TY - GEN A1 - Tian, Ying T1 - History of Alienation in the Wake of >Progress< – >The Mayor of Casterbridge< Inquiry [>进步<潮流中的一段异化史 - 《卡斯特桥市长》探究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zheijiang, China 2006. [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - As one of the >Novels of Character and Environment<, Thomas Hardy's >The Mayor of Casterbridge< is a most controversial novel reviled and revered. Despite the fact that a variety of books and essays have been devoted to it, most of the critics neglect the theme of alienation running through the novel. A British critic Raymond Williams is among the earliest to pay attention to alienation in Hardy's works. But in a very tentative and rough manner, his analysis of alienation runs a risk of simplicity and overgeneralization by covering all Hardy's major novels. Enlightened by Raymond Williams, I in this paper try to make a close study of alienation in >The Mayor of Casterbridge<. The concept of alienation finds a place in all social sciences, economics, psychology, philosophy, theology and literature. From Rousseau to Feuerbach, from Marx to Fromm, the notion of alienation has carried rich implications. Based on the theories put forward by the predecessors, alienation in this paper is defined as estrangement, isolation and loneliness and dehumanization.– As a keen and perspicacious novelist of realism, Hardy debunks the myth of >progress< prevailing in the Victorian age. In The Mayor of Casterbridge, he presents to us a panorama of alienation. From the perspective of alienation of nature, alienation of society and alienation as seen in Henchard's predicaments, Hardy explains the various conflicts brought about by the modern civilization in the course of industrialization, elaborating that the British society in the Victorian age is an alienated world in all its aspects. In this novel, Hardy records a history in the wake of >progress<, more truly and vividly than any historian does. As to the alienation brought about by the industrial civilization, Hardy puts forward his proposal to heal the alienated world, that is, evolutionary meliorism. According to his evolutionary meliorism, what Hardy tries to point out is that the alienated world is by no means incurable, but it can be perfected through man's endeavours. For all a tincture of idealism and reformism, Hardy sees a pinpoint light penetrating darkness and a ray of hope beyond despair. The greatness of >The Mayor of Casterbridge< lies in the fact that it provides us with an access to >the knowable community< by depicting the rural life in the Victorian age. Nowadays, China is witnessing a transition from an agricultural civilization to an industrial civilization. Therefore, it is of great social significance to reread this novel. In >The Mayor of Casterbridge<, as in many of Hardy's other works, we have found an inexhaustible source of courage and strength. N2 - 作为>性格与环境小说<的代表之作,托马斯•哈代的《卡斯特桥市长》一直以来是一部备受争议的作品。尽管对它的评论林林总总,但大多数的文学评论家们都忽视了这部小说中贯穿始终的异化主题。英国评论家雷蒙•威廉斯是最早关注哈代小说中异化主题的评论家之一,但他也仅仅是浅尝辄止,并未深入挖掘。受雷蒙•威廉斯的启发,本文对《卡斯特桥市长》中的异化主题进行了细致入微地探究。>异化<这个术语已经在社会学、经济学、心理学、哲学、神学和文学等学科中得到了广泛的运用。从卢梭到费尔巴哈,从马克思到弗洛姆,>异化<这个概念被赋予了多重的涵义。在总结前人理论的基础上,本文将>异化<定义为疏远、孤立、孤独和非人性化。作为批判现实主义的集大成者,哈代对盛行于维多利亚时代的>进步<神话进行了有力的抨击。在《卡斯特桥市长》中,他为我们描绘了>进步<潮流中一幅异化的全景。从自然的异化、社会的异化和主人公亨察德所面临的异化困境这三个方面,哈代解释了资本主义工业文明在发展过程中所产生的种种矛盾,阐明了维多利亚时代的英国是一个全面异化的世界。在这部小说中,哈代比历史学家们更为真实地记录了>进步<潮流中的一段异化史。对于工业文明所带来的种种异化,哈代开出了自己的拯救药方:进化向善论,即相信社会并非不可救药,相反地人类可以通过自身的努力加以改变。尽管这带有理想主义和改良主义的色彩,但哈代从黑暗中看到了一线光明,从绝望中看到了一丝希望。《卡斯特桥市长》这部作品的伟大之处就在于:通过对维多利亚时期英国乡村生活的描写,小说为我们指明了一条通往>可知群体<的可行之路。在中国致力于现代化建设的现阶段,我们重新解读哈代的这部小说有着巨大的社会价值和借鉴作用。从他的作品中,我们可以汲取到无穷的勇气和精神力量 Y1 - 2006 ER -