TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yuanyuan T1 - Western Marxist Class Theory and Its Contemporary Value [西方马克思主义阶级理论及其当代价值], Doctoral dissertation, Foreign Marxism Research, Central Party School, Communist Party of China 2015. N2 - 阶级问题是贯穿于西方马克思主义思潮中的重要命题。西方马克思主义阶级理论,不是马克思主义理论的绝对对立物,而是从马克思主义框架中>延异<出来的。西方马克思主义阶级理论,就是对不同历史条件下,资本主义国家阶级阶层状况的总体的分析与判断。在理论上,西方马克思主义阶级理论立足于西方社会阶级阶层状况,反思了阶级变化对整个社会的影响;在实践上,西方马克思主义阶级理论,提出了针对阶级问题的构想与策略;在内容上,西方马克思主义阶级理论,研究了工人阶级及其阶级意识、阶级结构与阶级关系的变化、阶级的生存状况等问题。马克思主义理论、西方哲学文化传统和西方社会分层理论,是西方马克思主义阶级理论的主要思想来源。资本主义社会的历史状况,是西方马克思主义阶级理论的现实基础。西方马克思主义阶级理论,在不同的历史发展阶段呈现出不同的理论形态。在阶级理论的形成期,即20世纪20年代至50年代初,西方马克思主义者研究的主题是工人阶级的阶级意识。早期西方马克思主义者卢卡奇等人认为,西欧无产阶级革命失败的原因在于,无产阶级没有形成自己的阶级意识,在于资本主义对其社会成员的意识形态控制。他们对阶级意识的革命动力作用寄予了深厚的期望,认为阶级意识决定无产阶级革命的历史命运。早期的法兰克福学派,将总结西欧无产阶级革命失败的教训、批判法西斯主义作为主要任务。霍克海默、阿多诺和弗洛姆认为,工人阶级及其组织正在被资本主义制度所包围,工人阶级逐渐丧失了革命和批判意识。因此,唤醒无产阶级的革命热情和批判意识,就成为他们的首要任务。在阶级理论的发展期,即20世纪50年代至70年代初,西方马克思主义者重点关注资本主义阶级结构的变化,并积极探寻变革社会的新的阶级主体。这一时期的法兰克福学派的代表马尔库塞认为,传统的工人阶级无法抵制资本主义强大的力量,已经被融合进资本主义制度中,社会中只有少数的人没有被融合。结构主义者普兰查斯,将资本主义社会中新产生的阶级称为>新小资产阶级<,认为他们在社会结构中处于中间位置。马勒和高兹,将社会中产生的新阶级称为>新工人阶级<,认为他们是变革社会的新兴力量。进入20世纪70年代以来,西方马克思主义者对阶级问题的研究,随着时代条件的转换而调整了关注的主题。由于社会分层更加精细化和多元化,他们重点研究构成阶级的个体。分析学派的马克思主义者从微观的视角研究阶级。这一时期的法兰克福学派,主张通过主体间的交往缓和阶级冲突。生态学马克思主义者通过关切工人阶级的生存境遇,试图探寻一条阶级解放的文明之路。后马克思主义的代表们,试图通过建构多元的、激进的民主来实现政治认同。西方马克思主义阶级理论具有重要的理论价值和现实价值。从理论上来说,西方马克思主义阶级理论,无论是对马克思主义阶级理论,还是对西方马克思主义的发展,或者是对中国阶级阶层研究,都有重要的价值。首先,它证明了马克思主义阶级理论的当代适用性、拓展了马克思主义阶级理论的研究视角、揭示了马克思主义的人本价值意蕴。其次,它为人们从整体上认识西方马克思主义提供了视角、彰显了西方马克思主义的生机与活力、推动了西方马克思主义的传播与发展。再次,它为中国阶级阶层研究提供了思想资源。从实践上说,西方马克思主义阶级理论,为宏观把握世界社会主义运动的发展历程、为客观认识资本主义社会的阶级阶层状况、为正确处理中国社会阶级阶层关系提供了启示 N2 - The question of class is an important topic that runs through Western Marxism thought. The class theory of Western Marxism is not the absolute antithesis of Marxist theory, but an >extension< of it from the Marxist framework. The Western Marxist class theory is the overall analysis and judgment of the class situation in the capitalist countries under different historical conditions. In theory, the western Marxist class theory is based on the class situation in western society, reflecting on the impact of class changes on the whole society; in practice, the western Marxist class theory, put forward the concept and strategy for class problems; in content, the western Marxist class theory, the study of the working class and its class consciousness, class structure and the changes in class relations, the survival of the class and other issues. Marxist theory, Western philosophical and cultural traditions and Western social stratification theory are the main sources of the class theory of Western Marxism. The historical situation of capitalist society is the realistic basis of the class theory of Western Marxism. The class theory of Western Marxism presents different theoretical forms at different stages of historical development. In the formative period of class theory, that is, from the 1920s to the early 1950s, Western Marxists studied the class consciousness of the working class. The early Western Marxists, such as Lukács’s, believed that the failure of the proletarian revolution in Western Europe was due to the failure of the proletariat to form its own class consciousness and to the ideological control of capitalism over the members of its society. They placed deep expectations on the role of class consciousness as the driving force of the revolution, and believed that class consciousness would determine the historical fate of the proletarian revolution. The early Frankfurt School made it its main task to sum up the lessons of the failed proletarian revolutions in Western Europe and to criticize fascism. Horkheimer, Adorno and Fromm believed that the working class and its organizations were being surrounded by the capitalist system, and that the working class was gradually losing its revolutionary and critical consciousness. Therefore, awakening the revolutionary enthusiasm and critical consciousness of the proletariat became their primary task. During the period of development of class theory, i.e. from the 1950s to the early 1970s, the Western Marxists focused on the changes of the capitalist class structure and actively searched for a new class subject to change society. Marcuse, a representative of the Frankfurt School during this period, argued that the traditional working class was unable to resist the powerful forces of capitalism and had been integrated into the capitalist system, leaving only a small minority of society unintegrated. The structuralist Poulantzas, who called the new classes in capitalist society the >new petty bourgeoisie<, believed that they were in the middle of the social structure. Mallet and Gortz, referring to the new classes that emerged in society as the >new working class<, saw them as the emerging force for social change. Since the 1970s, the study of class issues by Western Marxists has adjusted its focus to the changing conditions of the times. As social stratification has become more refined and pluralistic, they have focused on the individuals who constitute class. The Marxists of the Analytical School studied class from a microscopic perspective. The Frankfurt School of this period argued for a lessening of class conflict through inter-subjective interaction. The ecological Marxists tried to find a civilizational path to class emancipation through concern for the living conditions of the working class. The representatives of post-Marxism tried to achieve political identity by constructing a pluralistic and radical democracy. The Western Marxist theory of class has important theoretical and practical values. From a theoretical point of view, the Western Marxist class theory is of great value, whether for the Marxist class theory, the development of Western Marxism, or the study of Chinese class strata. Firstly, it proves the contemporary applicability of Marxist class theory, expands the research perspective of Marxist class theory, and reveals the humanistic value implication of Marxism. Secondly, it provides a perspective for people to understand Western Marxism as a whole, highlights the vitality and vigor of Western Marxism, and promotes the spread and development of Western Marxism. Thirdly, it has provided intellectual resources for the study of the Chinese class. In practice, Western Marxist class theory has provided inspiration for macroscopically grasping the course of development of the world socialist movement, for objectively understanding the class situation in capitalist society, and for correctly handling class relations in Chinese society. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Yuanyuan T1 - On the Early Frankfurt School's Exploration of the Struggle of Ideology [论早期法兰克福学派关于意识形态斗争性的探索] JF - Journal of Linyi University [ 临沂大学学报] No. 4 (2017), pp. 103-109. N2 - 早期法兰克福学派较早地意识到资本主义意识形态渗透的后果,鼓励无产阶级通过意识形态斗争争取革命胜利。霍克海默和阿多诺批判启蒙的工具理性阻碍了无产阶级阶级意识的发展,主张发挥意识形态的功能来反抗资本主义经济的权威和国家的权威,从而构建符合人道的社会。弗洛姆认为逃避自由的心理机制磨灭了人的主体性,只有充分发挥意识形态在革命中的作用,才能恢复人的主体性。 N2 - The early Frankfurt School realized the negative consequences of the infiltration of the capitalist ideology and believed that the key factor for the victory of the proletarian revolution lies in the ideological struggle. Horkheimer and Adornocriticized rationality, the instrumental of Enlightenment, hinders the development of proletarian class consciousness. They advocated the ideological function to fight against the authority of the capitalist economy and the state, with which a humane society can be built. Fromm believed that the psychological mechanism of freedom evade the human subjectivity, and human subjectivity can be restored with the full play of the role of ideology in the revolution. [Automatic translation]. Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yuanyuan T1 - Marx’s View about Alienation of Humans [马克思论人的异化 - 以现代性为视角], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Southwest University of Political Science and Law, Chongqing, China 2017. N2 - 异化理论是马克思哲学理论的重要组成部分,是深入剖析资本主义社会,进而揭示人类社会发展规律,创立历史唯物主义世界观的切入点和突破口。在初涉马克思的异化理论时,必须对>异化<概念做一全面的考察,只有清楚把握了异化这个特殊范畴,才能为随后系统分析马克思异化理论带来指导作用。通过对异化的语义学考察,指出异化这个概念最早不是马克思提出的,其语义也由最初的>脱离上帝<转化为表达主客体的关系。在梳理异化思想的哲学脉络时,不难发现由于异化表示的是一种相对关系,马克思之前的异化研究都是以单一的层面展开的,表现出其局限性。而马克思有别于之前的学者,看到了历史发展进程中的变化,马克思批判地继承前人的理论思想并创造性的提出了异化理论。通过深入分析异化理论,发现在马克思不同时期的著作中都使用了异化概念,然而,马克思并不是脱离现实,抽象的讨论异化概念,而是立足于资本主义社会现实来解释异化。马克思主要以资本主义为背景讨论分析劳动异化、宗教异化等人的异化问题,为更好地理解马克思人的异化观点,尝试把马克思的理论放到一个更常用的视阈中进行分析,即现代性的视角,资本主义是马克思最大的现代性,但现代性也还有更多的意谓。现代性就是在启蒙运动之后至今,社会所表现出来的特征和性质,其实质就是>理性<和>主体性<。资本主义私有制激化了阶级的对立和冲突,从而导致现代化问题,主要表现为现代化进程中人的生存困境、劳动困境、发展困境。在现代社会中,人的异化呈现出新的特征。如:权力异化带来了深层次的社会问题,技术进步加深了劳动异化,财富异化加深了物对人的奴役。与此同时,人们也将遭受人的异化的现实恶果。异化问题阻碍了人的发展与进步。要想摆脱异化对人的影响,认识>资本<的基本属性是前提,认清现实是克服异化的必然要求,消灭私有制,扬弃异化才具有现实可能。马克思从人与社会关系的角度,特别是人的生产关系和建立在其之上的社会分工作为考察人现实存在的一般特点。在对当时社会基本状况进行分析的过程中,对资本主义社会暴露的阶级问题进行了深刻的批判,他揭示了>历史之谜<,并以>每个人自由发展<作为对人异化现象的彻底扬弃的现实标准。通过对马克思对共产主义的理想以及自由而全面发展思想的阐述,指出资本主义私有制和异化的消亡,才是扬弃现代性异化的基本条件。通过对马克思与马尔库塞、弗洛姆异化扬弃思想的比较,指出马克思的异化理论的意义与价值。 N2 - Alienation theory is an important part of Marx’s philosophy, which serves as a significant breakthrough when it comes to deeply analyzing capitalist society, revealing the law of development of human society, and thereby creating Historical materialism world outlook. When entering Marx’s theory of alienation, we must make a comprehensive investigation of the concept >alienation<. Only by clearly grasping this special category about alienation, can it brings guidance to a systematic analysis of Marx’s alienation theory then. Through an investigation about alienation in terms of semantics, it comes to a conclusion that Marx is not the earliest one to put forward the concept of alienation, its meaning also converted from the original >break from god< to expressing the relationship between subject and object. In present philosophical context of alienation, it is not difficult to find that alienation is a kind of relative relationship. Before Marx’s research, the previous researches are based on a single level, which must have some limitations. Marx is different between the previous scholars, he found the changes in the development of history. Marx critically inherited predecessors’ theory and he creatively put forward the theory of alienation. Through analysis of alienation theory in-depth, we found that in different period of time, Marx used the concept of alienation in each of his works. Marx discussed the concept of alienation based on the reality of capitalism society instead of an abstract interpretation which has nothing to do with reality. Marx mainly discusses the labor alienation, the religious alienation and something else on the background of capitalism. For a better understanding of Marx’s alienation in the perspective of human-being, we might as well put the theory of Marx in a more commonly used visual to analyze, namely the perspective of modernization. Capitalism is Marx’s biggest modernity, but modernity has more meaning. Modernity is social performance characteristics and properties since the enlightenment its essence is >rational< and >subjectivity<. The capitalist private ownership have intensified class antagonism and conflict, leading to the problems of modernization, mainly characterized by survival dilemma, labor dilemma and development dilemma in the process of modernization. In the modern society, the alienation of human-being presents new characteristics, for example, power alienation has brought the deep social problems, technological progress deepened labor alienation, wealth alienation deepened human’s slavery to objects. At the same time, people will also suffer from the realistic consequence of the alienation. Alienation problems hinder the development of man. In order to get rid of alienation’s negative effect on people, it is a premise to understand the basic attributes of capital, recognizing the reality is a necessary request to overcome alienation and eliminate the private ownership, then we can turn sublating alienation into reality. From the perspective of the relationship between man and society, particularly from the relationship between relations of production of human-being and the social division of labor established on it, Marx analyzed the general characteristics of human-being. Besides, Marx deeply criticized the class problems exposed in capitalist society in the process of analyzing the basic social situation at that time. He revealed the >mystery of history<, and >the free development of everyone<, which was the realistic standard of eliminating the human alienation’s phenomenon. Through the elaboration of Marx’s ideal of communism and freedom and comprehensive development, it points out that the demise of capitalist private ownership and alienation is the basic condition for abandoning the alienation of modernity. Through the comparison of Marx and Marcuse, Fromm’s alienation thoughts, can we point out the significance and value of Marx’s alienation theory. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2017 ER -