TY - JOUR A1 - Gong, Jing T1 - >Catch-22< in the Ethics of Love [《第二十二条军规》中爱的伦理] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Writer Magazine [作家], No. 10 (2012), pp. 26-27. N2 - 《第二十二条军规》反映了现代社会中人性的异化,海勒试图通过这本小说探索人的出路问题。本文结合弗洛姆的伦理思想,解读该小说中海勒对爱的思考和对人类生存处境的人性关怀。 N2 - >Catch-22< reflects the alienation of modern society, human nature, Heller tries to explore people's way out through this novel. Combining ethical thought Fromm, Heller novel interpretation of the love of thinking and living situation of human to human care. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Du, Min T1 - >Freedom< and >Loneliness< – Dual Dimension of Fromm’s Concept of Freedom and Its Limitations [>自由<与>孤独<——论弗洛姆>自由<概念的双重维度及其局限性] JF - Social Scientist [社会科学家], No. 7 (2012), pp. 42-45. N2 - >自由<是弗洛姆社会心理学理论的一个核心概念,借助>自由<概念,弗洛姆完成了社会批判理论与精神分析学说的结合,即马克思与弗洛伊德的结合。弗洛姆赋予>自由<概念的这种<纽带<功能,是该概念涵有社会理论与精神分析学的双重维度,>自由<既是伦理学、政治学中人的本质和权利,又是精神分析学中人的心理>孤独<。在弗洛姆的理论中,>自由<概念的显性是心理学的,但同时又潜含着社会理论的价值蕴意,由于这两个维度的意涵之间缺乏明确的厘定和界说,而使得弗洛姆从>逃避自由<和自我>实现自由<有明显的理想性和局限性。 N2 - With the concept of >freedom<, Fromm completes the combination of social-critical theory and psychoanalysis, that is, the combination of Marx and Freud. The function of >bond< given by Fromm to the concept of >freedom< is that the concept contains the dual dimension of social theory and psychoanalysis, and that >freedom< is both the essence and rights of human beings in ethics and politics, as well as the psychological >solitude< of human beings in psychoanalysis. In Fromm's theory, the concept of >freedom< is explicitly psychological in nature, but at the same time, it also implies the value of social theory. Due to the lack of clear definition and delimitation between the connotation of these two dimensions, it makes Fromm's >escape from freedom< and self-realization of >freedom< have obvious idealism and limitations. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhu, Dai T1 - >The Way of the World< and >The Human Heart< – Diagnosis, Treatment and Healing Accor¬ding to Fromm [世道<与>人心< – 弗洛姆的诊断、治疗和拯救], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2012. N2 - 在弗洛姆看来,异化既是>世道<的病态,也是>人心<的病态。马克思是针对>世道<病态的人道抗议者,劳动异化本质上是人性异化和非人化,而马克思的目标是人的自由和解放。弗洛伊德是针对>人心<病态的人道关怀者,异化亦是心理的异化,表现为原欲的压抑和疏离的体验,因此人的解放亦是人心的解放。弗洛姆对异化的社会病理诊断,是从人性世界的精神诊断入手的。人性是善恶同体的。从个体性格看,爱生、爱人和独立性是积极的品质,爱死、自恋和乱伦固结是消极的品质。从社会性格看,创生倾向、成长综合症等是积极的品质,非创生倾向、衰败综合症等是消极的品质。弗洛姆对异化的社会治疗方案,包括了从>世道<到>人心<的各个维度和层面:消除人性的异化,满足人的需求,包括爱、自由及自我实现的需求等,是治疗的人道目标,这个目标通过培养健全的人格和建构健全的社会来共同完成。弗洛姆的拯救,是把爱作为一种伦理原则和一种信仰:人的世界应该是爱的世界,爱既是对人的信任,也是一种积极的自由。爱是一种艺术,需要克服个人的自恋,发展谦卑,需要客观性和理性以及培养他生性。弗洛姆启示我们:人性是一个既包括自然属性又包括社会属性,既包括理性又包括感性,既包括意识又包括无意识的多维度、多层面的范畴,>以人为本<应以这个人性范畴为本,而>和谐社会<的建设,也应该包括从>世道<到>人心<的多个维度和多个层面,是系统性的和整合性的。 N2 - For Fromm, alienation is both the pathology of the >way of the world< and the pathology of the >human heart<. Marx was a hu-mane protestor against the pathology of the >way of the world<, and the alienation of labor is essen-tially the alienation and dehumanization of humanity, while Marx's goal is the freedom and liberation of human beings. Freud was a humanist caring for the pathology of the human heart, and alienation is also psychological alienation, manifested in the experience of suppression and alienation of origi-nal desires, so the liberation of the human heart is also the liberation of the human heart. Fromm's socio-pathological diagnosis of alienation begins with the spiritual diagnosis of the world of human nature. Human nature is both good and evil in the same body. In terms of individual character, love of life, love of people and independence are positive qualities, while love of death, narcissism and incest fixation are negative qualities. In terms of social personality, generative tendencies and growth syndrome are positive qualities, and non-generative tendencies and decay syndrome are negative qualities. Fromm's social therapy program for alienation includes all dimensions and levels from >the way of the world< to >the human heart<: the elimination of human alienation and the satisfaction of human needs, including the need for love, freedom and self-actualization, are the humane goals of therapy. The development of a sound personality and the construction of a sound society come together to accomplish this. Fromm's salvation is love as an ethical principle and a belief: that the world of man should be a world of love, and that love is both a trust and a positive freedom. Love is an art that requires the overcoming of personal narcissism, the development of humility, objectivity and rational-ity as well as the cultivation of otherness. Fromm reveals to us that human nature is a multi-dimensional and multi-faceted category that includes both natural and social attributes, both rational and emotional, both conscious and unconscious, and that >people-oriented< should be based on this category of human nature, while >a harmonious society< should be based on this category of human nature. It should also include multiple dimensions and levels, from >the way of the world< to >the human heart<, in a systematic and integrated manner. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Yafei A1 - Xin, Yi T1 - A Different Understanding of the Same Problem – Interpretation of Human Nature in >Marx's Concept of Man< [同一问题的不同理解——评《马克思论人》中对人本性的解读] JF - Journal of Xuchang University [许昌学院学报], No. 6 (2012), pp. 119-122. N2 - From the view of new humanism, Fromm makes a unique interpretation of Marx's concept of man in his own the Theoretical context. He believes Marx acknowledged that the human nature is different from that of other creatures and there is a general nature and changed nature; human nature means human essence, human instincts and desires can be divided into two types: natural and social. The natural attributes of man belong to human essence, while the social attributes are inessential and has no direct relation with human nature. All in all, Fromm concludes that human essence refers to the human potential which is hidden behind labor and can dominate man's labor. In fact, these views are the thoughts of Fromm himself, not or not all of Marx's. N2 - 弗洛姆从新人本主义的视角,在自己的理论语境里对马克思有关人的本质的思想进行了独特的理解。弗洛姆认为,马克思承认人具有不同于其他生物的人的本性,并且承认存在着一般的人的本性和变化了的人的本性;马克思的人的本性就是人的本质;马克思把人的本能和欲望区分为两种类型:自然的和社会的,人的自然属性属于人性的本质部分,而人的社会属性则是与人的本性没有直接联系的、非本质的部分。通过以上观点的表述,弗洛姆得出人的本质是隐藏在劳动背后并支配人的劳动的人类潜能的结论。这些观点实际上主要是弗洛姆本人的思想,并不是或不全是马克思的思想。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Hongmei T1 - A Hero or Sadistic? >One Flew Over the Cuckoo Nest< in the Interpretation of the Image of Mike Murphy [是英雄还是虐待狂?——《飞越疯人院》中麦克莫非的形象解读] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Jiannan Literature (Classical Teaching) [剑南文学(经典教苑)], No. 10 (2012), 40-41. N2 - 作为《飞越疯人院》中的主人公,麦克莫非在文学评论中一直被解读为领导被压迫的病人们冲破康拜因高压统治的英雄。他被理解为勇于追求自由,敢于斗争,反抗压迫的自由化身。然而,在小说中麦克莫非同时也存在着虐待狂的基本特征。本文将通过运用弗洛姆的自由理论重新解读麦克莫非这一人物形象,进而揭示出作者所塑造的硬汉在面对强大黑暗社会时所表现出的无奈与焦虑。 N2 - As >One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest< hero, Mike Murphy, in the literature review has been interpreted as a leader of the oppressed of the patients who broke Awn coercion hero. He is understood to be the courage to pursue freedom, courage to fight against the oppression of freedom incarnate. However, Mike Murphy in the novel there is also the basic characteristics of sadism. Mike Murphy this article will interpret the characters through the use of Fromm's re-liberal theory, and thus reveal the shape of a tough guy in the face of powerful social darkness demonstrated frustration and anxiety. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Pereira, Salézio Plácido T1 - A interpretação dos sonhos (The interpretation of dreams in humanist psychoanalysis), Santa Maria, Brazil (Editora Instituto de Psicanálise Humanista) 2012, 173 pp. N2 - Many people would like to know more about themselves, their qualities, abilities and potential to become more efficient as a human being. This need to understand the subjectivity of interest rises to reveal and discover the secrets that the symbols and dreams hide in essence. On the collective families, schools, businesses, realize the superficiality, lack of initiative, apathy, fears, anxiety, depression, stress, psychic this instance is the basis of productivity, to become efficient requires courage, boldness, creativity, willpower, curiosity, desire to learn, humility and sincerity, qualities and values indispensable for those who want to be efficient and achieve your dreams. Dreams have always been despised by the natural and exact sciences, and could not be otherwise, because people deal with numbers, statistics, measurement, verification, those working with dreams seek to find meaning and significance in the world of emotions and instincts. Psychoanalysis argues for the importance of the study of dreams as a language that can help awaken the potential, the condition is essential to know to live with health and vitality. Those who realize their personal analysis are in this state of discovery, looking for a way to live with joy and happiness. Dreams reveal the dialogue between emotions and existence, unconscious energy communicates through images and symbols, to explore the content and meaning can discover the hidden message that can be interpreted to the patient. Today is consensus that dreams contain important information about mental health, organic, financial and emotional. Erich Fromm wrote about myths, legends, tales, this symbolic universe is interested in balancing and integrating the driving forces of the human being. The dreams also revealed that the matrix develops disharmony and unproductive state of distress, anxiety, are also able to show the latent potential of each person. The dreams always bring creative solutions to solve the neuroses and personal difficulties. This is organismic, inspired by the forces of nature to develop courage, boldness, originality and creativity, this potential is the result of productivity that is interested in health and happiness. In this book I explain the theory of interpretation of dreams, and I believe this is a healthy way for those who want to know more deeply. By paying attention to dreams in symbols images can find the meaning of life, how to live happy and healthy, making the existence of the potential to learn to develop awareness. One of my patients reported the following dream: "A friend asked while walking if he was glad to be retired. Shortly thereafter, I was climbing a wall with a ladder and reached the top, and then went down to get to the floor, I realized I had leaned the ladder against the wrong wall." This dream portrays a life experience and shows that we are not always sure about our goals in life. This situation arises when some beliefs no longer satisfy the desires, is a kind of crisis that needs to be addressed because there is a huge energy wear. Not always the material conditions fail to account for all the emotional demands, this time we must prioritize the loving relationship with emotions. Dreams can be the bridge to integrate and balance all the drives, to become aware of the emotions can get the value and use this potential energy to your advantage. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Joyce, Anthony S. A1 - et al., T1 - A Naturalistic Trial of Brief Psychodynamic Therapy for Recurrent Major Depression JF - Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Vol. 40 (2012), pp. 645-672. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Shengping A1 - Li, Jinjuan T1 - A New Exploration of Fromm’s Theory of Ideology [弗洛姆意识形态理论新探] JF - Study & Exploration [ 学习与探索], No. 9 (2012), pp. 21-25. N2 - 弗洛姆继承了弗洛伊德与马克思的相关学说,从社会主体出发 以>社会性格<与>社会无意识<为概念工具,揭示了资本主义意识形态的精神分析基础。他认为意识形态主要运用社会过滤器即语言、逻辑与社会禁忌来压制社会 成员的无意识进而异化社会性格结构,而要消除这种意识形态的压制就要进行社会变革与心理革命,建构一个健全的社会。尽管他试图综合并超越弗洛伊德与马克思 的相关学说,但由于他没有科学理解马克思的唯物史观,其意识形态理论最终难以完成建构健全社会这一理想目标。 N2 - Fromm inherited the related doctrine of Freud and Marx, starting from the social body >social character< and >social unconscious< as a conceptual tool reveals psychoanalytic foundation of capitalist ideology. In his view the ideology primarily use the social filters that language, logic and social taboos to suppress unconscious and thus alienated social character structure of the members of society, and to eliminate this ideological repression is necessary for social change and psychological revolution, to construct a sound society. Although he tried to comprehensive and exceed the related doctrine of Freud and Marx, but because he did not have the scientific understanding of historical materialism of Marx, the theory of ideology ultimately difficult to complete the construction of a sound social ideal target. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chang, Liwei T1 - A Probe into Yu Dafu’s Self-Maltreat Complex [向晚独寻孤店宿 —郁达夫自虐情结探微] JF - Journal of Zibo Normal College [淄博师专学报], No. 4 (2012), pp. 35-39. N2 - 根据心理学理论分析,自虐情结普遍存在于作家群体。郁达夫的自虐情结则更为显著和复杂。弗洛伊德和弗罗姆对自虐情结的产生原因有着不同的解释。弗洛伊德秉承一贯的性本能说,弗罗姆则在弗洛伊德性本能说的基础上,提出自我消灭说。两种关于自虐情结生发的解释,放诸郁达夫身上都契合无虞。郁达夫本人的自虐情结与性爱的焦虑、命运的放逐、快感的获取以及自我的救赎有着复杂关系。这种情结表现在文学作品中,则指向身份、悲剧、灵感、艺术等方面的探索。 N2 - [According to the analysis of the psychological theory, the complex of self-maltreat is generally present in the group of writers, and among them, Yu Dafu’s self-maltreat complex is even more significant and complex. About the causes of the complex, Sigmund Freud and Fromm make different interpretations. Freud upholds consistently the theory of sexual instinct, while Fromm proposes the self-annihilation view on the basis of the sexual instinct view. These two explanations both can fit with Yu Dafu’s case. Yu Dafu’s self-maltreat complex has complex relationships with sexual anxiety, the exile of the destiny, the acquisition of pleasure and self-redemption. The complex is represented in literature by the exploration of identity, tragedy, inspiration, and art.] [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maunder, Robert G. A1 - Hunter, Jonathan J. T1 - A Prototype-Based Model of Adult Attachment for Clinicians JF - Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Vol. 40 (2012), pp. 549-574. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fang, Qi T1 - A Social Psychological Study of Refugees from Freedom in >The Room< and >The Birthday Party< [《房间》和《生日聚会》中自由逃避者之社会心理学研究], Master thesis, Foreign Language and Literature, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Harold Pinter (1930-2008), the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005, has been the most influential modern British dramatist. With an accurate and affectionate ear for the irrationality of the real-life conversation, he produces plays which stand out in their own enigmatic style-puzzling, dramatic and charged with fascination. From the one-act play The Room to the full-length The Birthday Party, one single pattern predominates: Within a cocoon-like room, the ordinary people pursue their mundane life and are reluctant to go out, always talking in a way which is full of uncooperative responses, awkward silence and pauses, until one mysterious figure enters and eventually leads to the mental breakdown of the characters when their internal fear of freedom is fully projected externally. Based on the study of freedom by the American social psychologist Erich Fromm, this thesis applies social psychoanalysis to identify and understand the characters in The Room and The Birthday Party as freedom escapers. It views personal progress in the social context and aims to conduct a social psychological research on the principles, neurotic symptoms, and mechanisms of the freedom escapers.– The thesis first puts forward the research questions and objectives of the thesis and introduces Harold Pinter, his reception and related criticisms on his plays; and then Chapter One discusses the social psychological principles of the freedom escapers to elucidate freedom as a social psychological problem.– Chapter Two collects qualitative data from the two plays and conducts a social psychoanalysis of neurotic symptoms of the freedom escapers.– Chapter Three categorizes mechanisms adopted by the freedom escapers with detailed analysis from the perspective of social psychology.– Finally, the thesis concludes that it is under the social influence that the characters who are in the fear of isolation and powerlessness become freedom escapers but never find a way out. As an interdisciplinary study in nature, the task of conducting a social psychoanalytic literary research is thus completed. N2 - 哈罗德•品特(1930—2008),2005年诺贝尔文学奖得主,是当今最具影响力的现代英国剧作家。他对现实生活对话中的非理性因素有着准确而细腻的洞察,使其作品呈现出谜一般的姿态:令人疑惑,引人注目,又动人心魄。从独幕剧《房间》到多幕剧《生日聚会》,总是有一种模式贯穿始终:在一个蚕茧般的房间里,普通人过着平凡的生活,不愿意走出自己的房门。在他们的日常对话中,能观察到大量不合作的回应,尴尬的沉默和停顿。当一个神秘人物出现后,房间内安静平凡的格局被打破,导致人物内心对自由的恐惧被投射到外在后,精神世界最终走向崩溃。本文基于美国社会心理学家艾瑞克•弗洛姆关于自由的理论,对品特的剧作《房间》和《生日聚会》中的人物进行社会心理学分析。本文将人物的精神发展与社会背景相联系,对关于剧作中自由逃避者的原则,神经质症状,以及逃避机制从社会心理学方向进行研究。本文在绪论中首先介绍研究问题和目标、剧作家哈罗德•品特、相关文献综述、论文研究方法等。第一章讨论了自由逃避者所遵循的社会心理学原则,并解释了自由为社会心理学命题的合理性。第二章从文本中收集质性数据,闸释了剧中自由逃避者之神经质症状,并用社会心理学方法对其进行精神分析。第三章对剧作中人物的自由逃避机制进行了系统化分类,并提供了相应的社会心理学阐释。最终,本文得出结论,在以现代社会为背景的品特剧作中,人物难以抗拒自由带来的无力感和隔离感,用尽各种方式逃避自由,却终究难以找到一个出路。至此,在跨学科视野下,本文完成了社会心理学分析和文学研究 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sang, Xiaoyan T1 - A Study of >The Human Stain< from the Perspective of Fromm's Humanistic Theory (2012)[用弗洛姆人本主义解读《人性的污秽》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - The Human Stain is the contribution of the contemporary American writer the Philip Roth in 2000 which completes his splendid trilogy that begins with American Pastoral (1997) and I married a Communist (1998). It is an exquisite and profound novel, which tells the tragic story of a college professor Coleman Silk, a black man who pretends to be white so as to pursue a better life development. The novel is well accepted and is awarded PEN / Faulkner Award in 2001. It is also adapted into a film of the same name in 2003 starring Anthony Hopkins and Nicole Kidman. Critics and scholars abroad and at home have studied The Human Stain from various perspectives, such as theme analysis, cultural criticism, intertextual study, writing techniques and so on, but few have studied this novel from the perspective of man's living situations. The novel is set at Athena College, which in fact is the miniature of American society. People who live in this environment encounter with various living predicaments, which expresses Roth's concern with the living situations of human being. The thesis attempts to analyze The Human Stain from the perspective of Erich Fromm's humanistic theory. It aims to analyze the wretched living situations of the main characters in this novel, explore the causes for their living plights and search the salvations of modern man. The paper falls into three sections apart from introduction and conclusion.– Introduction gives a general introduction to Philip Roth and his literary accomplishments, The Human Stain, literature review and the significance of this thesis.– Then, Fromm's humanistic theory is presented in brief. According to Fromm, the living situation of human being is a unique matter in nature. He takes human nature as the starting point of his humanism. With the rapid development of capitalism, escape from freedom and alienation become the typical living predicaments of modern people. Moreover, only through creative love can man find a way out of the predicaments.– Chapter One provides a detailed analysis for the wretched living situations of the main characters in this novel, namely escape from freedom and alienation, which are very typical. The freedom they pursue is negative freedom, which means to gain freedom only by getting rid of external bondage without a correct life orientation. The accompanying pressure and burden bring them lots of sufferings. Their life turns out to be perfect and prosperous on the surface, but to the core, it is oppressing. They have to suffer from mental alienation.– Chapter Two comes up with the causes for the paradoxical living situations from social and personal aspects. Man is social animal and cannot exist without the social environment. In this novel, racial discrimination, political correctness, persecuting spirit and the impact of the Vietnam War deepen the degree of man's predicaments. At the same time, various conflicts come into being due to the common living situation of human being, which lead to different psychological needs of people. People would suffer a lot if their basic needs are not satisfied or are satisfied through wrong way.– Chapter Three discusses the salvations of the main characters. According to Roth, death is a thorough and ultimate salvation for the main characters in this novel because it simplifies everything, purifies everything, and is also a form of self-transcendence. Coleman Silk and Faunia Farley end their lives in flowing river, which shows Roth's hope on purification of life. At the same time, a harmonious relationship between man and nature help people gain mental salvation. Lester Farley obtains inner peace in nature. Besides, love is the final salvation for modern people's mental crisis.– In the conclusion part, a summary is made based on the above analysis. The Human Stain expresses Roth's ultimate concern over human nature and the destiny of human beings. He insists on moral values in an age of materialism and has faith in salvations of modern man. The humanistic ideas in this novel heighten Roth's thoughts on human nature and are instructive to modern people. [Author’s translation] N2 - 《人性的污秽》是当代美国作家菲利普·罗斯2000年的作品,是他继《美国牧歌》(1997)和《我嫁了一个共产党员》(1998)之后创作的著名>美国三部曲<的最后一部。该作品叙述了一个冒充美国白人以获取更好人生发展机会的大学教授科尔曼·希尔克的悲剧故事。这部小说结构精巧,思想深刻,颇受欢迎,获2001国际笔会/福克纳奖。2003年本小说被改编为同名电影,由安东尼·霍普金斯和妮可·基德曼领衔主演。国内外的文学评论家和学者从多个角度分析了小说《人性的污秽》,如主题分析、悲剧原型、文化批评、互文性、写作技巧等,而目前还很少有从生存境遇这个角度对其进行研究。小说的背景设置在雅典娜学院,生活于其中的人遭遇各种各样的生存困境,这实际上是整个美国社会的缩影,体现了罗斯对人类生存状态的关注。本论文尝试藉埃利希·弗洛姆(1900-1980)的人本主义理论分析小说《人性的污秽》中主要人物的生存境遇,探讨造成这种困境的原因并揭示当代人的拯救之路。论文除了引言和结论外分为三个部分。引言包括菲利普·罗斯的生平及文学成就、作品简介、文献综述以及本论文的研究意义,并且对弗洛姆的人本主义理论进行了简要介绍。弗洛姆指出,人的生存状况问题是自然界中独一无二的事。人性理论是他人本思想的出发点。飞速发展的资本主义使逃避自由和异化逐渐成为当代人特有的生活困境。而要摆脱这种困境,人只有通过创造性的爱。第一章具体分析了小说中主要人物的悲惨生存境遇。小说中人物的生存境遇具有典型性,即逃避自由和异化。他们追求的是一种纯粹为了摆脱束缚的自由,是一种消极的自由。随之而来的压力和负担使他们陷入痛苦挣扎之中。他们的生活看似美好充实,实则备受压抑,遭受精神异化的折磨。第二章主要从社会和个人两方面探讨造成人物悖论性生存困境的原因。人是社会的动物,不可能脱离社会而存在。在这部小说中,种族歧视、政治正确性、迫害精神以及越战影响等加深了人们的生存困境。而人类共同的生存状况产生了诸多矛盾,从而导致人们种种精神需要的产生。人们基本需要未满足或者满足的方式错误也会导致人们的生存困境。第三章探讨主要人物的拯救之路。死亡能够简化和净化一切事物,是生命自我超越的一种形式,因而在罗斯看来不失为一种最终的、彻底的拯救之路。科尔曼·希尔克和福尼雅·法利在川流不息的河水中结束生命,表达了罗斯对生命净化的渴望。与此同时,人与自然的和谐相处也可以帮助人得到精神救赎,莱斯特·法利在自然中重获内心的平静。除此之外,爱是拯救现代社会人们精神危机的最终方法。结论部分指出小说《人性的污秽》体现了罗斯对人性和人类命运的终极关怀,他坚信在物质社会中道德的价值并对当代人的救赎抱有信心,罗斯在这部小说中表达的深刻的人本主义思想深化了他对人性的思考,对现代人具有启发意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Xiaofeng T1 - A Study of Ethan’s Alienation in >The Winter of Our Discontent< Theory [《烦恼的冬天》中伊桑的异化研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 《烦恼的冬天》是约翰•斯坦贝克创作的最后一部长篇小说,被认为是其获得诺贝尔文学奖的直接原因。本论文以埃里希•弗洛姆的异化理论为基础,通过分析《烦恼的冬天》中主人公伊桑内心所经历的痛苦和随之而来的道德沦丧以及最后为重新找回自我所做的努力,旨在更好的理解这部作品以及斯坦贝克对于人性的关怀和信心。本文首先指出伊桑异化的原因在于身处一个金钱至上的消费社会以及个人试图逃避精神孤独而走向迷失、堕落。其次,本文从三个方面深入分析了伊桑的异化,即与曾经熟悉的家乡新港镇的异化,与他人的异化以及与自我的异化,展现了生活在20世纪中叶的美国人所遭受的无法逃避的疏离感和孤独感。最后,文章详尽地探讨了伊桑走向异化解除的倾向。虽然最终即将过上富裕的物质生活,伊桑内心却备受罪恶感和羞耻感的折磨,于是他开始重新审视自己,逐渐改变了一些生活实践,在准备自杀的时候获得了新生。论文结尾部分通过对前面内容的总结,得出结论阐明生活在一个物欲横流的社会,人的异化是不可避免的,但人性是可以完善的,通过自身的努力和觉悟个人一定能够重拾自我,走向异化解除。通过运用弗洛姆的异化理论解读《烦恼的冬天》,本文再现了斯坦贝克作为一个现实主义作家对社会观察的细致、认识的深刻以及对人类坚定的信心。 N2 - >The Winter of Our Discontent< is John Steinbeck's last novel and is considered to be the direct reason for him to acquire the Nobel Prize for Literature. Based on Erich Fromm's alienation theory, this thesis analyzes the suffering and corruption of the protagonist Ethan in >The Winter of Our Discontent< as well as his efforts to receive final redemption, for the purpose of better understanding this novel and justifying Steinbeck's love and faith in human beings.– This thesis firstly points out that Ethan's loss and degeneration is due to his living in a consumer society where money is the first thing and his own longing to avoid moral isolation.– The second part of this thesis analyzes Ethan's alienation from his once familiar hometown New Baytown, from other people as well as from himself, displaying Americans' inescapable sense of estrangement and alienation in the middle of the 20th century.– The third part focuses on Ethan's tendency to de-alienate. Though he finally is about to live a wealthy life, Ethan suffers from a strong sense of guilt and humiliation, he therefore begins to reconsider himself and change some of his life practices. At the moment of committing suicide here gains his self.– In the end, the thesis concludes that for a man living in a materialistic society, his alienation is unavoidable, but man has the potential of perfectibility and through his own consciousness and efforts he can regain his self and receive de-alienation. By employing Fromm's alienation theory to interpret >The Winter of Our Discontent<, this thesis properly demonstrates Steinbeck's meticulous observation and deep understanding of society as well as his firm faith in human beings. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Huan T1 - A Study of the Theme of Solitude in Carson McCullers Novels [卡森•麦卡勒斯小说孤独主题的研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 二十世纪开始以来,世界范围内发生了巨大的社会及经济变革。激烈的竞争及商业化使人们面临前所未有的压力。人人追求自己更大的利益及更高的社会地位,结果是传统的生活方式和文化价值发生了动摇。人与人之间的信任与真诚遭到破坏的同时,人与人之间的诚挚的交流也变得日益困难,因此人们便转而封闭自己的内心世界。人们不可避免地开始感到精神隔绝及孤独,于是孤独便成了20世纪的一个普遍主题。美国南方在这方面则有着更为深刻的体会,内战后随着社会的进步和物质文明的发展,工业化不可避免地侵入保守的南方,南方人在传统道德和现实精神的夹缝之间挣扎不已,他们比以往任何时候都孤独。作为一位重要的南方作家,卡森•麦卡勒斯自然也不遗余力地挖掘人们内心深处的孤独,并使之在作品中留下印记。她的所有小说几乎都贯穿着这样一个主题:人在社会中永远被禁锢于孤独状态,人不惜一切代价试图冲破这种孤独,但努力最终总是无济于事。随着社会的发展,人们发现上帝不是万能的,于是越来越多的人抛弃上帝,试图找到一条自我救赎的新路。然而,现实往往和人的意愿背道而驰,失去了上帝的人们无所依傍,精神空虚,寻找的路途又困难重重。于是迷惘、困惑、孤寂的情绪困扰着每一个陷入信仰危机的人。麦卡勒斯的小说深刻揭示了20世纪初期美国传统价值观崩溃的人们被信仰危机困在孤独迷惘之中得不到救赎的社会现实。卡森麦卡勒斯本人遭受不幸婚姻及疾病之苦,因此难以摆脱压抑的孤独心理。由于她对生活的特殊理解及感受,她对精神隔绝,孤独及异化这一类主题驾御起来得心应手。她把故事设置在美国南部小镇,解释孤独人物的内心世界及人们无法沟通及理解的现实。她的重要作品包括《心是孤独的猎手》《金色眼睛里的镜象》《伤心咖啡屋之歌》及《婚礼成员》。在她的所有作品中,最能代表她创作特色,也最能打动读者的是《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》。孤独是麦卡勒斯作品的一贯主题。生活在特定的历史时期以及独特的人生经历使得麦卡勒斯对人的孤独有着深刻的了解。在她的作品中,所有的一切都要为孤独主题服务。本文主要分析《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》这两部小说。以小说文本为基础,从分析创作动机出发,挖掘孤独的根源。导论部分概述了小说创作的背景及作品中孤独主题的由来,对麦卡勒斯作品的研究状况及本文研究的目的和意义。第一章不仅从作者的人生经历和美国社会背景探求作者坚持写孤独主题的原因,并运用弗洛姆的社会心理学来分析孤独的根源。卡森麦卡勒斯创作的一系列小说,其中人物大都被精神隔绝和孤独感所困扰。通过对作者人生经历的剖析,文学传统和社会背景等因素的探求,不难让读者看出原因。第二章具体从麦卡勒斯《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》杰出的两部小说分析孤独在文章情节的体现,及在小说要素的体现,并针对小说具体分析孤独之因。第一个原因寻找上帝之爱的失败,其二爱之无能,其三是亲情的疏离。第三章分析作者呈现孤独主题的独特手法。她利用了独特的音乐结构和聚焦手法使作品的孤独主题和精神隔绝表现得更加生动鲜明。结论部分总结全文.揭示小说中人物孤独感和精神隔绝的不可避免性以及对现代社会逃离孤独感的深远意义。对《心是孤独的猎手》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》这两部小说深入归纳和原因分析不难看出小说中人物无法交流沟通,隔绝和暴力倾向的不可避免性。小说中,每个人都怪异,自私,不成熟,性挫败,都从生活的社会隔离出去,但是作者把重点放在了人物生活的社会上。当人们都以自我为中心,当然无法与人沟通,但是由这种人群组成的不健全的社会让人们更加孤独。因此,只有通过人际交往,尽量协调好人际关系,与他人沟通交流去追求更好的精神世界才能构建和谐共生的社会。综上所述,通过挖掘麦卡勒斯作品中的孤独主题对现实生活的指导意义,以此论证麦卡勒斯是一个独特的现代主义文学代言人。 N2 - Since the beginning of the20th century, great social and economic transformations have taken place in the world. Fierce competition and commercialization brought human much pressure. Human in the pursuit of more interests and higher social status that ultimately shakes the traditional life style and cultural values. The trust and faith is being destroyed and sincere communication is becoming more difficult in modern society. Therefore, people tend to isolate themselves from the outer world which inevitably results in spiritual isolation and solitude. Solitude has become a universal theme for the writers in the 20th century, especially to the writers in the Southern States in the USA. With the rapid development of social progress and material civilization, industrialization inevitably invades the conservative American south area. Southerners feel more solitary in the endless struggle between the cracks of traditional morality and realism. - As an important southern writer Carson McCullers spares no effort to explore the solitude in people's heart and write down the solitude in her works. Almost all of her novels are permeated with such a theme: people in society will always be detained in a solitary state but trying to break through this solitude in vain. With the development of society, people discover that God is not omnipotent, so more and more people abandon God, trying to find a new path of self-salvation. However, the reality is often contrary to people's wishes. The people without the reliance of God feel lost and fall into spiritual isolation. Therefore, confusion and solitary emotion distress each person who has fallen into faith crisis. McCullers novel profoundly reveals the social reality in the beginning of 20th century that people facing with the corruption of traditional American values, trapped in solitary confusion, cannot get self-salvation. Carson McCullers suffers from unhappy marriage and miserable illness. So it's hard for her to get rid of the shadow of depression and solitude. Based on her special understanding and feelings about life, she finds the themes such as spiritual isolation, solitude and alienation are easy to handle. - The background of her novels mostly in the small southern town reveals the innermost world of solitary people and the reality that people have difficulties in communicating and understanding one another. Her masterpieces include >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter<, >Reflections in a Golden Eye<, >The Ballad of the Sad Café< and >The Member of the Wedding<. Among all her works, The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café are the representatives. Solitude is the perpetual theme of McCullers' novels. Because of the specific historical period in which she was living and her special life experience, McCullers' comprehension and experience in insulation and solitude were deeper than anyone. In her works, everything should abdicate to and work for the theme of solitude. This thesis focuses on her two typical novels The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café. Based on the text of the novels and starting from the motives of creation, this thesis intends to study the solitude theme of the two novels. Introduction covers the background of the creation of this novel and the research that has already done on her works as well as the purpose and significance of the thesis. - Chapter one focuses on the reasons of the author in persistently presenting the theme from the writer's life experience and American social background to make further analysis in the light of Erich Fromm's social psychological theory. Carson McCullers' series of her novels are fraught with the characters that are spiritually isolated and solitary. Through the trace of her life and close looking at the literary radition and social background and other related factors, we may easily find the reason.– Chapter two makes further analysis of the reflection of solitude theme from the plots and novel elements in her two masterpieces The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café to probe the causes that account for the inevitability of solitude. The first cause is the failure of finding God's love and the second one is the inability of love and the last reason is the alienation of family affection.– Chapter three intends to analyze the writer's unique approaches to present solitude. She makes use of special musical structure and different focus modes to reveal the theme of solitude and spiritual isolation in a lively way. - Conclusion summarizes the whole thesis and demonstrates the inevitability of the characters' solitude and spiritual isolation and profound significance to face and get rid of solitude in modern society. By the delving into the causes and manifestation of solitude in McCullers' two representative novels The Heart is a Lonely Hunter and The Ballad of the Sad Café, the thesis intends to demonstrate the inevitability of the character's failure of communication, spiritual isolation and the violence prevalent in the modem society. Each person is incomplete, selfish, uncommunicative, immature, sexually frustrated and essentially alienated from their society. However, a concurrent emphasis is placed on the accurate social depiction of these characters. No communication can exist when people are self-centered. But a society composed of such individual parts will drive man further into himself. Therefore, only through interpersonal communi¬cation and coordinate with other people in the pursuit of better spiritual world can create harmonious society. In summary, the solitude theme in McCullers' works has practical guiding significance in the real life. With this to demonstrate that Carson McCullers is a special spokesman in modern literary history. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xie, Hui T1 - A Study of Toni Morrison's >The Bluest Eye< from Fromm's Sociopsychological Perspective [弗洛姆的社会心理学视角解读托妮•莫里森的作品《最蓝的眼睛》], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - Toni Morrison, winner of the Nobel Prize in1993, is indisputably the most prominent contemporary African-American writer. Morrison focuses on the African-American of the enslaved history and its effects on the African American identity construction and black community bonding is of Her first novel, >The Bluest Eye<, characterizes a black girl named Pecola who finds no love but contempt and insults within her black community. Critics have noted within this novel the erosion of the white mainstream culture and its disastrous impact on the psyche of the black community; however, few of them have taken the socio-psychological approach to explore the social causes for the distorted personality.– Drawing from the insights of Fromm's Theory of Love and Social Character Formation, this thesis focuses first on alienation and loss of love in >The Bluest Eye<, analyzing the black’s distorted love towards the whites and the God and the loss of love within the black community. It then delves into the myriad facets of black's social character formation and its repercussion on the individual and the whole black community.– The thesis argues that alienation and loss of love results in the predominance of non-productive orientation in blacks' character structures; that the black's marginalized; inferior, dependent and insignificant socio-economic life has repercussion on their psyches and forms the sado-masochistic social character which results in their internalization of the white supremacist ideologies. The ideologies they adopt in turn intensify and stabilize the social character. The sad-masochistic social character ultimately leads to their psychological trauma and damages their community bonding. N2 - [1993年诺贝尔文学奖得主托妮•莫里森,无疑是当代最杰出的一位非裔美国作家。莫里森关注非裔美国人受奴役史及其对黑人身份和种族构建的影响。她的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》讲述了一个叫佩克拉的黑人小女孩“寻爱不遇”的故事:佩克拉在她所生活的黑人群体中看不见爱的踪影,留给她的只是嘲讽和羞辱。许多评论家已经注意到作品里白人主流文化的侵蚀及其对黑人群体的心灵造成的灾难性的影响。然而,从社会心理学视角分析造成黑人人格扭曲的社会原因的研究,尚不多见。本论文主要从弗洛姆的爱的理论及社会性格形成理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》。论文首先运用弗洛姆爱的理论分析《最蓝的眼睛》中的爱的异化和缺失,包括黑人对白人、上帝的爱的异化以及黑人群体内爱的异化和缺失。论文接着运用社会性格形成理论分析作品中黑人群体如何形成这一非创造性的社会性格、形成怎样的社会性格以及这一性格对黑人群体产生的负面影响。论文认为,《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人群体绝大多数成员丧失爱的能力,因而他们的性格结构中非创造性的性格倾向占主导;黑人边缘化、卑下、从属的社会经济生活对黑人心灵产生塑型并使之形成受虐-施虐的社会性格,从而内化了白人主流意识形态,而白人意识形态反过来又加强并稳固受虐-施虐社会性格。总之,黑人受虐-施虐的社会性格倾向给黑人的心灵造成巨大的创伤,也极大地破坏了黑人群体的内部团结] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Yuanyuan T1 - A Study of Two Adolescent Girls' Pursuit of Freedom in McCullers' Two Novels [麦卡勒斯两部小说中两个青春期少女追求自由问题研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 卡森•麦卡勒斯是二十世纪美国南方文学的代表人物之一,她对青春期少女的描写,由于带有浓厚的自传色彩,具有重要的研究意义。本文主要以《心是孤独的猎手》和《婚礼的成员》两部作品作为研究文本,两部作品中的女主人公米克和弗兰淇为研究对象,运用弗洛姆关于人类生存困境的理论,结合西蒙娜•德•波伏娃的女性>他者<地位的观点,从自由和爱的角度分析两位青春期少女在走向独立和成熟的过程中作为>他者<的形象是如何在孤独中不断挣扎,寻求自由和自我真实身份,最终以失去自我的代价成长为南方淑女的过程,并探讨了两位女主人公追寻梦想和爱最终失败的深层原因。通过对麦卡勒斯生平的分析得出米克和弗兰淇深受麦卡勒斯童年孤僻性格的影响,她们身上有着和麦卡勒斯一样强烈的男性气质并对爱有着执着的追求。她们离经叛道的行为在传统的南方父权文化下显得格格不入,深受孤独压抑之苦。为了摆脱这种孤独,她们采取了各种方式来实现自我身份。或向社会权威妥协,开始尝试向女性气质转变,或通过音乐和写作来排遣内心的孤独与苦闷或尝试与他人建立一种亲密的>我的我们<的关系来寻找归属感,成为世界的一员。但是由于女性身份的限制和爱的能力的缺乏,在追寻自由与臣服社会权威的挣扎中,米克和弗兰淇最终梦想破灭,彻底放弃了自己的男性气质,成为标准的南方淑女。通过对米克和弗兰淇这两位青春期少女的分析得出结论,在南方父权文化体系下,叛逆的青春期少女无论如何挣扎,都难以对抗强大的社会无形权威,最终只能以社会和他人期待的样子走向平庸。 N2 - Carson McCullers is one of the major writers of South American literature in 20thCentury. Her description of adolescent girls has significant meaning in research for its strong autobiographic flavor. This thesis, based on two texts >The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter< and >The Member of the Wedding< , takes the two female protagonist of the two texts as research object, adopts Fromm's theory about human's existence problems combined with Simone de Beauvoir's conception about female's >otherness< to analyze the process in which the two adolescent girls, as the images of >other<, struggle in isolation to pursuit free demand true >self< and finally grow into southern lady at the cost of losing selves from the perspective of freedom and love and discuss the deep reason for their failure of dream and love. From the analysis of Carson McCullers's life experience, a conclusion can be drawn that the character of Mick and Frankie is deeply influenced by Carson McCullers. They are masculine and have a persistent quest toward love and the sense of belonging. Their deviant behaviors separate them from the other adolescent girls under the Southern patriarchal culture and they suffer from the sense of loneliness. - In order to overcome the sense of loneliness, they adopt certain ways to escape from their >individuality< and freedom: submitting to the social authority and trying to be feminine, creating music or wring shows to pursue dream and dispel melancholy, trying to establish close >the we of me< relationships to seek the sense of belonging as a member of the world. However, due to the limitation of their female body and lack ofthe ability of love, Mick and Frankie's dreams and love are shattered. Though having struggled, they give up their masculine personality completely and turn into a typical Southern lady ultimately. Through the analysis of the thesis, a conclusion can be drawn that under the South patriarchal culture system, no matter how hard to struggle, the rebelling adolescent girls can hardly oppose the strong social anonymous authority but head for normality and mediocrity as the society expects. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Jinglin T1 - A Study on Nineteen Eighty-Four in Light of the Theory of Alienation of Affection [情感异化理论观照下的《一九八四》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - With pungent satire and profound thought George Orwell has developed his political allegory novels with a unique style In view of his great contributions to literature and politics, he is known as the cold conscience of a generation. >Nineteen Eighty-Four< is one of the most outstanding works. Once published in1950, it became the focus of a heated discussion among all the sectors of society. Together with Brave New World (1932) by British writer Huxley and by Russian writer Zamyatin (1920), they are known as >Trilogy of Anti-utopian<. Nineteen Eighty-Four is at the peak of Orwell's career and makes him world-renowned. Being a masterpiece of political fiction literature, Nineteen Eighty-Four has been studied by many scholars as well as literary critics at home and abroad from different perspectives, such as political science, linguistics, existentialism, feminism, and so on. In this political allegory, the author consciously displays a vivid future totalitarian world. It is undoubtedly that in the environment, lacking both humanity and freedom, any attempts to resist or pursue humanity is doomed to fail. However, the previous studies only describe the various abnormal behavior of the people in the totalitarian environment without sorting out these abnormal states, underlying the causes of these anomalies, nor applying any possibility or way of humans' self-salvation. As the most important theorist of >New Freudianism< of the school of psychoanalytic psychology and an important member of the Frankfurt School, German psychiatrist Erich Fromm precisely provides a theoretical support for the unachieved study with the theory of >alienation of affection< of humanistic psychoanalysis. This paper tries to study the alienation of humanity in Nineteen Eighty-Four with the theory of alienation of affection. By probing the reasons of alienation of affection, the thesis also tries to find a possible and proper way out for the alienation of affection. The article consists of five parts, Introduction, three main body chapters, and Conclusion. Introduction mainly introduces Orwell's literary achievements and Nineteen Eighty-Four as well as the studies and comments at home and abroad concerned, and then points out: the significance of the paper is to analyze various morbid behavior displayed by the members in the authoritarian society of Oceania, reveal the root causes of the alienated phenomenon, and focus on exploring ways to escape from such a tragedy from the perspective of the theory of alienation of affection.– Chapter One is the theoretical basis, in which a detailed elaboration of Fromm's theory of alienation of affection is presented. Fromm devotes his whole life to the combination of Marxist social analysis and Freudian psychological analysis, and creates his own theory of >Humanistic Psychoanalysis<. It is on this foundation that his theory of alienation of affection is developed. This theory indicates that humanity is inseparable from the state of society. An unhealthy society causes people to be incapable of carrying out >love and creative work<, losing the ability to establish a positive contact with the world, resulting in a personal psychological mechanism of >escaping from freedom<, and in the end, giving rise to the alienation of affection. Alienation of affection is also the source of every kind of evil, such as violence and war.– Chapter Two analyzes the embodiment of alienation of affection in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Fromm argues that alienation of affection takes on three forms. >Love of Death< is an emotion for death and destruction, >Malignant Narcissism< means an excessive self-enhancement of ignoring the objective, while >Incestuous Symbiosis< represents an extreme form of Oedipus complex with a desire for losing self completely. Section One enumerates on how the >Love of Death< is displayed in the actions of the members of every stratum of the society; Section Two portrays the frantic state of >Malignant Narcissism< of the Party in Oceania; Section Three reveals a relationship of >Incestuous Symbiosis< existing between the Party and the rebels. The combination of the three will produce >Syndrome of Decay<, which is the root of all the evils in Oceania.– Chapter Three investigates the causes of alienation of affection in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Fromm believes that if emotion lies in the extrusion of >Dichotomy of Survival< on one hand, and limited by >social filter< on the other hand, man can hardly become his own, and alienation is the inevitable outcome. In Oceania, with an extreme repression, the Party uses three means of filtering, >Newspeak<, >Doublethink<, and >Thought crime<, according to their totalitarian will. These act as a social filter to restrict the social consciousness. Therefore, people are not able to possess a normal sense and will surely lose the capacity of escaping from alienation of affection.– Based on the above analysis and discussion, the thesis draws a conclusion. Human's survival and development are not isolated, but rather closely related to their social environment. The cultural, economic, political and other developments of the whole society have a decisive impact on shaping individuals' affection. A healthy society can provide a prerequisite for people to pursue >love and creative work<, creating possibilities for individuals to escape from loneliness and alienation of affection; this is the crucial factor in inhibiting the criminal activities in reality and avoiding the tragedy of humanity. Last but not the least, in fact, the analysis of the people's behavior and mental state in a morbid society of Nineteen Eighty-Four and the exploration of its inherent development and pursuit also have some practical significance to the present society. N2 - 乔治•奥威尔因其讽刺辛辣、思想深刻的政治寓言类小说而独树一帜。鉴于对文学与政治所作出的巨大贡献,他被称为>一代人的冷峻良知<。1950年出版的《一九八四》是奥威尔最杰出的代表作之一,一经出版便成为当时社会各界热议的焦点,与英国赫胥黎的《美丽新世界》(1932)以及俄国扎米亚京的《我们》(1920)并称为>反乌托邦三部曲<,是一部使奥威尔蜚声国际的巅峰之作。《一九八四》是政治小说文学的经典代表作,国内外众多学者及文学评论家已从政治学、语言学、存在主义、女性主义等多个不同角度评析了这部小说。在这部政治寓言中,作者有意为世人展现了一个逼真的未来极权主义世界。毫无疑问,身处这个人性与自由均缺失的反常环境中,人的任何追寻与抗争注定都会以失败告终。然而,以前的研究仅描述了在极权环境下人们的各种异常行为,并未对诸般异常状态进行归类,也未指出导致这些异常现象的根本原因和形成过程,以及人类自我救赎的可能性和出路。>新弗洛伊德主义<精神分析心理学派最重要的理论家、法兰克福学派的重要成员之一的德国精神病学家埃利希•弗洛姆的人本主义心理分析学中的>情感异化<理论恰恰为这一研究提供了理论支持。本文即是藉情感异化理论梳理、归类小说《一九八四》中人性异化的形式,探究其成因,并在一定程度上指出防止异化的可能的途径。全文共五个部分,即引言、三章正文和结论。引言介绍了奥威尔的文学成就和小说《一九八四》以及国内外对该作品的研究和评论,进而点明本文的研究意义:以弗洛姆的情感异化理论为观察视角,分析大洋国专制社会中其社会成员的各种病态表现,揭示引发这类异化现象的根本原因,并着力探寻摆脱悲剧的途径。第一章是本文的理论基础,详细阐述了弗洛姆的情感异化理论。弗洛姆终身致力于将马克思主义的社会分析与弗洛伊德的心理分析相结合,创造了>人本主义心理分析学<。在此基础上,发展出情感异化理论。该理论指出,人性的缺失或实现与所处的社会的状态密不可分。不健全的社会使人们无法进行>爱和创造性的工作<,失去了与世界建立积极联系的能力,造成个人逃避自由的心理机制,最后导致人们情感的异化。情感异化也是暴力、战争等一切罪恶产生的根源。第二章梳理《一九八四》中情感异化的形式。弗洛姆认为,情感异化的形式存在以下三种:>恋死<,一种对死亡、毁灭的爱;>恶性自恋<,无视客观的过度的自我膨胀;>共生性乱伦<,一种恋母情结的极端形式,渴望完全地失去自我。第一节列举了其各阶层社会成员带有>恋死<倾向的行为表现;第二节描绘了大洋国中党的>恶性自恋<的疯狂状态;第三节揭示了党和反抗者之间存在着的>共生性乱伦<关系。三种形式纠结在一起,便衍生出>社会衰亡症<,这是大洋国中一切恶产生的源头。第三章探究《一九八四》中情感异化的原因。弗洛姆认为,如果情感一方面处于>生存两歧<的挤压中,一方面又遭遇>社会过滤器<的限制,自然难成为其自身,异化是必然结局。小说里,人们为摆脱成长中的孤独感而自动选择逃避自由。同时,在极端压抑的大洋国社会中,党通过>新话<、>双重思想<和>思想罪<三种过滤手段,按照极权意志发挥着>社会过滤器<对社会意识的限制作用。故此,人们无法拥有正常的意识,不具备摆脱情感异化的能力。基于以上分析和讨论,结论部分指出:人类的生存和发展并不孤立,而是与其所处的社会环境息息相关,整个社会的文化、经济、政治等各方面的发展会对个人情感的塑造产生决定性影响。健全的社会可以为>爱和创造性的工作<的实现提供前提,为个体摆脱孤独、避免情感异化创造可能。这是抑制现实中各种罪恶行为、避免人性悲剧发生的关键所在,即有效防止个体及社会被异化的途径。推而广之,实际上,解析《一九八四》中人在病态社会中的行为和精神状态,探寻人的内在发展和追求,对当今社会也具有一定的现实意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hao, Hongcui T1 - A Study on Parents’ Response to Children’s Love for Hero Type Cartoons and Suggestions [对家长就幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片所作出的回应行为的研究及相关建议] JF - Early Childhood Education [幼儿教育], No. 36 (2012), pp. 40-42. N2 - [Chinese abstract not available.] This study, using questionnaires and interviews, investigates how parents respond to their children’s love for the hero type cartoons such as Japanese cartoon >Ultraman<, analyzes the influence their education opinions may have on their response. Based on these, the researcher puts forward some related suggestions. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 8/2021] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wu, Qiong T1 - A Study on the Theory of Western Marxism Alienation Consumption [西方马克思主义异化消费理论研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China 2012. N2 - 1929年西方发达资本主义国家爆发的经济危机引发了一个崭新的时代——消费时代,随之而来的一系列问题引起了刚刚兴起的西方马克思主义理论家的关注。三十年代,法兰克福学派理论家的著作中隐约可见相关论述,而西方马克思主义异化消费理论的真正形成在四十年代末,五十年代初。有突出贡献的理论家为法国>日常生活批判理论巨擘<列斐伏尔;致力于将马克思主义与弗洛伊德>精神分析学<相结合的法兰克福学派理论家马尔库塞和弗洛姆。他们认为>消费不再是为了满足人类的基本生存需要,而是人们为补偿自己异化的劳动而致力获得商品的一种欲望满足,并且为统治者所操纵、控制。<他们无疑在资本主义变化发展的新形势下对马克思异化理论的继承与创新做出了巨大贡献,但在克服异化消费的基本路径上全然不同,也不无遗憾地体现出了乌托邦的幻想和理论的悲观主义、主观主义倾向。他们预言:社会主义并非是异化现象的终结。这为迅速发展中的中国敲响了警钟。我们是否要重蹈覆辙,走资本主义发展的老路,陷入异化消费的陷阱?本文予以了否定回答。全文由三部分构成:第一部分主要从词源学角度探源>异化<概念的发展演变过程:从社会契约论中>转让、让渡<之意到黑格尔的精神异化,直至马克思>生产异化<的诞生。第二部分以马克思主义理论为指导,立足西方马克思主义批判传统,探究列斐伏尔、马尔库塞及弗洛姆这三位理论家在同一时代背景下,对异化消费理论基本内容的阐述和对当代发展、影响的异同。在第三部分中对西方马克思主义异化消费的批判传统进行正反两方面的评析,分析当代中国社会主义市场经济中的消费现状,探索构建健康、文明、可持续的消费模式,实现社会主义和谐社会的宏伟目标。 N2 - The economic crisis in1929 which broke out in the western developed capitalist countries triggered off a new era in the world, Consumption Times. Followed by serious of problems, which aroused concern of the nascent theorists of Western Marxism. We can find some relative discussions about consumption in the works of The Frankfurt School theorists in the1930s, while the formal foundation of alienated con-sumption theory of Western Marxism was in the late1940s and early1950. Among the theorists who had made outstanding contributions, there are the French >critical theory of everyday life giant< Henri Lefebvre, the Frankfurt School theorists Herbert Marcuse and E.Fromm, who committed to the combination of Marxism and Freud >Psychoanalysis<. They believe that >the aim of consumption is no longer to meet human's basic survival needs, but to satisfy their desire for goods, was caused by their own alienation of labor, by committing to acquiring goods; and their aim of consumption is also controlled by the rulers.< Undoubtedly, they had made agreat contribution to the inheritance and innovation of the Marxist theory of alienation under the new capitalist situation. However their totally different paths to overcome the alienation of consumption reflected the utopian fantasy, the pessimism and subjective tendencies of theory. At the same time, they predicted: Socialism is not the end of alienation, which gave an alarm to the rapidly developing China. Are we going to repeat the same mistakes, take the old paths of capitalist development, and cave in the trap of alienated consumption? The answer in this paper would be negative. This paper consists of three parts: Part one dealt with the evolution process of >alienation< concept from the point of view of etymological: From >transfer, assignation< in Social Contract to the spirit of Hegel's alienation until the born of Marx's theory of alienated production.– Part two, taking the theory of Marxism as a guide, based on the critical tradition of Western Marxist, explored the similarities and differences in the interpretations of three contemporary theorists Lefebvre, Marcuse and Fromm of the basic content of the alienated consumption theory and its influence on the contemporary development.– The third part assessed both positive and negative aspects of the critical tradition of Western Marxism alienated consumption, analyzed consumption status in the system of contemporary China's socialist market economy and explored to build a healthy, civilized, sustainable consumption patterns, to realize the grand goal of constructing the socialism harmonious society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zingale, Nicholas C. A1 - Piccorelli, Justin T. T1 - A View from Erich Fromm on Individuality Within Organizations JF - Administrative Theory and Praxis, Vol. 34 (No. 2, 2012), pp. 211-236. N2 - Do individuals have freedom or are they free? This project utilizes phenomenology and Erich Fromm's concepts of having and being to explore the issue of awareness through the lens of individuals working in public and private organizations. It argues that awareness of freedom is not only structurally constrained within organizations, but serves to conflate a way of being. Further, it suggests, individuals, and especially societal leaders, have a responsibility to take a stand and act according to what provides them with meaning so as to preserve and expand access to individual freedom. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - Aggression. Warum ist der Mensch destruktiv? Pocket-Book 22. Freiburg (Centaurus Verlag) 2012, 50 pp. [Vgl. Fromm 1976e] Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.centaurus-verlag.de/aggression.html?xploidID=765a6780362fa9b6ac6322f6c061bc8b ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dan, Wei T1 - Alienation Critique of Capitalist Society – From Marx to Habermas [资本主义社会的异化批判 -从马克思到哈贝马斯], Master thesis, Basic Principles of Marxism, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zheijiang, China 2012. N2 - 本文以哲学思想史为背景,首先对马克思以前的异化概念和思想进行回顾和分析。接着,分析指出马克思的异化理论是建立在前人的研究成果基础之上,具体是通过对霍布斯、卢梭、黑格尔、费尔巴哈等的异化理论的批判继承,从而创造出自己的劳动异化理论。马克思后来还进一步丰富和深化了他的异化理论,并将其贯穿到对资本主义制度的批判之中。>西方马克思主义<在马克思异化理论的基础上,结合自身所处的社会经济环境,发展出了各具特色的异化理论。其中,卢卡奇认为异化即是物化,可以通过无产阶级意识的觉醒和实践活动来克服各种物化;马尔库塞认为现代资本主义社会是一个病态的社会,通过爱欲的解放来摆脱资本主义社会对人的异化;弗洛姆认为当下资本主义社会的人性异化可以通过心理革命和社会革命进行克服;而哈贝马斯则认为可以通过>交往行为<的合理化来消除他眼中交往的异化。文章还论述了马克思和>西方马克思主义<对异化根源的探究以及在此基础上对资本主义社会的异化批判。本文的最后一部分主要是比较和分析马克思和>西方马克思主义<对资本主义社会异化批判的异同。指出了马克思对他那个时代的异化批判是准确的、科学的,而>西方马克思主义<对其所处的当代资本主义社会的异化批判也是有意义的,但存在不少问题。这对我们今天认识和批判资本主义社会的异化有着很好的启示作用。 N2 - This thesis first reviews the conceptions and thoughts about alienation which appear before Karl Marx's theory of alienation by taking the history of philosophical thoughts as background. Then, it points out that Marx's theory of alienation is based on the fruits obtained by his predecessors, such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, etc. He inherits but also criticizes their ideas about alienation and then puts forward his own theory of alienation, which enriches and develops those predecessors' theories, and is used in practical criticism on capitalist system. - Combining Marx's theory of alienation with their own socioeconomic environment, Western Marxism puts forward various characteristic theories about alienation. Among them, Georg Lukács thinks that alienation is materialization, which can be overcome by the proletariats' practical actions and the wakening of their consciousness; Herbert Marcuse holds that modern capitalist society is diseased. The liberation of sexual desire can help people emancipate from the alienation by the capitalist society; Erich Fromm considers only psychological revolution and social revolution can eradicate people's humanistic alienation while Jürgen Habermas, according to his famous theory of communication, believes that it is necessary to rationalize people's communicative behaviors which seems alienated in others' eyes. - Besides those, the thesis also discusses the studies on the origin of alienation and the criticism on capitalist alienation by Marx and Western Marxism. The final part is the comparison and analysis of the similarities and differences between Marx's theory of alienation and Western Marxism's, which concludes that the former is considered as right and scientific criticism on capitalist society while the latter has many problems though it is also significant in criticizing the society in that period. Anyway, those are all enlightening in knowing and criticizing toady's capitalist society and its alienation. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xiao, Lang T1 - All-healthy Man and Sound Society – A Research on Fromm’s Thought of Human Nature [健全的人及健全的社会—弗洛姆人性思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China 2012. N2 - Erich Fromm, (1900.3 1980.3) was a famous delegate character of by western Frankfurt School in the twentieth Century. His research involves the philosophy, psychology, ethics and sociology and other fields, and his representatives include >Escape from Freedom<, >Psychoanalysis and Religion<, >Sane Society<, >Beyond the Chains of Illusion< and >The art of Loving<. In his research, notably, he integrated Freud's psychoanalysis and Marx's thought on people and society and studied people's social character with the methods in psychology. This kind of research of interdisciplinary and trans-disciplinary opened up a new field of research on human nature. He built up a unique >social character< theory by integrating Marx's social analysis theory, which emphasizes the social mode of production, and the research methods of psychology, paying attention to the analysis of impact which social structure has on the human. In the light of this theory, he tried to explain the dilemma and spiritual crisis which the modern people and society in the west are confronted with, and then put forward his idea of >perfect personality< and >perfect society<. This paper aims to study Fromm's thought of human nature, digging out its realistic significance. This paper is divided into three parts.– The first part: the origin of Fromm's thought. This section briefly introduces the formation of Fromm's thought and the theoretical source of the age factor.– The second part: the frame of Fromm's human nature thought. This part elaborates Fromm's unique >social character< and >social unconsciousness< theory and the relationship between the alienation of human nature and that.– The third part: Alienation and its reversion. In general, people in western modern society are in a state of alienation. In order to cure the pathological alienation of social, Fromm argues that people's self-perfection is a good way to solve the relevant people and social relationship problems. He also argues to establish a perfect society with friendship, mutual help, non-loneliness through a series of reforms in economic, cultural, political field. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆(Erich Fromm,1900年3月一1980年3月)作为二十世纪西方法兰克福学派的著名代表人物,其研究涉及哲学、心理学、伦理学及社会学等多个领域,其代表作有:《逃避自由》、《精神分析与宗教》、《健全的社会》、《在幻想锁链的彼岸》、《爱的艺术》等。在其研究成果中,尤为突出的是,他整合了弗洛伊德的精神分析学说和马克思关于人与社会的思想,采用心理学的研究方法对人的社会性格进行研究,这样的交叉学科和跨学科研究,开辟了研究人性的新领域。他通过把马克思那种强调社会生产方式的社会分析理论综合到心理学研究方法中来,注重分析社会结构对人的影响,形成了其独特的>社会性格<的理论,并试图据此来阐释现代西方人与社会所面临的困境和精神危机,进而提出他关于>健全人格<与>健全社会<的设想。本文旨在通过弗洛姆人性思想的研究,挖掘出其现实意义。本文分为三大部分:第一部分:弗洛姆思想的成因。这一部分简要地介绍弗洛姆思想形成的时代因素及其理论来源。第二部分:弗洛姆人性思想的构架。这部分详细阐述了弗洛姆特有的>社会性格<和>社会无意识<理论及其与人性异化的关系。第三部分:人性的异化及其复归。现代西方社会中人们普通处于异化状态,弗洛姆为了医治病态异化的社会,提出了要通过人的自我完善来解决有关人与社会的相互关系的问题,并通过经济、文化、政治领域的一系列改革,进而建立一个友爱、互助、没有孤独感的健全社会。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Jingyu T1 - Am I a Devil? – A Look at the Sadistic Personality of the Protagonist in >Wonderland< from the Perspective of Erich Fromm’s Theory [我是魔鬼吗?——以弗洛姆的理论解读《奇境》主人公的虐待狂人格] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Journal of Nanyang Normal University [南阳师范学院学报], No. 4 (2012), pp. 80-83. N2 - 以弗洛姆关于虐待狂的理论,分析《奇境》一书中的主人公杰西虐待狂人格的形成原因,以及他行为中表现出的受虐特性与施虐特性。反映了>原始关系<的断裂使人产生孤独无力感;通过服从或控制外界这种消极的方式获取安全感,导致了人格的异化。 N2 - In light of Erich Fromm’s theory on sadisms, this paper is to analyze the sadistic personality of Jesse, the protagonist of Wonderland, including the reasons of its formation and the masochistic and sadistic features in Jesses’ behavior. The analysis illustrates that once the ‘primary bonds’ are severed, the individual would feel a sense of powerless and aloneness and that a negative way to acquire a sense of security through submission and domination would result in the alienation of personality. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jiang, Tianping T1 - American Novels in Mid-20th Century [异化中的>屈从性崇拜<——析二十世纪中期美国小说中被异化的疯癫] JF - Journal of University of South China (Social Science Edition) [南华大学学报(社会科学版)], No. 1 (2012), pp. 118-122. N2 - 20世纪50、60年代的美国文化思潮急剧转变。理性与非理性交替影响时代文学的生成。神经错乱或精神失常形象成为文学创作中一个重要的文学现象。人物形象的生成方面是个体因为与主流社会的差异而抗议,另一类则因欲望对人性的异化造成欲念狂人。弗洛姆认为异化是致人精神失常的重要因素之一。屈从性崇拜是对自身欲望的顺从而丧失自我。被异化的>疯癫<往往具有恶的品质,折射出其背后的作者所批判的时代文化精神。文章罗列各种被异化的形象,分析其表现以及背后的文化成因。 N2 - In the 1950s and 1960s the United States of America has witnessed the sharp cultural transition. Trains of rational and irrational thoughts have influenced greatly the literature alternately. Madman has constituted one of the important literary phenomena, because of the conflict of the individual and the mainstream of American society, and partly the alienation of humanity by desire. Fromm thinks that alienation is one of the important factors for mental disorder. The worship obedient to original desires leads to loss of self. Madness caused by alienation often has done evil, and reflected the authors' criticism against the cultures and spirits of the times behind the literary phenomenon. This paper attempts to list all kinds of alienated images, and analyze its performance as well as the cultural causes. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fiała, Edward T1 - Amor idolatricus w >Pornografii< i >Kosmosie< Gombrowicza. Perspektywa frommowska Amor [Idolatricus in >Pornography< and >Cosmos< by Gombrowicz. A Frommian Perspective] JF - Edward Fiała et al. (Eds.): Psychoanalityczne interpretacje literatury: Freud, Jung, Fromm, Lacan, Lublin (Wydawnictwo KUL) Poland 2012, Polish. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Qian T1 - An Analysis of Alienation in >The Bluest Eye< [对《最蓝的眼睛》的异化分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2012. [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 在当今文坛上,托妮•莫里森是一位极其出色的作家,也是在众多黑人女作家中获得诺贝尔文学奖的第一人。发表于1970年的《最蓝的眼睛》代表着她早期创作的开始。这部小说在展现那些失语的黑人女性的辛酸和苦苦挣扎方面具有极其震撼人心的影响力。在这部作品中,托妮•莫里森深刻地批判了美国的社会、政治、种族歧视和性别歧视。这部作品艺术特色鲜明,如结构新颖、多重叙事角度、象征、隐喻、对比等。这些写作艺术特色吸引着读者,引发读者想象和深思。同时小说与以往的黑人作家着重从政治和经济方面揭示黑人所遭受的歧视和压迫不同,莫里森把自己的注意力更多地投向黑人女性的内心世界。作为一个黑人女作家,托妮•莫里森自身的双重身份使她能走进黑人女性的内心最深处,进而能深刻而细腻地表现黑人女性因长期遭受种族主义和性别歧视的双重压迫而产生的辛酸、苦苦挣扎和扭曲的心理状态。正因为如此,世界上越来越多的人关注她的作品。本论文旨在分析导致异化的各方面的原因以及异化在小说中的表现。本论文共分为导论、正文和结论三大部分。第一部分是导论。主要介绍托妮•莫里森在当今文学史上的地位、主要作品、生活经历,《最蓝的眼睛》的国内外研究现状,本论文研究的方向、独特性及研究的重要意义。国内外以往的学者对于莫里森的研究往往是研究其作品的后殖民主义、女权主义、叙事技巧及艺术特色,但对她作品的异化分析涉及很少,因此本论文结合异化理论对作品进行分析有一定的现实意义。第二部分是正文,由三章组成。第一章着重介绍异化的理论研究、异化主题在西方现代文学中的呈现和莫里森的时代、生活经历以及她的异化主题的建立。本论文的异化主题是基于马克思的异化论、弗洛伊德的心理分析、弗洛姆的人性异化理论,并分析从古希腊到现代每一历史时期异化主题在西方文学中的呈现。本论文结合《最蓝的眼睛》创作时期所特有的历史环境、社会环境,和莫里森本人的生活阅历来论述异化主题的建立,从而说明对《最蓝的眼睛》的异化研究是有一定的理论和现实依据的。第二章具体分析导致异化的原因。《最蓝的眼睛》中的异化特征主要有以下四个原因,分别是:占主导地位的白人文化的影响、爱的缺失、学校教育的失败,以及自我认同感的缺失。黑人日常生活的周围弥漫着对白人文化优越性的宣传,在电视电影中有美丽的白人明星,在糖纸上做广告的是浅肤色的童星,甚至在学校的教材中也有对白人生活完美化的描述。黑人在潜移默化中被白人文化洗脑,渐渐丧失了自己的传统文化,丧失了自我认同感与自信。她们不再爱自己,也没有能力再爱别人,真正地成为与社会格格不入的隐形人。这四个方面原因的总结证明在工业化社会中,人类的异化是有其深层次的根源的,同时表现出在物质高度发展的社会中存在的人性扭曲和精神危机。异化的原因分析应唤起人们的全面发展意识,更加关注心理健康,防止人性异化。第三章探讨异化在该作品中呈现的特征。《最蓝的眼睛》中的异化特征共分为三个部分,分别是家庭成员间关系的异化(包括夫妻关系的异化和父母与子女关系的异化)、社会成员间关系的异化、以及人自我的异化。家庭不再是孩子幸福的港湾,夫妻之间不再互相爱戴,互相关心,取而代之的是漠然和相互鞭打;父母也不再是孩子的保护神,父亲给孩子带来肉体和精神的折磨,母亲对孩子的痛苦无能为力甚至是漠不关心。黑人不仅承受着白人社区带来的伤害,而且默默忍受着本社区同胞邻里之间的漠然和冷漠的态度。黑人是一个弱势群体,本应该坚持自我,互帮互助,齐心协力共同走出困境。然而,这些可怜的人们渐渐地失去自我,失去爱自己爱别人的能力。更糟糕的是,面对自己的处境和别人的无助,他们毫无作为,甚至相互欺凌,试图从弱者的痛苦中得到相对的满足。通过对这些异化特征的分析,现代人的生活困境及精神荒原一目了然。最后一部分是结论,这部分简要总结本论文的研究目的和研究意义。通过对异化的研究,本论文旨在揭示人的异化,展现人类精神世界的荒原。对于中国这个发展中的国家而言,在物质文明快速发展的同时,关注精神文明的建设也是至关重要的。笔者期在通过本论文当代人能在社会中找到自我,关注当代人的精神危机,防止异化。人们只有不再异化,人际关系才能和谐,才能构建社会主义和谐社会。 N2 - Toni Morrison is an outstanding writer in the contemporary literary world and is also the first black female Nobel Prize laureate for literature. >The Bluest Eye<, published in1970, is one of her earliest works. This novel has powerfully presented the silenced black women's bitterness and struggle because of the long-term double oppression of racial discrimination and gender discrimination. In this novel, Morrison has profoundly criticized the American society, its political prejudice, its racial discrimination and its gender discrimination. In >The Bluest Eye<, Morrison has shown several prominent artistic features, such as the structure of the novel, multiple narratives, symbols, metaphors and contrasts, which have attracted people to read and to imagine and contemplate. Unlike those writers who emphatically reveal the black people's economic prejudice and political prejudice, she pays more attention to the black women's inner world. As a black female writer, her own dual identity enables her to penetrate deeply into black women's inner world and reveal their psychological bitterness, desperation and distortion under the powerful oppression of racism and sexism. Therefore, more and more people have begun to pay attention to her novels. This thesis analyzes the causes of the alienation and the alienation features in this novel. It consists of three parts: an introduction, a main body, and a conclusion. - The introduction briefly introduces Toni Morrison's significant status in the current literary history, her main novels, life experience, current study situation of >The Bluest Eye<, the direction, uniqueness and importance of this research. Both domestic and overseas studies on Morrison mostly dwell on post colonialism, feminism, the special narrative devices and writing features. But currently comprehensive and creative researches on the analysis of alienation in >The Bluest Eye< can hardly be found. Therefore, this thesis will analyze the novel based on alienation theories, which has certain practical significance. - The main body consists of three chapters. Chapter One mainly introduces the alienation theories, the alienation theme in western literature, Morrison's times, life experience and the foundation of the alienation theme. The alienation analysis of this thesis is based on Karl Marx's alienation theory, Freud's psychoanalysis, and Fromm's alienation theory. This chapter also analyzes the alienation features in western literature in every single history period from ancient Greece. This thesis illustrates and analyzes the foundation of the alienation theme with the combination of the historical background, social environment where >The Bluest Eye< is created and her own life experience. Therefore, all these show that the analysis of alienation in >The Bluest Eye< has both theoretical foundations and practical basis. - Chapter Two specifically analyzes the causes of alienation. There are four causes: influence of the dominant white culture, absence of love, failure of school education, and loss of self-identification. The advertisement and broadcast about the superiority of the white culture pervade everywhere in the black's daily life. There are white stars on the TV screen, the light-skin children stars on the candies' package, and the excessive description of the white people's life in a perfect way wrongly. The black are gradually brain washed unconsciously. Then they lose themselves, abandon their traditional culture and have no self-confidence. They stop loving themselves and they lose the ability of loving others, which means that they become the invisible men in the society. These four causes summarize that the human's alienation has its profound origins in this society, and manifest the distortion of human nature and spiritual crisis in the highly developed material society. These causes of alienation should wake people to pay more attention to the comprehensive development and psychological health to avoid human alienation. - Chapter Three explores features of alienation in this novel. The features include three aspects, respectively alienated relationship among family members (including alienated relationships between husband and wife and the alienated relationships between parents and children), alienated relationship among social members, and the protagonist's self-alienation. An alienated family is no longer a harbor for a child where the couples beat and torture each other instead of loving and taking good care of each other; parents stop playing the patron role or protecting role in a child's life. Instead, father brings sufferings to the child both physically and mentally and mother is either powerless to protect or indifferent to the child's sufferings. The black community not only has to suffer the discrimination from the white, but also has to endure the indifference from their neighborhood in the same black community. The black community is relatively weak and inferior, so people in the same black community are supposed to adhere to themselves and their culture, help one another, support each other and unite together to get rid of their difficulty or trouble. However, these poor people gradually lose themselves and their capacity of love. What is worse, when they are in front of their own desperate situation and others' helplessness, they haven't taken any action to fight back. Instead, they bully the relatively weaker ones in order to gain a kind of satisfaction from others' pain. The modern people's dilemma and spiritual waste land are unfolded through the analysis of these features of alienation in daily life. - The conclusion summarizes the purpose of the thesis and its significance. Through the study and research of alienation, the thesis aims to reveal human's alienation and the present waste land of human's spiritual world. The thesis also expresses the expectation of the further study and research into the alienation in Morrison's other works. As to China, a developing country, it is very crucial to promote the development of the spiritual civilization as the material civilization develops in this fast developing materialized society. The thesis expects the modern people to identify themselves in the material society and to pay more attention to their spiritual crisis to avoid alienation. As long as there is no human alienation, there are true harmonious relationships among people. Only in this case can a really harmonious society be constructed. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ren, Huan T1 - An Analysis of Alienation in >The New York Trilogy< [《纽约三部曲》中的异化主题分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Paul Auster (b. 1947) is one of the most innovative American contemporary writers. His acute insight into the crisis of the American postmodern society and meditation of its quests endow him rare philosophical depth, for which he is praised as one of the most intellectually stimulating fiction writers in America. The thesis takes The New York Trilogy (City of Glass, Ghosts and The Locked Room) as the study object, discussing how the work, with a series of watchmen as symbols, profoundly depicts the New York City and its people's alienated life, solitary, lost and hopeless, after the 1950s. Adopting American contemporary psychoanalyst and philosopher Erich Fromm's related alienation theory, the thesis analyzes the estrangement in the trilogy between man and society and between man and man. There are four chapters.– Chapter 1 introduces Paul Auster and his novel The New York Trilogy, followed by literary review of this trilogy and theoretical basis and structure of this thesis.– Chapter Two explores three manifestations of social space, production and consumption to illustrate social alienation all-pervasive. Alienation in social space at first takes outside and inside spaces such as city, room, door and widow, to penetrate modern people's isolation and solitude, then using Fromm's theory of one of people's basic needs relatedness to observe people's sadist and masochist alienation; next part of alienation involves production which is human being's distorted productivity, the life force Fromm calls, such as the abuse of government function, degradation and disability of people's detection and writer's creation; the third are two kinds of alienated consumption: one destructive compensatory consumption and the other passive consumption. In City of Glass Quinn intents to confirm his identity and existence by indulging himself into compensational consumptive writing, but the failure leaves him only sense of hollow and loss. The passive consumption embodies in people's leisure activity such as Quinn's walking without any active pleasure. While walking Quinn's body is mechanical, and what he feels is desperately helpless and lost; besides, in The Locked Room the narrator sinks with his wife into a luxurious and corrupt life, which leads them into loss and desperation.– Chapter 3 examines relations of authority in family in City of Glass, powerless and normless work in Ghosts, and an idol-like and distorted friendship in The Locked Room. The first part displays family alienation in farther and son relationship where little Peter is abused by powerful father Stillman and after grown up, he was also >tenderly protected< by his powerful wife. The second part is the alienation in work where both Quinn and Black's self-discipline can do nothing in their detection and when they cannot find out a reliable fact they are trapped in frustration and anxiety. The third part deals with the alienation in friendship between the narrator and Fanshawe. Thus in New York City, the epitome of capitalist society, relationship between man and man becomes utilization, a relation of objects, and there is little love but alienation and indifference.– Chapter 4 is the conclusion. Auster makes a deep and all-round exposure of today's social alienation, which helps people rethink their social life and development and also contributes to their further quests. N2 - 保罗•奥斯特(Paul Auster,1947-)是美国当代最勇于创新的小说家之一。奥斯特在作品中对后现代社会生存危机的揭露以及对其出路的思考和探求,赋予了他当代美国小说家所罕有的哲学深度,被称为>美国当代最能给人们以智性启迪的小说家<。本论文选择奥斯特的成名作《纽约三部曲》(《玻璃城》、《幽灵》和《锁闭的房间》)作为研究对象,探讨《三部曲》如何以一系列孤独的守望者形象深刻地描摹二十世纪中后期以纽约为代表的城市虚无精神和现代都市人孤独、迷失、绝望的异化生活状态。本论文运用美国当代著名精神分析学家、西方马克思主义法兰克福学派的重要代表人埃里希•弗洛姆的相关异化理论探讨奥斯特在《三部曲》中反映的人与社会和人与人的异化。文章主要分为四个部分:第一部分介绍奥斯特本人及其文学成就,简述《三部曲》的主要内容及其国内外文学评论,本论文的理论基础和结构。第二部分分别从社会空间、生产与消费三个领域揭露无孔不入的社会异化现象。一为社会空间,主要从三部曲中的外部空间走向内部空间,如,城市、房间、门、窗等,透视现代人的隔离与孤独;再以弗洛姆的人类生存的关联性理论为衔接点,从隔离转到作为人类基本需求之一关联性的施虐与被虐的异化;二为生产领域中弗洛姆称之为人类生命力的生产力异化,如政府机构职能的扭曲、侦探能力和作家创作力的退化与丧失;三为人们的消费异化。消费异化包括补偿性消费和被动性消费。《玻璃城》中奎恩通过疯狂的补偿性消费写作来证实自我及存在,但这种企图留下的只是空虚和自我迷失;而当人们在休闲活动时感受不到快乐或感受到的只是消极的快乐时便是被动性消费。奎恩在他最喜欢的休闲活动散步中,他的身体机械化,唯一感受就是自我的迷失;此外,在《锁闭的房间》里无名叙述者的奢侈、腐化的生活使其陷入迷失和无望的极度痛苦之中。第三部分分别从家庭成员、侦探和朋友三方面揭露人与人的异化。《玻璃城》中家庭成员异化主要体现在老斯蒂尔曼对儿子彼得的父权统治和成人后的彼得受到妻子的无形掌控;侦探的异化体现在他们对工作的无能为力和无规则两方面,如《玻璃城》和《幽灵》中主人公奎恩和布鲁对其侦探工作的无力和发现现实与理想不符时的焦虑。朋友的异化体现在《锁闭的房间》里叙述者对范肖的友情从崇拜到憎恨扭曲的整个过程。总之,在纽约城这个资本主义社会的缩影里,人与人的关系变成了相互利用的关系,变成了物与物的关系,人与人之间失去了正常爱的情感,唯有疏远和冷漠。第四部分为结语。奥斯特对当今社会异化现象的真实揭露深刻而又全面,有助于人们对社会发展进行反思,有助于人们踏上追求自我的正确道路,从而不乏一定的现实意义。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ma, Lihui T1 - An Analysis of America's Next Top Model from the Perspective of Consumption Alienaton [从消费异化的角度解读《全美超模大赛》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Sichuan Universiy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Since the20thcentury, the assembly line brought by the technological progress has provided abundant goods. Consequently, the related unceasing possession and consumption have become the most dominating part of life and the main way of communication between the world and people. Scholars from Frankfurt School like Marcuse and Fromm have raised the idea of consumption alienation, which has been further developed by the Eco-Marxists, represented by Ben Agger. The consumption alienation gains the control of people, nature and society by creating false demands and the value system of signs and commercialize all to the consumptive object. Modern industry and technology have led to a new genre of media with world-wide popularity-the TV reality show. America's Next Top Model, one of the most popular reality shows in America, has set an example for the other similar shows. By eye -catching training on the models and stunning photo-shoot for advisement, America's Next Top Model makes every bit of effort to produce false needs and to assign meaning to the goods for the audience, which in turn leads to the identity crisis of the audience. Thus, the audience have unconsciously fallen into the circle of consumption alienation.– In the first part, the thesis analyzes the program from the perspective of false needs, in which the creating of false needs and consumption featured by blind conformity are elaborated.– The second part focuses on sign consumption in the program, which can be found in the living environment and fierce competition among the contestants.– In the third chapter, the identity crisis caused by consumption alienation is studied to a certain degree, which is represented by confusion in self-identity and construction of false identity.– Through the research, the thesis states that America's Next Top Model is a product of consumption alienation which should alarm audience. N2 - 20世纪以来,科技进步所带来的流水线生产模式为人们提供了丰裕的商品,而对商品的不断占有和消费也成为人们最主要的生活方式和与世界建构联系的主要手段,以马尔库塞、弗洛姆等人为代表的法兰克福学派和以本•阿格尔为代表的生态学马克思主义提出并发展了消费异化的理论。消费异化即是在生产力提高和生产方式变革形成大众消费集团之后,通过创造一种虚假需求以及符号价值体系,造成人的主体性构建危机,实现对人、自然和社会的控制,并将一切商品化成为消费客体。现代工业与技术的突飞猛进带来了一种新型的风靡全球的媒体形态——真人秀,美国著名真人秀节目《全美超模大赛》收视率在美国居高不下,它所创造的节目模式成为其他类似节目的典范。它通过夺人眼球的模特训练、广告拍摄等手段,竭力为受众制造购买商品的需求和意义,造成受众主体性构建危机,使受众不自觉地陷入消费异化的漩涡。本文首先从虚假需求的角度分析文本,指出其制造虚假需求及跟风消费的特点。第二部分从符号消费的角度解析此档节目,通过参赛选手的生活环境和比赛内容两方面揭示其赋予商品以符号意义。第三部分揭示其通过消费扭曲参赛者身份意识以达到消费对人的控制。本文试图从消费异化的角度分析《全美超模大赛》,证明其是消费异化的产物,以期警示观看者保持清醒的头脑,进行科学自然的消费。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Baiwen A1 - Zhao, Li T1 - An Analysis of Fromm's Social Philosophy [试析弗洛姆的社会技术哲学思想] JF - Jilin Normal University Journal (Humanities & Social Science Edition) [吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)], No. 6 (2012), pp. 43-46. N2 - Fromm technology alienation of modern Western society reflects on the critical socio-technical concept. His humanity >prefabricated< standard critique of social reality >affluent< alienation, rethought the technology itself, and drew the reasonable modern technology which must be creative foundation of digestion technology humane society. N2 - 弗洛姆的社会技术观是对现代西方社会技术异化现象反思批判的结果。他以>预制<的人性为标准,批判现实社会人的>丰裕<异化,重新考量技术本身,得出合理的现代科技必须以对人的创造性根基消解的消解为前提,实现技术社会的人道化。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Leng, Yandan T1 - An Analysis of Zweig's Novels from the Perspective of Fromm's Theory [茨威格小说的弗洛姆式解读], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Zweig left us with many excellent works as a Jewish writer writing in German. His poetry, novels, plays and biographies have made impressive achievements in the Literature domain, especially his novel writing, which have a wide range of readers in the world. With an entry point of alienation, this paper, which takes Zweig’s novels as the research object, is based on the novel texts as well as using Fromm’s humanistic psychoanalysis theories. The thesis is composed of four chapters: Chapter one includes a brief introduction of Zweig’s life, the general plot summary of his novels as well as the critical responses to them home and abroad. At the same time, this part makes a general introduction to the theoretical system of Fromm’s humanism. His humanistic theory mainly talks about three issues, namely, the theory of escaping from freedom, the theory of alienation and the love theory.– Chapter two applies Fromm’s alienation theory to the description of Zweig’s novel world. Alienation has pervaded every corner of his creation which is displayed in the following two aspects: people are alienated by the war; the relationship between work and the people is alienated. This chapter also analyzes the psychological causes of the alienation.– Chapter three applies Fromm’s love theory to analyze the way advocated by Zweig to resist the alienation.– Chapter four, driven by alienation, the character in his work often leads to tragic ending. In Zweig’s life, meanwhile, there is a trace of alienation. The personality factors of Zweig’s early experience and his Jewish identity have caused the anxiety of his heart while creative activities provide balance for the anxiety. Here, by the application of Fromm’s theory, the thesis gives an analysis to Zweig’s loneliness and his need of freedom. And the analysis centers on his relationship with his mother during his childhood.– The final chapter is the part of conclusion. It summarizes the factors of Zweig’s tragedy and maintains the importance and significance of a humanistic interpretation of his novels. N2 - 作为一名用德语写作的犹太作家,茨威格给我们留下了许多优秀的作品,他在小说、戏剧和人物传记方面都取得了不俗的成就,尤其是他的小说创作,在世界范围内拥有广泛的读者群。本文以茨威格的小说文本为基础,运用弗罗姆的人本主义精神分析学的相关理论,探究其中的异化主题。本文共由四章组成:第一章首先简单介绍了茨威格的生平,他在世界文学史上的地位及其小说的主要特点,并提出了本文所要讨论的论题。接着概括了国内外茨威格研究的现状,指出本文的研究方法并简要介绍了弗洛姆的人本主义理论,主要是异化理论、逃避自由理论以及爱的理论。第二章运用弗洛姆的异化理论分析了茨威格小说中的异化主题,主要体现在劳动中人的异化和战争中人的异化这两方面。并且借助于逃避自由理论分析了异化形成的心理机制。第三章运用弗洛姆爱的理论分析茨威格在小说文本中提出的拯救异化的途径,概括出在异化和拯救异化的过程中的激情以及激情的双重性。第四章由小说中的异化延伸到作家其他作品和作家生命中的异化,结合作家的生活经历,如他童年时和母亲的关系,社会历史背景和种族身份等,分析作为异化主要呈现形式的激情的本质特征,及其在对抗异化的过程中所起的作用。最后是论文的结论部分,总结了茨威格小说和人生中对抗异化失败的原因,并强调了运用弗洛姆的人本主义理论对茨威格的小说进行解读的重要性和意义 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Jiyuan A1 - Gao, Hongxia T1 - An Analysis on People and Society in >You Can't Go Home Again< from the Perspective of Fromm's Sociological Theories [ 从弗洛姆社会学视角论《你不能再回家》中的人与社会] [Application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Journal of Taiyuan University of Technology (Social Sciences Edition) [太原理工大学学报(社会科学版)], No. 2 (2012), pp. 54-58. N2 - As an important representative of American literature in the early 20th century, Thomas Wolfe is undoubtedly the most controversial and greatest modernist writer. >You can’t go home again< is his last novel and it focuses on depicting the social picture of the United States of America during the Great Depression and the different fates of the lower-middle class people. Based on Erich Fromm’s sociological theories, this paper intends to explore common people’s lack of power, loneliness and anxiety in modern industrial system from the aspects of loneliness of human, fascism and totalitarian society, human nature and salvation, and tries to explain the psychological mechanism that causes the rise of fascism and universality of the totalitarianism, thus revealing Wolfe’s inclination of social criticism and the thematic transformation in his late writing. It is drawn a conclusion that capitalist industrial society not only destroyed the harmony between man and nature, destroyed the beautiful natural environment, but also exerted negative influence on human mind and spirit. N2 - 作为20世纪初美国文坛的重要代表,托马斯.沃尔夫无疑是最具争议、最伟大的现代主义作家之一。《你不能再回家》是他的最后一部小说,该书着重描绘了美国大萧条时期的社会画面和中下层民众的各种命运。今从弗洛姆社会学思想出发,从孤独的人性、法西斯主义与极权社会、人性的救赎等方面入手,探索现代工业制度下人的无权利、孤独、焦虑和不安,阐明了法西斯主义兴起的心理机制和极权主义的普遍性,揭示作家的社会批判倾向和思想流变。从而表明资本主义工业社会不仅破坏了人与大自然的和谐,破坏了优美的自然环境,而且对每个人的思想和精神都产生了负面的影响。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Shucai T1 - An Eternal Wanderer – The Interpretation of Rousseau's Personality [永恒的流浪者——卢梭之人格][application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Journal of Zhengzhou Normal Education [郑州师范教育], No. 6 (2012), pp. 43-47. N2 - Rousseau started a new age while people's interpretation of him was full of conflicts. To know his personality is useful for understanding his thought. Based on the original resource of Rousseau, this thesis applies Fromm's related theory to analyze Rousseau's personality. Rousseau fell in dual conflicts – emotion and reason, individualization and loneliness, ideality and reality – which made up of the principal tone of his life. Among these conflicts, the one between individualization and loneliness was the most important. Rousseau's acute intuition let him realize the dichotomy of human being. But on account of his lack of productive love, he not only didn't solve the problem but also sank in the trap deeper. In a word, Rousseau had a tragic personality and he was an eternal wanderer. N2 - 卢梭开创了一个新的时代,但人们对他的解读充满了矛盾。了解卢梭的人格有助于理解他的思想。卢梭的一生处于二元对立之中:情感与理性的冲突,个体化与孤独感的冲突,理想与现实的冲突。一系列的冲突构成了卢梭人生的主旋律。纵观卢梭的一生,他的人格具有悲剧性,他是一个永恒的流浪者。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Tian, Yanmei T1 - An Inquiry into Fromm's Human Thought [弗洛姆人学思想探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2012. N2 - 在提倡>以人为本<的今天,人学理论得到了越来越多人的关注。弗洛姆作为人道主义精神分析学派的创始人,二十世纪最有影响力的学者之一,在国内外享有盛誉。其有关人及人性等人学的思想理论更是因其独特的研究视角和魅力,在人学理论界长盛不衰。本文主要围绕弗洛姆人学思想的来源、弗洛姆人学思想的内容以及弗洛姆思想在理论和现实方面的研究意义三个方面进行论述,力求从总体上将弗洛姆的人学思想呈现出来,以期达到人们对弗洛姆人学理论更全面、更深层次的理解,辩证分析其思想的理论价值和不足之处,进而带给人们更有启示性的思考。第一部分:主要论述了弗洛姆人学思想的理论来源。弗洛姆思想是建立在对马克思和弗洛伊德思想批判和继承的基础之上的。因此,在时代的影响下,弗洛姆一方面吸取了弗洛伊德的思想,另一方面又深受马克思主义思想的吸引。他试图将弗洛伊德的心理分析学说与马克思的社会批判理论进行结合,而弗洛伊德理论与马克思理论在思想基础和研究方法上的共同性使得弗洛姆将二者思想进行综合成为了可能。第二部分:主要论述了弗洛姆人学思想的主要内容。作为一位社会哲学家,人一直是弗洛姆关注和研究的中心问题,也是其人学思想赖以建立的重要前提。弗洛姆以独特的视角对人以及人性进行了深入剖析,并提出了他的多层次的总体人性论思想;西方资本主义社会普遍的精神危机和社会危机暴露了资本主义社会的内部矛盾。弗洛姆以犀利的眼光对资本主义社会进行审视,揭露了资本主义社会痼疾的根源在于异化。为寻求西方社会的出路,弗洛姆提出了全面消除人的异化,实现人的全面发展的人道主义社会的构想;弗洛姆关注人的心灵活动在社会生产和生活中的重要作用,对人的心理活动作了深入探索,将弗洛伊德的个体心理分析理论与马克思的社会批判理论相结合,提出了新的社会心理学的范畴:社会性格、社会无意识、社会自恋等,并将其运用到对资本主义社会现实的分析中,是心理学上的重要创见。第三部分:主要论述了弗洛姆人学思想的意义。弗洛姆注意从生理、心理、历史等多角度对人性进行分析,建立了他的多层次的总体人性论思想。但他未真正从社会生产方式、社会关系的角度对人性进行深入剖析,未能摆脱抽象人性论的束缚;弗洛姆以人性论为基础,揭示了资本主义社会的异化根源,并提出了建立人道主义社会的构想。但由于对阶级性的忽视,对宏观革命的忽视,这种构想只能是一种人道主义的乌托邦;弗洛姆注重心理因素在社会生产中的作用,但由于对马克思主义实践观的缺失,仅从社会心理层面对人性及人的生存方式进行分析,从某种程度来讲是片面的、不科学的。 N2 - In the >people-oriented< today, human theory has got more and more attention. Fromm as the founder of the school of the humanitarian spirit analysis in twentieth Century and one of the most influential scholars, renowned at home and abroad. His theory about human and human nature are longevity in theory circles because of his unique research perspective and charm. This article mainly revolves around the sources of the theory of Fromm's human thought, the academic performance of the theory of Fromm's human thought and the significance in theory and practice of the theory of Fromm's human thought to carry on the elaboration and strive to show the theory of Fromm's human thought overall. It can make people achieve a understanding of more comprehensive and deeper to the theory of Fromm's human thought and so as to bring people more enlightening reflections. - The first part mainly discusses the origin of Fromm's human thought of theory. Fromm's thought is based on the criticizing and inheriting to Marx's and Freud's thought. Therefore, under the influence of the times, on the one hand, Fromm critically inherited Freud's thought, On the other hand, he was deeply attracted by Marx's thought. He tried to combine Freud's psychoanalytic theory with Marx's theory of social criticism, and the common of the ideological basis and the study method of the Freud's theory and Marx's theory led Fromm to integrate the two ideas is possible.– The second part mainly discusses the main content of Fromm's theory. Fromm as a social philosopher, human has not only been the center issue of his focus and study, but also the important premise of his human theory upon which to build. Fromm carried on a thorough analysis on the human and the nature with an unique perspective, and put forward his theory of overall human nature of multiple levels; the universal spiritual crisis and social crisis of the western capitalist society have exposed the internal contradiction of capitalist society. Fromm with a sharp eye surveyed the capitalist social, uncovered the root of the capitalist social ills is alienation. In order to seek the Outlet for Western society, Fromm put forward the humanitarian society conception of total elimination to alienation, and all-round development of human; Fromm pay close attention to people's spiritual activities in social production and life, and made thorough exploration to the important role of people's psychological activity, to make Freud's individual psychological analysis theory and Marx 'social criticism theory combined, and put forward the new social psychological category, social character, social unconsciousness, social narcissism, and it is an important creative psychology to apply it to the analysis to the reality of capitalist society.– The third part mainly discusses the significance of Fromm's human thought. Fromm noted from physiological, psychological, historical and many other aspects to analysis the human nature, and established his overall theory of human nature of multiple levels. But he is not really from the perspective of social mode of production, social relations to take a deep analysis on human nature, and could not get rid of the shackles of human nature of abstract theory; Fromm reveals the origin of alienation in capitalist society based on the theory of human nature, and put forward the conception of building humanitarian society. But due to the neglect to the class and the macroscopically revolution, this kind of conception is only a humanitarian Utopia; Fromm focus on psychological factors' role in social production, but due to the lack of the Marxist doctrine view of practice, and only from social psychological layer to analysis the nature of human and the survival way is one-sided and unscientific from a certain extent. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Bo T1 - Analysis of Fromm’s Theory of Man [浅析弗洛姆人学思想], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shanxi University, Taiyun, Shanxi, China 2012. N2 - Current, worldwide, along with the continuous development of science and technology, man and nature, man and society, man and its contradiction is increasingly acerb, the problems on the existence and development of human threat, therefore, people gradually aroused the attention of scholars at home and abroad. Fromm as the main representative figures in the Frankfurt school, is a renowned psychologist in the west, is a rich person study thought by scholars, based on Fromm’s theory of human comprehensive carding system, consists of three parts.– The first part of Fromm’s human thought theory origin. Mainly to the Fromm made a brief introduction, elaborated Fromm person study thought is put forward in the background of the times and Fromm person study thought theory origin.– The second part of human nature as the core concept, from the four levels of carding Fromm person study thought. First of all, the contradiction of human nature as the logical starting point, by human nature and human existence, human nature and human survival needs, human nature and the relationship between free to interpret human nature; secondly, from the psychology angle to analysis the concept of alienation, alienation in the human interpretation of the unconscious and alienation in the modern west a variety of social performance, reveals the essence of capitalist alienation is the alienation of human nature; again, discusses the contemporary capitalist society people escape from freedom of roots and way; finally, in order to eliminate the alienation of human nature, to achieve the perfect society, Fromm proposed to psychological revolution social transformation scheme, namely in the >moral< on the foundation, at the same time to the community to carry out economic, political, cultural and other aspects of the change, the psychological revolution and social reform to combine, the all-round development of man.– The third part of the Fromm person study thought evaluation. In this chapter the finishing touch, explains Fromm person study thought the transcendence and its positive value; Fromm concerned the capitalist society people’s survival condition, therefore, his thought has the necessity and feasibility, but he discusses the way to solve the problem are the subjective psychological experience, so his solution has a utopia; at the same time Fromm humanism is also desirable and the place that draw lessons from, in the transition period in China, how to pay attention to the problems in person, how to achieve the person’s freedom, how to promote the construction of a harmonious society plays an important enlightening role. N2 - 当今,世界范围内,随着科技的不断发展,人与自然、人与社会、人与自身的矛盾日益尖锐,这些问题对人的生存与发展构成威胁,因此,人学逐渐引起国内外学者的广泛关注。弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的主要代表人物之一,是一位在西方享有盛誉的心理学家,也是一位具有丰富人学思想的学者,论文对弗洛姆的人学思想进行全面系统的梳理,共由三个章节构成。第一章阐述弗洛姆人学思想的理论渊源。在这个章节当中主要阐述了弗洛姆人学思想提出的时代背景、弗洛姆人学思想的理论渊源。第二章讲述了弗洛姆人学思想的主要内容。首先,通过人性的涵义、人的境遇、人的需要来诊释人性;其次,阐释了弗洛姆的异化观,现代社会中异化的各个方面以及异化下形成的社会性格,弗洛姆从中指出资本主义异化的实质是人性的异化;再次,论述了人们逃避自由的根源和方式;最后,弗洛姆为了实现人类的真正自由以及对人的真正自我的恢复,他提出了以心理革命为主的社会变革方案。第三章是对佛洛姆人学思想的评价。在这个章节画龙点睛,阐释了弗洛姆人学思想的超越性及它的正面价值;弗洛姆一直致力于解决人性异化的问题,他的一些观点是值得我们认同和支持的,而且他的思想具有现实性和可行性,但是他把异化简单的看作是一种主观的心理体验,他没能找到产生异化的真正根源是资本主义的私有制,因此他的解决方案具有乌托邦色彩;同时弗洛姆的人学思想也有可取和借鉴的地方.对处于转型时期的我国来说,在如何关注人的问题、如何实现人的自由、如何推进和谐社会的建构等方面具有重要的启发作用。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Huan T1 - Analysis of the Mechanism of Escape from Freedom – Read Erich Fromm's >Escape from Freedom< [浅析逃避自由的机制——读弗洛姆的《逃避自由》] JF - Education Teaching Forum [教育教学论坛], No. 34 (2012), pp. 4-6. N2 - 弗洛姆在《逃避自由》一书中揭示了现代人面对自由时的双重困境:因为个体化进程完成后的孤独感和无力感,人开始逃避自由,屈服于他人;或者追求积极自由的实现,自发地去实现个体价值。本文以弗洛姆论述的逃避自由的机制为核心,从自由的概念和现代人与自由的矛盾出发,先理清基本问题,再详细阐述逃避自由的三种心理机制,最后从纳粹主义和现代社会两方面分析逃避自由在现实中的体现,并为现代人追求积极的自由作出分析。 N2 - Fromm in his book >Escape from Freedom< reveals the double dilemma of the modern face of freedom: loneliness and powerlessness because after the completion of the process of individuation, people began to escape from freedom, succumb to others; or the pursuit of the realization of positive freedom, to spontaneous to achieve individual value. Fromm discusses the mechanism of escape from freedom, the core of the concept of freedom and the contradictions of modern and free, to sort out basic issues first, and then elaborate escape from freedom of the three psychological mechanisms, and finally from Nazism and modern social analysis to evade freedom embodied in reality, and the modern pursuit of the freedom to make a positive analysis. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Yanan T1 - Analysis on the Psychological Mechanism of Fromm's Escape from Freedom and Its Contemporary Value [弗洛姆>逃避自由<心理机制的解析及当代价值], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism, Harbin Polytechnic University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2012. N2 - 埃里希•弗洛姆是法兰克福学派的代表人物之一,也是著名的心理学家、伦理学家、哲学家。本文对弗洛姆>逃避自由<心理机制进行了深入的分析,客观的评价,并阐述弗洛姆>逃避自由<心理机制的现实意义。本文首先介绍弗洛姆>逃避自由<心理机制产生的特定背景、基本内容,并通过对马克思自由观的论述,揭示弗洛姆对马克思自由观的继承,分析弗洛姆>逃避自由<心理机制的局限性。弗洛姆从马克思的自由观看到,自由是一种状态、一种境界,要从历史的角度研究自由问题,并且提出理想中的社会、理想中的人。但由于弗洛姆过分强调心理因素对人的自由产生的作用,使其理论仍未逃脱唯心主义的窠臼。同时由于弗洛姆所处时代背景及其理论的局限性,使其对西方的资本主义制度持肯定的态度,并承认私有制存在的合理性,从而与马克思主义背道而驰。弗洛姆>逃避自由<心理机制的理论,有其特定的理论启示性和积极的现实意义。在中国现代化建设迅猛发展的过程中,由于改革开放引发的社会深层变革,人们不可避免地会出现各种>逃避自由<的心理问题。本文试图运用弗洛姆>逃避自由<心理机制理论加以剖析,并探析解决问题之路。同时,弗洛姆在对自由与自发性活动关系的论述启示着我们,要对社会矛盾保持清醒的认识,超越并扬弃被动状态下获得的消极自由,用爱与创造性的劳动来获得真正的积极自由。此外,构建和谐社会,坚持以人为本,首先要掌握人的心理状态和思想动态,运用科学的方法对我国当前社会发展中出现的社会心理问题进行客观、全面的分析,使我国国民能够拥有健康的心理及人格,是我们当前首先要解决的问题。 N2 - Erich Fromm is one of the representatives of the Frankfurt School, who is also a famous psychologist, ethicist and philosopher. Escape from Freedom psychological mechanisms in-depth analysis and objective evaluation, and described the Escape from freedom the practical significance of psychological mechanisms. First part of this paper mainly introduces the Escape from Freedom in Psychology specific background, then it tells the exposition of Marx's concept of freedom, revealing Fromm Marx's concept of freedom of inheritance, which analysis the Escape from Freedom in Psychology limitations. Fromm free from Marx's view, freedom is a state, which from a historical perspective of freedom, and made the social ideal. Fromm too much emphasis on the role of psychological factors on human freedom, so that the theory has escaped the stereotype of idealism yet. Because the limitations of Fromm's age and background theory, the Western capitalist system a positive attitude and recognize the rationality of the existence of private ownership, which runs counter to Marxism. The psychological Escape from Freedom theory is a particular theory for inspiration and positive practice. In the rapid development of China's modernization process, due to the deep social changes triggered by the reform and opening up, human will inevitably give rise to various psychological problems. This paper attempts to use the theory of Escape from Freedom psychological mechanism to analysis, in order to solve the problem. Fromm discussed the relationship between freedom and spontaneous activity, which reveals tell us a particular understanding from the social contradictions that discard the passive state of negative freedom, and labor of love and creativity to get a real positive freedom. In addition, well to build a harmonious society and people-oriented, Firstly, grasping the person's mental state and ideological dynamic, scientific methods of China's current social development, social psychological problems carry out an objective, comprehensive analysis can have a healthy psychological and personality of our country nationals, we must solve the current problem. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Du, Haiwei T1 - Analysis on the Thought of Fromm's >Escape from Freedom< [解析弗洛姆的>逃避自由<思想], Master thesis Foreign Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2012. N2 - >Escape from the freedom< is the core of Fromm’s academic system. The main content of >escape from the freedom< contains following five aspects.– At first, the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom forms in human history. As human get rid of natural bondage, our ability of using reason to control natural is stronger and stronger, the Degree, etc of our freedom seem to higher and higher. At the same time, individual’s loneliness, anxiety and insecurity have been deepened. When human history came into the capitalist society, the contradiction reached incompatible limit, and society appeared the psychological tendency of escaping freedom and giving up themselves. Investigate the cause of phenomenon, because, in the whole course of human history, human only realize negative freedom of getting rid of external bondage, people want to escape negative freedom of full of internal contradiction, and realize positive freedom.– Secondly, the psychological mechanism of escaping freedom results in three escaping forms, namely the authoritarianism, desire of destruction and automatic adaptability. These forms are different ways, but giving up individual integrity is their common feature, people is trying to setup some new relationship between themselves and others or organization, so as to get rid of insufferable loneliness and insecurity. But because of the rational mature, human have already known that they are independent, so people only just take various ways to evade the problem but not really solve the problem.– Thirdly, the phenomenon of escaping freedom also has special social reason. As individuation and loneliness increase together, the inner contradiction of negative freedom gets the maximum in capitalist society, the reason is that aspects of social alienation produce, including economy, politics and culture etc. And, alienation of economic life leads to entrepreneurs, senior white-collar workers and workers become gears of a big economic machine; Democratic election is only a meaningless term. Voters are fooled dolls, and those candidates are also used tools by big corporations; In cultural life, no matter family education, school education or social education, we just know the official facts and knowledge according with some political ideology and social moral needs, we are molded into a kind of people, not the unique personal.– Fourthly, to eliminate alienation, realize positive freedom, we will work hard to achieve overall revolution in individual and society; as for individual, to learn to love and creative work. Inner qualities of loving contain giving, care, respect, understanding and responsibility, love is the psychological foundation to realize positive freedom. Creative work is to make the job itself into a demand. The realization of the positive freedom also needs social revolution to do guarantee. In short, social revolution is to establish a new democratic socialism country that people become important participants and managers of national economic life, guarantee the people’s democratic rights, and make the people become the nation’s true master, at the same time, attempt to establish the human harmony cultural system.– Finally, the >escape from the freedom< thought has important theoretical value. It reveals the essence of alienation, explores a new way of researching freedom and saves the individual’s value. At the same time, it’s able to help us to reflect on modern materialistic society life and improve our mental consciousness. But the theory also has some limitations, it don’t see the fundamental economic cause of the phenomenon of >escape from freedom<, the method that he attempts to achieve positive freedom though changing individual’s thought is worth weighing deliberately, and Fromm’s some measures of changing social haven’t feasibility. N2 - >逃避自由<思想是埃里希.弗洛姆学术思想体系的核心部分。>逃避自由<思想蕴含着如下五方面的主要内容。第一,逃避自由心理机制在人类历史进程中形成。人类逐步摆脱自然的束缚,运用理智支配自然的能力也越来越强,我们获得自由的程度似乎越来越高了,但与此同时,个体的孤独感、焦虑感与不安全感也随之加深。当人类历史发展到资本主义社会时,这两者之间的矛盾达到了不可调和的极限,于是在社会中就形成了放弃自我、逃避自由的心理倾向。究其原因是由于到目前为止,人类历史进程中所形成的社会体制和文化帮助人类实现的都是摆脱外在束缚的消极自由,人们要逃避的正是这种充满内在矛盾的消极自由,而不是人们理想的以自我实现为目的本身的积极自由。第二,逃避自由的心理机制主要有三种表现形式,即权威主义、破坏欲和自动适应。这三种逃避形式尽管所采用的具体方式不尽相同,但从总体上来说,都带有放弃自我和个体完整性的特征,都是企图使自己与他人或组织建立某种新的联系,以此来摆脱无法忍受的孤独感与不安全感。可是由于人理性的成熟,早已深知我们是独立的个体,所以人们选择逃避自由的种种方式只是暂时的回避问题,而没有真正的解决问题。第三,逃避自由现象的产生也有其特定的社会根源。个体化与孤独感并增的消极自由的内在矛盾之所以会在资本主义制度下达到极限,促使人们通过各种方式逃避自由,原因就在于资本主义社会在经济生活、政治生活和文化生活等社会方方面面异化现象的产生,导致了无论是企业主、高级的白领工人还是底层工人都沦为经济这一大机器的齿轮,被>资本<和>利益<所奴使;民主选举成为华而不实的空话,选民是被蒙蔽、被愚弄的玩偶,而那些候选人们也不过是背后支持他们的大财团所利用的工具而已;在文化生活中,无论是家庭教育、学校教育还是社会教育,我们所能了解的基本上都是符合一定政治形态发展需要的官方事实和知识,被灌输的也都是符合主流意识形态和社会道德要求的思想观念,我们最终只能被塑造成特定文化模式下所需要的一类人,而非独一无二的个人。第四,要彻底的消除异化,实现积极的自由,就要努力实现个人与社会的同时变革。就个体而言要学会爱与创造性工作。爱是可以被培养的内在能力,给予、关怀、尊重、理解和责任感是爱的关键要素,爱是实现积极自由的社会心理基础;创造性工作则是要使工作本身不再是维持生存的手段,而是保障自我得以实现的需求。积极自由的实现更需要社会在经济、政治和文化方面的变革做保障。从总体上来说,就是要建立使人民成为国家经济生活的重要参与者和管理者,切实保障人民的民主权利,使人民成为国家的真正主人,同时在文化上企图建立和谐一致的人类文化体系的新型民主社会主义国家。最后,>逃避自由<思想在揭露异化本质、探讨自由新途径及肯定人的价值方面具有重要的理论意义。同时也有助于现代人更好的反省物欲横流的社会生活和提高精神觉悟。但这一思想也有一定的理论局限性,它没有看到>逃避自由<现象背后的根本原因不是心里原因而是经济原因,企图用人的思想的改变来实现积极自由的方法也很值得推敲,以及弗洛姆构想的>健全社会<在政治、经济和文化等方面的变革措施具有一定的空想性和难以践行性。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Talarczyk, M. T1 - Anoreksja psychiczna z perspektywy koncepcji Karla Jaspersa, Ericha Fromma oraz nurtu konstrukcjonizmu społecznego – Hipotezy i refleksje JF - Psychiatria polska, Vol. 46 (No. 3, May-Jun 2012), pp. 429-40. N2 - The point of the article is to analyze and reflect on certain symptoms of anorexia nervosa in light of Karl Jaspers and Erich Fromm's ideas and social constructivism. Contemplating the disorder in view of the philosophical ideas mentioned earlier, the author analyses such aspects of patients as: functioning on the verge of life and death, the paradoxical struggle to escape from freedom in search of independence, as well as various understandings and descriptions of anorexia in consideration of social constructivism. The author shares thoughts and poses hypotheses, trying to view anorexia in light of selected philosophical and psychological ideas, which in their general assumptions were not concerned with defining nor analyzing anorexia nervosa. In view of Karl Jaspers' ideas, the author focuses on the so called >limit-situations<, in the ideas of Erich Fromm she takes notice in >Escape from Freedom< to new relations. Finally in the light of social constructivism the author focuses on the cultural context. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Durán, Francisco Javier Riuz T1 - Aproximación al pensamiento de Erich Fromm. El humanismo socialista, Granada /Editorial Académica Española) 2012, 92 pp. N2 - Erich Fromm fue un hombre marcado por las desagradables y terribles circunstancias que vivió en su tiempo, posiblemente el más trágico de la historia. Ante ella nuestro autor, lejos de abatirse, concentró todo su esfuerzo intelectual en esclarecer las verdaderas raíces de la existencia humana en todos los campos y desde todas las esferas de su formación. Conformó un sistema para entender la vida desde el hombre individual hasta la humanidad para, primero, comprender, y después, eliminar todas las vías que reconducen al hombre a su destrucción total. En el fondo, su pensamiento es un grito, una denuncia franca contra la sin razón de las contiendas mundiales y el sistema bipolar que amenazaba con un nuevo Holocausto, el nuclear. El sistema para la humanización del hombre vuelve a poner de manifiesto, a modo de saber arcano, el mensaje universal de un humanismo que, para nuestro autor abarca, desde los antiguos profetas a las ideas del joven Marx y las teorías de Freud, pasando por la teología negativa de Maimónides que finalmente completaría el >Meister Eckhart<. Así configura su camino para el hombre, para todos los hombres que quieran unirse en paz, independientemente de sus cree. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shi, Peishuang T1 - Certain Choice under Constraint Mechanism – Reason for Jane Eyre's Running away [压抑机制下的必然选择——解读简爱的出走] [Application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Journal of Chongqing College & Electronic Engineering [重庆电子工程职业学院学报], No. 1 (2012), pp. 66-68. N2 - >Jane Eyre< is a novel with some autobiographic character. Jane Eyre, the novel's heroine, is an independent woman, brave, strong-minded, with a spirit of resistance, and she ran Just cannot stay away again and again. By using psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Fromm, the author has explored the constraint mechanism, analyzed several concrete symbolic phenomena of the mechanism, and explained the reason why Jane Eyre chose to run away. N2 - 《简爱》是一本带有自传性质的小说。女主人公简爱是一个勇敢、坚强,具有强烈反抗意识的独立女性,但在作品中这样一个刚强的女性却频频选择出走。本文欲运用弗洛伊德和弗洛姆的精神分析理论,通过对压抑机制的探析和几组象征着压抑机制的具象的分析,解读简爱选择出走的原因。 Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kestenbaum, Clarice J. T1 - Childhood Precursors of Personality Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment JF - Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Vol. 40 (2012), pp. 111-130. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Chunhua T1 - Civilian Military Library Research Librarian Shaping Personality [军校图书馆文职馆员的人格塑造研究] JF - Lantai World [兰台世界], No. 5 (2012), pp. 73-74. N2 - 社会心理学家弗洛姆说过:>人生的主要使命是自我成长,成为与他潜能相符合的人,人生奋斗最重要的成果,就是自己的人格。<应该如何培养新时期军校图书馆文职馆员健康的人格素养呢?本文对此作了初步回答。 N2 - Social psychologist Erich Fromm said: >The main mission in life is self-growth, the potential to become consistent with his people, the most important outcome of the struggle of life, is his personality<. How should develop new period Military library Librarian healthy personality civilian literacy it? This article makes a preliminary answer to this. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Fromm, Erich T1 - co-authored by D. T. Suzuki: Zen ja psykoanalyysi, Helsinki (Basam Books Oy) 2012 Y1 - 2012 UR - http://www.basambooks.com/kirja/9789522601056/zen-ja-psykoanalyysi/#.UrMpIeKwStU ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jiménez, Xavier A1 - et al., T1 - Countertransference in the General Hospital Setting: Implications for Clinical Supervision JF - Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Vol. 40 (2012), pp. 435-450. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wen, Guisheng T1 - Create Harmony with Love [用爱创造和谐] JF - Brilliance [光彩], No. 8 (2012), pp. 62-63. N2 - 重读《爱的艺术》,发现弗洛姆的很多观点同样适用于管理企业除了个别精神有疾病的人,人的本能都希望和谐。员工希望能有和谐的人际关系,老板希望能有和谐的劳资关系,父母、孩子希望能有和谐的家庭关系。之所以这 样,皆因为和谐的本质是爱,所有人都渴望被爱和爱别人,不管它是爱情、友情抑或是亲情。但现实生活往往不尽如人意。我们见过许多老板为员工的忠诚和工作态 度而发愁,也见过很多员工为老板的吝啬和苛刻而怨声载道。其根源之一就是企 N2 - Reread >The Art of Loving< and found many points Fromm also apply to management companies in addition to the individual with mental illness, people instinctively want harmony. Employees want to have harmonious relationships, the boss wants to have a harmonious labor relation, parents, kids want to have a harmonious family relationships. The reason for this, both because of the nature of harmony love, everyone wants to be loved and to love others, whether it is love, friendship or is affection. But in real life is often unsatisfactory. We have seen many bosses as employee loyalty and work attitude and worry about, have seen a lot of staff for the boss stingy and harsh complaining. Enterprise is one of its roots […]. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Onfray, Michel T1 - De Erich Fromm à Jacques Lacan JF - Contre-histoire de la philosophie (Vol. 18), Le siècle du nihilisme (No. 2), Vincennes, Frémeaux; Paris, Caen (Université populaire de Caen) 2012. [Audiobook on CD] Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Otte, Rainer T1 - Die Burnout-Lüge: Ganz normaler Wahnsinn. Wie man mit Coolness sein Leben ruiniert, Bergisch Gladbach (Edition Humanistische Psychologie EHP – Verlag Andreas Kohlhabe), 150 pp. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stone, Michael H. T1 - Disorder in the Domain of the Personality JF - Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Vol. 40 (2012), pp. 023-046. Y1 - 2012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lue, Si T1 - Distortion and Loss of Love – Comment on the Family Relationship in Henry James's >Washington Square< [爱的扭曲和缺失 –评亨利•詹姆斯《华盛顿广场》中的家庭关系], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan, Hunan, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 亨利•詹姆斯(1843–1916)是美国19世纪后期三大现实主义大师之一,其多部作品历来倍受国内外学者的关注,其中的道德伦理主题引起了学者们的热烈探讨,然而其讨论却都相对忽略了詹姆斯早期作品中的道德伦理主题。本文拟从伦理批评的角度对其早期中篇小说《华盛顿广场》进行分析,探讨其作品所再现的家庭关系,挖掘出詹姆斯早期作品中的伦理思想。家庭关系是家庭成员间的人际互动或联系,属于社会关系的一种,是伦理批评的一个重要组成部分。家庭关系以主体为标准分为亲子关系、夫妻关系和其他家庭成员之间的关系。爱是处理家庭关系的核心原则,是维系婚姻和家庭的纽带。德国伦理学家爱利希•弗洛姆认为在家庭生活中,爱表现为亲子之爱、两性之爱和手足之爱三种形式,并认为爱包含了解、尊重、责任心和关心等基本要素。爱这一概念也因此体现了其伦理价值。《华盛顿广场》讲述了19世纪中叶纽约一个中上层阶级家庭的悲剧。本文以弗洛姆对爱的理论阐述为指导,分析《华盛顿广场》中的家庭关系及悲剧,试图揭示出19世纪三四十年代造成美国社会人性的扭曲和异化、道德的沦丧和滑坡的深层原因。全文共三章,第一章从作品的父女关系和母女关系入手,认为作品通过父亲对女儿的压制表现了一种扭曲的父爱,通过母亲对女儿的婚姻教导再现出错误的母爱,从而展示出一种亲子之爱的偏离,这种亲子之爱的偏离违背了老慈幼爱的伦理原则。第二章探讨两性之爱的缺失,认为未婚夫的贪婪表现出恋人间物化的爱,伪善表现出恋人间欺骗的爱,这两种爱都违背了男女互爱的原则。第三章则从弟弟的利己主义表现出的自私的爱,以及兄妹对婚姻的态度中传达出的相互矛盾的爱,分析了手足之爱的丧失,指出手足之爱的丧失违背了互谅互助的伦理原则。本文认为作品所体现的爱的扭曲和缺失是资本主义社会经济结构变化所带来的产物,是19世纪美国社会转型时期政治、经济、文化、历史多重社会因素造成的结果。詹姆斯在《华盛顿广场》这部早期作品中,就开始围绕爱的主题表达出对异化的家庭关系的批判,呼吁爱的社会的回归。 N2 - Henry James (1843-1916) is one of the three realist masters in the late nineteenth century and most of his works have aroused the domestic and foreign critics’ attention. They often discuss the moral theme in James’s works. However, the moral and ethical themes in the early works of James’s are relatively ignored in these discussions. The thesis attempts to criticize James’s early excellent novella >Washington Square< from the ethical point of view, exploring the family relationships in the novel and James’s ethical thinking in his early works. Family relationship, as an important part of ethical criticism, is the interpersonal interaction or contact among family members, belonging to a kind of social relations. Family relationships, based on the subject as standard, are divided into the parents-children relationship, the husband-wife relationship and relationships among other family members. Love is the core principle of dealing with family relationship and the link to maintain marriage and family. German ethicist Erich Fromm maintains that in the family life love registers as parental love, connubial love and sibling love and contains the basic elements, such as, understanding, respect, sense of responsibility and the care. The concept of love reflects its ethical value. Washington Square tells an upper-middle-class family tragedy in New York in them idle of the19th century. The thesis analyzes the family relation and tragedy in the novel in the light of Erich Fromm’s theory of love and tries to expose the underlying reason why there exists the distortion and alienation of the human nature, decay and landslide of the morality in the American society of19th century. The thesis is divided into three chapters. Chapter one, with the father-daughter relationship and mother-daughter relationship as the starting point, concerns distorted fatherly love through analyzing father’s suppression over the daughter and misguided motherly love in surrogate mother’s marriage guidance for the daughter, showing the deviation of parental love. This kind of parental love violates the principle of love and beloved.– Chapter two mainly explores materialized love and deceitful love between lovers due to fiancé’s greed as well as his hypocrisy, demonstrating the lack of connubial love. Such two kinds of love deviate from the principle of reciprocal love.– Chapter three focuses on selfish love showed by the young brother’s egotism and contradictory love interpreted by sibling’s attitudes toward marriage, pointing out the loss of sibling love, which has deviated from the principle of mutual understanding and support. Through the above analysis, the thesis points out that the distortion and loss of love results from the change of the economic structure of the capitalist society as well as various social and cultural factors in the transition period of American society of the19thcentury. James expresses his criticism on the alienation of family relationships in his early work Washington Square around the theme of love and calls for the return of the society with truelove. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2012 ER -