TY - GEN A1 - Sun, Chunyan T1 - The Insane Man in Dilemma: A Humanistic Study of >American Pastoral< [生存困境中的不健全人 — 对《美国牧歌》的人本主义解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China 2013 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 菲利普•罗斯是杰出的美国犹太小说家。自1959年至今,五十余年中他笔耕不辍,塑造了一个个鲜活的人物形象,赢得了国内外学者、评论家的关注和好评。《美国牧歌》于1998年荣获普利策奖。它的出版标志着菲利普•罗斯的创作生涯迎来了新的高峰。国内外对《美国牧歌》的研究主要集中在作品主题思想以及创作技巧等方面。本论文尝试使用弗洛姆的人本主义理论,主要关注《美国牧歌》中体现的人类生存困境和不健全的人两个方面。本论文共分为五个部分,包括引言、理论介绍、两章正文和结论部分。第一章是引言,介绍菲利普•罗斯的生活经历、主要作品、小说《美国牧歌》的故事梗概以及《美国牧歌》的国内外研究情况,并且提出了本论文的研究意义及主要论点。第二章是理论介绍,介绍弗洛姆的生平及其人本主义理论。本章对人本主义理论的介绍主要包括该理论形成的影响因素、现代人的生存困境、现代人的需求以及不健全的人四个方面。第三、四章是论文的主体部分。第三章主要分析了《美国牧歌》中人物所面临的生存困境。在美国这片梦想成真的土地上,人们有信心能够创造自己的美好生活,但是在衰老、疾病及社会动荡等因素的综合作用下,人又受困于对死亡的忧虑。崇尚自由的现代社会给人们提供了追求幸福的机会,然而,自由的另一面却是各种社会冲突事件的频发,人们在冲突中处于一种孤立无援的境地。第四章主要分析了《美国牧歌》中不健全人的具体行为表现。当社会不能满足人的各种生存的需求时,人们表现出了对自由的逃避和人际关系的异化。求同和破坏是人们摆脱孤独,重拾安全感的两种方式。另外,人际交往中倡导的>市场倾向<评价标准导致了人们的异化关系。第五章是结论。本部分总结全篇,作者认为罗斯和弗洛姆都关注人在社会中的命运和生存状态。社会的发展尽管要追求物质利益,但是发展始终要以人为本,关怀人性,从而实现人的健康发展。 N2 - Philip Roth is an outstanding American Jewish writer who has never stopped his career of writing since1959 until now. He has vividly created a lot of figures in his books which are well accepted and focused on by scholars and critics at home and abroad. American Pastoral won him Pulitzer Prize in1998. It is the milestone which is regarded as the other climax of Roth’s writing career. Some critics interpret American Pastoral from the perspectives such as its themes and writing skills. This thesis tries to analyze it from the perspective of Fromm’s humanistic theory. Living dilemma and insane man are the main concerns of this thesis. - This thesis includes five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction to Philip Roth’s life experiences, main works, story of American Pastoral and the literary review of its research at home and abroad. The significance of the research and main arguments of this thesis are also presented in this chapter.– Chapter two is to introduce Fromm’s humanistic theory. First, Fromm’s life is introduced. Then, the introduction to Fromm’s humanistic theory is composed of the following four aspects: the influence of personal experiences on the creation of the theory, modern man’s living dilemma, modern man’s needs and the insane man.– Chapter three and four are the main parts of this thesis. Chapter three analyzes the living dilemma of the characters in American Pastoral. Man is determined to create happy life in America, the dreaming land. But man is also tortured by the fear of death when facing aging, disease and social turbulence. Freedom in modern society provides man with the opportunities to pursue happiness. However, the frequent happening of social conflicts brings loneliness and helplessness to man.– Chapter four explores the behaviors of the insane man. When the society can’t satisfy man’s needs stemming from living conditions, man tends to escape from freedom and becomes alienated. Conformity and destructiveness are two main ways to get rid of loneliness and regain security. Besides, the >market orientation< in personal communication results in alienated relationship.– Chapter five is conclusion. It points out that both Roth and Fromm care about the living conditions of modern man. In the process of social development, material is not the only aim. In order to keep mental health, man’s nature should also be paid attention to. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Scudder, Timothy James T1 - Personality Types in Relationship Awareness Theory: The Validation of Freud’s Libidinal Types and Explication of Porter’s Motivational Typology, Dissertation Fielding Graduate University, 2013, 135 pp. Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Qi, Xia T1 - On Fromm's Concept of Personal Liberty [论弗洛姆的个人主义自由观], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 人类社会的历史就是不断争取自由解放的历史。个人的诞生、人类社会的出现使人们摆脱了传统的束缚,获得了自由的胜利,但是又因为对未来的不确定感和恐惧,将辛苦获取的自由拱手让出,依附于新的权威以获得心理上暂时的安全感,弗洛姆在分析这种心理形成机制的基础上,形成了关于现代人>逃避自由<的思想。在此之上,弗洛姆指出了人的真正自由之道即对积极自由的追求和自我的实现。弗洛姆明确提出自由是一种态度,是从对立的可能性中做出选择的能力,是成为自身的可能性,也是一个自我实现的机会,而这些观点与西方语境下的>个人主义<所要求的人的尊严、自主、隐私和自我发展是相一致的。个人主义强调个人的重要性,强调在社会面前保持自我,而弗洛姆的自由观就是将个人、个人发展以及个人的自我实现放在首位的自由观,即是提倡个人主义的自由观。且个人是自由的立足点,个人主义是自由的基础理论,没有个人之发展就无自由之发展。因此,弗洛姆的自由观是立足于个人的自由观,是建立在个人主义之上的自由观,是个人主义自由观。 N2 - The history of human society is constantly striving for freedom and liberation history. Individual and human society has made people get rid of the shackles of the traditional. However, people fear of the future, so they give up freedom. They cling to the new authority to obtain temporary psychological sense of security. Fromm set up the thought of escape from freedom on the analysis of this psychological. He pointed out that the real freedom is of positive freedom and the pursuit of self-realization. Fromm suggests that freedom is a kind of attitude, is the ability to choose from among the possibilities. It’s a self-fulfilling opportunity. These views of Fromm are consistent with the meaning of individualism. Individualism emphasizes the importance of the individual, and individual is the foundation of freedom; individualism is the basic theory of freedom. Fromm’s view of freedom is based on the individual’s view of freedom. Therefore, Fromm’s view of freedom is the freedom of individualism. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jia, Feifei T1 - On Holden’s Alienation in >The Catcher in the Rye< [论《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的异化], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - J•D•塞林格的代表作——《麦田里的守望者》,是当今美国文学史上最具影响力的作品之一。本论文主要采用了艾里希•弗罗姆的异化理论,基于文本细读的分析方法,从霍尔顿与社会、他人、自身三个角度分析了霍尔顿异化的表现和原因。第一章分析了霍尔顿与社会异化的表现和原因。霍尔顿在学校和纽约都是孤独的,而他很清楚自己的异化状态,在他的生活中他是一个典型的异化了的人或者说是局外人。他不能与母亲、自然和社会建立联结;而且他也无法实现自己做一名麦田守望者的目标。而霍尔顿在生存根基需求、定向与献身的需求上得不到满足,正是他与社会异化的原因。第二章研究了霍尔顿与他人的异化,包括他与老师、同龄人,甚至与父母的异化。信任的缺失和逐渐淡漠的亲情都显示了霍尔顿与他人的异化。而霍尔顿与他人异化的原因正是他在关联性需求方面的不满足——他无法与其他人建立联系。他想通过顺从或控制达到与他人的融合,却失败了;而且他也缺少兄弟之爱、母亲之爱和男女之爱。这些都揭示了他在关联性需求方面的不满足。最后一章研究了霍尔顿与自身的异化,即:他在身体和精神需求方面的矛盾和挣扎。在精神方面,霍尔顿想要一个没有伪君子的理想世界,但他却生活在充满伪君子的世界中。通过分析霍尔顿的性格,本论文得出论点:霍尔顿的性格弱点,如:自卑、幼稚、悲观,导致了他与自身的异化。本文结论指出:霍尔顿的异化正是由于他的性格弱点以及他个人需要三方面的不满足导致的,即:——生存根基的需要、关联性的需要以及定向与献身的需要。而为了解决他的问题霍尔顿必须竭力去满足自己的需要。霍尔顿所面临的异化问题正是战后美国青年面临的难题,因此,本文的研究也为当今社会青少年的心理健康提供了一些帮助。 N2 - J. D. Salinger’s master piece, The Catcher in the Rye is one of the most influential novels in modern American literature. By using the textual close-reading method, this thesis applies Erich Fromm’s theory to study Holden’s alienation from the following three aspects: his alienation from society, his alienation from others, and his alienation from himself.– The first chapter analyzes the manifestations and causes of Holden’s alienation from society. Holden is both isolated at schools and in New York City, and he is keenly aware of his alienation. He is a typical outsider or an alien in his existence. Holden can’t found his ties to his mother, to nature and to society; moreover Holden also can’t fulfill his goal to be a catcher in the rye. Holden’s discontentment with rootedness and a frame of orientation and devotion is the cause of his alienation from society.– Chapter Two studies Holden’s alienation from others, such as his teachers, his peers and even his parents. The loss of trust and the cooling affections show Holden’s alienation from others. And the cause of Holden’s alienation from others lies in his discontentment with relatedness – be fails to relate with others. He wants to unite with others through submission or domination, but he fails. His discontentment with brotherly love, motherly love and erotic love reveals his discontentment with relatedness.– The last chapter examines Holden’s alienation from himself which is manifested in his ambivalence and struggles in his natural and spiritual needs. His spiritual need is an ideal world without phonies, while he lives in a world replete with phonies. - By analyzing Holden’s personalities, this thesis concludes that the weaknesses of Holden’s personali-ties, such as inferiority complex, childishness and pessimism, lead to his alienation from himself.– Conclusion points out that Holden’s alienation result from the weaknesses of his personalities as well as his discontentment with three kinds of needs – rootedness, relatedness, and a frame of orien-tation and devotion. In order to solve his problems, Holden has to satisfy his needs. And Holden’s problems are also the problems of the postwar youngsters. In this way, this thesis will offer some help for the psychological health of the young in modern society. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jiang, Juan T1 - Herman’s Sorrows: A Humanistic Interpretation of Singer’s >Enemies, a Love Story< [赫尔曼的忧愁:辛格《冤家》的人本主义解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 美国犹太文学自十九世纪形成后,越来越引起国内外读者的关注。犹太作家在当代美国文坛占据着举世瞩目的地位。1978年的诺贝尔文学奖获得者艾萨克?巴什维斯?辛格就是其中最著名的美国犹太作家之一。他以独特的艺术手法及丰富的作品内容,不仅形象描述了普通犹太人的生活,而且描绘了人类的普遍处境。《冤家》是一个反映普通欧洲犹太人在希特勒大屠杀战后悲欢离合的故事。辛格故事中的人物大都是一些被激情所驱使和折磨的人。《冤家》中的赫尔曼就是这样一个典型。像很多现代人一样,他陷于一系列矛盾的漩涡中,无力挣扎。五十年代以来,研究辛格及其小说的文章、书籍不断增加,评论家试图从多角度分析他的作品。关于《冤家》这部作品的研究主要聚集在两性关系、女性形象、犹太传统和美国文化的摩擦与融合以及对大屠杀的深思等主题上。但至今还没有人从人本主义的角度解析过赫尔曼的忧愁。本论文试图通过文本细读及弗洛姆的人本主义理论,研究赫尔曼的忧愁并找出一条可行的出路。本论文共分为三个部分:引言、正文及结论。第一部分为引言部分,简要介绍辛格及其作品《冤家》的国内外研究,并提出本论文的写作意义。第二部分包括四个章节。第二章简要介绍弗洛姆人本主义理论系统的基础:异化论,人性论及爱的理论。第三章具体描述赫尔曼与社会、他人及自己异化的表现。第四章从两个方面分析导致赫尔曼忧愁的因素。他不仅是纳粹的受害者,也是其自身病态性格的受害者。第五章首先分析了赫尔曼及作品中其他主要人物在矛盾、痛苦的生活中所寻找的出路,然后得出只有爱才是人类异化生活的唯一出路。给予、关爱、尊重、责任、理解作为爱的五个要素相互联系,密不可分。第三部分是也就是本论文的最后一章总结并强调《冤家》这部小说所具有的现实意义。对赫尔曼忧愁的人本主义解读有助于人们认识自我、消除异化、构建和谐社会。 N2 - American Jewish literature has attracted more and more attentions both at home and abroad since its foundation in the19th century. The Jewish writers occupy a remarkable status in the contemporary American literary world. Isaac Bashevis Singer, the Nobel laureate in literature in1978, is one of the most renowned American Jewish writers. Using impassioned narratives and rich contents, Singer not only describes the life of ordinary Jews, but also brings universal human conditions tolife. Enemies, A Love Story is a story about love and hatred after Hitler’s Holocaust. Most protagonists in Singer’s stories are droved and tortured by different passions. Herman in Enemies, A Love Story is a typical example. Like many modern people, Herman suffers enormous contradictions, and feels powerless to struggle in the complicated society. Since the1950s, a growing number of critics have shown great interest at Singer’s works, and tried to study his masterpieces from different perspectives. About Enemies, A Love Story critics mainly focus on the relationship between sexes, the female images, the conflict and fusion between the Jewish tradition and the American culture, the meditation on Hitler’s Holocaust, etc. But no one has ever tried to interpret Herman’s sorrows in humanism. - The thesis tries to study Herman’s sorrows and intends to find a way out by using the intensive reading to the text and E. Fromm’s humanism. There are three parts in this thesis: the introduction, the body and the conclusion.– The introductive part includes a brief introduction to the writer Isaac Bashevis Singer, the novel Enemies, A Love Story, and the significance of this thesis.– The second part includes four chapters: Chapter 2 briefly introduces the theoretical basis of E. Fromm’s humanistic structure: the theory of alienation, the theory of human nature, and the theory of love.– Chapter 3 analyses the alienation of Herman’s sorrowful life in detail. He is alienated not only from national responsibility, but also from other people and himself.– Chapter 4 tries to examine the two constructive factors to Herman’s sorrows. He is not only a victim of Nazis, but also a victim of his own morbid character.– Chapter 5 strives to find a way out in the contradictions by analyzing the different choices of Herman and other main figures. And then, it turns out that love is the only remedy of alienation. Giving, care, respect, responsibility, and understanding, as the five elements of love, are connected closely to each other.– The third part is the conclusion which summarizes the thesis and emphasizes the universal significance of studying this novel. A humanistic interpretation of Herman’s sorrows can help people to understand themselves, eliminate alienation and build a more harmonious society. Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jin, Jin T1 - The Research on Causes and Theories of Fromm’s Ethical Thought about Love [弗洛姆爱的伦理思想成因及其理论探析], Master thesis, Ethics, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2013. N2 - 在20世纪中期,德裔美籍哲学家弗洛姆创立了以爱为核心的人道主义伦理学,弗洛姆对爱的阐述,系统清晰、视角独特,他从社会文化环境、人的生存和需要等方面对爱做了全面的研读,探讨爱对人们生存的作用和价值,使人们对社会现状有准确的认识,促使人们对自身问题深刻反思。本文第一部分总结了国内外学者对弗洛姆的研究现状。第二部分阐述了弗洛姆爱的思想产生的背景和理论根源,爱的伦理思想的形成,与弗洛姆所处的战争与经济危机频发的动荡社会以及弗洛姆对其他思想的兼收博采是密切相连的。第三部分系统解读了弗洛姆爱的伦理的思想体系,弗洛姆认为,爱情作为一门艺术,是以给予为前提,实践为途径,同时爱包括五种对象,具有四种要素;在实践爱的过程中,要摆正爱的态度,尊重爱的对象,保持兴趣专心投入。文章的第四部分,把爱立足于人性解放,对人们生存的现状进行反思,探索爱的伦理思想的理论意义,把弗洛姆爱的思想与当下社会境况相结合,努力为树立良好的道德风尚提供几许建议。弗洛姆爱的伦理思想产生的时代背景,正是西方人道主义复兴时期,而当下的中国经济快速发展,人民日益增长的精神文化需求跟不上物质生活快步前进的速度的现象已日渐凸显,弗洛姆对爱的探讨跟当下中国建立小康社会、和谐社会的道德目标是一致的,针对我国社会转型时期出现的道德问题,弗洛姆爱的理论可以提供有效的借鉴和启示作用。 N2 - Erich Fromm, the German-American philosopher, created his humanitarian ethics, which as the core of Love, in the mid-20th century. His expounding on Love is a unique perspective. He made a comprehensive studying of Love, from the social and cultural environment to the survival and needs of human-beings, which explored the role and value of Love to the survival of human-beings.so that human-beings can had an accurate understanding of the social status quo and a deep reflection on their own problems.– The first part of this paper summarizes the status quo of studying from the domestic and foreign scholars of Fromm.– The second part describes the background and theoretical roots of the theory of Love from Fromm.– In the third part, there is a systematic explication of ideological system of Love from Fromm.– The fourth part of this paper puts Love on the basic of liberation of humanity, having a deep reflection on the status quo of human survival, combines the Love and the current social situation and tries to provide several recommendations of establishing a good morality or customs. Today, China’s economic development is faster than before, the problem that between the growing of spiritual and cultural needs from people and the legging material standard of living has been increasingly emerged. Fromm’s expounding on Love is consistent with the moral ends of establishing a harmonious society in China. Response to this phenomenon, the theory of Love from Fromm provides a valuable reference and inspiration. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jin, Wanying T1 - Ethics Thought in >The Art of Loving< [《爱的艺术》伦理思想探析], Master thesis, Ethics, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2013. N2 - 20世纪西方资本主义社会进入了一个经济平稳快速发展的时期,科学技术的进步使得生产力水平不断提高,但是,高度发达的经济给人们带来物质生活富足的同时,也使人们陷入了精神危机。面对这种矛盾与危机并存的状况,弗洛姆以法兰克福学派的社会批判理论、弗洛伊德的精神分析学说、马克思的历史唯物主义原理以及异化理论、禅宗佛学思想为理论渊源,针对人们的生存境遇以及病态的社会所导致的人们的精神困惑,提出了他的有关爱的伦理学思想。本文针对弗洛姆关于爱的伦理学思想分成四章来论述:第一章,首先阐述了弗洛姆关于爱的伦理学思想产生的背景及其理论渊源,紧接着论述了西方传统文化对爱的界定以及弗洛姆对于爱的解释;第二章,着重论述弗洛姆关于爱的伦理思想的理论体系,包括爱是对人类生存问题的回答,指明了爱的本质在于给予,构成爱的要素以及爱的具体表现形式;第三章,针对当代西方社会爱的现状引导人们进行爱的实践;第四章,对弗洛姆关于爱的伦理思想进行反思,指出其合理性及其对于我国当代社会建设的积极意义,并从弗洛姆对于爱的伦理思想的立论基础、理论内涵以及爱的真正实现三方面分析其局限性。 N2 - 20th century Western capitalist society has entered a period of stable and rapid economic development, scientific and technological advances constantly improve the level of productivity, however, highly developed economy created material wealth at the same time, also made it into a spiritual crisis. Faced with such a situation of coexistence of contradictions and crises, Erich Fromm’s social critical theory of the Frankfurt School of psychoanalysis, Freud, Marx’s theory of historical materialism and alienation theory and Zen Buddhist thought theory origin, against people’s existence as well as the spirit of sick people as a result of confusion, presented his ethics about love. - This article into four chapter addressed Fromm on love of ethics thought: the first chapter, first ex-pounded Fromm background thinking about the ethics of love and its theoretical origin, followed discusses the traditional Western culture the definition of love, and Fromm explanation for love.–Chapter II and III focus on Fromm theoretical system of thought about the ethics of love, love is the answer to the problem of human existence, specify the nature of love is to give, constitutes a concrete manifestation of the elements of love, and love; love for contemporary Western society the status quo and guide people to the practice of love.– Chapter IV Fromm’s thinking on the ethics of love reflection, pointed out its positive significance for the construction of China’s contemporary society, and ethics of love ideas from Fromm theoretical basis of theoretical connotation and love truly three aspects to analyze its limitations. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Li, Qing T1 - A Study of Alienation in >Humboldt’s Gift< [《洪堡的礼物》中的异化主题研究], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Qufu Normal University, Qufu and Rhizao, Shandong, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 《洪堡的礼物》是美国犹太作家索尔•贝娄最杰出的代表作之一。贝娄是文学界继海明威、福克纳后最具魅力的人。小说自1975年问世以来,在国内外文学界引起了广泛的关注,并获得了1976年的普利策文学奖。同年贝娄因>对当代文化富于人性的理解和精妙的分析<获得了诺贝尔奖。通过对现代知识分子的描写,贝娄的作品深刻反映了当代美国知识分子的精神危机。在《洪堡的礼物》这部小说中,贝娄描写了诗人洪堡和传记作家兼剧作家西特林两位作家的不同命运,揭露了当代社会的文明破坏与精神危机。这部小说描写了19世纪60年代人们的异化与疏离,忠实地反映了现代人的困境、痛苦和挣扎。本文重点以《洪堡的礼物》为研究对象。研究者已经从多个角度对这部小说进行了分心,如小说的艺术特色、写作技巧、复调研究、叙事时间研究等等。国内已经有学者从异化的角度对贝娄的作品《赫索格》进行了分析,但是很少有学者从异化角度对《洪堡的礼物》做深入、全面的分析。本文采用马克思和弗洛姆的异化理论,尤其是文本分析的方法,详细地对小说中的异化主题进行分析,为读者提供了一个更加清晰彻底地理解贝娄作品主题的新视角,同时也是对《洪堡的礼物》研究的补充。本文包括六个章节。第一章是引言部分,对贝娄及其作品研究状况加以简要介绍,同时介绍了研究目的及论文框架。第二章总结了异化理论的起源及其发展,尤其是马克思和弗洛姆的异化理论,同时介绍了贝娄和异化主题的渊源。第三章主要从自我的异化、与外部世界的异化、人际关系的异化三个方面来分析小说中人物的异化。第四章讨论了引起主人公异化的原因。犹太身份、混乱喧嚣的社会、物质主的盛行,这些都是引起异化的主要原因。第五章讨论了小说中人物走出异化的途径——精神复苏。第六章为结论,总结全文,阐释了本研究的意义并指出存在的不足。通过对《洪堡的礼物》这部小说中异化主题的分析,揭示了美国知识分子的生活状况及精神危机,反映了贝娄一贯的对人类命运的关怀,同时本文希望能对中国的知识分子敲响警钟。本研究旨期望对《洪堡的礼物》的研究提供有力的补充 N2 - Humboldt’s Gift is one of the most outstanding masterpieces of Jewish-American writer Saul Bellow, who is the most charismatic person in literary circle after Hemingway and Faulkner. Humboldt’s Gift has been attracting much attention throughout the literati of America and other countries ever since its publication in 1975. Bellow was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for this novel the next year. In the same year, Bellow won the Nobel Prize for >the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary literature<. Through depicting modern intellectuals Bellow’s works profoundly reveal the spiritual crises of the contemporary American intellectuals. In Humboldt’s Gift, Bellow describes different fates of the two writers Von Humboldt Fleisher and Charlie Citrine. Through their different experiences, Bellow exposes the destruction of contemporary social civilization and spiritual crisis. This novel expresses people’s estrangement and alienation in the1960s, faithfully reflecting the plight, the pain and the struggle of the modern men. - This thesis puts emphasis on Humboldt’s Gift. Researchers have analyzed Humboldt’s Gift from different angles, such as the artistic features, writing techniques, polyphonic study, narrative time, etc. And there are already scholars in China analyzing Bellow’s Herzog from the perspective of alienation. But there are only few scholars in China do in-depth and comprehensive study about alienation in Humboldt’s Gift. This thesis adopts the approaches of alienation theory of Marx and Fromm, especially text analysis, to analyze the alienation theme in the novel in detail. It provides a new angle of view, which is obviously helpful to understanding the themes more clearly and thoroughly. Therefore it is a supplement to the research on Humboldt’s Gift. - This thesis is composed of six chapters.– Chapter One is an introduction. This chapter makes a brief introduction to Saul Bellow and his Humboldt’s Gift, and the literature review on them. In addition, this chapter contains the purpose and structure of this thesis.– Chapter Two summarizes the origin and development of the alienation theory, especially the alienation theory of Marx and Fromm. Besides, this chapter also shows the relationship between Bellow and alienation.– Chapter Three analyzes the two characters’ alienation of this novel from three aspects: alienation with the self, alienation from the outside world and alienated interpersonal relations.– Chapter Four discusses the causes of alienation. The Jewish identity of the characters, the chaotic and flash society and the prevalence of materialism are the main causes of alienation.– Chapter Five discusses the ways out for the characters’ alienation – spiritual recurrence.– Chapter Six is the conclusion. It summarizes the main idea of the thesis, pointing out its significance together with limitations. Through the analysis of alienation in the novel, the thesis exposes the living conditions of intellectuals and the spiritual crisis that Americans are facing. It shows Bellow’s consistent concern for human beings. At the same time, this thesis aims to ring alarm bells for Chinese intellectuals. The study is expected to make a powerful supplement to the research on Humboldt’s Gift. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liu, Wei T1 - Quest for Happy Life under Positive Freedom [在能动自由下追求幸福生活 - 论《金色笔记》中的自由观], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 《金色笔记》是多丽丝•莱辛在1962年出版的著作,许多学者从女性主义及心理学等不同的角度研究此文本。本文运用美国思想家埃里希•弗洛姆出版于1941年《逃避自由》中关于>自由<的观点分析《金色笔记》中的自由观。文中的自由女性陷入了消极自由而无法自拔,从而无法达到埃里希•弗洛姆所认为的真正自由,即积极自由。现代人在无法解决生活琐事时会感到困惑、挫败,而表面光鲜的自由女性也不可避免地陷入消极的自由状态。当小说中的自由女性意识到自己陷入消极自由状态后,采用各种方法摆脱困境,但却徒劳无用。因此人们积极地面对自由的人生,用无私的爱和自发性工作,达到积极自由从而过上幸福生活。作者想通过这一视角来分析这部作品中自由女性面临的各种问题,给与当代女性几点如何获取积极自由的启示。本文由导论,主体和结论三个部分组成。导论简单地介绍了多丽丝•莱辛的生活背景以及主要作品,同时综述评论界对《金色笔记》已有的研究成果。主体主要由四个部分组成,解决自由女性如何摆脱消极自由的困境,达到积极自由从而实现自我、获得幸福。第一部分主要介绍自由思想发展的历史轨迹。着重介绍弗洛姆在《逃避自由》中的自由观。他将自由分为积极自由和消极自由。弗洛姆认为真正的自由就是实现积极自由。因此,本文应用这一理论来分析《金色笔记》中的自由观。第二部分介绍文本中>自由女性<以及>自由女性<所被赋予的讽刺意味。第三部分讨论和审视自由女性在追求自由的过程中陷入消极自由后所面临的困境。小说揭示女性在陷入消极自由后所面临的困境和障碍。第四部分主要分析实现积极自由的四种途径。其中爱和自发性地工作是弗洛姆提出的实现积极自由的主要方法。肯定女性自身存在和满足女性与他人的关联的需求是实现积极自由的另外两种途径。通过这四种途径,女性可以摆脱消极自由,达到积极自由从而实现自我,因为积极自由能使人们积极面对生活,实现自我潜力。结论部分主要分析了现代出现的>自由症候群<这一群体出现的原因以及这一群体所具有的症状。这一群体中的人们面临着小说中人物所而临的困境。当她们陷入消极自由,她们开始用各种机制逃避消极自由,过着水深火热的生活。人们得到自由的目的是为了得到幸福的生活,所以即使陷入消极自由的困境,人们依然不能放弃追求自由。女性应该肯定自身存在,保持与他人的和谐关系,用自己无私的爱和自发性的工作实现自身价值,实现积极自由获得幸福的生活。 N2 - >The Golden Notebook< is Loris Lessing’s masterpiece which was published in 1962. Many scholars have analyzed it from many perspectives, such as feminism, psychology and so on. The thesis tries to apply in Erich Fromm’s views on freedom which had put forward in Escape from Freedom in1941to analyze the novel from the theme-freedom. Free women in the novel were just caught into negative freedom, so they were go into the wrong way and were remote to positive freedom. In the modern society, people feel puzzled and frustrated when they cannot deal with the matters of life. The flashy free women also cannot avoid falling into negative freedom due to all kinds of matters. When they realize that they are caught into negative freedom, most of people will take all kinds of measures to make them get rid of the plights, but their efforts were in vain. Therefore, people should adapt to their state actively, work spontaneously and love other people without rewards to get positive freedom, gaining a happy life. The author wants to analyze all kinds of matters that free women faced in the novel so as to give modern women some apocalypses how to get the freedom. - This thesis consists of three major parts: introduction, body and conclusion.– The introduction includes a brief introduction of Doris Lessing and a survey of studies on The Golden Notebook.– The body part has four chapters, dealing with how free women get rid of the plights with negative freedom and get real freedom with positive freedom.– The first part introduces the theoretical approaches to pursuing real freedom. At first, I make a summary of the development of freedom. This part gives a detail depiction of Fromm’s freedom conception-negative freedom and positive freedom. Furthermore it applies this conception to the novel in a general way.– The second part introduces two free women in the novel-Anna and Molly. In the meanwhile, it discusses the ironical sense of free women.– The third part further talks about dilemma of free women under negative freedom, telling the difficulties and confusions of female after they were caught in negative freedom in the process of seeking freedom.– In the fourth part. I analyze four essential ways to get positive freedom. Love and productive work are two essential ways which were put forward by Fromm. Self-identity recognition and satisfaction of associations with others can be treated as another two approaches to realize positive freedom. Then I analyze how the characters with a terrible state use these methods to cast off negative freedom and get positive freedom. After reaching positive freedom, they also realize their individuality, even though they return to a traditional life finally. Because positive freedom can help people live actively and realize their potentialities fully. - The conclusion analyzes the reasons why >Freedom Syndrome< appears in modern society and the features which the people own. People in this group have met the same matters which the characters had faced in the novel. When caught in negative freedom, they have used all kinds of approaches to escape this freedom. The purpose that people go after freedom is to gain a happy life. Even if caught in negative freedom, people still insist on seeking freedom. Therefore, modern people should make others recognize their identities and get a harmonious relationship with others, then work spontaneously and love others without rewards to realize positive freedom, living a happy life. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Du, Min T1 - Mental Alienation and Its Psychological Treatment – Man's Way of Salvation. Research on Fromm’s >Social Psychology< [精神异化及其心理救治 – 弗罗姆人之救赎之道的>社会心理学<研究], Doctoral dissertation, Foreign Marxism Research, Shaanxi University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2013. N2 - 中国社会现代化进程不断走向纵深发展的同时,现代性的诸种诟病不可避免地展现在中国民众相照面。尤其是>资本<的强大逻辑实质性地支配和影响着中国社会生活的方方面面,个体生存品质的畸变,成为时代精神的重要关切点。人们在对>高品质<的物质生活孜孜不倦的渴求之中,却一再迷失于各种虚假信息下的虚假消费的迷雾之中。无法满足的物质欲望的焦虑与有效精神世界支持的缺乏,让人们的心灵陷入迷茫和困惑。对于现代社会的病理诊断,埃里希•弗洛姆的社会心理学可谓独树一帜,可以作为中国现代性理论建构的宝贵思想资源。埃里希•弗洛姆(1900—1980)曾经被称誉为美国最具影响力和最受欢迎的精神分析学家,同时也是西方>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义流派<的主要代表人物。上世纪80年代的中国改革之初,弗洛姆开始进入中国人的文化视野,作为有着精神分析背景的西方马克思主义者,他以其独特的视角将马克思的>异化<理论、马克思关于人的思想、马克思关于人类解放的理想和弗洛伊德的精神分析的理论、人本主义哲学、社会心理学分析结合起来,对人的精神领域的异化做出剖析,并试图为20世纪人的精神生活的健全发展做出理论上的回应。笔者认为,结合当今中国社会的各种现实生活,对弗洛姆研究的深度和广度具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。弗洛姆有着浓厚的宗教思想和精神分析的背景,受法兰克福学派的社会批判理论宗旨的影响,汲取了马克思关于人的思想的养料,形成了自己独特的理论思想。弗洛姆作为一位颇具影响的大师,其思想有他的合理性和时代性。本论文选择>精神异化<的独特角度,对弗洛姆思想进行梳理,试图挖掘出弗洛姆思想的现实性。>异化<是一个老话题,从黑格尔的>绝对精神<的异化到费尔巴哈对宗教>彼岸世界<的批判,再到马克思对>现实世界<的>劳动异化<的批判,异化思想最终演化为一个批判现实的利器。弗洛姆正是在此理论的基础上,认为20世纪的问题突出表现为>人死了<,人的精神丧失了,异化已是一个全社会各个阶层不可回避的问题,人的精神生活在物质消费主义、精神产业化的蚕食下彻底>异化<了。弗洛姆受人本主义人性论的影响,认为人在进化中意识越来越发达的情况下,离自然这个原初的链接纽带却愈加遥远。由于这样的生存矛盾,人的精神在深层次是孤独而恐惧的。人源于自然又要超越自然的矛盾产生了五种精神需求,但主要是归属和超越的需求。社会制度设制和现实社会关系是人之为社会人解决此矛盾的现实条件,但在西方社会这些人性的精神需求被异化而满足。精神领域被异化主要表现在四个方面:首先是总体的思想意识文化的虚假性、抽象性、趋同性、享有性;其次是人渴望和追索自由,但却获得了>消极的自由<或逃避自由,政治民主也充满了虚假泡沫;再次是精神心理异化,主要表现为>非创造性/非生产性<的病态社会性格加剧了人心理的扭曲,典型的>市场交换型<社会性格的>合理化<误导人以出卖自己人格为>成功<;最后是人的情爱关系的异化,现代西方社会人的种种社会关系都成为利益交换关系,人的心灵归属彻底沦为买卖关系。弗洛姆既重视人理性思维能力,又重视人的感性情感能力,倡导发挥人的自发性和创造性,关注人的自我完善,还强调>健全的社会<是人的完整、自由、全面发展的条件。那么人的困境的救治之道就在于个体在健全社会里发挥人作为完整的人所具有的自发创造性,形成>创造性/生产性<的社会性格,建立富有爱的社会关系和通过创造性活动实现自我和超越自我。同时从计划经济、集体管理,积极自由、全民民主,艺术生存、宗教精神的多个角度全方位构建>健全的社会<,为个体的自我实现和社会的整体和谐发展提供条件。弗洛姆思想为我们观察当代世界和人类命运提供了一个不同视角,也是对马克思社会批判理论的重要发展,应该成为我国现时代哲学社会理论建设的重要思想资源。当然,弗洛姆理论自身的缺陷和局限性也是显而易见的,本文正是以一种批判性研究的立场,希望发掘其理论的思想精华,借鉴其有价值的思想观念。中国社会在物质生活丰富之后,应更关注人的精神性生存,抛却重占有的生存方式;弘扬人性化文化,冷静对待西方消费文化;关注人的心理精神状态,培养健全的心理人格;加强文化艺术修养,发挥>信仰<的积极作用。在这个意义上,弗洛姆的社会心理学及社会批判理论可以在当代中国找到新的生长点。 N2 - In the increasingly development process of China’s social modernization, Chinese people have to inevitably confront problems caused by the modernization. In particular, it has been an important spotlight of the time spirit that powerful logic of >capital< dominates and influences all aspects of social life, especially the distortions of the individual existence quality. People are seeking high-quality material life assiduously. But they are lost in the fog of false consumptions. The fear of unmet material desire and the lack of efficient support of spiritual world make people confused. In the aspect of pathological diagnosis of modern society, Erich Fromm’s social psychology, which is unique, can be the valuable ideological resource of the construction of China’s modernity theory. Erich Fromm (1900 – 1980) was praised as the most influential and popular psychiatrist in America. At the same time, he also was the principal exponent of the genre of Freudianism Marxism. As a Marxist, who had a background of psychoanalysis, he combined Marx’s >alienation< theory, human thought and the idea of human liberation with Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, humanistic philosophy and social psychological analysis from a very unique perspective. He made an analysis of human spiritual region. And he tried to respond to the perfect development of mental life of human in20th century. Fromm came into Chinese cultural perspective in the1980s. In my opinion, a lot of deepening research on Fromm can be done in combination with today’s Chinese society. - Fromm, who had a background of religion and psychoanalysis, was influenced by critical theory of society of Frankfurt School. He formed his own unique theoretical background by extracting the nourishment of Marx’s thought. As an influential master, Fromm’s thoughts have rationality and epochal character. In this paper, a review about Fromm’s thoughts is given in the aspect of spiritual alienation. And we find the actuality of Fromm’s thoughts. The alienation is an old topic. From >absolute Spirit< alienation of Hegel to the criticism of religion’s >the other side of the world< of Feuerbach, and to the criticism of the alienation of labor in the real world of Marx, the alienation has evolved to a tool of criticizing realism. On this basis, Fromm thought that the most important problem in 20th century is that >human is dead<. The spirit is missing. The alienation had been a common problem of various sectors of the whole society. And the mental region of human had been alienated completely by material consumerism and industrialization of spirit. - Under the influence of the humanism theory of human nature, Fromm believed that people are more and more developed in the evolution of consciousness. But they are farther and farther away from the original natural link ties. Due to the contradictions of the survival, human spirit is loneliness and fear in the deep. The contraction that human being arise from the natural but surpass the natural produces five kinds of spiritual needs, but the main are the demands of adscription and surpassing. The development of social system and the reality of social relations are realistic conditions which people, as social people, use to resolve this contradiction. But alienation can meet the demand of these human spirit needs in the capitalist society. The alienation of this spiritual realm mainly manifest in four aspects: first is the false, the abstraction, the homoplasy and the enjoyment of the overall ideology culture; second is that people is eager to pursue freedom, but they receive >negative freedom< or >escape from freedom<. Political democracy is full of bubble of false; third is the psychological alienation. The main performance is that the pathological social character of the >non-creative / unproductive< exacerbates the psychological distortions, the >rationalization< of the social character which is the typical >market exchange-type< mislead people to sell their own personality as >successful<; last is that the alienation of the people love relationship. All the social relationship in the modern society becomes an exchange of interests; the adscription of human mind is completely reduced to the buyer-seller relationship. - Fromm emphasize on not only rational thinking ability but also person’s perceptual emotional competence. He advocates that people should play their spontaneity and creativity and concern about themselves’ self-improvement. He also stresses that >healthy society< is the condition under which people can have a complete, free, all-round development. Then the road of treatment of the human predicament is that an individual play as a whole person who has spontaneous creativity in a sound society. Which can help people form >creative/productive< social character, develop the rich love social relations and self-realization realize and surpass themselves through creative activities. Simultaneously people build a healthy society through multiple angles from a planned economy, collective management, positive freedom, universal democracy, the art of survival, and the religious spirit in all directions, to provide the conditions for individual self-realization and the harmonious development of the whole society. - The ideas of Fromm has provide us a different perspective to observe the contemporary world and the destiny of mankind, and the ideas is also the important development of Marxist theory of social criticism, which should become an important ideological resources of the present construction of our philosophy and social theory. Of course, it is obvious that the ideas of Fromm have lots of shortcomings and limitations. Standing on a critical position, this thesis hopes to explore the ideological essence of the theory and learn valuable ideas. After developing rich material life, the Chinese community should be more concerned about the survival of the state of human spirit instead of the way of life of concerning occupies. It also should promote the human culture, treat the Western consumer culture calmly, concern about the psychological state of mind of the people, cultivate a sound psychology personality, and strengthen cultural and artistic accomplishment, to play a positive role of faith. In this sense, Fromm’s social psychology and social critical theory can find a new growth point in contemporary China. Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Du, Pei T1 - From Escape from Freedom to a Sane Society [从逃避自由到健全的社会], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2013. N2 - 弗洛姆作为西方近代著名的精神分析心理学家和社会学家,在西方一直负有盛名,他不仅继承和发展了弗洛伊德的精神分析学说,还试图将弗洛伊德的学说和马克思的学说结合起来,以解决现实生活中的各种问题,当然,他最主要的贡献还在于其对人的关怀,他揭示了近代西方社会下人们病态的精神状况,并提出了自己的改革方案。弗洛姆的思想也并非一蹴而就,也有着其形成的历史过程。弗洛姆经历了两次世界大战,对战争所造成的种种悲剧深有感触,即便到了战后,他也时时进行着对人的生存状态的研究,他发现,从战前到站后,人们一直都没有得到真正的自由。而他的思想也主要是来源于当时盛行的弗洛伊德精神分析学说和马克思的唯物主义思想,两种学说都有其优越之处,如马克思的异化理论、唯物主义学说和健康人的思想,弗洛伊德的无意识理论、人格理论和人性思想,这些都在弗洛姆以后的思想中有所体现。弗洛姆继承并发展了两人的思想,并在自己对人的研究中,提出了自己的学说。弗洛姆的社会思想主要体现在了他发现了在社会中人们普遍存在着对自由的逃避这样一种病态的心理。人们自从从自然界中分离出来就感受到一种焦虑和不安,人们迫切需要寻找着到自己的根,而在历史的发展中,随着人们力量的不断壮大,人们发现他们离自己的根越来越远,人们获得了极大的自由,却也感受到了更多的孤独感,为了获得安全感,人们不得不放弃自己的部分自由以期望能够融入这个世界,这也就是近代西方社会逃避自由的由来。弗洛姆发现了这一病态的问题后,并未将其至于一旁,他进而总结他人经验教训,提出了自己的改革方案,他从心理学角度入手,提出要进行创造性活动和爱来解决这一问题,他认为只有如此,才能实现人的真正的自由平等和博爱,才能实现健全的社会。弗洛姆尽管其体现的仍然是资产阶级的利益,其社会思想也主要是从心理学的角度来阐述,但其思想对我们而言仍然有许多可取之处,他对资本主义的描述对我们批判资本主义社会提供了新的内容,他对人的关怀和心理学的研究角度对我们也有着重大的启示。因此,对弗洛姆的思想在一定的度内进行理解,才是我们应有的态度。 N2 - As a famous psychoanalytic psychologist and sociologist in the West, Fromm has been famous in the West for not only inheriting and developing Freud's psychoanalytic theory, but also trying to combine Freud's theory with Marx's theory in order to solve various problems in real life. Mental condition and proposed his own program of reform. Fromm's ideas did not come about overnight, but also through a historical process. Fromm lived through two world wars and was deeply touched by the various tragedies caused by the wars, even after the wars, he was always conducting research on the state of human existence, and he found that from before the war to after the war, people had never been truly free. Both theories had their advantages, such as Marx's theory of alienation, materialism and the idea of healthy man, and Freud's theory of unconsciousness, personality and human nature, which were all reflected in Fromm's later thoughts. Fromm inherited and developed the ideas of the two, and put forward his own doctrine in his own study of man. Fromm's social thought is mainly reflected in his discovery of a pathological psychology of escaping from freedom that exists in society in general. People felt anxiety and anxiety since they were separated from nature, they were in urgent need of finding their roots, and in the course of history, as their power grew, they found themselves farther and farther away from their roots, they gained great freedom but also felt more and more loneliness, and in order to feel secure, they had to give up part of their freedom in order to be able to integrate into the world. This is the world, and this is the origin of the flight from freedom in modern Western society. Fromm, having discovered this morbid problem, did not leave it aside, but summed up the lessons learned from others and proposed his own reform plan, starting from the psychological point of view and proposing creative activity and love as the solution to the problem. Although Fromm's ideas still reflect the interests of the bourgeoisie and his social thoughts are mainly elaborated from the perspective of psychology, there is still much merit in his ideas for us. Therefore, it is only right that Fromm's ideas should be understood to a certain extent. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhu, Min T1 - On Fromm’s Theory of Consumer Alienation [论弗洛姆的消费异化理论], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China 2013. N2 - 弗洛姆认为,现代资本主义社会已经由>生产时代<发展到>消费时代<,异化也由原来的>劳动异化<深化为>消费异化<。>消费异化<是现代资本主义特有的产物,它的产生有深刻的社会根源和人性的根源。处在消费异化中的人变成了一台贪婪的消费机器。他们是商品,没有思想和情感,没有尊严和人格,也没有民主和自由。他们生活在资本主义社会编织的一个又一个谎言中,屈于匿名的权威而不自知,还以为自己是独立、有个性、有自由的幸福的人。此外,消费异化还给现代人带来了严重的毁灭性的生存危机。弗洛姆为人的这种消费异化境遇感到非常担忧。为了人类的生存和人类的真正幸福,他对消费异化的种种表现进行深刻揭示,并力图寻找一条扬弃消费异化阳光大道,建立一个健全社会。他认为,要实现这个目标就必须从经济、政治、文化及人的心理层面几个方面进行全面地改革。为此,他从这几个方面提出了一套扬弃异化的方案。弗洛姆对资本主义社会的异化现象的分析是很深刻和细致的,象一把利刃直入资本主义社会的心脏。他的理论不仅为社会心理和社会性格的分析给理论研究提供一个独特的视角,也为我们如何建立一个和谐的社会提供有益的启示,贡献是显著的。 N2 - Fromm believes that the modern capitalist society has developed from the >production era< to the >consumption era<, and the alienation has also been deepened from the original >labor alienation< to >consumption alienation.< >Consumption alienation< is a unique product of modern capitalism. It has profound social roots and roots of human nature. The person in the alienation of consumption has become a greedy consumer machine. They are commodities, have no thoughts and feelings, no dignity and personality, and no democracy or freedom. They live in one lie that is woven by the capitalist society, and they succumb to the authority of anonymity without knowing it. They also think that they are independent, individualized, free and happy people. In addition, consumption alienation has brought a serious and devastating crisis of survival to modern people. Fromm is very worried about this kind of consumption alienation situation. For the survival of mankind and the true happiness of mankind, he profoundly revealed the various manifestations of consumption alienation, and tried to find a way to abandon the alienation of consumption and establish a sound society. He believes that to achieve this goal, it must be comprehensively reformed from the economic, political, cultural and human psychological aspects. To this end, he proposed a set of plans to abandon alienation from these aspects. Fromm's analysis of the alienation of capitalist society is profound and meticulous, like a sharp edge into the heart of capitalist society. His theory not only provides a unique perspective for theoretical research for the analysis of social psychology and social character, but also provides useful inspiration for how to build a harmonious society. The contribution is remarkable. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Hao T1 - A Study on Mumford's Technology Thought of Megamachine [芒福德的巨机器技术思想研究], Master thesis, History of Science and Technology, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, Guangxi, China 2013. N2 - 刘易斯•芒福德是美国著名的技术哲学家和技术史家,被推崇为人文主义技术哲学的开山鼻祖。在技术史与技术哲学的领域,芒福德的主要成就可以归纳为三个方面:以巨机器为核心的技术反思;将技术史分为始技术时代、古技术时代、新技术时代的技术史分期思想;将技术分为多元技术与单一技术的技术分类思想;其中又以巨机器理论最为重要。芒福德在巨机器理论中,对技术进行了深刻的解析与激烈的批判,并提出了对巨机器所带来危害的解决之路。芒福德的技术思想分为前后两个时期,在前期其技术思想倾向于技术乐观主义,后期则对技术持谨慎的态度。鉴于芒福德巨机器思想的学术价值及时代意义,近年来对其思想的研究出现不断升温的趋势。对芒福德思想进行研究,可以补前人研究的不足,挖掘其思想的真正价值,有利于破解现代技术的困境,对现代技术反思产生一些启发,进一步推动技术哲学的研究。单就本文而言,主要做了以下几个有创新性的工作:第一,文章的第二章分析了芒福德生活的时间和空间背景,并通过对这两个背景的分析指出近现代的三次技术革命及纽约的城市发展是造成芒福德技术思想前后差异的主要原因。第二,文章的第三章是本文的主体部分,用芒福德的巨机器思想串联了整个芒福德的技术思想,将芒福德的技术史分期与巨机器的诞生、蓄势、重装、成熟、统治、破除联立在了一起。使得芒福德前后时期的两部代表作《技术与文明》与《机器的神话》有了比较清楚的联系。第三,文章的第三个创新之处体现在对芒福德思想的客观评析中。文章指出了芒福德思想具有的超越性,呼唤了人文主义的回归;同时也指出了芒福德思想的局限性,表现在对人性的过度推崇和提出的巨机器的消解之道是浪漫而不切实际的;并通过对芒福德思想的评析,提出了>建设性的技术批判<的概念。第四,比较详细的阐述了芒福德技术思想的理论来源及学术影响。阐发了李树学教授的思路,将马克思、韦伯、格迪斯三人归结为芒福德技术思想的发蒙者;指出芒福德思想对弗洛姆、马尔库塞、埃吕尔技术思想的影响。第五,分析了芒福德巨机器技术思想的当代价值。从巨机器与自然、巨机器与科技、巨机器与人性三个方面阐述了巨机器思想的价值。 N2 - Lewis Mumford' Lewis Mumford is a leading American philosopher and historian of technology, and is revered as the founding father of humanist philosophy of technology. In the field of the history and philosophy of technology, Mumford's main achievements can be summarized into three aspects: the reflection on technology with the giant machine as the core; the idea of dividing the history of technology into the beginning technological era, the ancient technological era, and the new technological era; the idea of classifying technology into multiple technologies and single technologies; and the giant machine theory is the most important among them. Mumford's theory of the giant machine is a profound analysis and fierce criticism of technology, and proposes a way to solve the hazards brought by the giant machine. Mumford's technological thought is divided into two periods, before and after, in the early part of which it tends to be technically optimistic, and in the later part of which it is cautious about technology. Given the academic value and contemporary significance of Mumford's ideas on giant machines, there has been a rising trend in the study of his ideas in recent years. The study of Mumford's thought can make up for the deficiencies of previous studies and explore the real value of his thought, which is conducive to solving the dilemma of modern technology and generating some inspiration for modern technological reflection and further promoting the study of technical philosophy. Firstly, the second chapter analyzes the time and space background of Mumford's life, and through the analysis of these two backgrounds, it is pointed out that the three modern technological revolutions and the urban development of New York City are the main reasons for the differences between Mumford's technological ideas. Second, Chapter 3, which is the main body of the essay, ties together Mumford's technological thought with Mumford's idea of the giant machine, linking the staging of Mumford's technological history with the birth, momentum, reloading, maturation, domination, and disruption of the giant machine. It makes a clearer connection between the two masterpieces of the period before and after Mumford, >Technics and Civilization< and >The Myth of the Machine< The third innovation of the article is found in the objective assessment of Mumford's thought. The article points out the transcendental nature of Mumford's thought and calls for the return of humanism; it also points out the limitations of Mumford's thought, which are manifested in the excessive admiration for human nature and the romantic and impractical way of eliminating the giant machine; and through the analysis of Mumford's thought, the article puts forward the concept of >constructive technical criticism<. Fourth, the theoretical sources and academic influences of Mumford's technical thought are described in more detail. It expands on Professor Li Shuxue's idea of attributing Marx, Weber, and Geddes as the originators of Mumford's technical ideas; and points out the influence of Mumford's ideas on the technical ideas of Fromm, Marcuse, and Ellul. Fifthly, the contemporary value of Mumford's technical ideas on giant machines is analyzed. The value of the giant machine idea is explained in terms of the giant machine and nature, the giant machine and technology, and the giant machine and human nature. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Hongxin T1 - On the Theme of Loneliness in >The Old Man and the Sea< [论《老人与海》的孤独主题], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 厄内斯特•海明威是美国当代著名小说家,诺贝尔文学奖获得者。《老人与海》是他晚期的一部重要作品。《老人与海》一经发表,在美国立即引起轰动,在中国也一直受到外国文学研究者的关注,但对这部小说的孤独主题的研究却不多见。本文通过分析《老人与海》的孤独主题,探索走出孤独的出路。论文分六个部分,引言主要介绍厄内斯特•海明威及前人对《老人与海》的研究;第一章运用弗洛姆关于孤独的理论,探究海明威孤独的原因;第二章研究孤独在小说中的成因与具体体现;第三章分析作者表现孤独的艺术手法,作者运用意识流和象征手法表现孤独;第四章探究孤独的人文价值,鼓励人们积极地看待孤独,并在孤独中实现自我;最后论文的结语指出:海明威是一个孤独的作家,海明威式的孤独深藏于>硬汉<气概之下。孤独是整个人类而临的共同处境,因而对孤独的研究亦具有普遍意义。孤独的积极意义不可忽视。人们不需要一味逃避孤独,要学会静享孤独,在孤独中实现自我价值。 N2 - Ernest Hemingway, winner of Nobel Prize for literature, is a well-known contemporary American novelist. >The Old Man and the Sea< is an important work in his late writing career. As soon as it was published, it caused sensation in America and also attracted foreign literature researchers’ attention in China. However, very few researches have been done on the theme of loneliness in this novella. - This thesis explores how to cope with loneliness appropriately through the study of the theme of loneliness in The Old Man and the Sea. It includes six parts. Introduction briefly introduces Heming-way’s creation and the former studies on The Old Man and the Sea.– Chapter One expounds Fromm’s theory on loneliness and explores the reasons for Hemingway’s loneliness.– Chapter Two studies the causes of loneliness in the novella and how it is expressed.– Chapter Three analyses the artistic approaches employed by Hemingway to present loneliness – stream-of-consciousness and the use of symbols.– Chapter Four discusses humanistic values of loneliness and how people realize self value in loneliness by treating loneliness in a positive way.– Conclusion points out that Heming-way is a lonely writer, whose loneliness is heavily stamped with and under the cover of >code hero<. Loneliness is a common situation for the whole mankind and the study of it is of general significance, and that the positive sides of loneliness cannot be neglected and people need not escape from loneliness all the time, and that they can enjoy loneliness in peace and realize self-value in lonelyness. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Yingjun T1 - Spiritual Alienation in >Winesburg, Ohio< [《小镇畸人》中的精神异化], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 舍伍德•安德森的《小镇畸人》以充满感情的笔触描述了十九世纪后期美国中西部小镇的生活风貌。小镇上的居民饱受清教道德规范和资本主义价值观的双重压迫,他们疏于交际,思想和行为十分古怪,他们与自身和小镇上其他居民的关系发生了异化。安德森通过描写这些怪人的外貌和拙于交际来表现他们精神上的异化,在那个日益冷漠的社会里,个人的内心充满矛盾。在《小镇畸人》中,困扰个人的一个核心问题就是他们的本能冲动与他们的价值观念之间的冲突。他们内心希望采取行动克服异化,但他们的能力和欲望都受到了压制。本文采用存在主义哲学家萨特、弗洛姆和塞曼的观点解析《小镇畸人》中的异化现象。萨特强调人的主观意识在人的异化过程中的作用。他认为,人的痛苦源自他意识到自己在受折磨。他还指出,人害怕面对>他者<。人在面对>他者<时会感到自己是异类,无法找到归属感和安全感。萨特还指出人会被迫接受错误的价值观念,导致自身异化,他把这种行为定义为>不诚<(bad faith)。本文试图应用萨特的异化理论分析《小镇畸人》中人物异化的根源。埃里希•弗罗姆在分析人的异化原因时,强调缺乏归属感是导致人异化的重要因素。他认为人需要归属感,渴望被他人接受,被他人需要,为了找到这种归属感,人不得不背弃本我,遵从被社会普遍接受的价值观念和道德规范,而这种屈从最终导致了人的异化。梅尔文•塞曼借鉴了马克思和埃米尔•迪尔凯姆的异化理论,提出异化的>五维度<:权力缺乏、意义丧失、规范缺失、社会隔离、自我疏远。异化的这五个方面在《小镇畸人》中均有所体现,本文也要借鉴塞曼的观点来分析《小镇畸人》中人物的异化。本文结合存在主义哲学家的异化理论和安德森对当时文化的理解,探究导致小镇居民异化的根源。造成小镇居民异化的罪魁祸首是工业化和清教主义。受资本主义金钱至上价值观的影响,小镇居民盲目追求物质财富,人与人之间的关系变得冷漠,爱的丧失是导致他们异化的根本原因。在高度发达的机器工业面前,小镇居民感觉自己微不足道,无力掌握自己的命运,对自身价值的否认和无能感也导致了他们的异化。在多重价值观的冲击下,小镇居民信仰的动摇以及面对他者时的困惑与恐惧也是导致他们异化的主要因素。他们拙于辞令,生性懦弱,不敢把自己的想法告诉他人,这也阻碍了他们之间的相互理解。他们无法在自己的本能欲望与信仰之间找到平衡,在新时代中找不到生命的意义,从而产生失落感,这些都是导致他们异化的重要因素 N2 - Sherwood Anderson’s >Winesburg, Ohio< is a vivid and realistic account of a late nineteenth century Midwestern small town, where the tyranny of Puritan morality is amalgamated with the brutality of industrial capitalism. Anderson’s characters are depicted as socially awkward and alienated from themselves and their fellow townspeople. The grotesques, or emotionally-crippled souls, are depicted by means of their appearance and their inability to communicate. The plight of the individual in an increasingly indifferent world is Anderson’s thematic concern. In Winesburg, Ohio, the central issue confronting the individual is the conflict between his/her instinctive desires and his/her values. The characters strive to struggle against their alienation, yet they suffer from the repression of their instincts and their potential for resolving the conflicts. - This thesis intends to make an analysis of alienation in Winesburg, Ohio mainly from the point of view of such existentialists as Jean-Paul Sartre, Erich Fromm, and Melvin Seeman. Sartre highlights the function of consciousness in man’s alienation. According to Sartre, man suffers from anguish because he is conscious of his suffering. He also points out that man is afraid of facing the Other, In face of the Other, man may feel himself an alien and cannot find the sense of belonging and security. Sartre also points out that man alienates himself through bad faith. He has to adopt wrong values he disapproves of, which leads to his alienation. Sartre’s views on alienation are applied in this thesis to illustrate the causes of alienation in Winesburg, Ohio.– Erich Fromm stresses the importance of the individual’s lack of sense of community and his conformity to social mores in causing his alienation. He argues that man needs a sense of belonging, for he aspires to be accepted and needed by others. To seek this sense of belonging, man has to betray himself and conform to social norms. And this conformity eventually leads to man’s alienation. He clearly states that one’s behavior is conditioned by forces that are beyond an individual’s control. The subsequent feeling of incompetence and powerlessness results in man’s alienation. He also points out that man’s repression of their natural desires and lack of inhibition of desires lead to the destruction of the self.– Melvin Seeman, based on the insights of Marx and Emile Durkheim, constructs what is often considered a model of alienation, which consists of five aspects: powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, social isolation and self-estrangement. All these five aspects are embodied in Winesburg, Ohio. His views are also adopted in the analysis of the alienated townsmen in Winesburg, Ohio. - The thesis combines an analysis of existentialist alienation with Anderson’s own understanding of the factors contributing to the alienation of the townspeople. Industrialization and Puritanism which give rise to the alienation of the townspeople will be analyzed at length. Materialism propels the townsmen to seek material success, which causes people’s mutual indifference. The loss of love is the leading factor resulting in their alienation. Industrialism makes the townsmen feel insignificant and incompetent. The negation of their own worth and the sense of powerlessness result in their alienation. Affected by the multiple values in the new era, the townsmen begin to doubt their previous faith. Their wavering faith and confusion in face of >the Other< are also the main factors leading to their alienation. Their inarticulateness and cowardice in sharing their own ideas curb their mutual understanding. Man’s powerlessness to balance their natural desires with their beliefs is another factor resulting in their alienation. Their failure to find the meaning of life and their sense of loss in the new era also contributes to their alienation. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhao, Rui T1 - Analysis of Freedom and Loneliness Theme in >All the King's Men< [《国王的人马》中自由与孤独主题分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 罗伯特•佩恩•沃伦是美国二十世纪著名的多产作家,他善于通过小说中的人物来展现现代人的精神困境和生存状态。《国王的人马》(1946)正是这样一部作品,它对杰克和威利两名主人公对待自由的态度的描写反映了现代人在追求自由的过程中遇到的困境。在弗洛姆>逃避自由<的理论中,自由分为>积极自由<与>消极自由<两种,小说中的主人公杰克和威利都曾因在消极自由的状态中无法继续生存而选择逃避自由,从而得到暂时的依赖和安全感。杰克的逃避方式是臣服于权威,威利则是成为主宰他人的权威,虽然方式不同,但他们都在逃避自由的过程中缓解了孤独,却丧失了真实的自我。杰克通过努力最终获得了积极自由,而威利则在逃避中走向了最终的毁灭。沃伦在《国王的人马》中试图告知我们这样一个道理:只有像杰克一样敢于面对真实的自我,才能得到真正的自由。 N2 - Robert Penn Warren is a well-known prolific American writer in the20th century. He is good at presenting the existential state and spiritual crisis of modern people. >All the King’s Men< (1946) is such a novel in which the two heroes’ attitudes towards freedom reflect the predicament of modern people in their pursuit of freedom. In Fromm’s theory, freedom is divided into two kinds, >positive freedom< and >negative freedom<. In the novel, both Jack and Willie, the two heroes, have been stuck in the state of negative freedom which renders their lives unbearable. In order to get a sense of belonging and security, they choose to escape from their freedom. Jack makes his escape by submitting to the authority while Willie does so by dominating others. Although their ways of escape are different, their loneliness is both alleviated and their true self is lost. In the end, Jack eventually obtains positive freedom through his efforts while Willie is doomed to his final destruction. Warren intends to convey such a truth to the readers: only by facing your true self can you obtain true freedom. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhong, Jieping T1 - A Study of Alienation and Self-identification in >If We Dream Too Long< [《假如我们梦太久》中的异化与自我认同解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 作为新加坡英语文学的先驱者之一,吴宝星非常关注新加坡后殖民社会中人的生存状态。他的第一部小说《假如我们梦太久》关注人类的异化和孤独,被认为是新加坡英语文学的第一部小说。该书描写了独立不久各式各样的新加坡人充满怀疑和不确定的生活。随着中国与东盟国家对话和交往的发展,国内已有学者关注新加坡文学,但是对新加坡英语文学的研究比较少,目前国内还没有学者对此书进行研究。笔者通过阅读发现《假如我们梦太久》中表现出来的异化主题。本文运用马克思、弗洛姆和存在主义者的异化理论,通过对小说中主人公光萌的异化分析,揭示了1965年新加坡独立后普通新加坡人的生存状态和社会现实,并为后来的研究者提供一个研究方向。异化是文学史上最早涉及的主题之一。二十世纪早期,现代主义运动极大的改变了西方文化对文学的理解,很多作家从不同角度探索人的异化现象,展现人内心的精神危机。本文从三方面解读《假如我们梦太久》这部小说中所表现的异化主题。首先,剖析主人公光萌异化的表现,这种人物的异化包含了自我异化、人际关系异化以及人与外部世界的异化。其次,分析主人公光萌异化的原因。个人内部因素与外部现实的综合作用导致了人的异化。最后,对人物在自我认同和消除异化所采取的办法提出建议。弗洛姆认为工作与爱是克服异化最有效的途径。通过采取行动与外部世界和解,负担起自己对家庭的责任,光萌开始努力追寻自我认同,找到生活的意义。通过进一步分析,本文发现吴宝星的作品中反映了20世纪60年代末新加坡的社会现实问题,如人际关系淡漠,人内心的孤独和精神危机等,这些问题令人深思。人的内心世界和人性在其作品中得到了充分的体现。吴侧重于描写新加坡普通人的生活,通过其独特的视角,表现对社会中那些边缘人和局外人的关注和同情。吴希望自己的作品能反映新加坡的独特现实,引起大家对现实和未来的思考和关注,共同创造一个更好的新加坡。 N2 - As one of the pioneers in Singapore literature in English, Goh Poh Seng cares considerably about people’s living state in post-colonial Singaporean society. His first novel >If We Dream Too Long< concerning individual’s alienation and isolation is regarded as the first Singaporean novel in English. It depicts various Singaporean lives which are full of doubt and uncertainty not long after its independence. With the development of conversation and exchange between China and ASEAN countries, there have already been scholars in China paying attention to Singapore literature, but due to the scarcity of the studies on Singapore literature in English, so far, there are still no critics who analyze the novel in China. - In reading the novel, the writer of this thesis recognizes the theme of alienation. Through the application of Marx, Fromm and Existentialists’ theories on alienation to the analysis of the alienation in the character Kwang Meng, the thesis exposes the living condition of ordinary Singaporeans and the social realities in Singapore after its independence in 1965, hence offering a new direction for the future researchers. Alienation is one of the most recurrently encountered themes in the literature history. In the early 20th century, the modernist movement greatly changed the way that literature was perceived in western culture. Many writers explore people’s alienation from different aspects and present various pictures of spiritual crisis in human psychology. - Through the help of the theory of alienation, the thesis interprets the theme of alienation in If We Dream Too Long from three aspects.– First of all, it examines the manifestations of the character Kwang Meng’s alienation, which include alienation from the self, from interpersonal relationship and from the outside world.– Moreover, it analyzes the causes of Kwang Meng’s alienation. The com-bination of the individual internal elements with the external realities contributes to the estrangement of the character.– Finally, it suggests the approaches for the character to deal with the alienation. Fromm believes that work and love are the most effective ways to overcome alienation. Through reconciling to the outside world and taking the responsibilities for his family, Kwang Meng begins his journey of self-identification and finally finds the meanings of life.– After further analysis, the present thesis purports that Goh’s work reflects the social realities of Singapore in the late1960s, such as interpersonal indifference, loneliness and spiritual crisis. All these are worth serious thinking. The inner world and the nature of human beings having been given full display in his work, Goh tends to write about the ordinary. Through his unique perspective, he shows his deep concern and sympathy to the marginal men and the outsiders in the society. By reflecting the specific reality of Singapore in his work, Goh aims to stimulate his fellow people to devote more thinking and concern to the contemporary and the future, hence creating a better Singapore state. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Bingjie T1 - Living under the Net – An Analysis of Intellectuals’ Alienation in >Small World< [蛛网下的生存状态 -《小世界》中知识分子的异化分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Ludong University, Yantei, Shandong, China 2013.[application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 戴维•洛奇所著的《小世界》是他的校园小说代表作,一经出版就引发了文学评论界的热切关注,国内外文学评论家们从多种角度对其进行了研究,已经取得了不少可喜的成果。本文拟在现有研究的基础上,以《小世界》为研究对象,运用异化理论和知识分子理论,采用理论阐释与文本分析相结合的方法,对小说所描摹的当代知识分子存在状态进行分析,目的是深层解读洛奇通过对知识分子异化现象的揭示赋予该小说主题思想的社会批判意义。异化理论为文学文本批评提供了新的视角。在弗洛姆看来,现代社会中人的异化不可避免,人与自身、人与他人的关系都被异化了。作为现代社会的一员,知识分子也难逃被异化的命运。与此同时,知识分子理论也被广泛用于文学文本的分析。该理论以其对真正知识分子的定义为揭示当代知识分子的价值观形成参照。因此,本研究首先基于以下假设:《小世界》中知识分子的异化现象在当代社会具有普遍性;现今知识分子已经丧失了他们的祖辈所建立的高尚价值观,因此与真正的自我形成了异化关系。以上述假设为出发点,本研究通过对《小世界》中的知识分子与真正知识分子的异化、与自己和与他人异化的研究得出以下结论:在现代社会中,由于社会发展的影响和受制于知识分子圈的种种规则,知识分子摒弃了他们本该恪守的高尚价值观,内心为物欲所辖制,于不自觉中把自己归于市场上的>物品<,不仅异化了自我,也演绎了一个可用于消费主义视角分析的文学主题。本文的研究结果将有助于提高批评家与读者对《小世界》所揭露的异化现象的认识,使他们将该小说与当代社会的知识分子现状进行类比。和洛奇以知识分子异化主题的表现赋予小说的现实主义倾向一样,本研究的社会意义也由此可见一斑。 N2 - >Small World<, a representative campus novel written by David Lodge, has received great attention from literary critics since its publication. Critics from both abroad or at homemade studies of the novel from different perspectives and have made considerable achievements. On the basis of achieved studies, this thesis takes Small World as the object of study, trying to analyze the state of intellectuals’ alienation depicted in this novel in light of alienation theory and the theory of intellectuals by adopting the method of theoretical explication and textual analysis, in order that a more thorough understanding can be gained of Lodge’s thematic orientation in this novel with much social critical significance attached to his manifestation of the intellectuals’ alienation. The alienation theory provides a new perspective for criticism of literary works. In Fromm’s opinion, man’s alienation is inevitable in modern society. Man is alienated from himself as well as from other people. As one component part of modern society, intellectuals can’t escape from the fate of being alienated. Meanwhile, the intellectual theory which is used in the analysis of literary texts shed much light on revealing contemporary intellectuals’ values in contrast to the definition of what a true intellectual should be like. Accordingly, this thesis is first based on the following hypotheses: the phenomenon of intellectuals’ alienation as is depicted in Small World is analogous lyprevalent in contemporary society; present-day intellectuals abandon the noble values their forefathers established and are in an alienated relationship with their true selves. - With reference to the above hypotheses and the study of alienation from true intellectuals, alienation from oneself and alienation from others in Small World, this thesis tries to bring out the following conclusion: intellectuals are restricted by the society and the academic circle in the modern world; they abandon the noble values that they should have held on to and are filled with desires that actually alienate them from their true selves. Without knowing it, they relegate themselves into >objects< in the market, alienating them and expecting a subject worthy to be further studied from the perspective of consumerism. The result of this study may help to enhance critics’ and readers’ awareness of the phenomenon of alienation as is raised in Small World and set them making analogy to the intellectual conditions of contemporary society. This, together with the realistic orientation Lodge tries to undertake with the theme of alienation in this novel, brings to light the significance of this study. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Meixiang T1 - A Study of Loneliness in Carson McCuller’s Representative Works [卡森•麦卡勒斯代表作品孤独主题研究], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China 2013 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 卡森麦卡勒斯(1917-1967)作为20世纪美国南方作家中的重要一员,以其作品独特的艺术风格和深刻的思想内涵而在美国文坛上占据重要一席。在她的五部小说作品中,最能代表其创作特色、也最为人所称道的是其中三部:《心是孤独的猎手》、《婚礼的成员》和《伤心咖啡馆之歌》。孤独是世界文学史长河中永恒的话题,亦是麦卡勒斯所擅长表现的领域。由于其特殊的成长经历,麦卡勒斯对隔离、孤独的理解和体验比任何人都深刻,在表达孤独这一主题时,再也没有人能像她那样>集中而有力,富于戏剧冲突和悲剧音调<①。麦卡勒斯的作品以工业化社会为背景,深刻描写了人类对未知命运和自我丧失的内心恐惧,突出表现了机械化社会之下人类陷入更加孤独的精神状态。在麦卡勒斯的作品中,我们不仅看到孤独所蕴含的人类本质意义上的精神隔绝,同时更能体会到其孤独书写中所传达出的强烈的批判现实意义。本文将围绕麦卡勒斯的三部代表作品,即,长篇小说《心是孤独的猎手》、《婚礼的成员》及中篇小说《伤心咖啡馆之歌》,采用文本分析的方法,首先分析作者孤独主题所呈现的具体方面,无论是环境、人物还是事件,都深深地刻上了孤独的烙印;其次从社会历史、文学传统及作者成长经历的角度追寻孤独主题确立之成因;最后再借助作家的创作理论及美国社会心理学家弗洛姆相关理论,进一步探究作品所体现出的批判现实意义。作者的孤独意识并非简单的、封闭的,她的创作是为了指向现实,为了帮助人们摆脱生存与苦难的困境,摆脱沉重的孤独意识,走向更美好的明天。 N2 - As one of the most important southern writers in the 20th century American literature, Carson McCullers enjoys an important place for her unique artistic style and profound connotation. Among her five novels, which feature her most are: >The Heart is a Lonely Hunter<, >The Member of the Wedding<, and >The Ballad of the Sad Café<. Loneliness is the eternal topic of world literature as well as the field McCullers does best. Given her special experience, McCullers’ understanding and experience for isolation and loneliness is much more profound than anyone else. When it comes to the theme >loneliness<, no one can write such >powerful, dramatic and tragic< works as she does. McCullers contextualizes her works in an industrialized society poignantly describes the inner fears of human for the unknown fate and self-lost; highlights the entanglement of a even more lonely state of mind kind under the mechanized society. In McCullers’ works, we can not only find the spiritual isolation of human nature the loneliness contains, but also realize the strong spirit of critical realism the loneliness writing conveys. - This paper focuses on McCullers’ three representative works, namely, the novel The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, The Member of the Wedding, and the novella The Ballad of the Sad Cafe adopts the method of close reading, firstly, analyzes the specific aspects of the author’s loneliness theme, whether it is the environment, people or events, are deeply engraved with the lonely imprint; Secondly, searches for the causes the establishment of loneliness theme from the perspective of social history, literary tradition and of the author’s personal experience; finally, with the help of the writer’s creation theory and the theory of American social-psychologist Erich Fromm, further explores the strong significance of critical realism the works reflect. Rather than a simple or closed consciousness of loneliness, the author aims the reality, she means to help people getting rid of the plight and suffering, relieves them from the heavy sense of loneliness for a promising future. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2013 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chang, Nan T1 - Fromm's Theory of Human Alienation [弗洛姆人性异化理论研究], Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Northwest University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China 2013. N2 - 艾里克·弗洛姆(1890—1980)是当代美国著名的哲学家、社会学家和心理学家,他较早的把马克思主义与弗洛伊德的精神分析学说结合起来进行研究,因此被人们称为>弗洛伊德主义的马克思主义<的主要代表人物。他对资本主义从精神上压迫人的自由和人格现象进行了深入的研究和分析,提出了人性异化这一基本理论。弗洛姆的人性异化理论吸收了弗洛伊德的精神分析学说中关于人性的有关理论,并且借鉴了马克思对资本主义社会劳动异化现象的分析,对当今资本主义社会条件下人的生存矛盾、人性异化的原因及其表现、克服人性异化的途径做了较为深入的分析。与马克思的异化理论相比,弗洛姆的人性异化理论有很强的唯心主义倾向,并且克服人性异化的途径也是一种乌托邦式的空想,但是他对资本主义社会现状的批判和描述,以及对人性异化理论的深入分析。这一理论启示我们,在中国特色社会主义事业的建设过程中要深化对>以人为本<理念的认识、要注重个体的心理健康、要注重人与社会的和谐发展、要注重人与自然的和谐发展。 N2 - Erich Fromm (1890-1980) was a famous American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist who combined Marxism and Freudian psychoanalysis in his early research, which has been called the >Freudian Marxism<. He is the main representative figure. He conducted an in-depth study and analysis of the phenomena of freedom and personality that are spiritually oppressed by capitalism, and put forward the basic theory of the alienation of human nature. Fromm's theory of human alienation absorbed Freud's psychoanalytic theories about human nature and borrowed from Marx's analysis of the phenomenon of labor alienation in capitalist society, and made a more in-depth analysis of the contradictions of human existence in today's capitalist society, the causes and manifestations of human alienation and ways to overcome it. Compared with Marx's theory of alienation, Fromm's theory of human alienation has a strong tendency to idealism, and the way to overcome it is also a kind of utopian fantasy. This theory inspired us to deepen our understanding of the concept of >people-oriented<, to pay attention to the psychological health of individuals, to the harmonious development of man and society, and to the harmonious development of man and nature in the process of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. [Automatic translation] Y1 - 2013 ER -