TY - GEN A1 - Tao, Xiangfeng T1 - The Theory of Psychic Mechanism Critique on Fromm’s Escape from Freedom and Contemporary Enlightenment [弗洛姆逃避自由的心理机制批判理论及当代启示], Master Thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Southwest University, Chongqing, China 2013. N2 - 人类历史的发展过程表明,矛盾性是其显著特征:一方面,由于科学技术的迅猛发展,带来经济的极大提高,人类的物质生活各个方面得到极大改善,人类的生存环境也比以前得到极大地改善,人类证明了自己力量无穷强大,控制力的范围和强度也得到证明;但另一方面,人类所设想和所追求的自由状态并没有得到实现,反而陷入了一种对自由的逃避状态之中,而这种逃避又导致了人的心理机制的异化。弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的重要代表人物,秉承该学派的思想理论特色:对人类生存境遇的关注。他通过对马克思异化理论和弗洛伊德精神分析理论的融合,力图揭示人类追求自由但又逃避自由的心理根源,探究逃避自由的心理机制,从现代人的性格结构及其面临的种种困境着手进行分析和考察,并试图找出消除现代社会弊病的途径。在当代中国,人们面临着如同弗洛姆笔下的逃避自由的心理困境,以及相似的环境因素。本文希望通过对弗洛姆逃避自由的心理机制理论进行分析和借鉴,考察目前中国所存在的逃避自由的心理机制,试图提出解决途径,从而真正实现人的全面发展。本文共五个部分:第一部分阐释弗洛姆心理机制批判理论的现实与理论基石。西方马克思主义,尤其是其中的法兰克福学派,是通过对弗洛伊德和马克思思想的融合而形成的>弗洛伊德的马克思主义<学说。弗洛姆作为法兰克福学派的一员,其思想理论一方面继承了马克思的异化理论,另一方面也吸收了弗洛伊德精神分析学关于性格结构的学说。在融合两者思想的基础上他针对发达工业社会条件下的心理机制展开了批判。第二部分阐释弗洛姆心理机制批判理论的内涵。弗洛姆认为,当人开始>认识到自己是一个与周围的自然界和他人有别的整体之时,人类的社会史就开始了。>人类开始进入个体化发展的过程,而这种>个体化的过程<就是自我力量的增长,但同时个体的孤独感日益增加。这两种不同的发展趋势使人产生了不堪忍受的孤独和无权力的感觉,而这种感觉又导致形成了一种心理机制,即弗洛姆所说的>逃避的机制<,也就是本论文所说逃避自由的心理机制。第三部分阐释逃避自由的心理机制在当代中国的表现。当代中国随着市场经济的迅猛发展,人们的生活和心理发生了很大变化,在心理方面也遭受着类似的困境。弗洛姆在《逃避自由》中所阐述的现代人三种典型的>逃避自由<的形式,对解析当今我国社会转型期民众心理有很好的参考价值。第四部分阐释避免逃避自由的心理机制的途径。弗洛姆认为,要改变这种面对自由而又逃避自由的两难境地中人的心理机制,就必须要建立健全的人格和健全的社会。他认为,所谓健全的人就是未被异化的人,同时具有创造性特征的人,而健全的社会主要围绕着>人<这一目的,讲求人的生产性和创造性。为了这一健全的社会和健全的人格,弗洛姆从整体上提出了解决方案。首先在人的精神层面提倡爱,建立一种和谐的人际关系;在经济上,激发工人以主人的姿态积极参与企业生产管理;在政治上,完善民主制:在文化上,提倡教育和艺术等各个方面的改革。第五部分阐释弗洛姆心理机制批判理论的现实启示。在当代中国,由于科学技术的发展,不断推动现代的市场经济建设,在经济发展的同时也带来一系列问题,表现为人与自然、人与人的关系逐渐恶化,人的孤独感的增强,以及人们普遍存在着心理问题等等。因此,心理机制批判理论不仅对于发达工业社会诊治自身的弊病有所指导,而且对于当代中国具有重要的借鉴意义 N2 - The process of development of human history shows that the contradiction is its salient feature: On the one hand, due to the rapid development of science and technology, bring great improvement to the economic. All the aspects of material life improved significantly, Human’s survival environment has improved greatly than before, Human be proved to strong infinitely, the scope and intensity of control are also proved; But on the other hand, the freedom state of the imagined and pursuit by human has not been realized, instead, fell into a state of escape freedom, and this escape led to the alienation of people’s psychological mechanism. Fromm as an important representative figure of Frankfurt school, adhering to the characteristics of the ideological and theoretical of the school: attention to the human living circumstances. Through the fusion of Marx’s alienation theory and Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, he tries to reveal the psychological roots of human pursuit and escape freedom and explore the psychological me¬chanism of escape from freedom, analysis and investigate from the modern people’s personality structure and the plight, and trying to find out the ways of modern social ill. In today’s China, People face the psychological trouble as Fromm said, and similar environmental factors. This article hopes to analysis and reference the theory of psychological mechanism of Fromm’s escape from freedom to analysis current psychological mechanism of escaping from freedom in China, tries to put forward to solutions, so as to realize man’s all-round development. In this paper, a total of five parts: The first part explains the foundation of reality and theory of Fromm’s critical psychological mechanism theory. Western Marxism, especially the Frankfurt School, is formed by fusion of Freud’s and Marx’s thought, which is the theory of >Freudian Marxism<. Fromm as a member of the Frankfurt school, the thought and theory on the one hand, inherited Marx’s alienation theory, on the other hand also absorbs the Freudian psychoanalysis theory of personality structure. Based on the fusion of both thought, he critique the psychological mechanism aimed at the developed industrial society. - The second part illustrates the connotation of the critical theory of the psychological mechanism. Fromm thought, from the moment that human began to >recognize himself as a whole that different from the nature and other people around, and then the human social history began<. Human began go into the process of individual development, which is the increases of self-strength, but at the same time the feeling of alone increase. The two different development trend make the person produces the unbearable loneliness and the feeling of no power, and this kind of feeling form a psychological mechanism, namely >escape mechanisms<, it is also said that what this paper call to escape the psychological mechanism of escape freedom. - The third part illustrates the psychological mechanism of escape from freedom in contemporary China. In contemporary China, with the rapid development of market economy, great changes have taken place in people’s life and psychology, the psychological suffering a similar plight. The three typical form of escape from freedom that Fromm illustrates in the escape from freedom has a very good value. - The fourth part explains the ways that avoid the psychological mechanism of escape from freedom. Fromm thought, in order to change the psychological mechanism that the dilemma of face of freedom and escape from freedom, must establish perfect personality and society. Fromm thought the healthy people is so-called alienation and creative characteristics, and the main characteristics of perfect world is im¬prove the social purpose of the human is, being productive and creative character of the society. To the sound of a society and a sound personality, Fromm’s overall solution is put forward first in people’s spiritual advocates love, build a harmonious interpersonal relationship; in Economical, motivate workers to actively participate in enterprise production and management of the owner; in politics, perfect the democracy; In culture, advocate the reform of education and many aspects, such as art. - The fifth part illustrates the reality enlightenment of Fromm’s critical theory of psychological mechanism. In contemporary China, as a result of the development of science and technology, the construction of modern market economy promoted constantly, at the same time the development of economic also brings a series of problems, such as the performance of the relationship between human and nature, the relationship among people gradually deteriorated, and enhanced people’s loneliness, and there is a widespread psychological problems. The critical theory of psychological mechanism, therefore, not only has guidance for own ills of the developed industrial society, but also has important significance for contemporary China. Y1 - 2013 ER -