TY - JOUR A1 - Roe, David T1 - The Timing of Psychodynamically Oriented Psychotherapy Termination and its Relation to Reasons for Termination, Feelings About Termination, and Satisfaction With Therapy JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 443-454. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ren, Lijie T1 - Break Through the Embarrassment of the Modern Liberality: >Escape from Freedom< [冲破现代自由的尴尬:《逃避自由》浅论] JF - Theoretic Observation [理论观察], No. 5 (2007), pp. 81-83. N2 - 弗洛姆是20世纪西方马克思主义法兰克福学派的代表人物,他的代表作《逃避自由》就把弗洛伊德的精神分析学同马克思的异化理论相结合,深入剖析了获得自由后的现代人生存的尴尬境状,揭示了引发这种现象的深刻的社会及心理原因。他从人与自然、人与社会及人与人之间的关系入手,对于人的生存的内在矛盾性及现代人不断争取、获得自由后,却又不断发生异化、逃离自由的心理机制进行了深层的解析与批判。并在此基础上提出了奠定发展健全人格、健全社会的基础的自由观。 Fromm is a representative figure of th弗洛姆是20世纪西方马克思主义法兰克福学派的代表人物,他的代表作《逃避自由》就把弗洛伊德的精神分析学同马克思的异化理论相结合,深入剖析了获得自由后的现代人生存的尴尬境状,揭示了引发这种现象的深刻的社会及心理原因。他从人与自然、人与社会及人与人之间的关系入手,对于人的生存的内在矛盾性及现代人不断争取、获得自由后,却又不断发生异化、逃离自由的心理机制进行了深层的解析与批判。并在此基础上提出了奠定发展健全人格、健全社会的基础的自由观。 N2 - Fromm is a representative figure of the 20th century Western Marxist Frankfurt School, his masterpiece >Escape from Freedom< took Freud's psychoanalysis combined with Marx's theory of alienation, in-depth analysis to be free after the survival of the modern the awkward territory like to reveal the profound social and psychological reasons that lead to this phenomenon. Start from the relationship between man and nature, man and society, and people, for the survival of the human internal contradictions and modern continually strive to be free, but constantly alienation, flee free psychological mechanism deep analytical and critique. On this basis, the development has laid a sound personality and sound social basis of the concept of freedom. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Redžić, Saduša T1 - Glavne karakteristike humanistike etike Eriha Froma (The main elements of Erich Fromm's humane ethic) JF - Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini, No. 37 (2007), pp. 351-358. N2 - Erich Fromm combined doctoral training in social psychology with decades of active psychoanalytic practice and teaching. His work emphasized ethics, insight, strength of character and ways to mitigate the darker side of human nature. Fromm's books, including Man for Himself (1947), The Sane Society (1955), The Art of Loving (1956), The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973) and To Have or To Be? (1976), were widely popular during his lifetime and remain applicable today. The Clinical Erich Fromm: Personal Accounts and Papers (2009), part of a series on Contemporary Psychoanalytic Studies, fills a historical gap concerning Fromm's practice as a psychoanalyst. The book was meticulously edited by Funk who worked closely with Fromm and is >sole proprietor< of the Fromm archives in Tuebingen, Germany. Twenty-three notable contributors include Ralph Crowley, Marianne Horney Eckardt, Charles Feldstein, Anne Gourevich, Gérard Khoury, Michael Maccoby, Salvador Millán. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qiu, Xiaoping T1 - Love and Harmonious Society, Master thesis, Sociology, University: Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China 2007. N2 - Love should be the moral ideality, spiritual backbone and value foundation which person should always be pursued. Ever since the society start, there has been mankind love of existence and mankind to love of pursue. But the spirit of love is lost in the social modernize. The interpersonal relation steps up a piece more, the morals apathetic phenomenon is widespread day by day, and the precious love is slowly disappearing; Person himself bear of the more and more mental stress, the self-contradict conflict of the outside in the mind and body turn worse, and the mental problem has already become an outstanding social problem; the relationship of the person and the nature also is placed in unprecedented opposition period. So, the ability of love for person has been appeared a certain degree to change with degeneration. Now, love, friendship, benevolence, all the precious virtues of person are giving way to the inhospitality, insulate, conflict, antinomy, all the hostile relationship. The western scholars have put forward many resolve paths, like Feuerbach’s >The Religion of Love<, Fromm’s >The art of Loving<, and Marcuse’s >The Liberation of Eros< etc., all include very big meaning to loving theories analytical and realistic social judgment, but can’t resolve the problem from the source. But the our country then is clearly putting forward the harmonious social great speculation of the socialism which sets up >democracy rule of law, fair justice, trustworthiness friendly affection, the stability have a preface, vibrant, person and nature harmony get along with<, resetting alight the mankind’s fire of love, indicating mankind continuously toward the communism that person is free but develop completely.– Except the foreword and epilogue, this paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter mainly trims the thinking development about love in china and overseas history, which gives us academic references for solving the social problems. The second chapter analyses the loving alienation and imperfection problem in the contemporary society. Draw lessons from western scholars’ research in the middle of the modern capitalism society, emphasize to point out that our country in the transform period appears the loving alienation and imperfection problem to have particular history source and realistic back ground at present, and compare the loving problems between china and overseas, explicit socialism harmony society be resolve loving alienation and imperfection, rebuild the ability of mankind’s love, carry out the basic path of the mankind’s love. Finally point out how to reconstruct the ability of mankind’s love in the socialism harmony society. On the one hand continuously perfect the democracy role of law system, make the fair justice become the initial value of socialism, on the other hand strengthen the loving education, make the love become the behavior norm of the socialism and the spirit main factor of the socialism, provide strong spirit motive in the construction for the harmonious society. Deep study on this problem makes for much: to eliminate the thinking misunderstanding and transiting the social mental mentality; to make a better development of market economy in social democracy; to accelerate an intimately, cooperative and mutual affectionate social relationship; to establish a harmonious socialism social, construct an honest and helpful, friendly and harmonious social ethic atmosphere. By all means the harmonious society is the society full of a love. We must inherit the loving tradition in the excellent culture in the present stage and on the base of actual society continuously raise mankind spiritual civilization character, continuously make great effort for the harmonious society that full of love. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Qiu, Xian A1 - Zhao, Peng-ge T1 - Plight of Women's Roles – Interpretation of >Center Stage< [女性角色的困境——解读《阮玲玉》] [application of Fromm's theories to art] JF - Movie Literature [电影文学], No. 12 (2007), pp. 55-56. N2 - 《阮玲玉》是关锦鹏导演的一部关于女性命运的力作,讲述一代影星阮玲玉的后半生。通过阮玲玉的悲剧命运,我们可以看到女性角色的困境,从而体会弗洛姆>爱是一种能力<的学说。 N2 - >Center Stage< is directed by Stanley Kwan's masterpiece film about the fate of women, about half a generation after the actress Ruan Lingyu. Center Stage by the tragic fate, we can see that the plight of women's roles, thereby experience Fromm >Love is an ability< doctrine. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Price, Ann T1 - Review Ann D'Ercole and Jack Dresher (Eds.): Uncoupling Conventions - Psychoanalytic Approaches to Same-Sex Couples and Families JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 509-510. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plakun, Eric M. T1 - A View From Riggs: Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority – Introduction to Paper IV JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 219-220. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plakun, Eric M. T1 - A View From Riggs: Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority – Introduction to Paper VI: Ave Schwartz: >Working with Family Resistance to Treatment< JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 605-606. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Plakun, Eric M. T1 - A View From Riggs: Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority – Introduction to Paper V JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 373-374. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Pietikainen, Petteri T1 - Alchemists of Human Nature: Psychological Utopianism in Gross, Jung, Reich and Fromm, London (Pickering & Chatto) 2007. T3 - History of Political Thought, Imprint Academic, Vol. 25 (No. 1, 2004), pp. 86-115. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Piejka, Agnieszka T1 - >Wojna w człowieku< – Erich Fromm o istocie ludzkiej wolności JF - Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny, Vol. 52, (No. 3, 2007), pp. 25-37. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perry, Christopher T. A1 - et al., T1 - The Body Remembers: Somatic Symptoms in Traumatized Khmer JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 077-084. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Pereira, S. P. T1 - O Significado Inconsciente das Imagens, Santa Maria (Imprensa Universitária, UFSM) 2007, 200 p. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Pereira, S. P. T1 - O Dilema do Ser Humano na Existência, Santa Maria (Imprensa Universitária, UFSM) 2007, 227 p. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Pei, Lei T1 - Abnormal Human Nature [人性的畸变], Master thesis, Literary Theory, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2007, 46 pp. [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Gulong is one of the most famous novelists of Wuxia-novel in China. He changed the traditional wuxia-novel completely than others because of he had created a lot of abnormal characters. Abnormal mentality is a special type of human nature. It happens when human nature becomes abnormal. It is very important in understanding the depth of human nature by studying it. Narcissism, Sadomasochism, and Neurosis are listed in CCMD-3. They are prevalent in modern society. Gulong fixed attention on the soul of the characters. He wants to pursue healthier human nature. There are three parts in this paper. – The first part studies the narcissists in Gulong’s novel. Their libido could not reflect to the outside world and other people. They only care about themselves.– The second part researches the sadists and masochists in Gulong’s novel. The two kind of abnormal mentalities are not simple sexual abnormality. They are not opposite. They are two sides of one object and always called >S-M<. The brutality of human nature, weakness and controlling passion are the reasons.– The third part analyzes the neurotics in Gulong’s novel. The anxiety and hostility are the reasons of neurosis. This paper uses the depth psychology theories that created by Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud and American psychologists Erich Fromm and Karen Horney. It reviews these three types of people in physiological and cultural angle of view. It suggests that Gulong have reached a high level of digging the depth of humanity by analyzing the characters’ behavior and mentality. [Author's translation] N2 - 古龙是20世纪华语文坛最著名的武侠小说家之一,他对源远流长的武侠小说所进行的现代性的转换,比以往的武侠小说家更为彻底,其中一个重要原因在于他塑造了一系列心理变态的人物典型。变态心理是人性发展的一种特殊形式,是人格发生畸变所致,对其进行研究,对于理解人性的深度与限度是非常重要的。病理性自恋、虐待狂与被虐待狂、神经症是我国精神障碍诊断标准与分类标准(CCMD-3)中已经确定的心理变态类型,在现代社会,尤为普遍。古龙以叙述者和倾听者的姿态,将笔触伸向人物的内心,关注正常外表下的扭曲灵魂。他塑造这样一些人物,不是为了满足猎奇者的眼光,而是为了探寻更加健康的人性。正文分为三个部分,第一部分考察古龙笔下的自恋狂形象——他们的力比多因为种种原因无法向外投射,从而将注意力集中在自身,并且也不能对他人产生移情。第二部分主要考察古龙小说中的虐待狂与被虐待狂形象,通过分析表明这两种人物的变态心理远不只是单纯的性变态那样简单,而且也不是对立的,它们是一体的两面,在本质上有共通之处,可称为>虐待—被虐待症<。它们的形成与人类的残忍本能、软弱倾向以及绝对无限制的控制另一个生命的激情有关。第三部分则用有关神经症的类型的理论,以古龙的《天涯•明月•刀》中两个主要人物为例,分析古龙塑造的两种典型的神经症患者形象,并通过对其童年经验的追溯,说明了由于他们的基本焦虑与基本敌视导致了神经症的发生。本文主要采用奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德及其后学美国心理学家弗洛姆和荷妮等人的精神分析理论,从生理和社会文化的角度考察古龙所塑造的这三类具有精神障碍的人群。通过对这些人物行为模式的分析和心理根源的追溯,说明古龙对于人性的挖掘已经达到了一个崭新的高度 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Olarte, Silvia W. T1 - Review Glen O. Gabbard: Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, Fourth Edition JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 692-693. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nunes, Jodo V. T1 - Psychodynamics Instruction in Early Undergraduate Medical Education JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 649-658. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ni, Yang A1 - Ji, Yan T1 - Chinese Consumer Alienation at the Crossing Point of Marx and Freud [站在马克思和弗洛伊德的交叉点上看中国的消费异化问题] JF - Journal of Language and Literature Studies [语文学刊], No. 22 (2007), pp. 76-79. N2 - 弗洛姆作为努力尝试着把马克思主义与弗洛伊德的精神分析学说结合起来的代表,他创建了社会性格和社会潜意识理论。弗洛姆把他的理论用于剖析人的异化问题尤其是消费异化问题,这对我们看待中国当今社会的消费异化有着积极的指导意义。 N2 - Fromm as efforts to try to put the theory of Marxism and Freudian psychoanalysis to combine representative, he created a social character and social theory of the subconscious. Fromm put his theory to the analysis of human alienation, especially consumer alienation, which we view China's consumer alienation in today's society has a positive significance. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muller, John P. T1 - A View From Riggs: Treatment Resistance and Patient Authority-IV: Why the Pair Needs the Third JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 221-242. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mohacsy, Ildiko A1 - Lefer, Heidi T1 - Money and Sentiment: A Psychodynamic Approach to Behavioral Finance JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 455-476. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Thomas T1 - Das Freie Jüdische Lehrhaus und die Frankfurter Schule JF - Faber, Richard, and Ziege, Eva-Maria (Eds.), Das Feld der Frankfurter Kultur- und Sozialwissenschaften vor 1945, Würzburg (Königshausen und Neumann) 2007, pp. 167-176. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Meng, Qiuli T1 - The Deep Exploring of Human Mind [人类心灵的深层探索], PhD thesis, Philosophy of Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2007, 171 pp. T2 - The unconscious, an authentic component in the depth of human being’s psyche, has been of great inter-est to the both eastern and western scholars. Many ideologists, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle is ancient Greece and Chuang Tsi in ancient China, N2 - The unconscious, an authentic component in the depth of human being’s psyche, has been of great inter-est to the both eastern and western scholars. Many ideologists, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle is ancient Greece and Chuang Tsi in ancient China, had initially carried on to the themes of unconscious problem. For example, Socrates’ dissertating >spiritualism<, Plato’s touching >enthusiasm<, and Aristotle’s differentiating consciousness into levels. Obviously, the researches they had done into this field were no more than obscure guesswork and had the color of mysterious doctrine. Western medieval ideologists Augustine and Aquinas came into Aristotle’s theories and further classified consciousness in the framework of theology. This approach indicated a direction for the later research and also laid foundation for the further study of the unconscious. If, say, western ancient and medieval ideologists mainly inquired into the un conscious field from the angle of philosophy, so in modern age, along with the further developments in philosophy, psychology, medical science and the physical science, some ideologists made fruitful researches in the field from newer angles such as philosophy, psychology and medical science, etc., and even expected to bring about a current of thought of the unconscious after 19th century. Descartes, Leibniz, Rousseau, Goethe, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Herder, Hartmann, Carls, Helmholtz, Fechner, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, etc, were outstanding elites during this period, they put forward various thought concerning unconscious. Such as the framework for analyzing consciousness and unconscious by Descartes; the >arithmetic of unconscious< concept by Leibniz; the >consciousness threshold< concept by Herbart; the >unconscious classification< by Hartmann, the >unconscious ratiocination< by Helmholtz; the theory >the subconscious be a mental energy< by Fechner; >subsisting consciousness< by Schopenhauer and the >power will< of Nietzsche, etc., were all achievements that became the premise of the Freud’s theory of the unconscious. The western scholars had already stepped onto a new stage in studies toward unconscious and developed fresher and clearer characteristics: – First, they not only definitely put forward the concept of >unconscious<, but also made use of the last word of aggressive results that obtained in philosophy and physical sciences at that time and in inheriting from ancient and medieval times, push the research of the unconscious to a new height, lay solid theories and methodology foundation for formation and systematization of theories about the unconscious.– Second, the method of positivism was adopted into the study of the unconscious which made the unconscious research change direction from philosophy to psychology, medical science, neurology and physiology, etc. having started to apply the concept of unconscious to experimental research.– Third, it brought about an unconscious current including mainly three kinds of thoughts as follows: namely supernaturalism unconscious, naturalism unconscious and non-rationalism unconscious. Although theories concerning the unconscious developed from ancient to modern times established thought premise for formation of the theories about the unconscious, they were just prehistoric theoretical thought. Freud originated the unconscious theory in late 19th and early 20th century. This article mainly studies the Freud’s theories since his individual unconscious theory and the internal skeletons. This article holds that the development of unconscious theories has gone through the following four stages: First stage: Systematization of unconscious theories Freud’s individual unconscious theories. Freud developed the useful and discarded the useless points of the previous achievements regarding unconscious and systematized them, combining his own clinical practice experience dealing with lunacy, put forward individual unconscious theories. The individual unconscious theories mainly include subconscious and consciousness, the unconscious and dream, the unconscious and appetency and Oedipus tendentiousness and etc. Freud divided human mental activity into two processes: the conscious and the unconscious processes, and he took the unconscious process as the major part. He held that the unconscious process is the foundation and source of the conscious processes, and even is the basis of the human mental system. It is a wide and mysterious realm, in which a great deal of instinctive drives and suppressed desires mutually hustled together and the social customs, morals taboos and the laws prohibited these things by the root. Through analyzing the psychopathic, dream etc., Freud uncovered the impulse in the most original instinct within unconscious realm and namely sexual instinct. He viewed it as the foundation and core of the unconscious, the most original desire of the unconscious, it is subject to consciousness, and usually can’t be satisfied but be suppressed, however, it is not exterminated, it has been acting secretly all the way and requesting directly or indirectly contented. The sexual instinctive impulse been suppressed is a so-called Oedipus tendentiousness. To be exact, these things from deep dominated the whole human mental activity and become the origin of motives and intentions of the person. Therefore, the unconscious is the decisive part in the person’s whole mental structure, is the core of mankind’s psyche, and is the internal drive of mankind behavior. Freud’s individual unconscious theories not only discovered the New Continent of mankind’s psyche, but also expanded the new realm of psychological research. Second stage: Expansion of unconscious theories Jungian collective unconscious theories. Being Freud’s student, basing on an extensive but comprehensive research of various social cultural phenomena, Jung carried on to active developing-and-discarding to his teacher’s individual unconscious theories, innovatively put forward >collective unconscious theories<. Jung hold that the most worthy part of Freud’s individual unconscious theories is the existence and function of individual unconscious, but the essence of human mental state isn’t unconscious, so Freud’s theories excessively exaggerative the function of the unconscious, further concluded the unconscious to sex instinct, impulse and desire and the vital motive of human behavior, summed human civilizations such as production, politics, science, arts and etc. to the suppression and sublimation of sexual drive, which not only turned the person’s mental back to the extreme of biology, but also >viewing the unconscious too narrowly<. Jung broke Freud’s individual unconscious theories from the limitation of the biological angle and, at vaster social aspect, took social cultural factors into consideration. Jung hold that collective unconscious is the sedimentary deposits of social milieu and cultural history factors in the living creature and during the process of evolution, is the bequeathing of experience and common human instinct that generally sediment in the depth of men’s psyche. Thereto, it is the result from both biological heredity and cultural inheritance, is the composition of >prototype<. The collective unconscious theories of Jung mainly studies prototype, then to cognition, motion, intention etc. the common transcendental mental responding modality, which is the basic mental structural pattern. The prototype includes a personality mask, Anima, Animus and shadow. The collective unconscious theories of Jung expanded the research realm of the unconscious theories and deeply influenced the research approach of unconscious theories. Third stage: Deepening of the subconscious theories. Fromm’s societal unconscious theories. By combining the biological points of Freud’s individual unconscious theories and the societal points of Jungian collective unconscious theories, Fromm developed >social unconscious theories<, deepening unconscious theories. He hold that >suppression< is the key to comprehend the unconscious, but not standing with Freud’s interpretation of >suppression<, he emphasized suppression can’t be comprehended unless being viewed more than the individual aspect, including social aspect. Fromm thought that no society is unable to determine which thoughts and emotion can reach consciousness level and which can exist in the unconscious only, so the social unconscious must be existent and closely related with individual unconscious. But social unconscious consists of those thought and emotion its members have but disallowed by the society Mainly refer to the widespread depressive part of spirits subjected to the society’s morals. Although Fromm agreed with Jungian collective unconscious theories, he insisted that the differentiation of collective unconscious and social unconscious lies in: The former refers to a kind of inborn spiritual phenomenon and can’t become consciousness; the latter refers to the suppressed part of general spirit. He further thought that this >suppression< is done through >social filters< which keep some experience out of social member’s consciousness, compressing down to the unconscious. The social filters work through three kinds of cultural factor occurrence a function again, these three main cultural factors are: language, logic ,and taboo, and these three factors constituted the main mechanisms of social unconscious. Fromm still made use of social subconscious and further studied social personality, social empathy and social narcissism and etc, driving the psychoanalysis across to social psychology realm. Fourth stage: The contemporary development of unconscious theories the springing-up of >cognitive unconscious theories<. Since 1950s, along with the development of cognition science and cognition psychology, the research of unconscious gets into a new development period. Cognitive psychologists, taking cognitive science as foundation adopting a methodology of cognition, launching systematic researches of the unconscious field, put forward so-called >cognitive unconscious theories<. Cognitive unconscious theories think the modern computer is the model to understand unconscious process. A great deal of on-board processes may run simultaneously without being noticed by any other process. The controlled information processing is done by individual control and occurs inside the cognitive process; but the automatic information processing has no command over, it occurs outside the cognitive process. The controlling process has something to do with the cognitive processing, but the automatic process have something to do with the unconscious or unconscious information processing. Cognitive unconscious includes all cognitive processes that can’t be cognized, without considering the reason why they can’t be felt. Therefore, the cognitive unconscious theories and psychoanalysis unconscious are different. Because its subconscious concepts are not applied to explain the consciousness compression, emotion, drive and protective function, the unconscious can be rational or unreasonable or get into consciousness through enforcement. Cognitive unconscious theories focus on two problems: the relation between unconscious and brain structure, and the relation between unconscious and implicit memory. To sum it up, cognitive unconscious theories not only extend subconscious realm, widening horizon of understanding unconscious phenomenon, but also be advantageous to promoting study, memory and mental states treatment. Based on all mentioned above, these four stages have intrinsic logic contact, that is to say, Freud’s individual unconscious theories is the systematization of the historical unconscious guess works; Jungian collective unconscious theory is the judgment and expansion of Freud’s individual unconscious theories; Fromm’s social unconscious theory is the combination and deepening of Freud’s individual conscious theories and Jungian collective unconscious theories; cognitive unconscious theories surmount the psychoanalytical unconscious theories represented by Freud, Jung, and Fromm, displaying the new development of unconscious theories. The unconscious theories open a wide door for human being’s self-understanding, and the development process of unconscious theories then deeply reflected the track that the mankind continuously investigates into the depth of our own spirits. N2 - 本文认为古代至近代学者有关人类心灵深层部分潜意识的探索所形成的各种潜意识思想,是潜意识理论产生的前提。自弗洛伊德创立个体潜意识理论以来,潜意识理论的发展经历了具有内在逻辑联系的如下四个阶段:(1)弗洛伊德的个体潜意识理论——潜意识思想的体系化,即深蕴心理学的创立;(2)荣格的集体潜意识理论——弗洛伊德的个体潜意识理论的批判与拓展,即分析心理学的建构。(3)弗洛姆的社会潜意识理论——弗洛伊德与荣格的潜意识理论的综合与深化,即弗洛姆人本精神分析的建立;(4)认知潜意识理论——当代潜意识理论的新发展。本文对于潜意识理论及其发展的内在逻辑及其发展的历史轨迹所进行的这种系统而深入的研究,促进了心理学领域潜意识理论的研究与发展,为构建当代潜意识理论的科学体系奠定了较为坚实的理论基础,因而具有较高的学术价值。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marcus, Eric R. T1 - Transference and Countertransference to Medication and its Implications for Ego Function JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 211-218. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malone, Ricky D. A1 - Lange, Christopher L. T1 - A Clinical Approach to the Malingering Patient JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 013-022. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Maccoby, Michael T1 - The Leaders We Need And What Makes Us Follow, Boston (Harvard Business School Press) 2007, 249 p. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - López, Jorge Loza T1 - Las aportaciones de Erich Fromm a la ética contemporánea JF - J. Martínez Contreras, A. Ponce de León, and L. Villoro (Eds.), l saber filosofico (The Philosophical Wisdom), Mexico City (Siglo XXI), pp. 70-90. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Luan, Tao T1 - Existential Tragedy of the Family – Analysis of Faulkner‘s Novel >The Sound and the Fury< [家族生存悲剧 - 解析福克纳小说《喧哗与骚动》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2007. [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - In 1929, William Faulkner instantly became a renowned author after the publication of his masterpiece of >The Sound and the Fury< of the novel is a tragedy about the quad faces covering of human being's existence. Of the protagonists lose the essence of life because of ignoring the quad faces covering of existence. The thesis applies Sartre's ontology of freedom, Heidegger's death phenomena, and Fromm and Marx's alienation as the surest proof to explicate quintessence of tragedy, in order to explore the tragic interior worlds of the Compsons' existence. The thesis is divided into five parts by applying the three theories.– The first part presents a short introduction to southerners' existential predicaments after the American Civil War, and the interplay between Faulkner's philosophical ideas and existentialism.– The second part tries to pinpoint that tragedy reveals human existential predicaments. Anguish arises from the contradiction between ideals and impossible reality, which begets conflicts in individuals' plight; the inevitability of conflicts and irresistibility of misfortunes give rise to tragedy. Three correlated existential tragedies form the core of the Compsons' plight: spiritual tragedy, social tragedy, and ontological tragedy. Fromm's social alienation is exhibited in the Compsons' tragedy, that is, social alienation and alienation of traditional concept. Narcissism, Oedipus complex, masochism and sadism represent spiritual tragedy.– In part three, the thesis will center on the relationship of freedom , responsibility and situation with ontological choice to interpret the Compsons' tragedy. It elaborates on the reasons of the tragic ending, pointing out that escaping responsibility and bad choice are the causes of the Compsons' tragedy. >Being-in-itself< and >Being-for-itself< are the interdependent combination as for Sartrean ontology. Under the threat of freedom and responsibility, the Compsons fall into self-deceptive state of mind dominated by psychology of escape. They forfeits >Being-for-itself< and exists on the level of >Being-in-itself<, which is the mode of Being of object with no sense of free consciousness and responsibility. In bad faith, they conceal the truth and cannot get out of the nothingness. In concrete relations with the other, the Compsons ferment attitudes of indifference, desire, hate and sadism against attitudes of love and masochism. They present tragic existential state of >hell is the other people< distinctively. Absolute freedom and irresistible misfortunes fall upon the heroine in a situation. Her bad choice brews her tragic plight.– In part four, tragedy concerns death, and being grants authentic >Being-Towards-Death< significance. The thesis maps out the actual course of Being-Towards-Death as is exhibited in the Compsons' tragedy: that is, >conscience< and >anxiety< awaken Dasein from the falling and thrownness; >to be its Being<, >resolution<, >potentiality-for-Being<, >anticipation< are in interplay with Dasein's authentic >Being-Towards-Death<. The tragic protagonists experience death in >anticipation<. Death is present to Dasein from the beginning to the end, and then death awareness reveals itself automatically. Thus their tragedies are revealed. Heidegger draws a line between his primordial temporality and physical time. In primordial temporality, >future<, >having been< and >Present< are temporalizing in unity. The author of the thesis tries to expound on the tragic hero's death at some strength: 1. in temporality of anxiety, admittedly, the protagonist's temporal modalities of the >future< and the >Present< temporalize in the >having been<. The thesis highlights the fact that the protagonist holds on to the possibility of death, so he possesses the >future< in temporality. 2. The protagonist negates the mode of the >Present< in designs of returning to >repeatability< of thrownness and to the mode of >having been<. Ontological temporality reveals the protagonist instills meanings to the tradition he firmly pursues. Ultimately, the protagonist's suicide belongs to the tragedy of transcendence, which is transcending the boundary of death spiritually. He actualizes the pursuit of love and eternity. Suicide offers his retreat into spiritual primeval paradise in >having been<.– Part five is a conclusion, which underlines the central theme and significance of this tragedy. In addition to this, the author of the thesis stretches out the potentials for further study on this subject. N2 - 自1929年小说《喧哗与骚动》的出版,美国小说家威廉•福克纳立刻声名大振。该小说是一部关于人类存在意义的悲剧,主人公遮蔽了本真的自我,从而丧失生存的本质。运用萨特自由论、海德格尔死亡现象学、弗洛姆及马克思的异化理论对悲剧本质的揭示,目的是探索康普生家族悲剧的心理世界。论文分五个部分。本论文第一部分绪论简短地介绍了美国战后南方人的生存困境,以及福克纳创作的哲学思想与存在主义的关联。第二部分指出:悲剧产生于人自身的生存困境。生存困境中理想与现实矛盾痛苦性导致冲突,冲突的必然性和厄运降临无法控阻性导致悲剧的发生。生存悲剧有三种相互关联本质的展现,即社会悲剧、精神悲剧、人本体悲剧。弗洛姆的社会普遍异化理论在康普生家族生存得以体现:社会异化、传统观念异化。人本体的精神悲剧性表现为:自恋行为、恋母情节、施虐与受虐四个方面。第三部分指出:自由、责任与处境和生存选择的关系中产生悲剧。追溯了不承担责任和错误的生存选择是造成康普生家族生存悲剧的根源。萨特认为人的存在是>自在<与>自为<相互关联并依靠中存在。在自由和责任巨大压力下,主人公在逃避心理支配下,放弃>自为<演变成>自在<存在,没有自由意识、没有责任,在缺失灵魂的自欺状态中掩盖真相,即在虚无中生存。在爱与恨、冷漠、受虐和施虐情感强烈对峙作用下,家族凸显出>他人就是地狱<的悲剧生存状况。女主人公在绝对自由选择和厄运降临不可控阻处境中,造成错误的选择,酿成生存的悲剧。第四部分指出:悲剧关乎死亡,生存论给予本真>向死而在<以意义。文中揭示悲剧中呈现出的>向死而在<全过程,即>良知<、>畏<使此在从被抛的沉沦中觉醒,实现>去存在<、>决断<、>本己能在<、>先行到死<、而完成本真向死存在的关联。康普生家族悲剧主人公在>先行到死<中体验死亡,死亡始终在场并在死亡意识中时有显现,悲剧也同时产生。海德格尔的本源时间与物理时间相异,在本源的>时间性<中,将来、曾在与当前共同到时。作者辩明:1、在>畏的时间性<中无可质疑的证明主人公的存在>将来<和>当前<在>曾在<中到时,主人公的>时间性<中有>将来<(持守死亡的可能性)。2、主人公否定>当前<时间性,企图回到被抛>重演<的>曾在<时间性中,生存论的>时间性<揭示主人公的死亡,实为追求传统。主人公自杀是超越的悲剧,在精神上超越了死亡的界限:对爱的价值的追求、对永恒的追求。自杀死亡实现了回归>曾在<中的精神家园。第五部分是对全文的总结。这一部分突出了此次研究的主题和意义,同时还指出了在该领域研究发展的方向。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lu, Ye T1 - Female Life Consciousness in Pearl S. Buck's Works [赛珍珠小说中的女性生命意识], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2007 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Pearl S. Buck is On one of the most famous and controversial figures ever to influence American and Chinese cultural and literary history of Her novels break new ground in the subject matter, especially in her representations of Asia, and above all in her portraits of Asian women. As a woman herself, she writes about female figures with compassion and sympathy. The female characters in her works differ from those by the male authors. She advocates love, equality, liberty, and harmonious relationships between man and woman. Her works exude strong feminine consciousness about individual identity, self-worth, and above all about life call this female life consciousness. Life consciousness first originates from man's love for life and for the living. American psychologist Erich Fromm calls it as the love for life and the living, biophilia. Life is not merely an existence, but a state of being with meaning and significance. If man loves life, he must seek meanings in life. Thus life consciousness should be a self-awared consciousness, with which one seeks self-worth, seeks identity and tries to realize one's being as a meaningful individual, to fulfill self-actualization. Female is differed from male mainly because of her reproductive ability, which is sufficient enough for her to have a completely different experience of life and death. Her distinctive experience directly touches her consciousness of self, of existence and of life.– In this paper, I will mainly discuss Pearl S. Buck's four novels: >East Wind: West Wind<, >Pavilion of Women<, >The Good Earth<, and >The Mother<. They should be valued more highly and dug more deeply. On the one hand they are not like extreme feminist works which focus on dualistic conceptions. On the other hand, they are more moderate and focusing more on harmonious relationships between the two sexes. By analyzing her novels we will find that the female figures in her novels are so vivid, not just because she herself is a female, but more significantly, she has deep in her heart the compassion for the women, the strong life consciousness that makes her sympathize with all the suffering women. N2 - 美国著名作家赛珍珠因其作品>对中国农民生活史诗般的描述<获得了1938年的诺贝尔文学奖。她是美国历史上第一位获该奖的女作家,其实赛珍珠不仅是位杰出的女作家,她一生丰富多彩,从事过许多有意义的活动,十分关注女性的生存命运。她倡导女性与男性的平等地位,争取女性应有的权利,呼吁妇女积极投身于社会事业。总之,无论是作为社会活动家还是作为女性作家,赛珍珠一生所作的贡献都值得我们对她给予充分重视,并加以研究。本论文主要是研究赛珍珠小说中所体现的女性生命意识。笔者在研读其作品时常常能感受到作品中透露出的女性温情,每每都有心灵上的触动。这种温情来源于赛珍珠对女性生命本质的关怀与理解。生命意识首先源于人的存在意识,从人类学意义上讲,女性作为人类整体的另一半,与男性最根本的差异在于生育能力,但这已足以对主体的生命体验产生难以估量的影响。女性作为>生殖之性<,首先就意味着生命的繁衍与生生不息,她最接近生命本原,因而对生命和生存有着最深刻的体会。女性所特有的经验直接触动了女性的自我意识与主体意识。女性生命开始成为有意识的自觉自为的存在。女性文学的生命意识描述把生命同文学紧密联系在一起。作家的想象来自女性经验对生命和生存的深切体验,生命力和想象力结合在一起,传达出创作者对自我、艺术与世界的统一体的认识。赛珍珠,作为一个杰出的女性作家,对女性问题的思考自然更多体现在她创作的一系列小说中。她笔下的妇女以各自不同的方式拼命挣扎,努力在中国传统社会中求得自己的生存。尽管她们遭受各种各样苦难,尽管她们的努力挣扎是那么吃力,但是她们始终在为有一个幸福、有意义的生活而呼号。本文通过对赛珍珠四部小说(《东风:西风》、《母亲》、《群芳亭》、《大地》)中女主人公的分析来展现赛珍珠深厚的生命意识。笔者认为赛珍珠笔下的女性既有传统的又有现代的。传统的重视生育,强调母爱。现代的努力探求自我,寻找自我的主体性。她们都没有竭力反抗男权。而是从自我着手,发展平和的女性主义价值观,寻找自我的生存意义。女性生命意识的成熟和发展,标志着女性解放的精神深度。在此意义上,生命意识的确是女性内在生长点,更是女作家点亮自我宇宙的生命之灯。在光耀的存在中,她们走向生命的自由与解放。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lombardo, Gregory T. T1 - An Inquiry into the Sources of Poetic Vision: Part I – The Path to Inspiration JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 351-372. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lombardo, Gregory T. T1 - An Inquiry into the Sources of Poetic Vision – Part II: The Artist's Transformation by the Rules of Play JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 627-648. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Yi T1 - Comment on Fromm’s Humanistic Treatment Analysis Concept [弗洛姆人本主义精神分析治疗观评析] JF - Journal of Heilongjiang College of Education [黑龙江教育学院学报], No. 4 (2007), pp. 47-49. N2 - 弗洛姆在承继古典精神分析的理论基础上,试图融合马克思主义思想和东西方宗教的精粹,从历史的变迁中去找寻人性的本位,在此基础上提出了其特有的人本主义精神分析治疗观。分析其治疗理论的贡献和局限,对当代的心理治疗理论的整合和实践研究有重要的现实启发意义。 N2 - Fromm inherited classical psychoanalytic theory based on trying to find humanity based fusion of Marxist thought and the essence of the Eastern and Western religious history of changes, proposed on the basis of its unique humanistic psychoanalytic treatment concept. Analysis of its contribution to the theory of treatment and limitations on the integration of theory and practice of contemporary psychotherapy research has important practical inspiration. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liu, Min T1 - On Humanization of Technological Society [论技术社会人道化问题——弗洛姆技术伦理思想研究] JF - Nanjing International Conference on Bioethics and Gerontology and Ethics 2007 [南京生命伦理学暨老年科学与伦理学国际会议], November 5, 2007, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China, in Ethical Research (Bioethics, Volume 2007-2008) Volume 2 [伦理研究(生命伦理学卷·2007-2008)下册]. N2 - Fromm’s current technological society is a sick society, the pathological root cause lies in technology have led to the development of inhumane, and to contribute to a healthy society, first of all to the technical re-placed people under control. This article discusses the Fromm's analysis of the technical community, its inhuman expressions describe the technical community and raised technical society humane way. Fromm technology humane thinking ultimate aim is to facilitate the well-being of the people, the freedom of the people, and comprehensive human development as the highest goal of a healthy society. [Author’s translation] N2 - 弗洛姆认为目前的技术社会是一个病态的社会,病态的根源在于技术所导致的社会的非人道化的发展,而要促成一个健全的社会,首先要将技术重新置于人的控制之下。本文论述了弗洛姆对技术社会的分析、对技术社会其非人道化表现的描述及提出实现技术社会人道化的途径。弗洛姆技术人道化思想的最终目的,是促成一个以人的福祉、人的自由、人的全面发展为最高目标的>健全的社会<(the sane society)。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Linklater, Andrew T1 - Towards a sociology of global morals with an >emancipatory intent< JF - Review of International Studies, Vol. 33, No. S1 (2007), pp. 135-150. [Online ISSN 1469-9044] [doi.org/10.1017/S0260210507007437] N2 - First generation Frankfurt School critical theorists argued that global solidarity was possible because human beings have similar vulnerabilities to mental and physical suffering. This approach to solidarity remains significant for any discussion of the ethical aspirations of critical theory. It also has ramifications for efforts to develop a sociological approach to global moral codes which is influenced by the idea of an emancipatory social theory. Informed by certain themes which were developed by Simone Weil, this article draws on the writings of Fromm, Horkheimer, Adorno and Elias to consider how a sociology of international moral codes can be developed. One of the aims of this project is to consider how far global moralities have developed forms of solidarity around the recognition of shared vulnerabilities to mental and physical suffering which are part of the species’ biological legacy. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liang, Zhifeng T1 - Cultivation of Sound Personality of Primary School Students [小学生健全人格的培养] JF - Journal of Educational Development [教育导刊], No. 12 (2007), p. 58. N2 - 完整的人格是指实现了知、意、情统一的人格。弗洛姆认为,只有把人的情感与智力相结合,才能培养出健全完整的人格。小学生人格是一个复杂、多侧面、多层次的统一体,小学生人格教育的得失关系到他们的身心健康、学习效率以及社会适应能力的发展。因此人格教育必须坚持全面整体、持续统一、个体特色和社会化的原则。 N2 - A complete personality is a personality that has achieved the unity of knowledge, intention and emotion. According to Fromm, only by combining human emotion and intellect can a sound and complete personality be developed. The personality of elementary school students is a complex, multi-faceted, multi-level unity, and the success or failure of their personality education is related to their physical and mental health, learning efficiency and the development of social adaptability. Therefore, personality education must adhere to the principles of comprehensiveness, unity, individuality and socialization. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 6/2023] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Yan T1 - On Fromm’s Modern Comment on the Dilemma of Human Existence [论弗洛姆对人生存困境的现代性批判], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changshun, Jilin, China 2007. N2 - Erich Fromm was a renowned psychologist, sociologist and philosopher of the 20th century and the founder of humanistic psychoanalysis. In the field of psychology, he is a representative of the cultural school of psychoanalysis, and in the field of philosophy, he is one of the representatives of the Frankfurt School and of >Western Marxism<. He has written extensively and his scholarly activity covers the fields of philosophy, ethics, psychology, sociology and religious studies. The question of human existence runs through his thought. At the heart of Erich Fromm's teachings are the dilemmas of modern human existence and the way out. He was not concerned with a few mentally ill people or self-actualized people, but with the dilemmas of survival and the answers to the questions of the majority of people. The main body of the paper is divided into three parts: the first part is devoted to presenting Fromm's modern understanding of the human dilemma. Through >Escape from Freedom<, >Man for Himself< and >The Sane Society<, Fromm has made a comprehensive analysis of the survival situation of modern man and concluded that >escape from freedom and alienation< are the unique dilemmas of modern man's life. According to Fromm, the common human existence has given rise to three kinds of contradictions, namely, the contradiction between life and death, the contradiction between the transience of life and the infinity of potential, and the contradiction between individuation and loneliness. In order to resolve these existential contradictions, people develop various spiritual needs. The social personality and the social unconscious are the ways in which people meet these needs in certain situations. >The existential contradictions of >individualization and loneliness< dictate that people both relentlessly pursue freedom and, at the same time, escape in various ways from the >negative freedom< that is so prevalent in today's society. Man's alienation as manifested in Western society.– The second part aims to provide a comprehensive overview and exploration of Fromm's modern critical thinking on the dilemma of human existence. Fromm proposes two solutions to the dilemma of human existence. In order to eliminate the alienation of human nature and achieve a >sound society<, Fromm argues that one is to develop the capacity for reason and love, and the other is to carry out a comprehensive >social reform< of the politics, economy and culture of capitalist society.– The third part is an evaluation of Fromm's anthropological thought on the basis of the Marxist anthropological point of view, based on the preceding comprehensive and systematic introduction of Fromm's anthropological thought. Fromm's thought on human nature is not only of great theoretical significance, but also has important reference significance for the soundness and development of human nature in the construction of China's socialist modernization. [Automatic translation] N2 - 埃利希·弗洛姆是20世纪著名的心理学家、社会学家和哲学家,人本主义精神分析学的创始人。在心理学领域,他是精神分析文化学派的代表人物和集大成者;在哲学领域,他又是法兰克福学派和>西方马克思主义<的代表人物之一。他著述颇丰,学术活动涉及哲学、伦理学、心理学、社会学和宗教学等领域。人的生存问题则贯穿其思想的始终。埃利希·弗洛姆学说的核心是现代人的生存困境与出路。他一生的研究工作都是围绕现代工业化商品经济社会里人的生存处境和心态问题来展开的,他关心的不是少数心理疾病患者或自我实现者,而是大多数人的生存困境和解答问题。本文主体共分三个部分:第一部分主要是介绍弗洛姆对人的生存困境的现代理解。弗洛姆他通过《逃避自由》、《追寻自我》、《健全的社会》,对现代人的生存状况进行了,全面的剖析得出>逃避自由和异化<是现代人特有的生活困境。弗洛姆认为,人类共同的生存境遇产生了三种生存矛盾即生与死、生命的短暂与潜能的无限、个体化与孤独感的矛盾。为了解决这些生存矛盾,人产生了种种精神需要。社会性格和社会无意识是人们在一定处境下满足这些需要的方式。>个体化与孤独感<的生存矛盾决定了人们既要不懈地追求自由,又以各种方式逃避>消极的自由<,这种>消极的自由<在当今的西方社会中表现为人的异化。第二部分旨在对弗洛姆的人的生存困境的现代批判思想进行全面的梳理与探究。弗洛姆针对人的生存困境提出了他的两种解答方案。为了消除人性的化异,达到一个>健全的社会<,弗洛姆认为一个是要大力发展理性与爱的能力,另一个具体措施是要对资本主义社会的政治、经济、文化进行一场全面>的社会改革<。第三部分主要是在前面——弗洛姆的人学思想全面系统地介绍的基础上,依据马克思主义的人学观点对弗洛姆的人学思想进行评价。弗洛姆的人性思想不仅具有重大的理论意义,而且对我国社会主义现代化建设中人性的健全与发展具有重要的借鉴意义。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Peixiang A1 - Wei, Junxiong T1 - The Evaluation of West Marxist Views of Subject [西方马克思主义主体观评析] JF - Journal of Sichuan University (Humanities & Social Sciences) [四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版)], No. 6 (2007), pp. 37-42. N2 - 西方马克思主义对资本主义主体的解放和实践>新道路<进行了一个世纪的理论探索,尽管这条>新道路<是以直接告别无产阶级革命为前提,以社会批判、文化批判、意识形态批判等为表现形式,但从卢卡奇的物化理论、主—客体辩证法和阶级意识革命到列斐伏尔的>总体的人<和弗罗姆的>健全的人格<,再到哈贝马斯的交互主体观,我们可以看到他们对主体的深切关怀。 N2 - For one century, West Marxism made theoretical research on the liberation and >New Path< exploration of subject under capitalism. Although the >New Path< is based on the premise contrary to proletarian revolution, and advocating social, cultural and ideological criticism, we can find their deep concerns about subject from Georg Lukács’ theory about alienation, subject-object dialectics and class conscious revolution to Henri Lefebvre’s >the integral person<, Erich Fromm’s >the perfect personality< and Jürgen Habermas’ communicative subject. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Liuyi T1 - Remodeling the Love Concept for Survival – Fromm’s Love Theory and Contemporary Implications [重塑爱的生存理念——对弗洛姆爱的理论的思考及当代启示 ] JF - Theory Horizon [理论界], No. 2 (2007), pp. 179-180. N2 - 通过对弗洛姆爱的理论内涵的思考和探讨,笔者体察到了爱对于人生存的那份意义和价值,并且在对现时代爱的错位的反思中,认识到了重塑爱的生存理念的必要性。 N2 - Through reflection and discussion on the theoretical meaning of Fromm love, I observe that the share of the significance and value of love for human survival, and dislocation reflection of the current era of love and understanding to reshape love the idea of the necessity of survival. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Hui T1 - Western Marxist Consumer Culture, [西方马克思主义消费文化理论研究], Doctoral dissertation, Literature and Art, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2007. N2 - 西方马克思主义消费文化既继承了马克思主义的批判立场和研究角度,同时又吸收了西方现代哲学思潮的方法,对西方消费社会进行了研究和反思。本文旨在对西方马克思主义消费文化理论进行系统研究,追溯其理论源泉,对代表性人物的观点进行全面的分析探讨,为我国的现代化进程提供借鉴。第一部分对西方马克思主义消费文化理论的来源进行了探讨。马克思主义的意识形态和葛兰西的文化霸权理论,马克思的异化理论和卢卡奇的物化理论是西方马克思主义消费文化研究的两个重要理论视角和理论基石。首先是意识形态。西方马克思主义的意识形态说主要来源于马克思。虽然马克思不是意识形态概念的最早提出者,但他大大推进了意识形态理论的研究。在马克思和恩格斯生活的前期,意识形态具有浓重的否定性涵义。在他们看来,经济上占据统治地位的阶级也会在思想上占据统治地位。他们为了维护自己的统治利益,就需要编造谎言,把自己的利益说成是社会各个阶层的普遍利益。马克思和恩格斯的意识形态理论深刻地影响了西方马克思主义者的消费文化观。在西方马克思主义者看来,消费文化是一种意识形态,是统治阶层为了维护自己的利益,维持对被统治阶层的统治而编造的一种谎言,是一种虚假意识。在马克思和恩格斯之后,葛兰西提出了文化霸权(文化领导权)的思想。在葛兰西看来,在国家的统治中,处于优势地位的阶级不但会通过武力和暴力的手段来维护自己的统治,还会通过精神领域中的道德等柔和的手段来维护自己的统治,这就是所谓的文化领导权。在葛兰西看来,文化领导权让被统治阶级自觉地在内心深处认同统治阶级的意识形态。葛兰西认为,革命要取得成功,首先必须夺取文化领导权。文化领导权的夺取具有阵地战的特点,具有持久性,非一朝一夕就可以完成。葛兰西的文化领导权思想对伯明翰文化研究学派影响很深。菲斯克就吸收了葛兰西的文化领导权理论。在菲斯克看来,意识形态并不是一个风平浪静的领域,消费者并非言听计从,而是在消费领域与统治阶层展开了激烈的意识形态争斗,这实际上是受到文化领导权夺取中阵地战理论的影响。其次是异化。异化的概念也不是马克思首先使用的,但马克思深化了对异化的研究。马克思经常使用的概念是异化劳动,在马克思看来,在资本主义条件下,原来的劳动对象和劳动过程成为异己的力量,开始控制人,异化人。后来马克思又明确地使用了>商品拜物教<的概念。他认为物与物的关系遮蔽了人与人真正的关系,这实际上是商品异化的具体体现,是对其早期异化学说的进一步深化。在马克思之后,将异化理论发扬光大的是卢卡奇。卢卡奇看到,异化不再仅仅局限于生产领域,而是延伸到整个的生活领域和消费领域,成为整个人类的一种普遍命运。异化不仅在人的意识层面展开,也在人的无意识层面展开。马克思的异化理论以及卢卡奇的物化理论成为西方马克思主义消费文化研究的又一个重要理论基础。法兰克福学派的弗洛姆深受异化理论的影响,提出了异化消费的概念。而鲍德里亚则看到,人不仅为具体的物控制,而且也陷入符号体系中,被符号所异化。第二部分是法兰克福学派的消费文化思想。在西方马克思主义的消费文化研究中,法兰克福学派是非常重要的流派。法兰克福学派对消费文化的批判是与对大众文化批判、国家批判、科学技术批判、意识形态批判以及现代性批判紧密地结合在一起的。在对消费文化的批判中,他们看到,消费社会并不是我们理想的社会形态,物质的极大丰盛并没有消除人与人之间的不平等,并没有带来幸福和民主。阿多诺批判了文化工业所导致的蒙昧,艺术被市场化,个性生命的沉沦之类弊端;马尔库塞认为,科学技术与消费文化一道维护着资产阶级的意识形态,让整个消费社会成为失去了反思和批判能力的单向度社会,使人们沉浸在消费所承诺的幸福之中,沉浸在用消费表达自我的幻觉之中,失去了自己的主体性;弗洛姆看到,在发达资本主义国家的消费社会中,异化非但没有减轻和消除,反而愈演愈烈,人性非但没有走向健康发展的道路,反而更加扭曲。消费让人异化,成为消费的机器;本雅明亦指出,在消费社会中,艺术的灵韵已经消失,艺术家的灵魂已被腐蚀。法兰克福学派对消费文化的研究是深刻的,有重大的意义,但也存在着明显的不足。首先,他们过分地突出了意识形态的作用,低估了消费者对意识形态的反抗与抵制;其次,他们把消费者看作是原子化的乌合之众,忽略了消费者的复杂性和主体能力;最后,他们把文化文本当作是简单的、标准化的、没有个性的文化产品,而没有注意到文化文本的复杂性,以及接受者解读的多种可能性。第三部分对法兰克福学派之后影响渐大的伯明翰文化研究学派的代表人物之一美国学者菲斯克和法国思想家鲍德里亚消费文化的研究。菲斯克对法兰克福学派的观点提出了强烈质疑。在他看来,消费者并不是原子化的个体,彼此之间毫无联系,而是具有主动性和强烈的斗争意识;意识形态不是单一的,而是复杂多变的;统治阶级利用消费文化推行意识形态的过程,也是被统治阶级躲避、对付或抵抗意识形态的过程,更是建构自己消费文化意义的过程和寻求快感的过程。这类见解,标志着西方马克思主义消费文化研究的一个重大转折:从历史唯物主义的方法转向了微观政治的研究方法,从对经济基础—上层建筑关系的关注模式转向了对人们的日常生活的关注,从一味地强调统治阶级的强大,转向了强调被统治阶级的力量,突出了他们对统治阶级意识形态的躲避和抵抗。尽管菲斯克突出了消费者的权力和主动性,但他有些矫枉过正,过分突出了大众的力量,反而低估了资产阶级意识形态的强大。其结果是他的微观政治领域中的抵抗只能是温和的、渐进的,根本就无法改变现行的制度,只能是认同和肯定现实,批判也就失去了应有的锋芒。鲍德里亚主要见解是:在消费社会,人不仅被具体的物品所异化,而且处在强大的物的体系中,被符号所异化。符号体系成为控制人的新力量,消费者陷入永无止境的符号体系的模范/系列和个性化的追求之中,永远难以满足。这标志着西方马克思主义消费文化研究的另一个转向,即从强调物导致的异化转向强调符号所导致的异化。鲍德里亚早期的‘符号政治经济学’为当代消费社会中的消费需求、媒介交往和社会一体化提供了新的视角。他看到了传媒与符号对人心灵的腐蚀,疾呼消费社会对人类精神的危害。这些见解都是具有重要的理论和现实意义。但鲍德里亚的理论也有值得注意的缺陷。他的思想带有浓重的技术决定论色彩。此外,他的超真实、内爆、模仿、仿真等符号学概念遮蔽了不平等的经济制度、社会关系以及社会罪恶,掩盖了符号背后的真实与利益,使符号本身被神秘化。最后,本文对西方马克思主义消费文化研究的经验、教训进行了总结。西方马克思主义者既坚守了意识形态和异化理论,吸取了马克思主义的批判精髓,又没有固步自封,而是采取了多元化、灵活化的研究策略,这让其研究不断地注入新的活力。西方马克思主义消费文化理论为人类消费文化的健康发展做出了重要的贡献。目前我国虽没有进入消费社会,但已明显受到了消费主义文化的影响。为了建立健康的消费文化观,我们必须进一步加强对西方马克思主义消费文化的研究,并吸取其优秀成果。 N2 - Western Marxist consumer culture inherits Marx’s critical stand and research perspective. Meanwhile, it also absorbs trends of thought in modern western philosophy, studying and introspecting western consumer society .This dissertation aims to do a systematic research on the western Marxist consumer culture and explore its theoretical source, analyzing views of the representatives to supply useful reference for our modernization. The first part is about discussion on the theoretical sources of western Marxist consumer culture. The author regards Marxist ideology and Autonio Gramsci’s theory of cultural hegemony; Marxist theory of alienation and Georg Lukács’s theory of reification as two important theoretical perspectives and foundation stone to do research on western Marxist consumer culture. It starts with ideology. Western Marxist ideology mainly contributes to Marx. It is Marx who accelerates research on ideology theory. In the earlier stages of Marx and Engels ideology has densely negative implications. In their opinion, the class occupying a dominant position in economy must occupy the same position in culture too. In order to defend for their dominant interest, the ruling class makes up lies that their own interest is equal to the interest of all the classes in society. Marx and Engels’s ideology makes a tremendous impact on western Marxist’s values of consumption. Marxist regards consumer culture as an ideology which is applied by the ruling class to preserve their interest. It is a lie and false awareness useful for the whole ruling class.– After Marx and Engels, Antonio Gramsci puts forward the idea of culture hegemony. In Gramsci’s opinion, the class in superior position would safeguard their dominance not only by the means force and violence, but also by the moderate means of morality in field of mind. It is so called culture hegemony. He thinks that culture hegemony has made the ruling class approve of the ideology of ruling class in the depth of their heart consciously. So controlling the culture hegemony is critical in the final success of revolution. Culture hegemony is characterized by positional warfare which is enduring and it can not be achieved in one morning or evening. Gramsci’s theory culture hegemony influences the Birmingham culture study school deeply. Fisk absorbs the theory and thinks that ideology is not a calm field. Consumers do not believe what they said without doubt and they fight against the ruling class fiercely in the field of consumption. It is affected by the theory that one should achieve the initiative.– Next is alienation. This concept is not first used by Marx, but he develops it advanced. Marx often uses the concept of labor. In his opinion, the previous object and process of labor have been forces of alienation beginning to control humans. Later on, Marx adopts the concept of religion of goods admiration, thinking that the relations of material hide the true relationship of people. It is the specific embodiment of alienation caused by goods, and a further development of previous theory of alienation. After Marx, it is Lukács who makes the theory of alienation known. He discovers that alienation does not limit in the field of production, but it extends to the whole field of life and consumption, being a common destiny of the whole people. Alienation does not exist in our mind of conscious level but also the unconscious level. Marxist theory of alienation and Lukács’s theory of reification become another theoretical foundation of research on western Marxist consumer culture. Frankfurt School’s representative Fromm is deeply affected by theory of alienation and consumption. While Baudrillard finds that humans are not only controlled by specific materials but also by semiotic systems. The second part is devoted to study Frankfurt School’s Consumer culture. Frankfurt School is a very important school among those who do research on consumer culture. Their critique of consumer culture is closely combined with critique of art and literature for the masses, critique of the government, scientific critique, critique of ideology and modern critic. They find that consumer society isn’t the ideal social formation, and the abundant material doesn’t get rid off the inequality of people, bringing no happiness and democracy.– T. W. Adorno criticizes the uncivilized, following cultural industry, the marketing art and shortcomings of the degradation of life of individuality.– Herbert Marcuse thinks that consumer culture safeguards the ruling class’s ideology as well as science and technology. It not only makes the whole consumer society be a unidirectional society without reflectional and critical ability, but also has people indulge in the promised happiness and illusion of self-expression through consumption, which makes people lose subjective quality.– Fromm discovers that in the consumer society of developed countries, alienation becomes rampant but not be lessened or eliminated, and humanity becomes even more twisted but not develops healthily. Consumption causes human beings’ alienation and makes them reduce to consuming machines.– Benjamin also points out that connotation of art has disappeared and artists’ souls have been corroded. Frankfurt School’s research on consumer culture is profound and significant, but there are still many obvious inadequacies. Firstly, they focus too much on the impact of ideology and neglect consumers’ fight and rebellion against it. Secondly, they regard consumers as a disorderly band of atoms, overlooking the complex ability initiative of consumers. Finally, they equate cultural texts with simplified, standard cultural production without individuality, excluding the complex ability of cultural text and the receivers’explaining ability. The third part is about Fisk’s research on the consumer culture, who is a representative of Birmingham School – a famous school after Frankfurt school and France thinker Jean Baudrillard’s ideas. Fisk puts forward his doubt about Frankfurt School intensely. In his opinion, consumers are not individuals of atom which has nothing to do with each other, but they have initiatives and strong fighting consciousness. Ideology is not simplistic but complex and changeable. The process that the ruling class pursue ideology by consumer culture is also the process that the ruled class avoid or fight against ideology, a process they constructing their own cultural significance and search for the delight. This kind of explanation marks a great turning point of research on Western Marxist consumer culture. The research approach changes from historical materialism to micro-politics, the observation model from economic base-supper structure to ordinary men daily life. They also pay attention to the force of the ruled class but not the strength of the ruling class, emphasizing the ruled class avoiding and fighting against ideology of the ruling class.– Though Fisk puts forward emphasis on the right of initiative of consumers, his opinions are overcorrected, overstressing force of the masses and under-evaluating bourgeois strength. They can only to fight against moderately and gradually in the field of micro-politics, being unable to change the current systems. They have to confirm the system and their opinions lose critical force.– Baudrillard’s basic opinion is that: human beings are not alienated by specific materials but also by the signs when they are besieged in strong nets of material in consumer society. Consumers trapped in endless system of signs and individual request will be not satisfied forever when this system become a new force controlling human being. This means another turning point in research on the Western Marxist consumer culture. That is, they put emphasis on alienation caused by signs but not by materials.– Baudrillard’s early >semiotic politics economics< provides a new perspective to consuming requirement, media communication and social integration. He advocates that consumer society endangers our spirit, because he sees the spiritual erosion caused by media and semiotic clearly. These views and explanations have great theoretical and practical significance. While his over-reality, inter-explosion, imitation, simulation and semiotics hide the unfair economic system, social relationship and social evils. They also hide the truthfulness and interest behind the semiotics, making them mysterious. Finally, the dissertation presents the summary about experience and lessens of Western Marxist cultural research. The author thinks that on one hand Western Marxists hold up to the theory of ideology and alienation and absorbs Marxist critical essence; On the other hand they are not conservative but adopt a flexible and pluralistic research strategy. It brings mew blood into their research, making great contribution to the health of human beings’ consumer culture. Nowadays, though our country doesn’t step into consumer society, but we are strongly affected by consumer culture. In order to build healthy value of consumer culture, we must do a further research on Western Marxist consumer culture and absorb their essence positively. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Guilian T1 - Making the Most of Our Freedom [善用我们的自由], Master thesis, Ethics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2007. N2 - The central theme of the teachings of Erich Fromm, a leading Western social philosopher and psychologist of the twentieth century, was the plight of modern man and the way out. In view of the touchstones of the times and the considerations of the academic point of departure, the idea of freedom is the first issue addressed by Fromm's entire doctrine. Fromm reveals the double meaning of freedom in terms of both negative and positive freedom, pointing out that while freedom makes one more independent, it also leads one to loneliness, which presupposes two attitudes towards one's own freedom - the pursuit of freedom or the flight from it. People by nature desire and seek freedom, but when freedom becomes an unbearable burden to the individual, the tendency to avoid it arises. Escaping from freedom and reverting to dependence and subservience does not lead one to happiness, nor does it resolve the contradiction inherent in freedom between individualization and loneliness. The only way out is to strive for positive freedom, and there are two paths to positive freedom: the attainment of human wholeness through creative love and work, and the establishment of a humanist socialist society. In the course of this discussion, the paper presents a dialectical analysis of Fromm's ideas on freedom, examining both the contributions and shortcomings of his theories and suggesting their relevance to China's social reality. [Automatic translation] N2 - 埃利希·弗洛姆是二十世纪西方著名的社会哲学家和心理学家,其学说的核心主题是现代人的困境和出路。鉴于当时时代背景的触动和学术出发点的考虑,自由思想成了弗洛姆整个学说中首先论述的问题。弗洛姆从消极自由和积极自由两个方面来揭示自由的双重含义,指出自由虽然让人变得更加独立,但也让人陷入孤独当中,这预示着人对自身之自由产生两种态度——追求自由或者逃避自由。人在本质上是渴望并追求自由的,但当自由变成个人不堪忍受的负担时,逃避自由的趋势便应运而生。逃避自由,重新去依赖和屈从,并不能把人引向幸福,也不能解决自由所固有的矛盾即个体化和孤独感之间的矛盾。只有争取积极自由才是出路所在,而通往积极自由的途径有两条:一是通过创造性的爱和工作来达到人的健全,二是建立人道主义的社会主义社会。本文在论述的过程当中对弗洛姆的自由思想进行了辩证的剖析,既看到其理论的贡献之处也分析了其不足之处,并提出了其对于我国社会现实的借鉴意义。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Levin, Revella T1 - Communicating with the Schizophrenic Superego Revisited: A New Technique JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 483-508. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leeman, Eve T1 - The Costs of Compliance JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 179-188. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kudler, Harold T1 - The Need for Psychodynamic Principles in Outreach to New Combat Veterans and their Families JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 039-050. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kong, Wenqing T1 - Fromm's Theory of Moral Cognition [弗洛姆的道德认识理论] JF - Studies in Ethics [伦理学研究], No. 4 (2007), pp. 87-92. N2 - Fromm's theory of moral cognition established a basis of studying human. To recognize goodness and vice and moral rules is mainly recognizing human nature and possibility contained in human nature. Because that man is living and is in the process of continuous growth, for recognizing human we must break the cognitive mode of objectivism, realizing the unity of subjectivity and objects. Fromm's knowledge of one's personal experience thinks that cognitive objects are externally existence and knowledge is universally valid at the same time of emphasizing that human subjective emotions are put into recognition, so it is an objective recognition. Fromm's theory of moral cognition is in concord with practical transition of epistemology. N2 - 弗洛姆的道德认识理论建立在对人的研究的基础上。认识善、恶以及道德规范,主要是对人性以及蕴含在人性中的可能性的认识。由于人是有生命的,处于不断的生成过程中,因此,对人的认识必须打破客观主义的认识模式,认识主体打破与对象之间的鸿沟,实现融合合一,以整个的内在体验对象,从而获得如对象本来所是的样子去认识对象。弗洛姆的体验性知识在强调人的主观情感投入到认识中的同时,认为认识对象是外在实在的,知识是普遍性有效的,因而是一种客观的认识。弗洛姆的道德认识理论与认识论的实践转向的暗相契合 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kong, Wenqing T1 - Frommian Autonomic Morality and Its Revelation on Moral Construction in the Chinese Social Transformation [弗洛姆自律道德及其对中国转型时期道德建设的启示], PhD thesis, Marxism and Ideological and Political Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 2007, 160 pp. N2 - From a perspective of autonomy, this dissertation probed into Frommian moral philosophy systematically, and on this basis, discussed its revelation on the Chinese moral construction and moral education in the transformation of the society. As a criticizer and successor to those autonomy theories of Kant, Nietzsche and Freud, Fromm thinks morality is the affirmation of oneself on the basis of universal human nature. Autonomy is a whole man constituting moral law for realizing his potential and becoming a man with fully developed capability of love, reason and so on. Morality is a self discipline for oneself and to oneself. Materially, the content of autonomy is a realization of one’s potential, and good is the affirmation of life and the unfolding of one’s power. Virtue is a responsibility for one’s own existence. Morality is a re-action of ourselves. It is the voice of our true selves which summons us back to ourselves, to live productively, to develop fully and harmoniously, that is, to become what we potentially are. Formally, moral law must be constituted by no other powers than man himself. Those laws which are constituted by exterior powers such as God or authorities and are internalized into our heart are not autonomic, but heteronomous in essence. On the basis of human nature, moral good and bad are induced from the question inherent in the primal condition of man. Thus, cognition to morality is equivalent to that of human nature. Because of man’s particularities, Fromm opposed objectivism epistemology, holding that cognition is interfusion between subject and object. The knowledge of human is experiential knowledge. The epistemology of Fromm tally with the pragmatic turn of epistemology, the objective comprehension with a stress on the subjective factors in the process of cognition. Now that autonomy means the realization of man’s potential in content, autonomy is equivalent to freedom to.– Since autonomy formally rejects constitution of moral laws for man by the other powers outside man, autonomy is equivalent to freedom from the other men’s interference. A moral man is an independent, free man. Between freedom to and freedom from, Fromm considered that freedom from is a condition of freedom to while freedom to is the aim of freedom from. If there is only freedom from, without the development of our own capability, man will try any means to escape from freedom. As to free will, Fromm argued that one has a limited will freedom to choose between the fulfillment of our own potentials and degeneration to a thing in the scope determined by physiological and social conditions. A human being is a social being, fulfilling autonomic morality requires a sane society in favor of man’s development. With a critical eye on capitalistic society, Fromm proposed his conception of a sane human being and society. However, because of the logic inherent in his theory, he requested that man only has an ear to the voice of our true selves, a sane society can only emerge when all factors, economic, cultural, transform simultaneously. This meditation, therefore, lacks a realistic basis. A transforming society characteristic of disordered moral calls for a reconstruction of morality. It’s important to cognize the autonomic attribute of morality in a socialistic market economy. This property lays a stress not only on norm, but also on inner moral sensibility and drive. The socialistic concept of honor and disgrace emphasizes that the cohesion of moral norm and inner moral sensibility and drive is the result of cognition of the attribute of autonomic morality. In short, autonomic morality demands an aim for whole moral personality, attaches importance to human being’s inner moral sensibility and drive as well as development of all potentials of man. N2 - 本文以自律为视角对弗洛姆的道德哲学进行了系统的分析探讨,并在此基础上讨论了自律对我国社会转型时期道德建设和道德教育的启示。弗洛姆批判继承了康德、尼采和弗洛伊德的自律思想,认为道德是以普遍的人性为基础的对自我的肯定。弗洛姆认为,自律是整体的人为了实现自我的潜能,成为理性、爱等能力充分发展的人而为自己制定法则;道德是出于人自身、为了人自身的自我约束。在内容上,弗洛姆的自律道德是以人的潜能的实现为内容,善也就是肯定生命,展现人的力量;美德就是人对自身的存在负责任。道德是人自己对自己的反应。它是真正的人们自己的声音,这声音召唤人们返回自身,返回创发性的生活,返回充分和谐地发展——即成为彻底发展潜能的人。在形式上,弗洛姆认为,道德法则是由人自己而不是由其他的力量确定的,那些由上帝、权威等外在的力量所确定的,并以各种方式内化于人内心的道德律并不是自律,其实质仍然是他律。道德是以人性为基础,善与恶是从人性所蕴涵的问题中引出的,因此,对道德的认识也就是对人的认识。由于人的特殊性,弗洛姆反对客观主义的认识论,提出认识是主客体之间的融合,关于人的知识是体验性的知识。弗洛姆体验性知识强调的是,认识主体主观因素的客观性认识。自律在内容上是人的自我实现,是人的能力的发展,因此,道德自律也就是人的积极自由。自律在形式上排斥人以外的其他力量替人制定法则,也就是消极自由。一个道德的人也就是一个独立而自由的人。在积极自由与消极自由的关系上,弗洛姆认为消极自由是实现积极自由的条件,积极自由是消极自由的目的。仅仅有消极自由而没有人自身能力的发展,其结果是人们以各种方式逃避获得的自由。在意志自由方面,弗洛姆认为人有有限的意志自由,可以在由生理的、社会的条件决定的范围内,在实现自我的潜能和退化为物、丧失人的根本属性之间做出选择。弗洛姆认为,人是社会性的人,要实现自律道德必须创造一个有利于人的发展的社会。在批判资本主义社会的基础上,弗洛姆提出了关于新人和新社会的设想。但是,根据弗洛姆思想所包含着的内在逻辑推论:新人只能听从内心的召唤,新社会必须在经济、文化等所有的方面同时发生变革才能实现。这就使得他的理想人格和理想社会脱离了现实的社会基础,陷入了困境,难以成为现实。我国社会转型时期出现的道德失范现象将重建道德的任务摆在了我们的面前。在社会主义市场经济条件下如何进行道德建设?正确认识道德的自律性质是一个重要的问题。道德的性质是自律的,这就要求我们在道德建设和道德教育中不能只重视外在的规范约束,还要重视人的内在道德基础和内在的道德情感和道德动力。社会主义荣辱观的提出,将外在的道德规范约束和内在的道德情感和道德动力结合起来,是对道德的自律性质的理论自觉。道德自律要求我们在道德建设和教育中,以培养整体的道德人格为旨归,注重培养内在的道德基础,发展人的各种能力。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kong, Wenqing T1 - Questions and Answers – Fromm’s two Dimensions of Human Nature [问题和答案——弗洛姆人性论的两个维度] JF - Chongqing Social Sciences [重庆社会科学], No 6 (2007), pp. 38-41. N2 - 弗洛姆认为存在着共同的人性。人性是人生存的原初状态所提出的问题。对这一问题的解答就是人性在具体社会中的现实化,问题和答案构成了弗洛姆人性论的两个维度,也提供了他批判现实和分析现实的两个维度。 N2 - Fromm believes there is a common humanity. Human nature is the primordial state of human existence. The answer to this question is of human nature in the specific social reality, questions and answers constitute the two dimensions of the Fromm Human Nature, also provided his critique of the two dimensions of reality and analyze reality. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klyman, Cassandra M. T1 - Review Nada L. Stotland and Donna E. Stewart (Eds.): Psychological Aspects of Women's Health Care: The Interface Between Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 337-339. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kingsley, George T1 - Contemporary Group Treatment of Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 051-070. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kemp, Donna R. T1 - Erich Fromm JF - Mental Health in America. A Reference Handbook, Santa Barbara (Abd-Clio) 2007, p. 153. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Katz-Bearnot, Sherry T1 - The Medical Education of Generation Rx JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 527-536. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kalman, Thomas P. T1 - Review Allison and Jay Rosen (Eds.): Frozen Dreams: Psychodynamic Dimensions of Infertility and Assisted Reproduction JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 522-523. Y1 - 2007 ER -