues that although alienated love is extremely powerful, love is a symbol of the cohesiveness of the black people, and it is backed by the joint efforts of black women and black communities. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wan, Jiezhi T1 - On Distorted Love: Psychoanalytical Interpretation of Toni Morrison’s >Love< [论畸形的爱—托尼•莫里森《爱》的心理解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 美国黑人女作家托尼•莫里森一直以来都关怀、同情黑人妇女这一边缘群体,并关注黑人女性在充斥着父权制和种族歧视的社会中的命运。在其2003年发表的小说《爱》中,莫里森展示了历史、种族、性别等诸多因素作用下维系黑人民族的最基本的情感-爱,并以爱的扭曲与复原为主线探讨并指出:黑人家庭和社区中诸多矛盾的解决都需要爱的力量。本论文以心理学家弗洛姆和罗杰斯的理论为依据,探讨了畸形之爱产生的原因及解决的方法。首先,论文通过分析《爱》中畸形之爱的表现形式,如畸形的母女关系、黑人女性之间失败的友谊以及畸形的婚姻,展示了黑人女性的边缘化地位。在小说《爱》中,种族歧视和父权制使人与人的关系发生扭曲。爱的异化使深厚的母女感情和纯真的友谊演变为彼此间的敌对和仇恨,婚姻也在这种力量的催化下摇摇欲坠。其次,论文探讨《爱》中畸形之爱产生的原因。父母之爱缺失的转移、人性弱点的投射和父权种族主义的压抑共同产生作用,使原本美好的爱扭曲变形。最后,论文为黑人女性走出畸形之爱指明一条道路。罗杰斯认为人性本善,有自我实现的发展潜力;他创立的当事人中心疗法主张:要真心关怀当事人的感情,在真诚和谐的关系中启发当事人运用自我发展潜力促进... N2 - African-American woman Toni Morrison has been concerning and sympathizing with black females’ marginalized position in the mainstream culture. She pays particular attention to the black women’s fate in the oppressive society with patriarchy and racialism. In >Love< published in 2003, Morrison focuses on love which functions as the emotional bond among African-Americans under the impact of history, race and sex. Meanwhile, the psychological thread of distortion and restoration is fully explored through the revelations of the distortion and the healings of love in black families and communities. - The present thesis, based on Fromm and Rogers’ humanistic psychology from the aspects of distorted love and its healings, aims to identify the way how the black females seek love under the despotism.– The first chapter of the thesis reveals the marginalization of black females through the analysis of the distorted relationships in two marriages, mother-daughter relationship and female friendship. In Love, the harmonious human relationship is distorted as the inevitable consequence of racial discrimination and patriarchy. The distorted love turns the once-intimate mother-daughter rela-tionship and the pure friendship into mutual hostility and enmity. And the marriage of black people is on the edge of collapse with the destructive power of distorted love.– Chapter Two of the thesis analyzes the causes of distorted love from the perspective of psychology. Transference, projection and repression are used to interpret the causes of all types of distorted love mentioned in the thesis – The last chapter of the thesis suggests essential solutions to cure the distorted love. Based on Carl R. Rogers’ person-centered therapy, this chapter discloses the outlet and the way how the joint efforts of the black individuals and the whole black community become the indispensable preconditions which can make it possible for black females to harvest a breakthrough from the aspects of unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding. From the above analysis, the thesis contends that, although distorted love is equipped with destructive power, love, as the symbol of black nation’s cohesion, can eventually be restored under the united efforts of black female individuals and black communities. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Deng, Ceng T1 - The Alienation Factors and Ways of Self-salvation in Hemingway’s Works [海明威作品中的异化因素及其自我拯救之路], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2010 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - >异化<是指:在异己力量的作用下,人类丧失了自我与本质,丧失了主体性,丧失了精神自由,丧失了个性,人变成了非人,人格趋于分化。目前评论界的各国研究学者在分析海明威作品时,都承认海明威笔下的世界是一个充满战争、暴力、邪恶、堕落、恐惧和绝望的荒诞世界,充分肯定了海明威对人生异化感、荒诞感、虚无感的体认。本文试图以海明威作品作为研究考察的对象,运用西方马克思异化理论对西方这个荒诞、虚无的异化世界进行深入剖析,讨论分析其包含的异化因素,并探究海明威通过文学书写所积极倡导的反抗异化的人类自我拯救之路。本文共分五个部分,第一部分为引言和文献综述,第二部分析海明威小说中异化因素形成的社会背景及其成因,第三部分分别从社会生产领域、消费领域、人的心理领域三个方面阐述了小说所呈现的的异化因素,第四部分则从塑造硬汉子英雄、建立与大地的联系、远离物化世界回归大自然来分析海明威对抗异化的自我拯救之路。第五部分为结语。笔者以马克思和弗洛姆的异化说为理论支持,通过对海明威作品的解读,探讨涵盖在海明威小说里的异化因素,归纳整理出海明威在面对异化世界的积极自我拯救的抗争之路。 N2 - >Alienation< refers to the situation that, human beings are deprived of ego, nature, their subjectivity, freedom of the spirit, individuality and humanity and their personalities tend to be differentiated under alien forces. While analyzing works of Hemingway, researchers and scholars in contemporary critic circles acknowledge that Hemingway has created a distorted world that is full of wars, violence, evil, corruption, fear and despair and fully affirm his cognition about alienation, absurdity and nihilism of life. With Hemingway’s works as the research specimen, this thesis intends to make detailed analyses of the alienated world that is full of absurdity and nihilism by using Marx’s alienation theory, elaborate on alienation factors in them and explore the way of self-salvation advocated by Hemingway in his literary works to fight against being alienated. - This thesis is composed of five parts. Part one is the introduction and literature review. Part two analyzes social background of alienation factors in Hemingway’s novels. Part three expounds alienation factors in Hemingway’s works from three aspects: social production, consumption and human psychology. Part four analyzes Hemingway’s fighting against alienation and way of self-salvation by creating heroes of tough guys, establishing connection to the Earth, separating from the materialized world and returning to Nature. Part five is conclusion. With the alienation theory of Marx and Fromm serving as the theoretical foundation, this thesis, by interpreting the works of Hemingway, explores the alienation factors in Hemingway’s novels and summarizes the ways of self-salvation when human beings are facing the alienated world. Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Blaha, Georg Richard T1 - Lateinamerikanische Aspekte zu Humanismus und Identität ausgehend von Arbeiten Erich Fromms und Paulo Freires, Master thesis, Philosophy, Faculty of Philosophy and Educational Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 2010, 153 pp. [doi.org/10.25365/thesis.13155] N2 - >Die geschichtliche Aufgabe des Menschen ist es, menschlicher zu werden< – Paulo Freire >Wenn jemand zu stark unterdrückt wird, müssen wir ihm erlauben, weniger unterdrückt zu werden.< – Erich Fromm Es ist Aufgabe der Menschheit, Geschichte miteinander zu erleben, es ist Aufgabe des Menschen, andere von Angst zu befreien. Rationale Wege zur gesellschaftlichen Befreiung von Angst als Basis friedlichen Zusammenlebens sind das zentrale Anliegen meiner philosophischen Arbeiten. Zentral in dieser Arbeit sind die Begriffe Freiheit und Befreiung als Wege aus Angst und Unterdrückung, wofür in der Hauptsache die Werke Furcht Vor Der Freiheit von Erich Fromm und Pädagogik Der Unterdrückten von Paulo Freire behandelt werden. Die Wahl fiel auf diese Autoren, weil sie einander als Flüchtlinge und Exilanten am CIDOC in Cuernavaca trafen, wo in interkultureller Begegnung intensiv diskutiert wurde. Die vorliegende Arbeit umfasst einen historischen Teil, welcher dazu dient, die Herleitung des Gesellschaftscharakters zu illustrieren. Ein weiterer Abschnitt umfasst die Diskussion der beiden genannten Werke, im letzten Kapitel wird das zuvor Erarbeitete hinsichtlich der Begriffe Entfremdung und Angst reflektiert und über den Subjekt-Objekt Begriff der Autoren der Versuch unternommen, mit dem Begriff der Geborgenheit oder Intimität einen Denkweg aus der Angst zu finden. Wir könnten ihn Liebe nennen. N2 - >The historical enterprise of Humanity is, to become more human.< – Paulo Freire >In case a person is oppressed too strongly, we must allow her to become less oppressed.< – Erich Fromm It is the enterprise of mankind to live through history together, it is the enterprise of man to liberate others from fear. Rational Ways towards society's liberation from fear based on peacefully sharing life is the central goal of my philosophical works. In this work the terms Freedom and Liberation are focussed on as ways to leave fear and oppression behind. With this purpose Erich Fromm's >Escape from Freedom< and Paulo Freire's >Pedagogy of the Oppressed< are considered. These authors were picked for their common fate as refugees and exilants at the CIDOC in Cuernavaca, where, gathering interculturally, profound discussions were being held. The present work comprehends historical parts which illustrate the coming forth of the Gesellschaftscharakter. Further chapters discuss the books given above, while in the last chapter the material elaborated through the work is being reflected regarding mainly Alienation and Fear. Subsequently the attempt is being made through the authors use of the terms subject and object to introduce the term >Geborgenheit< – Intimacy as a path of contemplating the relief from fear. Why not call that Love. Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kania, Paweł T1 - Wizja zdrowego społeczeństwa Ericha Fromma [Vision of the Sane Society of Erich Fromm], Master's thesis, Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Poland 2010. Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhou, Feifei T1 - The Language View of Zen – A New Perspective from Integrated Linguistics [禅的语言观—整合语言学提供的新视角], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 2010 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 语言在禅宗中一直以来都是一个备受争议的话题。禅宗一方面提出>不立文字<,另一方面又坚持>不离文字<。对这两种对立观点的历史背景进行一番探索应该也会让我们对禅宗的语言观有更深的了解。但本文没有从这里取道,而是将禅宗中一种重要的语言形式——公案置于本文观照的中心,目的在于从日常交流语境中对禅的语言作一番审视。基于Erich Fromm, Thomas P. Kasulis, Dales Wright and LiuNing Zhou等人的研究,本文一方面展示了这些论著的内部逻辑,另一方面试图通过进一步发展这种逻辑来延伸讨论的方向。通过对这些论著的严密讨论,本文表明在禅宗、心理分析和后现代哲学流派间建立对话的可能性。引用这些论著中的某些比喻,我们可以这样做一番总结:以上研究从把语言作为>过滤器<到把语言作为>水库<;引用这些论著中的某些术语,我们又可以总结:以上研究从>语言<过渡到>行动<,从>公案<过渡到>交流活动<。为了将>公案<置于禅师和学生的日常生活的真实交流场景中,本文考察了整合语言学的理论构思,从两个方面展示了在其与禅宗这两者之间建立对话的可能性。显而易见,两者在挑战传统的语言和交流范畴上异曲同工,更为重要的是,它们都凸显交流活动中的交流主体并比其他语言学研究更重视交流主体的个体性。综上所述,本文希望通过这一全新的研究视角进一步探讨禅宗的语言观。 N2 - Language in Zen Buddhism has long been a disputed topic because of Zen’s ambiguous attitude towards >words< which can be translated as >不立文字<(no dependence upon words and letters) and >不离文字< (dependence upon words and letters). The background of these two contradicting views, though explored, will give us some enlightening views upon this paradox. However, in this thesis, I would like to follow another line which diverts from the historical exploration of the background study, instead focuses on a specific language phenomenon >koan< in an attempt to put it in a real-life communication context. By covering the research done by Erich Fromm, Thomas P. Kasulis, Dales Wright and Liu Ning Zhou, this thesis on the one hand tries to work out the inner logic embodied in these arguments, on the other hand attempts to extend this line of argument by pushing the logic one step further. Deep probing into these arguments also makes explicit how the interaction between Zen Buddhism and psychoanalysis, between Zen Buddhism and post-modern philosophy is possible. Quoting from the metaphors, it is possible to say that these research moves from >language< as >filter< to >language< as >reservoir<; quoting from the terms, it is possible to claim that these research moves from >language< to >acts<, from >koanscommunicational encounters<. This thesis, in its attempt to put >koan< in real-life scenario of communication where Zen master and practitioner are involved, draws on integrational linguistics’ research by exploring the possibilities of establishing a dialogue between Zen Buddhism and integrationism. These two resemble each other in challenging fixed categories of language and communication, not to mention their common concern of communicators involved in these encounters. By putting Zen Buddhism and integrationism under one roof and creating the possible context for them to speak to each other, this thesis, in its audacity, expects to add another perspective of viewing the role of language in attaining Zen enlightenment. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tang, Xiaoqing T1 - Research on Moral Evaluation of Network Communication [网络传播方式的道德评价研究], Master thesis, Ethics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2010. N2 - 道德评价的目的是对不道德的行为形成一种威慑和遏制力,对道德的行为形成一种奖励和鼓动力,并在社会中形成一种向善的价值取向和道德风尚,促进人们道德水平的提升,并最终促进人的全面发展。道德评价对于人们道德的形成和习惯的养成占有一个举足轻重的地位,那么是什么力量促使人们参与道德评价?这个力量形成了一个什么样的道德评价机制?如何进一步完善和践行好这个道德评价机制?带着这些疑问我选择了写这篇论文。本论文是借鉴对中国影响较大学者——如罗国杰、魏英敏等伦理学家的思想,对西方当代影响中国深广的伦理思想家——如萨特、弗洛伊德、弗洛姆等思想进行分析,论证道德评价的社会功能和历史文化意义,并将这些理论分析的观点运用到范美忠事件上,实际地论证道德评价的社会功能。笔者认为,个人的社会利益、良心、名誉是道德评价实现其道德作用的三个最基本的因素,只有在充分调动这三个因素的基础之上,道德评价机制才会得到完善,道德评价作用才会得到充分展现。论文进一步分析了良心和名誉完善的措施,从道德教育和道德修养两个方面来分别阐述激发人的良心和名誉的方法。在网络传播方式中,以范美忠事件为例分析这些方法的实际效果,从而证明道德评价机制实施的可取性和操作性。本论文将理论和实践相结合,以个案分析为手段,具体证实了个人的社会利益、良心和名誉在道德评价中的重要性。网络是社会的延续、拓展和放大器,比现实道德评价更具有舆论场,更能体现道德评价机制的运行。本论文最终阐明了其观点:网络传播方式的道德评价的最终目的不是让公民接受惩罚,而是通过一系列措施形成威慑和遏制力,让公民知道自己的错误之所在,并有悔改之心,唤起所有公民真正的良知,并在社会中形成一种向善的价值取向和道德风尚,促进人们道德水平的提升,并最终促进人的全面发展。 N2 - [The purpose of moral evaluation is to form a deterrent and deterrent effect on unethical behavior, to form a kind of reward and drum motivation for moral behavior, and to form a value orientation and moral fashion in the society, to promote the improvement of people's moral standards and ultimately promote the all-round development of people. Moral evaluation plays a pivotal role in the formation of people's morality and the development of habits. So what forces promote people's participation in moral evaluation? What kind of moral evaluation mechanism is formed by this force? How to further improve and practice this moral evaluation Mechanism? With these questions I chose to write this paper. This thesis draws on the ideas of ethicists who have influenced China, such as Luo Guojie and Wei Yingmin, to carry out contemporary Western ethical thinkers who influence China, such as Sartre, Freud, and Fromm. Analyze and demonstrate the social function and historical and cultural significance of moral evaluation, and apply these theoretical analysis points to Fan Meizhong's incident to actually demonstrate the social function of moral evaluation. The author believes that the individual's social interests, conscience, and reputation are the three most basic factors for moral evaluation to achieve its moral role. Only by fully mobilizing these three factors will the moral evaluation mechanism be improved and the moral evaluation function will be fully demonstrated.– The thesis further analyzes the measures of conscience and reputation improvement, and elaborates the methods of inspiring people's conscience and reputation from the aspects of moral education and moral cultivation. In the mode of network communication, the Fan Meizhong incident is taken as an example to analyze the actual effects of these methods, thus demonstrating the desirability and operability of the implementation of the moral evaluation mechanism.– This thesis combines theory and practice, using case analysis as a means to specifically confirm the importance of individual social interests, conscience and reputation in moral evaluation. The network is a continuation, expansion and amplifier of the society. It is more a public opinion field than the actual moral evaluation, and it can better reflect the operation of the moral evaluation mechanism.– This paper finally clarifies its point: the ultimate goal of the moral evaluation of the mode of network communication is not to let citizens accept punishment, but to form a deterrent and containment through a series of measures to let citizens know where their mistakes are and have repentance. Arouse the true conscience of all citizens, and form a kind of value orientation and morality in the society, promote the improvement of people's moral level, and ultimately promote the all-round development of people.] [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - García Argueta, Ana Flor A1 - et al., T1 - El tratamiento informative que le dio La Prensa Gráfica al tema de homicidios en las páginas noticiosas durante Noviembre de 2009 a Febrero de 2010, Thesis, Journalism, Journalism Department, Faculty of Sciences and Humanities, University of El Salvador, El Salvador 2010, 131+7 pp., Spanish. [repositorio.ues.edu.sv/server/api/core/bitstreams/bb406101-b9a4-44b5-9e28-b58466c55320/content] N2 - [Introduction] En el Salvador el tema de la violencia, específicamente los homicidios se han posicionado en los diferentes medios de comunicación y especialmente en las páginas noticiosas de La Prensa Gráfica, quienes le dan cobertura de principio a fin a estos sucesos. Es por ello que la presente indagación se centró, en el tratamiento periodístico que le dio La Prensa Gráfica al tema de homicidios, durante un periodo determinado. Además explica las características y evolución que presentó el fenómeno en el país. En la presente investigación de carácter cualitativo, se obtuvieron resultados que explicaron cómo fue tratado el fenómeno por este medio y sus comunicadores, pero eso no es todo, resulta más interesante conocer sobre el grado de manipulación existente en la notas que publica. En su primer capítulo, el documento explica cuál es el objeto de la investigación, brinda las pautas necesarias para comprender el fenómeno del tratamiento periodístico de la problemática (homicidios), también encontramos los objetivos, limitaciones y alcances del estudio. En este apartado se podrán encontrar también generalidades como el tipo de investigación y su delimitación espacio– temporal. En el capítulo II, se explican las consideraciones teórico conceptuales, se encuentran definidos aquellos estudios que por su importancia y grado de similitud podrían ser tomados en cuenta como antecedentes de esta investigación; de igual forma, la perspectiva desde la cual se abordó. También contiene el sistema de conceptos necesario para el análisis e interpretación de algunos aspectos del trabajo. En el capítulo III se encuentra la metodología, explica puntualmente el proceder que se siguió en este estudio: La teoría, las técnicas de obtención de datos y los procedimientos de análisis, entre otras cosas. Finalmente, en el cuarto capitulo está la exposición de resultados; esta es la parte más importante, ya que expone la evidencia recabada en la indagación, cumpliendo así los objetivos trazados. Y1 - 2010 ER -