TY - GEN A1 - Zhang, Fengmei T1 - Reich's Freudian Marxist Thought and Its Implications [赖希的弗洛伊德主义马克思主义思想及其影响], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2007. N2 - || This paper, through the combing and analysis of Reich's Freudian Marxist thought, clarifies the theoretical interest of Reich's thought, and discusses his seminal contribution and his important influence on other Freudian Marxist thinkers. Firstly, the theoretical interest of Reich's thought is to realize the dialogue and integration between Freudianism and Marxism on the basis of consistency and complementarity, and to take the dialogue and integration of categories, theories and methods as a means. Secondly, he fused the problem of sexuality with socio-economic, political and revolutionary issues, thus creating the theory of personality structure analysis and the theory of >sexual revolution< based on the theory of sexual instincts, and >supplementing< the ideological theory of Marxism. He discussed the psychological basis of the emergence of fascism, criticized the revolutionary strategy of Soviet socialism, and so on. Thirdly, Reich's seminal contribution to Freudian Marxism had a significant impact on other Freudian Marxist thinkers, especially Marcuse, Fromm, Habermas and others. Of course, Reich's theories are still utopian and paranoid in some respects, and there are also some misinterpretations and misinterpretations of Marxism, but some of Reich's ideas and theories still shine with brilliance and light, and are still valuable and worthy of reference for us today. [Automatic translation] N2 - 本文通过对赖希弗洛伊德主义马克思主义思想的梳理和分析,阐明赖希思想的理论旨趣,探讨其开创性贡献及其对弗洛伊德主义马克思主义其他思想家的重要影响。首先,赖希思想的理论旨趣是实现弗洛伊德主义与马克思主义之间建立在一致性和互补性基础之上的对话和融合,并以范畴、理论、方法的对话与融合作为途径。其次,他将性的问题和社会经济、政治、革命等问题相融合起来,从而创立了性本能理论基础上展开的性格结构分析理论、>性革命<理论,并对马克思主义的意识形态理论进行了>补充<,探讨了法西斯主义产生的心理基础,批判了苏联社会主义的革命策略等。第三,赖希对弗洛伊德主义马克思主义具有开创性贡献,对弗洛伊德主义马克思主义其他思想家,特别是马尔库塞、弗洛姆哈贝马斯等产生了重大影响。当然,赖希的理论还带有乌托邦主义的色彩,而且在某些方面仍然是偏执的,对马克思主义也存在着某些误读和曲解,但是赖希的某些思想理论仍然闪烁着异彩和光辉,对于今天的我们仍然是宝贵的和值得借鉴的。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Young, Barbara T1 - The Efficacy of Psychoanalysis and the Analytic Therapies: Reflections of a Psychoanalyst and her Former Patients JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 313-334. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yin, Jie T1 - The United States in the Relationship – Cao Yu's >Thunderstorm< New Solution [美在关系 - 曹禺《雷雨》新解], Master thesis, Chinese Modern and Contemporary Literature, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China 2007 [Application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - After the text has been the read in detail, instructed by the concept of >overall view< of the structuralism and the literary thought of Diderot's >aesthetic because of relationship<, this dissertation sets Zhou Puyuan in various real relationships such as the relationship between him and his family members, Shi Ping, the blank image – >a madam from a wealthy and influential family<, his employees, etc. and, thus, it has been discovered that he is a typical image of the morbid character of >sadism-masochism<, leaning towards the character of a sadism, being analyzed under the psychoanalysis esthetics by Erich Fromm, who belonged to the Frankfurt School. Having completely observed the possible factors forming Zhou Puyuan's morbid character has promulgated the mass production of Chinese people having the morbid characteristic of >sadism-masochism< and the cultural causes.– This creative explanation has enriched the representative significance of Zhou Pu-yuan's typical image. In the eye of the relationship between a part and its whole body, it has also been found that the >Thunderstorm< imagery, the appearance of >Holy Bible< at the end of the Epilogue and the dramatic roles' repeating >Tian< and >Tian yi< are organically combined to express the meaning of the whole frame of >Thunderstorm< – the relationship between human beings and the universe in an artistic technique. Through synthesizing the text, the author's view on writing and the history of literary criticisms, it can be concluded that people's destinies are mainly determined by the overall effects of several factors: hereditary gene, people's subjective initiative, home environment and social environment, the mysterious power from the Supreme Human Beings in the universe, which is all expressed in >Thunderstorm<. Eugene O 'Neill, evaluated by Zhu Donglin, obtained various Degree, etc. of achievements as a naturalist, a realist, a symbolist, an expressionist, a psychoanalyst, a mystic or even a poet, so did Cao Yu except as a psychoanalyst and a mystic. Having been studied in this dissertation, Cao Yu could also be considered as a psychoanalyst, a mystic as well during his writing >Thunderstorm<, and a prophet as well as a dialectical materialist. N2 - 通过文本细读,以结构主义>整体观<和狄德罗>美在关系<文论思想为指导,主要运用法兰克福学派埃里希•弗洛姆的精神分析美学分析人物性格特征,把周朴园置于各种>现实关系<——与家人的关系、与侍萍的关系、与那个>空白<——>有钱有门第的小姐<的关系、与工人的关系等方面进行全面的、整体的人物性格分析,发现周朴园是典型的>虐待—被虐待症<的病态性格,偏重于>虐待症<性格。对周朴园病态性格形成的可能性因素进行了考察,揭示出中国国民>虐待——被虐待症<病态性格的大批量生产和文化根源。这一创新性阐释丰富了周朴园典型形象的代表意义;从部分与整体的关系视角,发现了文本中的>雷雨<意象、剧终时《圣经》的出现、剧中人台词——>天<与>天意<的反复言说,这三部分被有机地结合在一起,形成了对《雷雨》整体框架所表达的意蕴>人与宇宙的关系<的艺术表现;通过对文本、作家创作论、评论史的综合考察,可以看出,《雷雨》表现了人的命运主要受遗传基因、人的主观能动性、家庭和社会环境、宇宙中高于人类智慧的神秘力量几方面因素的综合作用。朱栋霖认为作为自然主义者、现实主义者、表现主义者、精神分析者、神秘主义者、象征主义者,或者作为诗人,奥尼尔都取得了不同程度的成就,除掉>精神分析者<、>神秘主义者<外,完全可以用来评价曹禺,本课题研究认为曹禺作为诗人剧作家也是一位精神分析大师;创作《雷雨》时的曹禺也是一个神秘主义者,又是一个辩证唯物主义者、一个先觉者。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Yuanyuan A1 - Liu, Houtian A1 - Jiang, Ping T1 - On Fromm’s >Escape from Freedom< Concept [试论弗洛姆的>逃避自由<观] JF - Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition) [ 广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版) ], No. S1 (2007), pp. 126-127. N2 - 弗洛姆是西方马克思主义的重要代表人物,他把自由的获得与自由的丧失视为共生的两极,人类越是获得自由,同时也就意味着越是丧失自由。现代人陷人了普遍的生存困惑中,从而选择了>逃避自由<。 N2 - Fromm important representatives of Western Marxism, his freedom get considered symbiotic poles with the loss of freedom, human more free, at the same time means more loss of freedom. Modern trap people the popular survival confused, select the >escape from freedom<. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Yang T1 - Freud: In Search of Human Nature [弗洛伊德:探寻人性] JF - Comprehensive Reading for Students, No. 12 (2007), pp. 56-57. N2 - 心理学家弗洛姆曾经说:>先知 … 他是一位揭示那已被预先决定了的未来的预言者吗?他是一个坏消息而不是好消息或愉快消息的传播者吗?<在他的心里,他的老师、精神分析的鼻祖弗洛伊德就是这样一位先知。 N2 - The theoretician Fromm once said, >Is the prophet ... a prophet who reveals the future that has been predetermined? Is he a purveyor of bad news rather than good or pleasant news?< In his mind, his teacher, Freud, the originator of psychoanalysis, was such a prophet. [Translation: www.DeepL/Translator, free version, 6/2023] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Lin T1 - What is Love? – Comments on Fromm's >The Art of Loving< [爱是什么——述评弗洛姆《爱的艺术》] JF - Journal of Chongqing University of Technology (Social Science) [重庆理工大学学报(社会科学版)], No. 5 (2007), pp. 83-87. N2 - Fromm holds that love is the answer to the question of the existence of human beings; the essence of love is >giving<; love includes forms of universal love, maternal love, sexual love, self-respect, loving of God, etc, but all love forms include the basic factors of concern, responsibility, respect, understanding, etc. The contemporary western social structure and western culture cause the alienation of western society and the decline and fall of love. Fromm’s theory of love emphasizes on the problem of love from the angle of psychology, having his reasonable factors and progressing significance. N2 - 弗洛姆认为爱是对人类生存问题的回答;爱的本质是>给予<;爱包括博爱、母爱、性爱、自爱、神爱等形式,但所有爱的形式都包含关心、责任心、尊重和了解等基本要素。而当代西方的社会结构和西方文化导致了西方社会爱的异化和爱情衰亡。弗洛姆关于爱的理论着重从心理学的角度去探讨爱的问题,有其合理因素和进步意义。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Yang, Cunhua T1 - An Analysis of Fromm's Concept of Freedom [弗洛姆的自由观探析], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2007. N2 - Freedom is the theme that people have been trying to search after and the object that people have been trying to obtain in old times. However, people have different opinions of freedom. People mainly think that human can obtain the freedom as soon as the external chains vanish, but Erich Fromm had different ideas. He thought there were dual freedom in the world and found a way to the freedom. His thought has important theoretical and realistic meanings. This thesis is mainly composed of four parts as following.– First part aims at introducing social background and ideological origins which Erich Fromm’s freedom ideology produced, and his special experience that affected his freedom ideology. The days that Fromm lived in was former 80 years of last century, in which various social contradictions were sharp .Two times world war, economic crisis and nuclear weapon brought people huge disaster and became large social laboratory including his special experience. All these things formed realistic basis of his freedom ideology. Freud’s psychoanalysis theory, Marx’s historical materialism theory and alienation theory, Zen Buddhism thought exerted great influence to forming Fromm’s freedom ideology.– Fromm’s freedom ideology is discussed in detail in second part. Firstly, the meaning of Fromm’s freedom is simply explained. His freedom has dual meanings: one is active freedom and the other is passive freedom. Active Freedom is a feeling that people want to do and volunteer to do something, passive freedom is a feeling that people get rid of external chains. Logically active freedom includes passive freedom but passive freedom doesn’t include active freedom. Next, the essay carefully analyzes the relation of freedom and alienation, freedom and spontaneous action, freedom and democracy. The passive freedom that all people attain cannot make the soul peace either can get the active freedom. Only the sound people who do things spontaneously can get active freedom.– The aim of third part is mainly to feel and think freedom. Firstly, according to of the turn of the development of society analysis the attitude and situation, that people chase the freedom. Especially, people in modern society has contradictive thought that people chase freedom and are afraid of attaining it. Next, according to grow of person, state the character of freedom in period of psychology. Different period of society and psychology, people have different attitude on freedom. This suggests freedom is existent essence of human. Freedom exists accompanying human existence. The human development history is also the history that people chase freedom. Freedom is different according to different individuation. All in this meaning is passive freedom. Passive freedom only can make people feel lonely and anxiety and escape from freedom. To eliminate this situation, Fromm gave serial social reform measures to build a sound society. Connection this part with second part is that sound people who live in sound society can get the active freedom and reveal humanity.– The fourth part aims at evaluating Fromm’s freedom ideology properly, according to the rule that getting rid of the bad and absorbing the good. Fromm’s dual freedom ideology provides people with new thread that chase freedom. Psychoanalysis of escaping from freedom deepens the understanding of modern society and our national modern construction. The relationship between freedom and spontaneous action has an important meaning. Analysis of psychology and society provides a worthy method for studying history and analysis of individual. Concrete measures on social reform that Fromm put forward have some suggestive meanings for fast developing China. Meanwhile, because of the limit of history and theory, Fromm’s freedom ideology is inevitably idealistic. He could not find a real path leading to freedom. The text gives the recapitulative comment at last. N2 - 自古以来,>自由<就是人们孜孜不倦探索的话题,也是人们努力要实现的目标。然而,在>自由<这个问题上历来就是众说纷纭,各抒己见。人们大都认为只要消除掉外在的束缚就可以获得自由,但弗洛姆却持有不同的看法,提出双重自由观并论述通向真正自由的道路,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。本文主体共分四个部分:第一部分,阐述弗洛姆自由思想提出的社会理论背景、社会现实背景及其特殊的生活经历对自由思想的影响。弗洛姆生活的年代也就是上个世纪的前八十年,是各种社会矛盾尖锐的时期,两次世界大战、经济危机、核武器等给人们带来巨大的灾难,也成了生活在其中的弗洛姆的>社会观察室<,再加上自己独特的家庭环境和个人经历就形成了弗洛姆自由思想的现实基础。弗洛伊德的精神分析法,马克思的历史唯物主义和异化理论,东方的禅宗思想都对弗洛姆自由思想的形成产生过重大影响。第二部分,在多重关系中对弗洛姆自由观进行横向分析论述。首先对弗洛姆>自由<的内涵作了简单的说明:>自由<具有双重的含义——积极自由和消极自由。积极自由就是>主动的、自愿的做……的感觉<,在人人平等的基础上尊重个性的发展,在个人自我之上没有更高的权力,自我个性的实现是唯一的目的和最高的目标。消极的自由就是指>摆脱……的束缚而获得的感觉<,是人挣脱了外界的障碍、束缚后的无拘无束、自由自在。在逻辑上积极自由包含消极自由,消极自由则不含积极自由的意思。接下来,详细分析自由和异化、自由和自发性活动、自由和民主的关系。说明了全体异化的人们所获得的消极自由无法让内心安宁,也不能达到积极的自由,只有通过自发性的活动塑造健全的人,才可能寻得积极自由。第三部分,阐述弗洛姆在社会发展和人的心路历程中纵向感悟自由的思想。首先,按照社会发展的顺序,分析在各个时代的人们追求自由的情况和对自由的态度。特别说明了在现代社会人们既追求自由又逃避自由的矛盾心理。接下来,按照个人年龄的增长,说明人们心理各阶段的自由特点。通过社会和人心理各个不同阶段对自由的不同反应说明:自由是人存在的本质,自由伴随着人类的存在而存在,一部人类发展史也是一部人类追求自由的历史,自由随着个体化程度的不同而不同,这个意义上都是消极的自由,消极自由只能让人们感到焦虑、孤独,从而逃避自由。为了消除这种状况,弗洛姆提出一系列的社会改革措施以建立健全的社会。这一部分和第二部分的内容结合起来的思想就是:健全的人在健全的社会里生活才能通达积极自由,使人性充分的展现。第四部分,旨在依据>去其糟粕,取其精华<的原则试图对弗洛姆的自由思想做出恰当的评价。弗洛姆的双重自由观为人们追求自由提供了新的思路;逃避自由的心理分析加深了对现代社会和我国现代建设的理解;自由与自发性活动的关系的论述对现代社会有重要的意义;心理和社会相结合的分析为研究历史事件和分析个人情况提供了一个值得借鉴的方法;提出的社会改革的具体措施对于正在阔步前进的中国有一些启发意义。同时,由于历史和理论的限制,弗洛姆的自由观不可避免的带有空想性,没能找到一条真正可以到达自由的道路。文章最后对弗洛姆自由观的局限性作了概括性评述。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Fangjie T1 - Fromm’s Alienation Theory [弗洛姆关于人的异化理论评析] JF - Journal of Socialist Theory Guide [理论导刊], No. 9 (2007), pp. 36-38. N2 - 弗洛姆从人的本质及异化的角度阐述了对马克思主义哲学的理解。他认为,异化是人的主观体验和感受,是对生产性潜能这一人的本质的否定;社会主义是对人的异化的扬弃;当今资本主义社会中每一个人都是异化的。在对道德和资本主义现实批判的意义上,弗洛姆的异化理论具有一定程度的积极意义。然而,他对马克思关于人的本质及异化的理解是片面的,有意割裂了马克思主义的整体发展进程;由于自身的理论局限性,他关于这一问题的论述存在许多不正确的地方。 N2 - Fromm, from the point of view of human nature and the alienation elaborate understanding of Marxist philosophy. In his view, of alienation is a subjective experience and feelings of the people is the negation of the essence of the productive potential; socialism is the sublation of alienation; everyone in today's capitalist society is alienation. Fromm's theory of alienation in the sense of morality and reality of capitalist critique, with a certain degree of positive significance. However, his understanding of the essence and alienation Marx is one-sided, intentionally fragmented the overall development process of Marxism; limitations due to their own theory, his discourse on this issue there are many incorrect place. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xue, Rong T1 - Fromm's Theory of Social Psychology [弗罗姆社会心理学的理论基础] JF - Academic Research [学术研究], No. 4 (2007), pp. 54-59. N2 - 弗罗姆的社会心理学是对马克思的历史唯物主义和弗洛伊德的精神分析学整合的成果。本文的分析表明,他的整合实质上是用历史唯物主义修正精神分析学,他的社会性格学说是运用马克思主义的具体体现,对当代资本主义的批判更是借鉴了马克思的异化理论。他积极地批判与干预现实,践行了马克思>重要的是改变现实<的实践哲学。弗罗姆不仅为我们提供了运用马克思思想的典范,也对我们认识马克思主义的价值,发展马克思主义有重要的意义。 N2 - Fromm's social psychology is the historical materialism of Marx and Freud's psychoanalysis integration results. This analysis shows that he is essentially the integration of historical materialism correction psychoanalysis, his social character of the Marxist doctrine is the use of a concrete manifestation of the critique of contemporary capitalism is borrowed from Marx's theory of alienation. He actively critique and intervention reality, practice Marx >It's important to change reality< practical philosophy. Fromm not only provides us with a model for the use of Marxist ideology, but also for us to understand the value of Marxism and Marxism has important significance. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xue, Rong T1 - Fromm's Social-psychological Critique [弗罗姆的社会心理学批判] JF - Modern Philosophy [现代哲学], No. 3 (2007), pp. 61-68. N2 - In the light of an integration of Man's thoughts and Freudian psychoanalysis, Fromm revises Freudian individual-psychological theory and changes it into a social-psychological one based on Marx's historical materialism, by which he develops the accounts of social character and social unconsciousness that serve in his criticisms of capitalism. N2 - 弗罗姆的社会心理学是对马克思的思想和弗洛伊德的精神分析理论综合的结果,他以历史唯物主义为基础,修正和发展了弗洛伊德的精神分析学,将弗洛伊德的个体心理学发展为>社会心理学<,并将他在心理学上的发现和成果——社会性格学和社会无意识——用于对资本主义的批判。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Yong T1 - The Study of the Politics in Popular Culture 大众文化政治研究, Doctoral dissertation, Literature and Art, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2007 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - 在经过十多年的发展后,中国的大众文化研究逐渐走向成熟,许多深层次的理论问题一一暴露出来,大众文化政治问题就是其中的一个。可以说,>政治<一直是大众文化研究或隐或显的主题之一,这个主题需要思考的是:大众文化问题是在什么意义上成为政治问题的?它的内涵是什么?应该怎样认识和评价这种内涵?在某种意义上,研究大众文化政治不仅是一个理论探讨的问题,它还是一个思想解放的问题。然而目前关于这个问题的系统的研究还比较缺乏。本文将从这种问题意识出发,分别从商品、语言和美学三个维度入手对大众文化政治进行研究,以求达到理论探讨和实践分析的双重突破。本文共分四章:第一章梳理大众文化研究的基本概念和理论范式。>大众文化<本来是一个西方语境中的概念,但在文化研究成为前沿显学的时候,中国学界常常把大众文化当成一个不言自明的概念在使用。然而任何一个社会的词语都不是纯粹中性和客观的知识,它背后都隐藏着政治利益和权力斗争。西方大众文化研究在选择用popular culture(褒义)还是mass culture(贬义)来命名大众文化的时候,更多地是出于立场与评价方面的考虑。例如阿多诺使用的是mass culture,甚至是culture industry(文化工业),洛文塔尔则是mass culture和popular culture混用,而到了当前的费斯克等人则完全舍弃mass culture而使用popular culture。这个用语的转变体现的是对大众文化认识和评价的转变,即从否定大众文化(法兰克福学派主流)到肯定大众文化(英美文化批评)的转变。大众文化这个西方概念在进入中国语境时不可避免地与民间文化、通俗文化、革命性大众文化等概念发生语义上的纠缠,为了捍卫大众文化的独立性,肯定其积极的政治潜能,一些学者有意识地把大众文化与其它相似概念区分开来,并且对大众文化进行了现代意义上的界定。接下来,本章着重梳理了大众文化研究范式转换的历史,总体来看,它表现为从注重政治经济学批判的社会分析向注重符号解读的文化研究转换的过程。不同的研究范式对应着不同的政治立场。当前大众文化研究所处的困境之一是批判的弱化和政治关怀的空洞化,学界有种观点认为这种不良状况是由社会分析的退场和符号解读的兴起导致的,由于政治经济学范式可以做到对文化和社会进行细致深入地分析,并且将这种分析建立在坚实的社会实践基础之上,因此它能够在很大程度上弥补当前文化研究的某些不足。这种观点可以说切中当前大众文化研究的弊端,但是我们认为,如果社会分析的再出场就意味着符号解读的退场,那么我们又将失陷在另一种历史话语的迷宫之中。要解决这些复杂的问题,在学科上必须实现政治经济学与文化研究的统一,在研究范式上必须实现社会分析与符号解读的统一。本章最后本着这种范式理想,以改革开放后的中国社会为个案分析了社会结构与大众文化功能之间的对应关系:如果说现代社会的中间层是整个社会的政治稳压器,那么中间层所代表的大众文化也是文化意识形态领域的稳压器,稳压器的作用就是削峰填谷,所以大众文化既反对保守,也反对盲目的激进。第二章从商品维度入手分析大众文化政治。与传统文化形式相比,大众文化具有一种赤裸裸的商品性,它力图通过大众对批量化生产的文化产品的消费与其它商品一样实现利润最大化,并且大众文化从来都不否认自己与资本的紧密联系,然而正是因为大众文化所具有的商品性这个特殊属性才使得它与传统文化形式区分开来。从这个意义上看,文化商品化是大众文化研究首先需要面对的问题。文化商品化到底是导致了艺术堕落和专制统治还是促进了文化普及和民主自由,这是学界争论的焦点。法兰克福学派正统思想认为艺术向商业屈服甚至献媚是艺术最大的堕落,这种堕落的结果就是负载着资本主义统治意识形态的大众文化的制造与流行。我们之所以要把精力首先集中在文化商品化的历史考察上,其中一个重要原因就在于法兰克福学派对文化商品化的批判深深地影响了中国知识分子对于文化商品化的认识,进而左右了中国知识分子对大众文化的判断。单纯的争论是无济于事的,这需要我们对文化商品化的历史进行深入地考察。文化发展的史实表明,文化商品化促进了文化公共性的兴起,这主要表现在以下三个方面:其一是作为文化生产者的公共知识分子的产生;其二是作为文化传播者的大众传媒的产生;其三是作为大众文化消费者的市民阶层的产生。文化公共性进一步促进了政治公共性的产生,但是通过商品化而得以暂时逃脱政治束缚的文化却又面临着落入资本圈套的危险。在消费社会语境下,如何正确认识批判精神与消费意识的关系,如何保持公共领域与私人空间的平衡在很大程度上取决于我们能否深入研究并且正确认识大众文化的符号政治经济学。第三章从语言维度入手分析大众文化政治。后现代社会的特征并不仅仅是>经济变成了文化,文化变成了经济<,从某种意义上说,它更表现为>传媒变成了文化,文化变成了传媒<。科技的每一次飞跃都会带来传媒的巨大发展,传媒的巨大发展及其对大众文化的深刻影响则又会反过来促使人们不断地修正对传媒和文化的认识,而每一次这样的修正都是以更为广泛的语言理论变革为思想背景的。法兰克福学派的弗洛姆等人从卢卡奇的总体性思想和弗洛伊德的精神分析理论出发,把语言定位为社会意识的过滤器,这个比喻暗示了语言的单向度特征。马尔库塞进一步揭示了单向度语言得以实现的秘密,即抽掉历史和反对抽象,他认为唯一能有效对抗单向度语言的办法就是重新引入历史维度和辩证法。单向度语言已经渗透到日常生活和大众媒介的领域,阿多诺就对广播和电视等单向度媒介进行了批判。这个历史阶段是马克•波斯特所谓的第一媒介时代,它的语言理论背景是结构主义语言学。随着语言理论从结构主义向后结构主义的转向,互文性理论对大众传媒的研究产生了深远影响,受众研究被推向了前台。以霍尔为代表的理论家们逐渐认识到文本的意义并不是编码者单向决定的,它取决于编码者与解码者之间的对话,文化和传媒是一种活动、一种过程和一种意识形态斗争的场。再后来,作为第二媒介时代之标志的互联网的发明使互文性在文化实践中真正得以实现,文本进一步发展为超文本,超文本不仅解构了逻各斯中心主义,更重要的是它赋予了大众更多的表达政治诉求的话语空间。尽管学界对于大众传媒的民主性存有争议,然而不可否认的是,随着传媒技术的日益发展,大众获得了越来越多的知情权和话语权,我们不能苛求大众传媒,因为绝对的民主和平等只是遥远的乌托邦。第四章从美学维度入手分析大众文化政治。美学在诞生之初是关于感性的学问,它自启蒙运动以来一直是哲学竭力进入生活世界的途径。审美一直被界定为普遍与特殊、理性与身体冲动在>心灵法则<之下发生潜在冲突的领域,这样美学就不得不关涉到意识形态,从这个意义上讲,现代美学在根本上就具有了政治性。身体快感作为一个与艺术美感相对的范畴,从某种意义上说就是大众文化的美学。随着身体美学的兴起,快感在大众文化时代日益成为一个政治问题。从阶级政治的角度看,在什么情况下快感会被知识分子视为>革命的统治的政治美学化<,快感被张扬甚至泛滥,那么快感就倾向于成为统治的工具。而在>艺术政治化<情况下,即在极权社会中,快感被压抑甚至被否定,那么快感则往往倾向于成为革命的工具。再从性别政治的角度看,大众文化到底是女性反抗男权的斗争场,还是男权统治女性的新领域?或者说女性对自己性别特征的充分表露到底是女性权利的张扬还是仅仅满足了男性的窥淫癖?各方观点争执不下。然而问题的关键并不在此,因为任何性别政治都必然关涉到民族国家和阶级政治,性别问题的解决不可能脱离民族国家和阶级问题的解决而单独进行。中国的大众文化研究发展到现在,面临的问题不是越来越少而是越来越多。对这些问题的研究要求我们摆脱非历史的和非语境化的研究模式,强调文化生产和知识生产的历史性和地方性,大众文化政治也只有放在具体的时间和空间维度中才能被准确地定位。从某种意义上说,对大众文化政治的分析不仅有利于把大众文化研究推向深入,还有利于打开一扇探究现代性问题的窗口。 N2 - After ten years’ development, popular culture study in China has entered a mature stage, with many in-depth questions coming out, one of which being the political problem in popular culture. >Politics<, whether explicitly or implicitly has always been an issue in popular culture study, which deals with the following questions: For what purpose popular culture study become political? What is its connotation? And how should we understand it and evaluate its connotation? In a certain way, political study in popular culture is not only a theoretic matter, but also a matter of idealistic liberation. Yet, at present there is scarcely any systematic study on this issue. Therefore, this paper approaches this issue from three dimensions of commodity, language, and aesthetics, in order to make breakthrough both in theoretic discussion and practical analysis. This paper consists of four parts. Chapter one sorts out the basic concepts and theoretic paradigms of popular culture study. >Popular culture< is a concept in western context, but Chinese scholars have often used it as a self-evident concept since Cultural Studies became a trend in china. However, no social word is entirely neutral and objective knowledge, behind which hides political interests and power struggles. The choice of whether commendatory wording >popular culture< or derogatory >mass culture< depends on the user’s standpoint and evaluation of it. For instance, Adorno uses mass culture or culture industry; Löwenthal, a combination of mass culture and popular culture; Fiske and others, only popular culture. The change of the wording indicates the change of attitudes towards popular culture, i.e. from negative attitude of Frankfurt school to positive attitude of British and American criticism. When the concept >popular culture< was introduced into China, it entangled with other concepts as folk culture, popular culture, revolutionary mass culture. In order to main the autocephaly of popular culture and affirm its positive political potential, some scholars distinguished it from other concepts and gave it a modern definition. Then this chapter goes on to sort out the shifting history of the paradigms of popular culture study, which changed from social analysis focusing on political and economical criticism to cultural studies centered around semeiotic explanation. The different paradigms of study correspond to different political positions. At present, one of the difficulties facing popular culture study is the weakening of criticism and the emptiness of political concern, which according to some scholars, was caused by the absence of social analysis, and the rising up of semeiotic study. As political and economical paradigm carries out a thorough analysis of culture and society which is based on the solid social practice, it can make up to the deficiency of the current cultural study. While this view hits the point, it does not mean the recovery of social analysis requires the refuse of semeiotic explanation. On the contrary, to solve the present problem, we must realize the unification of both political economics and semeiotics in disciplinary, and the unification of social analysis and semiotic study in paradigm. According to this paradigm, the end of this chapter analyzes the corresponding relation between the social structure and the function of popular culture study based on the case study of China after the reform and opening policy: if the middle sphere of a modern society is the regulator of the whole society, then popular culture which is the representative culture of the middle sphere will be the regulator of cultural ideology. Hence, popular culture is against both conservative and blindfold radicalists. Chapter two analyzes the politics in popular culture from the perspective of commodity. It is undeniable that the nature of popular culture is to make the most benefits by mass production of cultural products, just like other commodities, which distinguishes popular culture from traditional forms of culture. In this sense, the merchandising of culture is one of the priorities for popular culture study. Whether the merchandising of culture leads to the degeneration of art and the autocratic domination or promotes popularity of culture and freedom and democracy remains the focus of argumentation for scholars. One of the important reasons for us to put emphasis first on the historical survey of the merchandising of culture is that the criticism of the merchandising of culture by Frankfurt school has had such great influence upon Chinese scholars that it resulted in their negative judgment about popular culture. However, the history of cultural development shows that the merchandising of culture promotes the publicity of culture, which includes the birth of public intellectuals as cultural producers the birth of mass media as cultural transmitter and the birth of middle class as cultural consumers. While the publicity of culture promotes the birth of political publicity, the merchandising of culture faces the danger of falling into the trap of capital. To well understand the relation between critical spirit and consumption consciousness, and balance public sphere with private space requires a deep understanding and a thorough investigation of semiotic political economics. Chapter three studies the politics in popular culture from the perspective of language. The feature of post-modern society is not only >economy becoming culture and culture becoming economy<, but also >media becoming culture and culture becoming media<. Every leap of science and technology has resulted in great development of media, whose profound influence upon popular culture in turn has led to better understanding of media and culture, in which the change of linguistic theory always plays the background. Based on Lukacs’s collectivity and Freud’s psychoanalysis, Fromm and other scholars of Frankfurt School defined language as the filter of ideology which implies language’s one-dimensional feature. Marcus pointed out that the secrete of one-dimensional language is its breaking away from history and its objection against abstraction, hence the only way to fight one-dimensional language is to restore history and dialectics in language. One-dimensional language has spread over everyday life and mass media, the latter was one of the critical topics of Adorno’s. This is the first era of media with the structural linguistics as its background. Then as linguistic theory shifted from structuralism to post-structuralism, inter-textuality began to exert great influence upon the study of mass media. Consequently, reception study became popular. The theorists represented by Hall realized that the meaning of text is not decided by the encoder alone, but it also depends on the communication between the encoder and the decoder, and hence culture and media is an activity, a process and an arena for ideological struggle. Later after that, the invention of internet, which marked the beginning of the second media era, helped the realization of inter-textuality in cultural practice, and text turned into hyper text, which deconstructed Logos and provided more discourse space for the mass to express their political views. Although there are disputes over the democracy of mass media, the fact which cannot be denied is that the mass gain more rights to know and speak as the result of the development of media technology, therefore, we should not be too critical towards mass media because absolute democracy and equality is just a Utopia. Chapter four studies popular culture from the perspective of aesthetics. Aesthetics, which was the knowledge about feeling when it came into being, has been taken as the way into life by philosophy since enlightenment movement. As aesthetics has been defined as the field for the struggle between the universal and the particular, reason and physical impulse, it has to be involved with ideology, in which sense, modern aesthetics is involved with politics. The pleasure of body as opposed to artistic beauty is in some way the aesthetics of popular culture. AS the rise of physical aesthetics, pleasure is becoming a political issue in an era of popular culture. Under what circumstances pleasure will be considered as >revolutionary< by intellectuals? If, under the spell of commodities, pleasure as aesthetics joins politics hand in hand, i.e. so-called >aesthetication of politics<, then pleasure will overflow and turn into the instrument of domination. On the other hand, if in a society of dictatorship, pleasure is oppressed or even denied, i.e. >politicalization of art<, then pleasure becomes the tool of revolution. From the perspective of gender, is popular culture the arena for women’s revolt against men’s authority or the new field for men’s ruling of women? Or in other words, does women’s entire exposure of their sexual features speak for women’s rights or only meet men’s desire to peep into women’s privacy? However hot the debate is, the key of this issue is outside it because any gender politics must concern the nation and the class politics. Up till now the development of popular culture in china, the problems facing it is not becoming fewer, but more. To solve these problems, we must pay enough attention to the history and the locality of cultural and intellectual production, and only in specific time and space, can popular culture be properly assessed. In a sense, the analysis of the politics in popular culture will not only deepen popular culture study, but also open a window to the study of modernity.] [Author’s translatio Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xu, Yanhua T1 - On the Novel Creation of Zhang Xianliang and Its Death Consciousness [论张贤亮的小说创作及其死亡意识], Master thesis, Chinese Modern and Contemporary Literature, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2007.[application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - Zhang Xianliang is very active in the Chinese literary world in 1980s. As one of the contemporary era writers who first wrote about the hungry, sex, high school students' premature love and city revolution with his unique life experience he was well known by his >self narrate biography< writing style. As one of the most controversial writers in new era, his unique spiritual world which was brought up by 22 years distressful reconstruction course became the non-exhausted source of writing later. During the early days of writing, the writer was wild about the grand narrative words. In virtual of the idea write of >emotion<, >sex< which ultimately pointed to politics embodied his utilitarian objective of >literature as tool<. The write intended to record one generation highbrows' distressful experience and the pursuit of never change until die, selfless dedication by writing individual's destiny. His works mainly express the writer's opinion of socialization which includes strong imply of speaking for society, for public, for revolution, and constantly pour out his misery brought by political movements, the political cause of lofty ideal hard to fulfill and the depress of ambition can't be put to good use. Zhang Xianliang's novels in the 1980s are the focus of research in the common world, which are famous as >Love words in prison<, >Story of old man Xing and dog<, >Spirit and flesh<, >Virescence tree<, >Half of the man is woman<. Along with the opening of revolution, traditional view of value is gradually leaning aside; the pure literature which used to monopolize the literature world is pushed out to the edge, gone forever. The exterior social environment directly results in the desalting and clearing up of the highbrow elites' consciousness. Therefore Zhang Xianliang's evening works also have some changes, his utility color of >literature as tool< has faded out. Instead he paid more attention to the inner struggle, misery and desperation. During this inner change, the writer chose to profoundly self-questioning about the historical incidents, personal experience instead of losing his own writing style during the phase of literature to merchandize, entertainment. His poem >Gale song< says: >If I don't create, don't suffer / if I'm not brave enough, not strong / if I'm not in the vulgar, knowing, bureaucratic circle / be a traitor? Am I a little like myself?< He deserves commend for holding his ground fort his creation of pure literature. Between late 1980s and early 1990s, Zhang Xianliang published novels >Adolescence<, >My puti tree<, >Good morning, friend!<, >Be used to death<, etc., in succession. But they still can't bring the comment world's recognition like former days. This is because the creation idea of the writer, material choose, taste decoration, etc, also affected by the reading taste of the current readers. This paper mainly focuses on the research of Zhang Xianliang's works in 1980s, especially his magnum opus >half of man is woman< and the research of female image in his works, and has reached a comparative high science level. Besides, the leading characters in Zhang Xianliang's works are mostly highbrows, almost all of them are >read man< who are exiled, reformed of criminals through labor, abandoned by society. He connected personal misery with national misery in order to provide personal misery with universal enlighten meaning of transcending the individual. The leading characters Zhang Yonglin, Xulingjun, Shizai, Longzhong, Wei Tiangui and Chen Baotie were both sufferers and heroes who helped theworld, pleaded for the people. The writer related his own miserable experience with national disasters, when talking about politics, >emotive play< is an inevitable par of Zhang Xianliang's works. So there were a series of female images, Mayinghua, Huangxiangjiu, Qiaoanping who served as a foil to male images. This made the forms more complete for the writer to express personal feelings and wishes, it's actually a practical approach to consider era history. As Professor Chen she says, this inevitably adds a layer of imaginary color to those highbrows' sufferer images, which embodies their effort to build highbrow legend between civilian and miaotang. Also it unfolded a kind of crush complex on their own experience of this set of highbrows. The writer particularity spread the suffering scene and psychology contrary of the highbrow, at the same time he expressed incline to hallow the misery of highbrows. The literature world spreads drastic discussion surrounding this kind of incline. Actually, this incline has already changed and even disappeared in Zhang Xianliang's evening works. The author of this paper especially regards and likes >My puti tree<, so quite large length of this paper analyzes this novel quite thoroughly. In fact, most readers neglect an important and pressing angle of view when paying too much attention to the >reform of criminals through labor complex that is too strong to resolve<: consciousness of death. Through some presentative things, we find a lot of descriptions about death in Zhang Xianliang's novels. The purpose of me choosing death complex as the cut-in point of unscrambling Zhang Xianliang's works is to differentiate the analysis of high brows images, female images, text rational color of previous comment papers, here through thoroughly reading the text, we can experience the subjective and unique feeling brought by that special age, and comprehend Zhang Xianliang's text creation again through the consciousness of death point of view. The discussion of this paper is made up of three parts.– 1. The beginning of consciousness of death. In this part, the author tries to search the death memory in the political incidents experienced by the writer, finds out the fundamental reason of consciousness of death in Zhang Xianliang's works. At the same time the author combines the writer's description of death, describes how the writer exhibit this kind of consciousness of death to the readers.– 2. Life experience and change of >consciousness of death<. The second part divides his works into three phases according to the differences of death expression in Zhang Xianliang's works, namely former escape, medium-term struggle and terminal deeply self-questioning. Through reading the text thoroughly, the author analyzes the transition of Zhang Xianliang's death idea in detail, and tries to find out the internal reason that causes this transition.– 3. Philosophy view of Zhang Xianliang's death idea. According to the philosophy thinking of death of Freud, Fromm, etc, the author further perceives the complex of tyrannizing and suffering, the death trend of returning to goddess, returning to mother's belly which are covered by the death narrate in Zhang Xianliang's works from a rational point of view. Looking at all of Zhang Xianliang's works on the contrary, the author sets him a new position in the history of literature from literature theme, lingual style, character image. This kind of cut-in point of research provides a newer point of view for researching Zhang Xianliang which also provides multi ways for researching, deep thinking for science, coexistence of various opinions, and will doubtless make science judgments more objective, justly, drive the development to free search of Zhang Xianliang. N2 - 本文试图通过文本细读的方式深入体会那个特殊年代带给作家的主观体验和独特感受,从死亡意识这一角度对其文本创作进行再理解。从三个方面的论述展开:一、死亡意识之萌生。在这一部分中,笔者试图追寻作家经历的政治事件中的死亡记忆,找出张贤亮作品之所以存在死亡意象的根本原因。同时结合作家对死亡的书写,表述作家又是如何将这种死亡意象展现给读者的。二、生命体验与>死亡意识<的转变。第二部分根据张贤亮作品中对死亡表现的不同,将其创作划分为三个阶段,即前期的逃避、中期的挣扎及后期的对死亡的深刻反思。通过文本细读,详细分析张贤亮死亡观念的转变,并力图寻找出这种转变的内在原因。三、张贤亮死亡观之哲学观照。根据弗洛伊德、弗洛姆等哲学家对死亡的哲学思考,进一步从理性角度透视张贤亮作品中死亡叙述掩盖下的施虐与受虐情结,及回归洛神,返归母腹的死亡倾向。并从文学主题、语言风格、人物形象等方面概括张贤亮的总体创作情况。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Wenyue T1 - The Needs of Human Nature – Referring to Erich Fromm's >Marx Concept< [人之本性的诉求——读弗洛姆的《马克思关于人的概念》 JF - Journal of the Party School of CPC Zhengzhou Municipal Committee [中共郑州市委党校学报], No. 1 (2007), pp. 9-11. N2 - 对人的本性的诉求是贯穿在弗洛姆《马克思关于人的概念》这部著作中的主线,也是其人本主义马克思观的理论之基。弗洛姆以此出发阐释了其对马克思的人的概念、人的本质、异化理论及共产主义等问题的理解,虽多有偏颇,但对我们从另一个角度更全面地理解马克思也颇有启示和意义。 N2 - Aspirations of human nature throughout the mainline Fromm, >Marx concept< book the humanist Marxist concept of the theory of the base. Fromm this starting to explain the concept of Marx, human nature, alienation understanding of the theory and communism, many biased, but from another angle, a more comprehensive understanding of Marx is also quite inspiration and meaning. [automatic translation] Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wu, Xia T1 - Lack of Motherly Love and Female Creation – Duras and Eileen Chang Comparative Study [缺失性母爱与女性创作 – 杜拉斯和张爱玲的比较性研究], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China 2007 [application of Fromm's theories to art]. N2 - Chinese writer Zhang Ailing [Eileen Chang] and French writer Duras’ life occupies the identical time and they all were outstanding in extremely have the individuality female writer at that time. Moreover their work presents the similar main idea. This article discusses their work’s similarity from two aspects. First, they all not carries on to the traditional mother image, portrayed a series of crazy, selfish mother image >the wicked mother<. Second, their writing love always with the main key which despairs relates in together, or is the abstract passion washes out the love, or is realistic strangles the love. In brief, seeks the love is despairs.– In first chapter and the second chapter by the work separately the love subject analysis which and despairs after the mother image, and in the third chapter, creates the viewpoint from the writer which discusses to explain why they can display these two similar subjects. By Tong Qing Bing’s >Flaw Experience<, Cious’s >The Source of Female Writer’s< and Fromm’s >The Art of Loving< to discuss artistic which Zhang Ailing and the Duras’s wound childhood experience especially the maternal love flaw enables them to become the writer and the influence which creates to their disposition and the work color. Zhang Ailing and Duras also all is the time feeling greatly strengthened writer, their work has displayed the survival condition which the modern people in differently despairs, thus enable their work to have the world literature subject research the significance. N2 - 中国作家张爱玲和法国作家杜拉斯的生活处在同一个时代,她们都是优秀的在当时极具个性的女作家,而且她们的作品呈现出相似的主体意蕴。本文从两个方面来探讨她们作品主题的相似性,其一是她们都对传统母亲形象进行解构,刻画了一系列疯狂偏执、自私变态的>恶母<形象;其二是她们笔下的爱情总是与绝望的基调联系在一起,或者是抽象的情欲冲散爱情,或者是现实的物欲扼杀爱情,总之,寻找爱情是绝望的。在第一章和第二章以作品分别对母亲形象和绝望的爱情主题分析之后,在论文的第三章,从作家创作论的观点来解释为什么她们会表现出这两个相似的主题,以童庆炳的>缺失性经验<、西苏的女性写作源头论以及弗洛姆>爱的艺术<共同来看张爱玲和杜拉斯的创伤性的童年经验特别是母爱的缺失让她们成为作家并对她们的性格和作品色彩造成的影响。张爱玲和杜拉斯同时也都是时代感极强的作家,她们的作品表现了现代人冷漠绝望的生存状态,从而使 她们的作品具有世界文学主题研究的意义。 Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilde, Lawrence T1 - The Ethical Challenge of Touraine's >Living Together< JF - Journal of Global Ethics, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2007), pp. 39-53. [Online ISSN 1744-9634] [doi.org/10.1080/17449620600991564] N2 - In >Can We Live Together?< Alain Touraine combines a consummate analysis of crucial social tensions in contemporary societies with a strong normative appeal for a new emancipatory >Subject< capable of overcoming the twin threats of atomisation or authoritarianism. He calls for a move from >politics to ethics< and then from ethics back to politics to enable the new Subject to make a reality out of the goals of democracy and solidarity. However, he has little to say about the nature of such an ethics. This article argues that this lacuna could usefully be filled by adopting a form of radical humanism found in the work of Erich Fromm. It defies convention in the social sciences by operating from an explicit view of the >is< and the >ought< of common human nature, specifying reason, love and productive work as the qualities to be realised if we are to move closer to human solidarity. Although there remain significant philosophical and political differences between the two positions, particularly on the role to be played by >the nation<, their juxtaposition opens new lines of inquiry in the field of cosmopolitan ethics. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Whittington, Dean T1 - Beaten Into Violence. Anger, Masculinities, Alcohol, Narcotics. Bloomington, IN (AuthorHouse) 2007. Y1 - 2007 N1 - Ex libris Marco Bacciagaluppi ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Whitehead, Clay C. T1 - Review Jerome A. Winer (Ed.): The Annual of Psychoanalysis, Rethinking Psychoanalysis and the Homosexualities JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 340-344. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wharton, Ralph N. T1 - Review Jerome Kagan: An Argument for Mind JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 691- Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - West, Sharon T1 - Female Command Presence: Different Problems, Different Powers JF - The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 35 (2007), pp. 085-096. Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weinstein, Robert S. T1 - What Heals in Psychoanalysis? JF - Psychoanalytic Inquiry, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2007), pp. 302-309. [Online ISSN 1940-9133] [doi.org/10.1080/07351690701389494] N2 - This article explores the essential role of love and understanding in analysis. Love is seen as a healing force keeping the patient connected to life and to health, and as the glue that cements the analytic process. The four components of love which describes – care, respect, responsibility, and knowledge – are the heart of all successful analysis. Two case studies illustrate how the positive countertransference may be used therapeutically to help patients move towards healthy self-esteem and self-care, and a more benevolent and loving relatedness. Y1 - 2007 ER -