TY - JOUR A1 - Lachmann, Frank M. A1 - Beebe, Beatrice T1 - Does She Do or Does She Don't?: Reply to Commentary JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 05 (1995), pp. 415-419. Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lachmann, Frank M. A1 - Beebe, Beatrice T1 - Dissociative processes and transference-countertransference paradigms in the psychoanalytically oriented treatment of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 05 (1995), pp. 375-384. N2 - Self psychology is maintaining continuity with Kohut's last work, >How Does Analysis Cure?< and his vision of human nature, as well as exploring a multiplicity of new directions. This paper discusses the expansion of Kohut's contributions in terms of the >figure-ground< dimensions of transference: a selfobject dimension and representational configurations. On the basis of empirical studies of infancy, the paper proposes that both self- and mutual regulation organize the treatment relationship. It illustrates the clinical applicability of the expansion of Kohut's contributions by discussing a case in which countertransference, aggression, and resistance could place an analyst in danger of contributing to a therapeutic stalemate were it not for the contributions of Kohut. Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kiersky, Sandra A1 - Beebe, Beatrice T1 - Commentary on Martin Stephen Frommer's >homosexuality and psychoanalysis< JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 04 (1994), pp. 389-408. N2 - An interpretive strategy, based on current infant research, is described that facilitates engagement with emotionally constricted patients who appear to form little attachment to their analysts. Relevant research is reviewed and clinical material is presented to illustrate the presence of highly restrictive early modes of self- and mutual regulation organized in childhood and minimally transformed through later experience. These nonverbal presymbolic forms of relating constitute adult versions of the early interaction structures that protected the infant from trauma and continue to be used by patients to avoid retraumatization. How these configurations appear in the transference and can be reorganized in the analytic relationship is also detailed. Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beebe, Beatrice A1 - et al., T1 - The Meaning of Empirically Supported Treatment Research for Psychoanalytic and Other Long-Term Therapies JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 13 (2003), pp. 805-841. N2 - We consider the relevance of forms of intersubjectivity in infancy to the nonverbal and implicit dimension of intersubjectivity in psychoanalysis. The term forms of intersubjectivity, within the adult explicit and implicit modes and the infant presymbolic implicit mode, is offered to clarify the multiple meanings of intersubjectivity. The ideas of infant intersubjectivity of Meltzoff, Trevarthen, and Stern that have particular relevance for psychoanalysis are highlighted: the dialogic origin of mind, the role of correspondences, and the idea that symbolic forms of intersubjectivity are built on presymbolic forms. We build on their work to define a fourth position: that the full range of patterns of interactive regulation provides the broadest definition of the presymbolic origins of intersubjectivity, with correspondence being only one of many critical patterns. We additionally address the place of interactive regulation, problems with the concept of matching, the role of self-regulation, the role of difference, and the >balance model< of self- and interactive regulation. We take the position that all forms of interactive regulation are relevant to the possibility of perceiving and aligning oneself with the moment-by-moment process of the other. A broadened understanding of intersubjectivity in infancy sets the stage for a more fruitful exchange between infant researchers and psychoanalysts. Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beebe, Beatrice A1 - et al., T1 - The Manic Society JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 13 (2003), pp. 777-804. N2 - Whereas the first paper of this series compared the work of five theorists of intersubjectivity in psychoanalysis, this paper compares three theorists of intersubjectivity in infant research, Andrew Meltzoff, Colwyn Trevarthen, and Daniel Stern. By evaluating the points at which the theorists concur and differ, we hope to clarify the meanings or >forms< of intersubjectivity in infancy. All three have addressed the question of how infants can sense the state of the other, and all have used the concept of cross-modal correspondences as a central aspect of the answer. Nevertheless each has a distinctly different theory of intersubjectivity in infancy. Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beebe, Beatrice A1 - et al., T1 - The Making of Sausage and Law Is Not a Pretty Sight: Commentary on Paper by Dianne Elise JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 13 (2003), pp. 743-775. N2 - Our goal in this series of four papers is a further refinement of a theory of interaction for psychoanalysis, with a specific focus on the concept of intersubjectivity. Psychoanalysis has addressed the concept of intersubjectivity primarily in the verbal/explicit mode. In contrast, infant research has addressed the concept of intersubjectivity in the nonverbal/implicit mode of action sequences, or procedural knowledge. We propose that an integration of explicit/linguistic with implicit/nonverbal theories of intersubjectivity is essential to a deeper understanding of therapeutic action in psychoanalysis today. To shed light on an implicit/nonverbal dimension of intersubjectivity in psychoanalysis, we include concepts from adult psychoanalysis, infant research, developmental systems theories, and nonverbal communication, particularly the distinction between implicit processing out of awareness and explicit processing at the declarative/verbal level. We conclude with an adult psychoanalytic case illustrating the integration of implicit/nonverbal forms of intersubjectivity into adult treatment. Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beebe, Beatrice A1 - et al., T1 - Homophobia in psychoanalytic writing and practice. Commentary on trop and Stolorow's >defense analysis in self psychology: A developmental view< and Hanna's >false-self sensitivity to countertransference: Anatomy of a single session< JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 07 (1997), pp. 215-224. Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beebe, Beatrice A1 - et al., T1 - Historical legacies and contemporary innovation. Introduction to symposium on child analysis part I JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 07 (1997), pp. 133-182. N2 - Using research on the purely social face-to-face exchange, we examine patterns of mother – infant interaction and their relevance for the presymbolic origins of self and object representations, focusing on the representation of inter-relatedness between self and object. Based on a dyadic systems view in which the system is defined by both self- and interactive-regulation processes, we argue that characteristic patterns of self and interactive regulation form early interaction structures, which provide an important basis for emerging self and object representations. What will be represented, presymbolically, is the dynamic interactive process itself, the interplay, as each partner influences the other from moment to moment. This is a dynamic, process view of >interactive< or >dyadic< representations. The argument that early interaction structures organize experience is based on a transformational model in which there are continuous transformations and restructurings, where development is in a constant state of active reorganization. To define the capacities on which a presymbolic representational capacity is based, we review the last decade's research on infant perception and memory, which has radically changed our concepts of representation. The interaction structures we describe illustrate the salience of arousal, affect, space, and time in the early organization of experience: (1) state transforming, the expectation that an arousal state can be transformed through the contribution of the partner (2) facial mirroring, the expectation of matching and being matched in the direction of affective change (3) disruption and repair, the expectation of degree of ease and rapidity of interactive repair following facial-visual mismatches (4) >chase and dodge,< the expectation of the misregulation and derailment of spatial-orientation patterns, without repair and (5) interpersonal timing, the expectation of degree of vocal rhythm matching. Y1 - 1997 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beebe, Beatrice T1 - The New Baby Settles In: Commentary on Paper by Frank M. Lachmann JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues, Vol. 14 (2004), pp. 089-098. Y1 - 2004 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beebe, Beatrice T1 - The mind and the body JF - Psychoanalytic Dialogues, Vol. 14 (2004), pp. 001-051. N2 - The co-construction of the intersubjective field is of interest to psychoanalysis, yet detailed clinical material illustrating the nonverbal dimension of this process remains rare. This case presentation of Dolores illustrates two themes of the 10-year, thrice-weekly treatment conducted sitting up: (1) the integration of the >faces< of Dolores herself, her multiple early attachment figures, and my own and (2) traumatic loss and mourning. Dolores was preoccupied with the faces of her childhood, and she wanted to be able to find her own face in mine. But she could not look at me, her own face was dampened, and she was often silent. Extremely fearful, withdrawn, and dissociated, she nevertheless longed for attachment. The paper describes both the process of co-constructing our attachment, as well as her difficulty in using our attachment, in large part because of her difficulty in mourning the traumatic loss of her first mother. Although Dolores was a brilliant and accomplished professional woman, and capable at times of highly articulate self-reflection, much of the progress of creating the attachment occurred through the implicit >action-dialogue< of face, voice, and orientation. I made an unusual intervention, derived from my background with videotape microanalysis of mother – infant interactions. I took a series of videotapes of Dolores and me together, and of my face only while I interacted with her. Because she did not look at me at this time, seeing my face seeing her while she watched the videotape and hearing my sounds responding to her, heightened her experience of my response and her own visceral experience: she came to recognize herself in my face recognizing her. Dolores urgently wished not >to go dead,< and Dolores had remarkable abilities to reflect on our process, to put her experiences into words, to convey how important I was to her, and eventually to analyze her difficulties with mourning. Our respective contributions illustrate the co-construction of the therapeutic action of the treatment. Y1 - 2004 ER -