TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Qian T1 - An Analysis of Alienation in >The Bluest Eye< [对《最蓝的眼睛》的异化分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 在当今文坛上,托妮•莫里森是一位极其出色的作家,也是在众多黑人女作家中获得诺贝尔文学奖的第一人。发表于1970年的《最蓝的眼睛》代表着她早期创作的开始。这部小说在展现那些失语的黑人女性的辛酸和苦苦挣扎方面具有极其震撼人心的影响力。在这部作品中,托妮•莫里森深刻地批判了美国的社会、政治、种族歧视和性别歧视。这部作品艺术特色鲜明,如结构新颖、多重叙事角度、象征、隐喻、对比等。这些写作艺术特色吸引着读者,引发读者想象和深思。同时小说与以往的黑人作家着重从政治和经济方面揭示黑人所遭受的歧视和压迫不同,莫里森把自己的注意力更多地投向黑人女性的内心世界。作为一个黑人女作家,托妮•莫里森自身的双重身份使她能走进黑人女性的内心最深处,进而能深刻而细腻地表现黑人女性因长期遭受种族主义和性别歧视的双重压迫而产生的辛酸、苦苦挣扎和扭曲的心理状态。正因为如此,世界上越来越多的人关注她的作品。本论文旨在分析导致异化的各方面的原因以及异化在小说中的表现。本论文共分为导论、正文和结论三大部分。第一部分是导论。主要介绍托妮•莫里森在当今文学史上的地位、主要作品、生活经历,《最蓝的眼睛》的国内外研究现状,本论文研究的方向、独特性及研究的重要意义。国内外以往的学者对于莫里森的研究往往是研究其作品的后殖民主义、女权主义、叙事技巧及艺术特色,但对她作品的异化分析涉及很少,因此本论文结合异化理论对作品进行分析有一定的现实意义。第二部分是正文,由三章组成。第一章着重介绍异化的理论研究、异化主题在西方现代文学中的呈现和莫里森的时代、生活经历以及她的异化主题的建立。本论文的异化主题是基于马克思的异化论、弗洛伊德的心理分析、弗洛姆的人性异化理论,并分析从古希腊到现代每一历史时期异化主题在西方文学中的呈现。本论文结合《最蓝的眼睛》创作时期所特有的历史环境、社会环境,和莫里森本人的生活阅历来论述异化主题的建立,从而说明对《最蓝的眼睛》的异化研究是有一定的理论和现实依据的。第二章具体分析导致异化的原因。《最蓝的眼睛》中的异化特征主要有以下四个原因,分别是:占主导地位的白人文化的影响、爱的缺失、学校教育的失败,以及自我认同感的缺失。黑人日常生活的周围弥漫着对白人文化优越性的宣传,在电视电影中有美丽的白人明星,在糖纸上做广告的是浅肤色的童星,甚至在学校的教材中也有对白人生活完美化的描述。黑人在潜移默化中被白人文化洗脑,渐渐丧失了自己的传统文化,丧失了自我认同感与自信。她们不再爱自己,也没有能力再爱别人,真正地成为与社会格格不入的隐形人。这四个方面原因的总结证明在工业化社会中,人类的异化是有其深层次的根源的,同时表现出在物质高度发展的社会中存在的人性扭曲和精神危机。异化的原因分析应唤起人们的全面发展意识,更加关注心理健康,防止人性异化。第三章探讨异化在该作品中呈现的特征。《最蓝的眼睛》中的异化特征共分为三个部分,分别是家庭成员间关系的异化(包括夫妻关系的异化和父母与子女关系的异化)、社会成员间关系的异化、以及人自我的异化。家庭不再是孩子幸福的港湾,夫妻之间不再互相爱戴,互相关心,取而代之的是漠然和相互鞭打;父母也不再是孩子的保护神,父亲给孩子带来肉体和精神的折磨,母亲对孩子的痛苦无能为力甚至是漠不关心。黑人不仅承受着白人社区带来的伤害,而且默默忍受着本社区同胞邻里之间的漠然和冷漠的态度。黑人是一个弱势群体,本应该坚持自我,互帮互助,齐心协力共同走出困境。然而,这些可怜的人们渐渐地失去自我,失去爱自己爱别人的能力。更糟糕的是,面对自己的处境和别人的无助,他们毫无作为,甚至相互欺凌,试图从弱者的痛苦中得到相对的满足。通过对这些异化特征的分析,现代人的生活困境及精神荒原一目了然。最后一部分是结论,这部分简要总结本论文的研究目的和研究意义。通过对异化的研究,本论文旨在揭示人的异化,展现人类精神世界的荒原。对于中国这个发展中的国家而言,在物质文明快速发展的同时,关注精神文明的建设也是至关重要的。笔者期在通过本论文当代人能在社会中找到自我,关注当代人的精神危机,防止异化。人们只有不再异化,人际关系才能和谐,才能构建社会主义和谐社会。 N2 - Toni Morrison is an outstanding writer in the contemporary literary world and is also the first black female Nobel Prize laureate for literature. >The Bluest Eye<, published in1970, is one of her earliest works. This novel has powerfully presented the silenced black women's bitterness and struggle because of the long-term double oppression of racial discrimination and gender discrimination. In this novel, Morrison has profoundly criticized the American society, its political prejudice, its racial discrimination and its gender discrimination. In >The Bluest Eye<, Morrison has shown several prominent artistic features, such as the structure of the novel, multiple narratives, symbols, metaphors and contrasts, which have attracted people to read and to imagine and contemplate. Unlike those writers who emphatically reveal the black people's economic prejudice and political prejudice, she pays more attention to the black women's inner world. As a black female writer, her own dual identity enables her to penetrate deeply into black women's inner world and reveal their psychological bitterness, desperation and distortion under the powerful oppression of racism and sexism. Therefore, more and more people have begun to pay attention to her novels. This thesis analyzes the causes of the alienation and the alienation features in this novel. It consists of three parts: an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. - The introduction briefly introduces Toni Morrison's significant status in the current literary history, her main novels, life experience, current study situation of >The Bluest Eye<, the direction, uniqueness and importance of this research. Both domestic and overseas studies on Morrison mostly dwell on post colonialism, feminism, the special narrative devices and writing features. But currently comprehensive and creative researches on the analysis of alienation in >The Bluest Eye< can hardly be found. Therefore, this thesis will analyze the novel based on alienation theories, which has certain practical significance. - The main body consists of three chapters. Chapter One mainly introduces the alienation theories, the alienation theme in western literature, Morrison's times, life experience and the foundation of the alienation theme. The alienation analysis of this thesis is based on Karl Marx's alienation theory, Freud's psychoanalysis, and Fromm's alienation theory. This chapter also analyzes the alienation features in western literature in every single history period from ancient Greece. This thesis illustrates and analyzes the foundation of the alienation theme with the combination of the historical background, social environment where >The Bluest Eye< is created and her own life experience. Therefore, all these show that the analysis of alienation in >The Bluest Eye< has both theoretical foundations and practical basis. - Chapter Two specifically analyzes the causes of alienation. There are four causes: influence of the dominant white culture, absence of love, failure of school education, and loss of self-identification. The advertisement and broadcast about the superiority of the white culture pervade everywhere in the black's daily life. There are white stars on the TV screen, the light-skin children stars on the candies' package, and the excessive description of the white people's life in a perfect way wrongly. The black are gradually brain washed unconsciously. Then they lose themselves, abandon their traditional culture and have no self-confidence. They stop loving themselves and they lose the ability of loving others, which means that they become the invisible men in the society. These four causes summarize that the human's alienation has its profound origins in this society, and manifest the distortion of human nature and spiritual crisis in the highly developed material society. These causes of alienation should wake people to pay more attention to the comprehensive development and psychological health to avoid human alienation. - Chapter Three explores features of alienation in this novel. The features include three aspects, respectively alienated relationship among family members (including alienated relationships between husband and wife and the alienated relationships between parents and children), alienated relationship among social members, and the protagonist's self-alienation. An alienated family is no longer a harbor for a child where the couples beat and torture each other instead of loving and taking good care of each other; parents stop playing the patron role or protecting role in a child's life. Instead, father brings sufferings to the child both physically and mentally and mother is either powerless to protect or indifferent to the child's sufferings. The black community not only has to suffer the discrimination from the white, but also has to endure the indifference from their neighborhood in the same black community. The black community is relatively weak and inferior, so people in the same black community are supposed to adhere to themselves and their culture, help one another, support each other and unite together to get rid of their difficulty or trouble. However, these poor people gradually lose themselves and their capacity of love. What is worse, when they are in front of their own desperate situation and others' helplessness, they haven't taken any action to fight back. Instead, they bully the relatively weaker ones in order to gain a kind of satisfaction from others' pain. The modern people's dilemma and spiritual waste land are unfolded through the analysis of these features of alienation in daily life. - The conclusion summarizes the purpose of the thesis and its significance. Through the study and research of alienation, the thesis aims to reveal human's alienation and the present waste land of human's spiritual world. The thesis also expresses the expectation of the further study and research into the alienation in Morrison's other works. As to China, a developing country, it is very crucial to promote the development of the spiritual civilization as the material civilization develops in this fast developing materialized society. The thesis expects the modern people to identify themselves in the material society and to pay more attention to their spiritual crisis to avoid alienation. As long as there is no human alienation, there are true harmonious relationships among people. Only in this case can a really harmonious society be constructed. Y1 - 2012 ER -