TY - JOUR A1 - Kołakowski, Marcin T1 - Low-Tech – Freedom, Creativity & Love. Translating Erich Fromm’s Psychoanalysis into Analyses of Architecture JF - UOU Scientific Journal, No. 1, (2021), pp. 114-131. [Print ISSN 2697-1518] [doi.org/10.14198/UOU.2021.1.10] N2 - An attempt to understand the idea of >commons< in architecture requires analytical tools and a narrative which will refer to >common values<. Yet the era of Postmodernism taught us mainly the relativism of multitudes of values, standards and paradigms. It made us used to >it all depends< approach. Many popular methods of describing architecture are based on analysing it in a historical or cultural context. This paper, however, proposes a perspective that refers to human needs which have arguably been universal for all the people in all historical periods in all cultures. This perspective could be useful particularly while dealing with big contemporary issues of >commons< in architecture – togetherness, ecology, common places and agendas. This paper proposes a framework based on the school of >positive psychology< and in particular on the unappreciated father of the Frankfurt School and critical theory – Erich Fromm who worked all his life on his comprehensive >theory of needs<. This paper proposes translating the concepts of this theory into architectural analyses and narrative. If we are to understand the essence of >commons<, we need to refer to people’s common needs. These are the key concepts of Fromm’s model. This paper is structured around what Fromm described as three basic, common needs: freedom, creativity and love. The analysis of low-tech movement will serve as an example illustrating how the lens of Erich Fromm’s theory allows better understanding of this phenomenon. The objective of this paper is to propose a new definition and narrative of the low-tech movement which will be based on a psychological framework. Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kołakowski, Marcin Mateusz T1 - Modernism or Tradition in Low-Technology? A Humanistic Perspective on the Architecture of Paulina Wojciechowska [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2016), pp. 21-34. [Online ISSN 2720-6947] [doi.org/10.21307/acee-2016-003] N2 - Low-tech is an important, but at the same time largely underestimated movement of contemporary architecture. The first part of this paper attempts to discuss the characteristics of this phenomenon in the context of the grand ideas of Modernism and demonstrate how important it is to define it. The existing definitions of low-tech presented in the second part of the article bear a significant downside as they only focus on the physical aspects of this movement, i.e. materials and methods of construction. The third part of the paper suggests an alternative definition which allows extending research to include a psychological perspective onto the movement and incorporates the motivation of the creators and users of low-tech architecture. Based on the case study of Paulina Wojciechowska’s work and the newly proposed definition combined with a model based on the psychological theory developed by Erich Fromm, the paper attempts to introduce a narrative that reveals more about low-tech than even the most detailed description of physical materials and methods of construction. N2 - Nurt low-tech jest istotnym a jednocześnie niedocenionym fenomenem współczesnej architektury. W pierwszej częścininiejszy artykuł podejmuje problematykę tego zjawiska w kontekście wielkich idei modernizmu obecnych w tym ruchu. Dotychczasowe definicje low-tech zaprezentowane w drugiej części mają istotną słabość, ponieważ skupiają się jedynie nafizycznych aspektach tego ruchu – materiałach i technikach. Zaproponowana w drugiej części alternatywna definicja zbu-dowana w oparciu o teorię Ericha Fromma pozwala na rozszerzenie badań o psychologiczne ujęcie tego nurtu o kontekst motywów twórców i użytkowników. W Trzeciej części na przykładzie studium przypadku odnoszącego się do twórczości Pauliny Wojciechowskiej zaproponowana psychologiczna definicja low-tech pozwala prowadzić narrację, dającą wglądw istotę low-tech ukazując więcej niż jedynie fizyczny opis materiałów i technik. Y1 - 2016 ER -