TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Yan T1 - An Interpretation of Marx's Concept of Humanism in Eastern European New Marxism – Heller’s Criticism of Fromm’s Humanistic Theory of Marx 东欧新马克思主义对马克思人的概念的解读—从赫勒对弗洛姆人学理论的批判谈起 JF - Journal of Soochow University (Philosophy & Social Science Edition) 苏州大学学报(哲学社会科学版), No. 6 (2016), pp. 15-21. N2 - 东欧新马克思主义与西方马克思主义的人本主义流派均属于人道主义的马克思主义传统,但二者却存在根本性的差异。赫勒批判了弗洛姆对马克思人的概念的抽象理解,提出第二天性>内部筑入说<,区分了人的本质与人的本性。马尔库什分析了人的本质的三个要素:劳动、社会性、意识,强调人的本质概念必须内含批判的维度并指向>应该<,主张把人的本质概念与马克思的历史概念结合在一起。马尔科维奇区分了规范的人的本质概念和描述的人的本质概念,强调二者是不可分离的。沙夫认为社会主义的人道主义是具体的、历史的,应以历史唯物主义为基础,并且是一种战斗的人道主义。东欧新马克思主义的人道主义理论及其对马克思人的概念的解读至今仍具有重要的启示意义。 N2 - Both the new Marxism in Eastern Europe and the Western Marxist humanist genre belong to the humanistic tradition of Marxism, but there are fundamental differences between the two. Heller criticized Fromm's abstract understanding of the Marxist concept and proposed the second-day >internal structure<, which distinguishes human nature from human nature. Marcus analyzed the three elements of human essence: labor, sociality, consciousness, emphasis on the essence of human beings must contain a critical dimension and point to >should<, advocating the concept of human nature and Marx's historical concept together. Markovic distinguishes between the normative concept of human nature and the concept of human nature, emphasizing that the two are inseparable. Shafu believes that socialist humanitarianism is concrete and historical and should be based on historical materialism and is a kind of fighting humanitarianism. The humanitarianism of the new Marxist theory in Eastern Europe and its interpretation of the Marxist concept still have important implications. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Yan T1 - The Concept of >Human Nature< in the Eastern European Neo-Marxist Perspective – A Review of Marcuse's Interpretation of Marx's Concept of >Human Nature< [东欧新马克思主义视域中的>人的本质<概念——评马尔库什对马克思>人的本质<概念的解读] JF - Social Sciences Abroad [国外社会科学], No. 1 (2013), pp. 27-35. N2 - 本文聚焦于东欧新马克思主义理论家马尔库什对马克思>人的本质<概念的解读。在《马克思主义与人类学》中,马尔库什试图将马克思的>人的本质<概念与历史概念缝合在一起,进而阐明马克思的唯物史观。在有效区分>人的本性>和>人的本质<的基础上,他剖析了>人的本质<概念的三个要素:劳动、社会性和意识,并揭示出人的本质不是一切时代每个人类个体所必然具备的特性的总和,而是人类的真实的历史存在的那些特性,即自由、普遍性和主体性的实现。马尔库什对马克思>人的本质<概念的解读,秉承了卢卡奇人道主义马克思主义的基本思路,同时又有效避免了弗洛姆和阿尔都塞的理论缺陷,在一定程度上超越了西方马克思主义理论家的基本理路,对我们深入理解马克思思想具有重要的参考价值。 N2 - This paper focuses on Eastern European Neo-Marxist theorist Marcuse's interpretation of Marx's concept of >human essence<. In Marxism and Anthropology, Marcuse attempts to stitch together Marx's concept of >human essence< and the concept of history, and thus clarify Marx's materialistic view of history. On the basis of the effective distinction between >human nature< and >human essence<, he analyzes the three elements of the concept of >human essence<: labor, sociality, and consciousness, and reveals that human essence is not the sum of the characteristics that every individual human being necessarily possesses in all times, but those characteristics of the real historical existence of human beings, namely, freedom, universality, and the realization of subjectivity. Marcuse's interpretation of Marx's concept of >human essence< follows the basic idea of Lukács' humanistic Marxism, while effectively avoiding the theoretical defects of Fromm and Althusser, and to a certain extent transcends the basic theories of Western Marxist theorists. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 6/2023] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Quan, Yan T1 - Human Alienation and Its Way Out [人的异化及其出路], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, CPC Zhejiang Provincial Party School, China 2014. N2 - 当今时代科学技术迅猛发展,人类在自身的发展过程中取得了巨大的物质财富,同时也在某种程度上陷入了生存的困境,面临着异化的危机。马克思早在一百多年前就提出了异化概念,至今异化问题仍然是学术研究的一个热门领域。很多学者,特别是西方马克思主义对当今的社会特别是发达的资本主义社会当中存在的异化现象进行了比较深入和系统的研究。他们从各个领域分别对异化的具体表现进行了细致入微的分析,将异化给人类带来的负面影响刻画得入木三分。同时,包括马克思及其他学者在内,他们也尝试着提出了自己对于解决异化问题的思路。比如卢卡奇、列斐伏尔提出来以总体性来消除异化的观点,他们认为要扬弃异化首先必须从哲学上恢复对总体性的认识,只有揭示物化意识并且培养起无产阶级的阶级意识,才能使无产者成为社会现实的改造者。马尔库塞以及生态学马克思主义者从技术的角度探讨了消除异化的可能,他们主张发展能将科技与艺术结合起来的新技术以及发展小规模的技术,以此来试图逃避异化的命运。弗洛姆等人则探讨了通过革命来消除异化的可能。国内的学者受西方学者的影响较大,他们也提出了自己关于异化出路的一些思考。作者通过自己的阅读与思考,尝试从文化的层面来探讨异化的出路问题。文章共分为四个部分。第一章是导论部分,主要说明了文章的选题意义以及国内外对该问题的研究现状。第二章重点阐释了异化概念的内涵及异化的具体表现,主要是从资本、交往、劳动、文化以及消费等几个领域来分析其具体表现的。第三章分析了异化产生的根源,先通过分析将几种异化类型归结为资本异化和技术异化两种,紧接着从精神层面分析指出人们的贪念与好逸恶劳、投机取巧是这两种异化产生的心理基础,这可以从文化层面入手为减少异化做出努力。第四章接着前一章进一步分析了异化的出路。这一部分首先给出了前人的研究成果,然后通过分析给出了自己的答案,主张通过复兴中国传统文化中的优秀成分为人类有效地避免异化提供精神上的帮助。 N2 - Now with the rapid development of science and technology, human made great achievements in its development process of the material possessions, at the same time also fell into the dilemma of survival, facing a deep sense of alienation. Alienation is still a hot area of academic research today. Marx put forward the concept of alienation as early as one hundred years ago, but the alienation phenomenon that Marx said still exists in today’s society. Many scholars, especially the western Marxism have a deep and systematic study of alienation phenomenon in modern society especially in the developed capitalist society. They have carefully analyzed the manifestation of alienation from various fields. At the same time, including Marx and others, they put forward train of thought to solve the problem of alienation. Lukács and Lefebvre put forward the opinion of eliminating the alienation overall. They insist that we should recover the understanding of overall to abandon the alienation. Only by revealing materialized consciousness and cultivating class consciousness of the proletariat, can proletarians be shapers of social reality. Marcuse and Ecology Marxism discussed the way to eliminating alienation from the perspective of technology. They advised that develop small-scale technology or new technology that could combine technology with art, trying to avoid the fate of alienation. Fromm thought that revolution could eliminate alienation. Scholars in China are deeply influenced by the western scholars, putting forward their thoughts about the way of alienation. After reading and thinking individually, the author study the way out of alienation from the perspective of culture, putting forward the idea of eliminating alienation by renaissance of Chinese traditional culture. This passage consists of four parts. The first chapter is introduction which mainly illustrates selected topic significance of the article and the domestic and foreign research status quo of the problem.– The second chapter analyses the connotation of the concept of alienation and the alienation of the manifestation, analyzing its performance mainly from several areas such as capital, exchanges, labor, culture and consumption.– The third chapter analyzed the root causes of alienation. They could come down to capital alienation and technology alienation, followed by the root causes of them.– The fourth chapter further analyzes the way out of alienation after previous chapter. This part firstly presents the predecessors’ research results, and then gives his answer through the analysis. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yan T1 - On Fromm’s Modern Comment on the Dilemma of Human Existence [论弗洛姆对人生存困境的现代性批判], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changshun, Jilin, China 2007. N2 - Erich Fromm was a renowned psychologist, sociologist and philosopher of the 20th century and the founder of humanistic psychoanalysis. In the field of psychology, he is a representative of the cultural school of psychoanalysis, and in the field of philosophy, he is one of the representatives of the Frankfurt School and of >Western Marxism<. He has written extensively and his scholarly activity covers the fields of philosophy, ethics, psychology, sociology and religious studies. The question of human existence runs through his thought. At the heart of Erich Fromm's teachings are the dilemmas of modern human existence and the way out. He was not concerned with a few mentally ill people or self-actualized people, but with the dilemmas of survival and the answers to the questions of the majority of people. The main body of the paper is divided into three parts: the first part is devoted to presenting Fromm's modern understanding of the human dilemma. Through >Escape from Freedom<, >Man for Himself< and >The Sane Society<, Fromm has made a comprehensive analysis of the survival situation of modern man and concluded that >escape from freedom and alienation< are the unique dilemmas of modern man's life. According to Fromm, the common human existence has given rise to three kinds of contradictions, namely, the contradiction between life and death, the contradiction between the transience of life and the infinity of potential, and the contradiction between individuation and loneliness. In order to resolve these existential contradictions, people develop various spiritual needs. The social personality and the social unconscious are the ways in which people meet these needs in certain situations. >The existential contradictions of >individualization and loneliness< dictate that people both relentlessly pursue freedom and, at the same time, escape in various ways from the >negative freedom< that is so prevalent in today's society. Man's alienation as manifested in Western society.– The second part aims to provide a comprehensive overview and exploration of Fromm's modern critical thinking on the dilemma of human existence. Fromm proposes two solutions to the dilemma of human existence. In order to eliminate the alienation of human nature and achieve a >sound society<, Fromm argues that one is to develop the capacity for reason and love, and the other is to carry out a comprehensive >social reform< of the politics, economy and culture of capitalist society.– The third part is an evaluation of Fromm's anthropological thought on the basis of the Marxist anthropological point of view, based on the preceding comprehensive and systematic introduction of Fromm's anthropological thought. Fromm's thought on human nature is not only of great theoretical significance, but also has important reference significance for the soundness and development of human nature in the construction of China's socialist modernization. [Automatic translation] N2 - 埃利希·弗洛姆是20世纪著名的心理学家、社会学家和哲学家,人本主义精神分析学的创始人。在心理学领域,他是精神分析文化学派的代表人物和集大成者;在哲学领域,他又是法兰克福学派和>西方马克思主义<的代表人物之一。他著述颇丰,学术活动涉及哲学、伦理学、心理学、社会学和宗教学等领域。人的生存问题则贯穿其思想的始终。埃利希·弗洛姆学说的核心是现代人的生存困境与出路。他一生的研究工作都是围绕现代工业化商品经济社会里人的生存处境和心态问题来展开的,他关心的不是少数心理疾病患者或自我实现者,而是大多数人的生存困境和解答问题。本文主体共分三个部分:第一部分主要是介绍弗洛姆对人的生存困境的现代理解。弗洛姆他通过《逃避自由》、《追寻自我》、《健全的社会》,对现代人的生存状况进行了,全面的剖析得出>逃避自由和异化<是现代人特有的生活困境。弗洛姆认为,人类共同的生存境遇产生了三种生存矛盾即生与死、生命的短暂与潜能的无限、个体化与孤独感的矛盾。为了解决这些生存矛盾,人产生了种种精神需要。社会性格和社会无意识是人们在一定处境下满足这些需要的方式。>个体化与孤独感<的生存矛盾决定了人们既要不懈地追求自由,又以各种方式逃避>消极的自由<,这种>消极的自由<在当今的西方社会中表现为人的异化。第二部分旨在对弗洛姆的人的生存困境的现代批判思想进行全面的梳理与探究。弗洛姆针对人的生存困境提出了他的两种解答方案。为了消除人性的化异,达到一个>健全的社会<,弗洛姆认为一个是要大力发展理性与爱的能力,另一个具体措施是要对资本主义社会的政治、经济、文化进行一场全面>的社会改革<。第三部分主要是在前面——弗洛姆的人学思想全面系统地介绍的基础上,依据马克思主义的人学观点对弗洛姆的人学思想进行评价。弗洛姆的人性思想不仅具有重大的理论意义,而且对我国社会主义现代化建设中人性的健全与发展具有重要的借鉴意义。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Yan T1 - On the Dual Connotations of Zhuangzi's Ideas about Freedom [论庄子自由思想的双重内涵] JF - Journal of Puyang Vocational and Technical College [濮阳职业技术学院学报], No. 2 ( 2016), pp. 35-36, 91. N2 - 弗洛姆在《逃避自由》中提出了著名的自由理论,他认为自由具有两种含义,即积极的自由和消极的自由。在庄子的思想中同样具有这两种不同的自由。从社会现实层面上看,庄子将>人间世<视为一个充满了苦痛和无奈的地方,所以他只好逃离现实,把期望寄托于理想之中,幻化出一个自由的理想世界,追求一种没有世俗羁绊和利害关系的自由的人生。这是一种纯粹的形而上的自由理念,完全脱离现实,在某种程度上是一种消极避世的自由观;但是从人与宇宙自然的关系层面上看,他把精神自由转换为一种审美自由,又具有一定的积极意义。 N2 - In >Escaping Freedom<, Fromm developed his famous theory of freedom, in which he argued that freedom has two meanings, positive freedom and negative freedom. In Zhuangzi's thought there are also these two different kinds of freedom. From a social reality point of view, Zhuangzi saw the >earthly world< as a place full of suffering and helplessness, so he had to flee from reality and place his hopes in an ideal, to conjure up an ideal world of freedom, the pursuit of a free life free of worldly bonds and stakes. This is a purely metaphysical concept of freedom, completely detached from reality, which is to some extent a negative view of freedom; however, from the perspective of the relationship between man and the universe and nature, his transformation of spiritual freedom into an aesthetic freedom has a certain positive significance. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Su, Yan T1 - [Looking Back on the Lost Spiritual Homeland: Myth – A Study of Literary Translation [回望失落的精神家园:神话—原型视阈中的文学翻译研究], Doctoral dissertation, English Language and Literature, Nankai University, Tianjin, China 2009 [application of Fromm’s theories to art]. T2 - This study is on an interdisciplinary theoretical construction with specific application to translations of the metaphorical literary works modeled on the mythical archetypes It is also a response to some translation theorists' call for a return to transl N2 - This study is on an interdisciplinary theoretical construction with specific application to translations of the metaphorical literary works modeled on the mythical archetypes It is also a response to some translation theorists' call for a return to translation studies proper, which reflects their increasing worries about the skepticism resulting from the >deconstructive paradigm< and about the tendency to replace translation studies with political concerns in the >cultural turn<. It contends that there should be a return to both literariness as well as language in literary translation. Since anything in existence often exhibits its nature in its origin, such a return entails going all the way back to the ultimate origin of language and literature-myth. By introducing myth-archetype theory into literary translation studies, the author attempts to find a way out of the impasse of deconstructive paradigm by returning to the origin, universality and wholeness of literature. The dissertation stresses universality behind differences and order behind fragmentation, hoping to help translators and translation researchers restore their holy worship for the origination of both language and literature. Quite different from traditional translation studies which overstress rationality, it highlights the unconscious elements involved in literary translation by attending to the poetic effects of translations and the translators' somatic experience. It is especially applicable to translation criticism of metaphorical literary works modeled on mythical archetypes. The whole dissertation consists of five parts. The first part makes a brief review of relevant studies on myths and archetypes. The second part provides justifications for the introduction of myth-archetype theory into literary translation studies. The third part includes three chapters altogether and conducts a tentative investigation into three basic theoretical problems of literary translation studies in the perspective myth-archetype theory. The fourth part intends to construct a translation criticism method on the basis of Northrop Frye's >stand-back< method of myth-archetype criticism. The fifth part applies this method in translation criticism practice. The first chapter makes a brief review of relevant studies on myths and archetypes in different ages and disciplines to clear the ground for subsequent theoretical construction. It shows that >myth< and cultural turn< in translation studies. On the whole, this chapter borrows a lot from Northrop Frye's ideas. From Chapter Three to Chapter Five, in the perspective of myth-archetype theory, the author re-examines three basic theoretical issues of literary translation, namely, the translatability of literary works, the nature of literary translation and the translator's psychic structure. Translatability accounts for how literary translation comes into existence, the nature of literary translation defines the way how literary translation exists in one sense, and the translator's psychic structure explains why literary translation exists. On the basis of the stability of archetypes and Frye's descriptions of their various forms, this dissertation studies translatability of literary works by dividing the abstract archetype into four concrete literary elements, i.e. the theme, narrative structure, image and language of literary works. It maintains that primary concern myths explain the commensurability of themes in literature, and the structuralistic studies on the morphology of folk tales and narrative grammar provide evidence for the translatability of deep narrative structure of literary works. In addition, the archetypal image system underlying the metaphorical literary works enables literary works from different cultures to return to the same origin and those within the same cultural system but in different ages to be organized into a unity with its own specific tradition.– Since translating involves first of all linguistic transference, Chapter Three highlights linguistic translatability and proposes three types of linguistic archetypes, namely, Walter Benjamin's >pure language<, Erich Fromm's >symbolic language< and David Leaning's >mythical language<. They demonstrate linguistic translatability from fields of religion, psychology and anthropology respectively.– Incorporating the general nature of translating as linguistic transference and the nature of literature as poetic metaphor, Chapter Four tentatively defines literary translation as an art of creating poetic metaphors, i.e. a metaphor-understanding and metaphor-making activity. Chapter Five makes a comparison between literary translation and poetic metaphor from six aspects: etymological studies, innovative creation, co-existence of similarities and differences, partial transference, somatic presence and existential experience. This comparison exhibits the creative, polysemous, experiential and existential nature of literary translation, which is of metaphorical nature and keeps traces of primitive mythical thinking. The irrational elements in myths always give expression to mankind's unconscious emotions and desires, and archetypes represent collective unconsciousness in human mind. Therefore, the introduction of myth-archetype theory requires an inevitable concern on the subjects' unconsciousness involved in literary translation. The dissertation analyzes the translator's psychic structure from three aspects, i.e. collective unconsciousness, social unconsciousness and individual unconsciousness. It holds that as literary works modeled on myth-archetypes reveal mankind's collective unconsciousness, their translations may function as a psychic therapy. Since myths have always been interwoven with cultural and political motivations, literary translation consequently turns out to be a kind of symbolic activity to repress the nation's ideology, determine their social memory and invent a myth of the state. On the basis of Erich Fromm's ideas on social unconsciousness and the theory of identification in psychology, this dissertation re-explains the translation strategies of domestication and foreignization. It argues that domestication results from a nation's collective narcissism and false identification after its escape from freedom, while foreignization releases the repressed unconscious elements in the receiving culture. To be more specific, foreignization heals the metamorphasized language with the foreignized one. It also indicates the translator's metaphorical state of experience with his total empathy for the source text and the author. In the light of the theory of individual unconsciousness, this dissertation extends the meaning of translation and identifies the similarities between literary translation and psychotherapy. In other words, a translator of literary works is both an analyst and an analysand. Translation criticism, in one sense, is a mediator between translation theory and practice; therefore, after theoretical exploration, Chapter Six establishes a translation criticism method according to Frye's >stand-back< method in literary criticism with stresses on the awareness of levels, genres and intertextuality. Level-awareness means criticism upon a translation on four different levels, that is, linguistic signs, multi-level meanings, text structure and archetypal models. Genre-awareness plays a fundamental role in literary translation studies. It provides translators with writing norms and offers translation critics >horizon of expectation<, thus becoming the starting point of translation reception and criticism. Furthermore, the differences, hybridization and defining elements of genres make a considerable difference to translation criticism. The existent translation criticism generally focuses on comparison and contrast between a source text and its translations. With the entrance of archetypes, however, an intertextual perspective is added. Translation chains, literary traditions and cultural context function as leading intertextual elements in translation criticism. To prove the feasibility of the >stand-back< method of translation criticism stated in Chapter Six, Chapter Seven evaluates translations of two literary works, one is TS Eliot's poem The Wasteland and the other is a classical Chinese novel Journey to the West. These translations are criticized with awareness of levels, genres and intertextuality. As a tentative exploration into literary translation studies in the perspective of myth-archetype theory, this dissertation, in its statement and argumentation, preserves both the structuralists 'stress on universality and the deconstructivists' critical and intertextual awareness while avoiding the weak points of their theories. Therefore, it can converge with the present trend of >cultural turn< in translation studies, and avoid the deviation from translation proper caused by the cultural paradigm. Meanwhile, it finds an approach to returning to literariness itself, discovers the unconscious mind hidden behind translating, highlights the level-awareness in literary translation criticism and shows the continuity of ancient traditions to their contemporary development. Hopefully, it will shed new light on the understanding of literary translation as a whole. N2 - 目前,译界在对>文化转向<和>解构范式<的反思之后,提出了回归本体、回归语言的呼吁,对于文学翻译研究而言,还要回归文学性。在这种回归的过程中,本研究将视角投向了语言和文学的本源——神话,试图将神话-原型理论引入文学翻译研究,通过回归本源、结构、共性和整体,在解构主义范式走入困境之后,为译学研究提供的一种新的建构策略。本研究是一项多学科的理论建构,有助于恢复译界对语言和文学的神性起源的崇拜,认识到差异中的共性和分裂中的秩序;通过关注文学翻译中的诗意性和身体感受,在目前过分张扬理性的译学传统和语境下,凸显文学翻译中的无意识成分,尤其对具有神话-原型特质的隐喻性文学作品的翻译批评具有一定的启示意义。本文主要遵循学源追溯—合理性论证—基本理论问题研究—翻译批评方法建构—典型译作评析的研究思路,形成由远及近、由理论向实践转化和落实的研究路径。神话和原型因其内在的紧密联系常常被相提并论,神话是原型的语言载体,原型是神话故事中稳定性成分的凝结,许多对原型的认识本身就是神话研究的成果。由于是将译界一直较少关注的神话.原型理论嫁接到文学翻译研究的初步探索,文章第一章对神话和原型的研究史做了一番简要的回顾与梳理,为后续的翻译理论研究提供必要的知识储备和理论铺垫。除了回顾已有学术成果的要点之外,本章也初步总结了翻译界目前与神话-原型理论相关的一些隐性研究,作为后文理论建构的基础和参照。在理清相关学源之后,第二章从哲学、语言、文学和文化四个方面为将神话-原型理论引入文学翻译研究提供了合理性论证。本章首先肯定了卡西尔通过引入神话思维重新确立了人文学科及其认识论基础的学术贡献;其次,阐述了弗莱关于语言的起源和演化与神话有着割舍不断的牵连的思想;再次,重申了弗莱的观点,即文学是置换变形的神话,文学创作是原型的置换变形;最后,强调神话是一种文化模式,认为这使得神话-原型理论的引入与当前译学研究的文化大潮相契合。在论证了引入神话-原型理论的合理性之后,文章的第三、四、五章探讨了文学翻译研究中的三个基本理论问题,包括文学翻译的可译性、文学翻译的本质及译者的精神结构。关于这些问题已有不少研究成果,本文以神话-原型理论为新的观照视阈和理论依据重新阐释这些问题,其中可译性试图回答文学翻译以何存在的问题,本质研究回答文学翻译如何存在的问题,而译者的精神结构回答文学翻译因何存在的问题。这一部分也是本研究力争在文学翻译理论研究中有所突破的地方。第三章在论述文学作品的可译性时,依据原型的稳定性特征,在弗莱对原型具体形态描述的基础上,将原型具体化为主题、结构、意象和语言四个文学作品要素。研究认为,1)初级关怀神话为文学作品的主题提供了可译性;2)结构主义关于民间故事叙事形态及其叙事语法的研究为文学作品深层叙事结构的可译性提供了依据;3)隐喻性文学作品最深层的原型意象体系使不同文化语境下的作品回归共同的本源,并使同一文化语境下的作品之间跨越时空而组合为一个依据一定传统前后延续的整体;4)本章还以本雅明的>纯语言<、弗洛姆的>象征语言<和利明的>神话语言<作为文学语言的理论原型,对文学语言的可译性展开了论证。就翻译的本质而言,第四章遵循从起源考察事物本质的思路,基于文学是神话或隐喻思维的产物以及翻译语言转换的普遍本质,尝试将文学翻译的本质界定为一种创造诗性隐喻的艺术。本章具体从词源考证、更新创造、求同存异、部分提取、身体在场和生存体验六个方面对文学翻译和诗性隐喻做了类比研究,突出了文学翻译的创造性、多义性、体验性和生存本体论意义。这些都是隐喻本质属性的表现,也保留了原始隐喻(神话)思维的痕迹。在引入神话-原型视阈之后,第五章从集体无意识、社会无意识和个人无意识三个层面论述了译者的精神结构。研究认为,具备神话-原型特质的文学作品指向人类的集体无意识深处,这些作品的翻译因此成为一个民族重要的精神诊疗手段。由于神话内在的文化和政治功用,文学翻译成为压制社会成员的意识形态、塑造社会记忆和书写国家神话的符号行为。本章借鉴弗洛姆的社会无意识理论以及心理学中的认同理论,重新阐释了归化和异化的策略选择,认为归化翻译体现了一个民族集体的精神自恋,是一种逃避自由的虚假认同,而异化翻译释放了原本在译入语文化中被压制的无意识成分,以>异化的语言<来对抗语言的异化,是译者对原本充满爱欲的拥抱,达到了主客体同一的隐喻式体验状态。将个人无意识理论引入之后,本章拓宽了翻译的概念内涵,并发现了文学翻译与精神诊疗之间的相似性。翻译批评从某种意义上说是翻译理论向实践转化的中介,在探讨了基本理论问题之后,第六章将弗莱提出的文学的>后视<批评法引入文学翻译批评研究,获得了文学翻译批评中的层次意识、文类意识和互文意识。层次的意识就是从语言符号、多层意义、文本结构和原型模式四个层面展开对译作的评价,强调把前后相继的水平换喻式文本结构解读为向纵深挺进的垂直隐喻式结构。文类意识在文学翻译批评中具有基础地位,不仅为译者提供了书面表达的规范,也为翻译批评者提供了>期待视域<,是其接受和批评译作的起点,并且文类的差异、混杂和界定要素对于文学翻译批评具有重要意义。已有的翻译批评都立足于文本的空间维度,引入原型因素后增加了时间维度,产生了翻译批评的互文视角,其中,译本链、文学传统和文化语境在文学翻译批评的互文意识中发挥主导作用。第七章按照第六章建构起来的文学翻译批评的>后视<法,选取两部具有神话-原型特质的隐喻性文学作品的译本予以评价,包括艾略特的诗歌《荒原》的多个中译本和吴承恩的小说《西游记》的余国藩英文全译本。评价过程有意识地贯穿了层次意识、文类意识和互文意识,试图通过对具体译作的评析,证明本文提出的翻译批评体系具有一定的实践转化能力。总之,本研究是将神话-原型理论引入文学翻译研究的初步探索,在吸取结构主义强调共性与解构主义的批判精神和互文意识等合理性成分的同时也有意识地避免了其中的一些弊端,因此本研究既能与当前译学研究的>文化转向<大潮合流,又能纠正文化范式对文学翻译本体的偏离,使文学翻译研究向着文学性回归。与此同时,本研究展现了当代文化与古老文化传统之间的承继关系,凸显了翻译过程中的无意识层面,强调了文学翻译批评的层次意识。作为一次跨学科理论建构的尝试,本研究期待能有助于译界对文学翻译的新认识。 Y1 - 2009 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yan, Jiezhi T1 - On Distorted Love: Psychoanalytical Interpretation of Toni Morrison’s >Love< [论畸形的爱—托尼•莫里森《爱》的心理解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2010 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 美国黑人女作家托尼•莫里森一直以来都关怀、同情黑人妇女这一边缘群体,并关注黑人女性在充斥着父权制和种族歧视的社会中的命运。在其2003年发表的小说《爱》中,莫里森展示了历史、种族、性别等诸多因素作用下维系黑人民族的最基本的情感-爱,并以爱的扭曲与复原为主线探讨并指出:黑人家庭和社区中诸多矛盾的解决都需要爱的力量。本论文以心理学家弗洛姆和罗杰斯的理论为依据,探讨了畸形之爱产生的原因及解决的方法。首先,论文通过分析《爱》中畸形之爱的表现形式,如畸形的母女关系、黑人女性之间失败的友谊以及畸形的婚姻,展示了黑人女性的边缘化地位。在小说《爱》中,种族歧视和父权制使人与人的关系发生扭曲。爱的异化使深厚的母女感情和纯真的友谊演变为彼此间的敌对和仇恨,婚姻也在这种力量的催化下摇摇欲坠。其次,论文探讨《爱》中畸形之爱产生的原因。父母之爱缺失的转移、人性弱点的投射和父权种族主义的压抑共同产生作用,使原本美好的爱扭曲变形。最后,论文为黑人女性走出畸形之爱指明一条道路。罗杰斯认为人性本善,有自我实现的发展潜力;他创立的当事人中心疗法主张:要真心关怀当事人的感情,在真诚和谐的关系中启发当事人运用自我发展潜力促进自身的健康成长,增强自信心。而在小说《爱》中,黑人女性个体和社区充当的就是心理治疗师的角色。基于以上分析,论文认为:异化的爱虽具极强的摧毁力,但爱作为黑人民族凝聚力的象征,在黑人女性个体和黑人社区的共同努力下得以回归。 N2 - Tony Morrison, a black woman writer in the United States, has always cared and sympathized with the marginalized group of black women and paid attention to the fate of black women in a society full of patriarchy and racial discrimination. In her novel >Love< published in 2003, Morrison showed the most basic emotion-love of the black people under the influence of history, race, gender and other factors, and discussed and pointed out the distortion and restoration of love. The resolution of many contradictions in black families and communities requires the power of love. Based on the theories of psychologists Fromm and Rogers, this thesis explores the causes and solutions of deformed love.– First, the paper demonstrates the marginalization of black women by analyzing the manifestations of deformed love in >Love<, such as the deformed mother-daughter relationship, the failed friendship between black women, and the deformed marriage. In the novel Love, racial discrimination and patriarchy distorted the relationship between people. The alienation of love has transformed the deep mother-daughter relationship and innocent friendship into mutual hostility and hatred. Marriage is also faltering under the catalysis of this power.– Secondly, the paper explores the causes of deformed love in Love. The loss of parental love, the projection of human weakness, and the suppression of patriarchal racism work together to distort the original good love.– Finally, the paper points out a way for black women to get out of deformed love. Rogers believes that human nature is good and has the potential for self-realization; he founded the party center therapy advocate: to truly care for the feelings of the parties, to inspire the parties to use their self-development potential to promote their healthy growth and enhance self-confidence in a sincere and harmonious relationship. In the novel Love, black female individuals and communities act as psychotherapists.– Based on the above analysis, the paper argues that although alienated love is extremely powerful, love is a symbol of the cohesiveness of the black people, and it is backed by the joint efforts of black women and black communities. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2010 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yan, Shijiao T1 - Ben Agger’s Theory of Consumption Alienation and Its Enlightenment [本•阿格尔异化消费理论及其启示], Master thesis, Philosophy, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China 2018. N2 - 消费在人类的生活中扮演着十分重要的角色,消费把人与人、人与物密切地联系起来。在异化的消费中,消费成了目的自身,即人类为了消费而消费。本文以本•阿格尔的异化消费理论为研究对象,本•阿格尔是生态学马克思主义的主要代表人物,他在继承与发展威廉•莱易斯生态学马克思主义的基础上,逐步建立了自己的异化消费理论体系。本•阿格尔的异化消费理论,以马克思的异化劳动思想,马尔库塞的>虚假需求<理论,弗洛姆的异化思想以及莱易斯的生态危机思想为理论渊源。在他看来,异化消费是一种独特的消费现象,是工人为摆脱劳动中缺少自我表达之自由而进行的消费行为。与此同时,他认为马克思所言经济危机已经不符合对于资本主义社会危机的分析,因为资本主义社会并未出现马克思所说的社会革命,反而是消费领域出现的生态危机将代替经济危机成为新的社会危机。异化消费行为既有积极影响也有消极影响,最严重的消极影响莫过于异化消费造成了生态危机。为了克服异化消费、解决生态危机,阿格尔提出两个解决路径,一个是>期望破灭了的辩证法<,另一个是通过实行分散化和非官僚化来改造资本主义工业社会。这两个方法分别从个人以及工业生产的维度直接或间接地解决异化消费问题。本•阿格尔的异化消费理论虽然丰富和发展了生态学马克思主义,但同样存在理论上的不足,这一点需要辩证地看待。就其实践意义而言,它对>美丽中国<建设起到积极的指导作用。这一理论告诉我们,只有树立正确的消费理念、秉持健康的消费方式、形成积极的生态观念,才能实现人自身的和谐发展,以及经济与生态环境的全面协调可持续发展。 N2 - Consumption has played an important role in human life, which established connections between people, between people and objects. However, in the alienated one, it has been the end in itself, namely, the purpose of human consumption is for nothing but itself. The study object in this thesis was the Consumption Alienation Theory from Ben Agger, a main representative of Ecological Marxism, who has established his own theoretical system gradually on the basis of Ecological Marxism of William Leiss. Regarding the Alienated Labor Thought of Marx, False Need Theory of Herbert Marcuse, Fromm’s Idea of Alienation and the Ecological Crisis Thought of William Leiss as the theoretical basis, Ben Agger established the Consumption Alienation Theory. As far as he was concerned, alienated consumption is a unique consumption phenomenon, which is another kind of consumption behavior from the workers to show that they were eager to express themselves freely. Meanwhile, he thought the economic crisis argued by Karl Marx has not met analysis of the capitalist social crisis. Because the social revolution raised by Marx did not appear in the capitalist society. Instead, the ecological crisis arisen in the consumer sector would replace the economic crisis and be the social crisis. Alienated consumption behavior has both a positive influence and a negative effect. The most serious negative effect would be that the alienated consumption has caused ecological crisis. In order to overcome the alienated consumption and solve the ecological crisis, two solutions were put forward by Agger. One is disillusioned dialectics, and the other is to transform the capitalist industrial society through decentralization and non-bureaucratization. These two methods solve the problem of alienated consumption directly or indirectly from the dimension of individual and industrial production. Although the alienated consumption from Ben Agger enriched and developed the Ecological Marxism, there were also many deficiencies in theory, however, this should be treated dialectically. In terms of its practical significance, it would play a guiding role on the construction of Beautiful China. According to this theory, the harmonious development of human beings and the comprehensive and sustainable development of economy and ecological environment would be realized by establishing the correct consumption concept, adopting healthy consumption pattern and forming a positive ecological concept. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Biyou T1 - Process Is More Important than Result [过程比结果更重要] JF - Chinese Times (Principal) [华人时刊(校长)], No. 2 (2021), p. 8. N2 - 美国犹太裔心理学家弗洛姆有一部名著《逃避自由》,大意是说,人们对自由的态度近似>叶公好龙<,说起来人人都向往自由,骨子里人们却逃避自由。因为自由意味着自我选择,而自我选择就得自我担当,要想享受自由的快乐,就得承担自由的责任。现在社会的功利心越来越重,人们只追求结果,至于过程则可以省略;人们都向往自由,却不愿承担过程的责任和艰辛。 N2 - The American Jewish psychologist Fromm has a famous book, >Escape from Freedom<, which says that people's attitude toward freedom is similar to that of a >good dragon<, that everyone aspires to freedom, but at heart people avoid it. Because freedom means self-choice, and self-choice has to be self-responsibility, to enjoy the joy of freedom, you have to take the responsibility of freedom. Nowadays, society is becoming more and more utilitarian, people only pursue results, and the process can be omitted; people aspire to freedom, but do not want to bear the responsibility and hardship of the process. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 5/2021] Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Kuoming T1 - An Inquiry into Fromm’s Humanistic Ethics: Human Nature, Norms and Socialism [弗洛姆人道主义伦理学探究:人性、规范与社会主义] JF - Qilu Journal [齐鲁学刊], No. 2 (2021), pp. 73-81. N2 - 弗洛姆的人道主义伦理学是以人性为规范的道德理论。在弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思社会批判理论的双重奠基之上,弗洛姆揭示了>社会内在伦理学<与>普遍的伦理学<之间的巨大差异,批判资本主义社会的异化现实,从而对人性的道德以及现实中人的自由境况做出了伦理剖析。一方面,弗洛姆把人性的道德寄托于精神健康的个人与健全的社会之间辩证的实践关系之中,认为人的性格与社会性格之间存在固有关联;另一方面,弗洛姆将爱的实践视为现实的道德实践,将人性的道德寄托于爱的艺术,从而以爱为出发点来辩证地探寻人道主义社会的可能性。弗洛姆最终将实现普遍的伦理学的希望寄托于社会主义,但是由于其道德理论在本质上坚持了一种抽象的人性论,因而难免蒙上一种形而上学的乌托邦色彩。 N2 - Fromm's humanist ethics is a moral theory that takes human nature as the norm. On the basis of Freud's psychoanalysis and Marx's social criticism theory, Fromm reveals the great difference between >social inner ethics< and >universal ethics<, criticizes the alienated reality of capitalist society, and thus makes an ethical analysis of the morality of human nature and the real situation of human freedom. On the one hand, Fromm places the morality of human nature in the dialectical practical relationship between the spiritually healthy individual and the healthy society, and believes that there is an inherent connection between human character and social character; on the other hand, Fromm regards the practice of love as a realistic moral practice, and places the morality of human nature in the art of love, thus taking love as the starting point to dialectically explore the possibility of a humanitarian society. Fromm ultimately places his hope for a universal ethics in socialism, but because his moral theory adheres to an abstract theory of human nature, it is inevitably tainted with a metaphysical utopia. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 5/2021] Y1 - 2021 ER -