TY - GEN A1 - Xiang, Yan T1 - A Study of Lily Bart’s Alienation in >The House of Mirth< [《欢乐之家》中丽莉•巴特的异化研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 伊迪斯•华顿(1862-1937)是二十世纪美国文学史上重要的女作家,其多数作品主要关注十九世纪末二十世纪初上流社会背景下女性的内心挣扎与精神困境。她的首部成名作品《欢乐之家》围绕女主人公丽莉•巴特展开,讲述她欲入豪门未果,步步跌落至社会底层,最终不堪忍受精神折磨而自杀的故事。二十世纪西方著名理论家埃里希•弗洛姆在马克思的劳动异化理论基础之上,结合弗洛伊德精神分析学,将异化概念引入到了心理学领域。他分析了资本主义社会各个方面的异化,重点阐释了人与自我的异化关系。弗洛姆认为异化无处不在,且人的内心随之出现严重的无力感和疏离感,进而可能导致人的精神危机。弗洛姆指出,人们可通过改良社会和培养爱的能力来消除异化。本论文以埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论为基石,分析《欢乐之家》中女主人公丽莉的异化境遇,旨在从异化角度探索丽莉的悲剧成因,进而体悟作者在作品中体现的人文关怀。除引言和结论外,本论文共有三章。引言部分概述伊迪斯•华顿和她的小说《欢乐之家》,综述《欢乐之家》的相关研究文献并介绍埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论。第一章从三个方面分析丽莉的异化表征:她在浮华都市生活中的异化感,她与其他人的异化关系以及她与自我的异化关系,展现了丽莉在都市生活、社会交往以及个人内心三方面所经历的无力感、孤独感和疏离感。第二章从社会、家庭和个人三个方面分析导致丽莉异化的原因。认为导致主人公异化的社会原因在于当时男权社会对女性的客体化,消费社会对人的抽象化和社会交往中隐形经济规律对人的操控;家庭原因在于主人公父爱的缺失、母亲的控制以及亲人的冷漠;个人原因在于主人公的市场取向性格与缺乏爱的能力。第三章从两个方面探析丽莉为消除异化所做的努力。丽莉感受到了异化带来的心里痛苦与精神折磨,希望通过积极培养爱的能力和努力建构自我身份来消除异化感,但却没能成功消除异化。结论部分指出:通过分析《欢乐之家》中丽莉的异化表现及原因,可以看出,丽莉感受到了异化带来的心里痛苦与精神折磨,希望通过培养爱的能力和建构自我身份来消除异化感。虽然丽莉最终精神彻底崩溃选择了自杀,未能走出异化的泥沼,但主人公为消除异化做出了巨大的挣扎与努力。它警醒人们异化给人带来的无力感、孤独感和疏离感,启示人们可通过培养爱自己和爱他人的能力来克服异化,实现人的完整性. N2 - Edith Wharton(1862-1937) is an important woman writer in the history of American literature in the twentieth century. Most of her works focus on women’s mental struggle and spiritual dilemma which appear in the upper class between the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century. Her first well-known work >The House of Mirth< centers on Lily Bart and tells a story how Lily fails in hunting for a husband with wealth and a high social status in the upper class and how she falls down step by step to the bottom of society. At last she commits suicide because she can not stand her mental suffering and spiritual torture. Erich Fromm, a well-known Western theorist in the twentieth century introduces the concept of alienation into the field of psychology by combining Marx’s alienated labor theory with Freudian psychoanalysis theory. He analyzes man’s alienation in every aspect of the capitalist society and emphatically explains the alienated relationship of man with himself. Fromm maintains that alienation pervades everywhere and it brings serious powerlessness and isolation in man’s heart which may lead to man’s spiritual crisis. Fromm points out that by the social revolution and the cultivation of the capacity for love can man get rid of alienation. This thesis, based on the alienation theory of Erich Fromm, analyzes Lily’s alienation in The House of Mirth, aiming for exploring the reason for her tragedy and sensing the writer’s deep concern with human beings. Besides Introduction and Conclusion, there are three chapters in the thesis. In Introduction a general introduction is provided including Edith Wharton >The House of Mirth< the literature review on this novel and Erich Fromm’s alienation theory.– In Chapter One the manifestation of Lily’s alienation is revealed from three aspects: her alienated experience in the ostentatious metropolitan life the alienated relationship between her and other characters and the alienated relationship of Lily with herself. exposing her experience of powerlessness, loneliness and isolation in the metropolitan life, in social interactions and in her inner heart.– In Chapter Two the causes for Lily’s alienation are analyzed from the social. familial and personal perspectives. From the social aspect, her alienation results from the objectification of the patriarchal society. the abstractification of the consumption society and the manipulation of implicit economic laws in social interactions. From the familial aspect it is caused by the absence of her father’s love, the domination of her mother and the indifference of her relatives. From the personal aspect, it is caused by her marketing orientation character and her lack of the incapacity for love.– In Chapter Three Lily’s resistance to alienation is explored from two aspects. Lily senses the mental suffering and spiritual torture brought by alienation and she hopes to resist the alienation by actively cultivating the capacity for love and constructing her identity. However, she fails to get rid of her alienation. In Conclusion, it is pointed out that Lily senses the mental pain and spiritual torture brought by alienation by analyzing Lily’s alienation and the causes for her alienation. She hopes to get rid of alienation by cultivating the capacity for love and constructing her identity. Although Lily is not able to walk out of her alienation and finally commits suicide with her spiritual disintegration, she makes great efforts to resist alienation. Her tragedy warns people to be alert to the powerlessness, loneliness and isolation brought by alienation and enlightens people to get rid of alienation and achieve their integrity by cultivating their capacity to love others and themselves. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yan, Rui T1 - An Analysis of the Tragedy in >Everything I Never Told You< from the Perspective of Fromm’s Theory of Love [弗洛姆爱的理论视角下的《无声告白》悲剧分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 《无声告白》是80后美籍华裔女作家伍绮诗的小说处女作,2014年6月26日由企鹅出版社出版。该作问世后好评如潮,不仅跃升为《纽约时报》畅销书,还于同年荣登美国亚马逊年度最佳图书榜首。这部小说以第三人称全知视角讲述了一个跨种族婚姻家庭成员间所经历的情感危机以及由此造成的悲剧。目前国内外学术界关于《无声告白》的研究视角多集中在族裔理论、女性主义、身份理论、家庭教育上,还未有系统阐述隐藏在这些题材之后的>爱的问题<。本文以埃瑞克•弗洛姆主要在其《爱的艺术》一书中提出的爱的理论为指导,通过对《无声告白》中莉迪亚死因的分析,启发人们如何去爱自己以及身边的人。全文共分为六个章节:第一章简要介绍了伍绮诗本人的生活经历及其小说《无声告白》的创作背景和媒体评价,总结了至目前为止国内外对《无声告白》的相关研究成果,并阐述了本文的选题依据和研究意义。第二章是本文的理论部分,介绍了埃瑞克•弗洛姆爱的理论的提出背景,阐述了爱的理论的核心内容——>爱是对人类生存问题的回答<、>病态的爱<、>爱的实践<,最后简要概述了《无声告白》与弗洛姆爱的理论之间的联系。第三章主要探讨了《无声告白》中悲剧的>序幕<——由于>与众不同<的外貌从小备受歧视的詹姆斯,在一次次融入美国社会的绝望挣扎中愈发自卑敏感,通过对这一性格缺陷的剖析,呼吁人们客观看待人与人之间的关系,以博爱凝聚团结。第四章主要阐释了《无声告白》中悲剧的>高潮<——詹姆斯和他的妻子玛丽琳由于沟通缺失导致的婚姻危机,探讨了维持夫妻关系和睦的>爱的要素<,即彼此之间坦诚的沟通和交流。第五章主要分析了《无声告白》中悲剧的>结尾<——莉迪亚以放弃自我为代价来满足父母过高的期望,通过对莉迪亚父母>施虐倾向<和莉迪亚>受虐倾向<的批判,指出父母不要过多干预孩子的成长,要给孩子自由发展的空间。第六章是本文的结论部分,总结了《无声告白》的悲剧成因:父亲詹姆斯自卑敏感的性格缺陷引发婚姻危机,夫妻之间的不坦诚导致家庭关系濒临破碎,生活在这种氛围下的莉迪亚,默默承受着父母令人窒息的>爱<,最终迷失自我,选择自杀。为了避免类似家庭悲剧的发生,文章最后呼吁人们学会客观、理智、真诚地对待自己以及身边的人。 N2 - >Everything I Never Told You<, which was published on June 26, 2014 by the Penguin Press, is the debut novel of Chinese American post-80s woman writer Celeste Ng. Upon its release, the novel has won many praises from the media and received many awards such as the New York Times bestseller and Amazon’s No. 1 Best Book of 2014. Based on the omniscient perspective of the third person, this novel presents us an emotional crisis among the family members from a interracial marriage and the resulting tragedy. At Present, academic researches on this novel at home and abroad seem to be mainly about racialism, feminism and the criticism of identity and family education, without specially revealing the love problems beyond those themes. Guided by Erich Fromm’s theory of love which is mainly put forward in his book >The Art of Loving<, this thesis endeavors to apply a detailed analysis to the causes of Lydia’s death in Everything I Never Told You, with the purpose to give some enlightenment on how to love ourselves and those around us. This thesis consists of six chapters: The first chapter provides a brief introduction to the author Celeste Ng and the novel >Everything I Never Told You<, summarizes the current literature review of the novel, and presents the rationale for selecting the theme and the significance of this thesis.– The second chapter focuses on the theoretical basis of the thesis. It gives an introduction of the theoretical background of Erich Fromm’s theory of love, offers a further explanation of the essential content of the theory, which contains love as >the answer to the problem of human existence<, >the pathology of love< and >the practice of love<, and finally makes a brief statement of the internal connections between >Everything I Never Told You< and Fromm’s theory of love.– The third chapter deals with the prologue of the tragedy in >Everything I Never Told You< — James, being discriminated for his different appearance from childhood, was stricken by his increasing sense of inferiority and sensitivity after helpless struggling to be in conformity with the American society. By analyzing the defect in James’ character, it appeals for human solidarity through the practice of brotherly love, and the objectivity to examine the relationship between nations and individuals – The fourth chapter discusses the climax of the tragedy in >Everything I Never Told You< — the marriage crisis caused by the lack of communication between James and his wife Marilyn, and explores the >elements of love< to maintain a harmonious relationship between husband and wife, namely, effective communication with sincerity.– The fifth chapter analyzes the epilogue of the tragedy in >Everything I Never Told You< — Lydia lived up to her parents’ excessive expectations at the expense of losing herself. By criticizing the masochistic tendency of Lydia and the sadistic tendency of her parents, it concludes that parents should have rational faith in the potentialities of free development of their children rather than excessive intervention.– The sixth chapter is the conclusion part of the thesis. It concludes the tragedy causes in >Everything I Never Told You< — marriage crisis resulted from the inferiority and sensitivity of Lydia’s father, teetering atmosphere of the family caused by reticence between Lydia’s parents, lostness of oneself under suffocating love of parents. All of these above motivate Lydia’s suicide. To avert such family tragedies, this thesis calls on people in the end to love themselves and others with objectivity, knowledge and faith. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yan, Xinling T1 - Liberty and Faith – A Comparison of the Spiritual Cores of Dostoevsky’s >Crime and Punishment< and Nabokov’s >Despair< [自由与信仰—陀思妥耶夫斯基《罪与罚》与纳博科夫《绝望》精神内核之比较], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Xi'an International Studies University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - >自由与信仰<一直是人类精神维度的重要主题,也为陀思妥耶夫斯基与纳博科夫所共同关注。作家表现出的>自由与信仰<并非是简单意义上的浅尝辄止或和睦共存,而是通过对双重人格在人性深处的投射,不仅揭示出>自由与信仰<时刻处于对峙状态,充满冲突与纠葛的紧张关系,而且将>自由与信仰<所引发的对个体存在意义方面的形而上的思考以及现代性精神危机的可怕后果一同显露出来。本论文运用新批评法、比较文学平行研究法,以尼采、叔本华、萨特、弗洛姆、阿德勒等现代西方哲学家、心理学家的相关思想理论为依据,以陀思妥耶夫斯基的《罪与罚》和纳博科夫的《绝望》为研究对象,在个体自由与信仰建构的形而上层面,分析、比较和挖掘作品《罪与罚》和《绝望》的内在意蕴,探索两位作者在追寻自由和信仰背后的灵魂归处。二位作者运用超人哲学塑造出不同类型的双重人形象,对个体的存在价值及拥有的权力进行不同的尝试与选择,将存在主义的自由观和基督教信仰间的逻辑勾联于同一思想界面,在赋予主人公彻底与极端的自由性的同时,也使其失去了自我归属,意在表达对>唯我论<彻底的否定,从而说明个体存在需要信仰的支撑。尽管二者作品中主人公对宗教信仰持不同态度,但其最终结局均肯定了陀思妥耶夫斯基与纳博科夫相信某种神性力量的存在,都强调了个体在面对苦难、罪恶时要汲取宗教精神,摆脱困境的理念,最终使某种超验性对个体人类精神方面的影响与帮助得以确认。本论文通过对两位作家作品的比较分析,得出富有新意的结论:《绝望》与《罪与罚》在精神层面既共通又有不同的价值取向。在对个体存在不断设问与解疑过程中,引领读者踏上属于自己灵魂皈依之路,为深处精神危机的当代人类提供一定的借鉴与思考。 N2 - >Liberty and Faith< have always been an important theme of human spiritual dimension, and it is concerned both by Fyodor Dostoevsky and Vladimir Nabokov. The theme expressed by writers is not staying on the surface or a harmonious coexistence but through applying the projection of a double personality in deep humanity. The authors not only reveal the opposition which is full of conflicts and disputes between liberty and faith, and the tension between conflict and entanglement but also revealed their thinking of the meaning of individual existence on metaphysics which caused by ‘freedom and faith’ and the terrible consequences of modern spiritual crisis. This paper is meant to analyze, compare and explore the implication of Dostoevsky’s > Crime and Punishment< and Nabokov’s > Despair< applying the method of new criticism and comparative literature parallel research, according to the theories of Nietzsche, Schopenhauer, Sartre, Fromm, Adler, and other modern western philosophers, based on the aspect of individual freedom and metaphysical belief construction, exploring the two authors’ pursuit to freedom and faith. The two authors create different types of double image applying the superman philosophy, attempt to reach the individual value and the rights they own, depriving the hero’s self attribution while giving him extreme freedom, trying to express the complete deny to >solipsism<, showing that the existence of individual needs the support of faith. The heroes in this two works hold different attitudes on religious faith, but the end both affirm that Dostoevsky and Nabokov believe in the existence of the god and emphasize that the individual must derive the religious spirit and the heart out of dilemma in face of suffering and evil, eventually confirming the influence and help of transcendence to individual. This paper draws an innovative conclusion by comparing and analyzing the two works. They have common but different value in the spiritual level. The two works leads the readers to take the path of their own spiritual conversion in the process of continuous questioning and answering the existence of individual, offering the reference and thinking for the contemporary people who are thrown into deep spiritual crisis. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yan, Shijiao T1 - Ben Agger’s Theory of Consumption Alienation and Its Enlightenment [本•阿格尔异化消费理论及其启示], Master thesis, Philosophy, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China 2018. N2 - 消费在人类的生活中扮演着十分重要的角色,消费把人与人、人与物密切地联系起来。在异化的消费中,消费成了目的自身,即人类为了消费而消费。本文以本•阿格尔的异化消费理论为研究对象,本•阿格尔是生态学马克思主义的主要代表人物,他在继承与发展威廉•莱易斯生态学马克思主义的基础上,逐步建立了自己的异化消费理论体系。本•阿格尔的异化消费理论,以马克思的异化劳动思想,马尔库塞的>虚假需求<理论,弗洛姆的异化思想以及莱易斯的生态危机思想为理论渊源。在他看来,异化消费是一种独特的消费现象,是工人为摆脱劳动中缺少自我表达之自由而进行的消费行为。与此同时,他认为马克思所言经济危机已经不符合对于资本主义社会危机的分析,因为资本主义社会并未出现马克思所说的社会革命,反而是消费领域出现的生态危机将代替经济危机成为新的社会危机。异化消费行为既有积极影响也有消极影响,最严重的消极影响莫过于异化消费造成了生态危机。为了克服异化消费、解决生态危机,阿格尔提出两个解决路径,一个是>期望破灭了的辩证法<,另一个是通过实行分散化和非官僚化来改造资本主义工业社会。这两个方法分别从个人以及工业生产的维度直接或间接地解决异化消费问题。本•阿格尔的异化消费理论虽然丰富和发展了生态学马克思主义,但同样存在理论上的不足,这一点需要辩证地看待。就其实践意义而言,它对>美丽中国<建设起到积极的指导作用。这一理论告诉我们,只有树立正确的消费理念、秉持健康的消费方式、形成积极的生态观念,才能实现人自身的和谐发展,以及经济与生态环境的全面协调可持续发展。 N2 - Consumption has played an important role in human life, which established connections between people, between people and objects. However, in the alienated one, it has been the end in itself, namely, the purpose of human consumption is for nothing but itself. The study object in this thesis was the Consumption Alienation Theory from Ben Agger, a main representative of Ecological Marxism, who has established his own theoretical system gradually on the basis of Ecological Marxism of William Leiss. Regarding the Alienated Labor Thought of Marx, False Need Theory of Herbert Marcuse, Fromm’s Idea of Alienation and the Ecological Crisis Thought of William Leiss as the theoretical basis, Ben Agger established the Consumption Alienation Theory. As far as he was concerned, alienated consumption is a unique consumption phenomenon, which is another kind of consumption behavior from the workers to show that they were eager to express themselves freely. Meanwhile, he thought the economic crisis argued by Karl Marx has not met analysis of the capitalist social crisis. Because the social revolution raised by Marx did not appear in the capitalist society. Instead, the ecological crisis arisen in the consumer sector would replace the economic crisis and be the social crisis. Alienated consumption behavior has both a positive influence and a negative effect. The most serious negative effect would be that the alienated consumption has caused ecological crisis. In order to overcome the alienated consumption and solve the ecological crisis, two solutions were put forward by Agger. One is disillusioned dialectics, and the other is to transform the capitalist industrial society through decentralization and non-bureaucratization. These two methods solve the problem of alienated consumption directly or indirectly from the dimension of individual and industrial production. Although the alienated consumption from Ben Agger enriched and developed the Ecological Marxism, there were also many deficiencies in theory, however, this should be treated dialectically. In terms of its practical significance, it would play a guiding role on the construction of Beautiful China. According to this theory, the harmonious development of human beings and the comprehensive and sustainable development of economy and ecological environment would be realized by establishing the correct consumption concept, adopting healthy consumption pattern and forming a positive ecological concept. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER -