TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - Social Character. Why Marketing Character Is Rejected paper presented at a meeting on social character in Washington, May 10-12, 1996, 7 pp. (Typescript). Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - The White God Quetzalcoatl Visits the Acropolis Paper presented at the 8th. Forum of the IFPS in Athens, May 15-18, 1996, 15 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - The importance of initial interviews in psychoanalysis JF - R. Funk (Ed.), Erich Fromm – Psychoanalyst and Supervisor. Reader in Preparation of an International Conference in Ascona, April 1997, Tübingen 1996, pp. 305-331. [= MILLÁN, S., 1995a] Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - Mexican time. A point of view JF - International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Oslo (Scandinavian University Press), Vol. 5 (No. 1, March 1996), pp. 65-68. N2 - The way in which Mexicans deal with time differs considerably from that of Europeans or Northamericans: the Mexican >has< or >allows himself< more time. The virtue of punctuality, which is so highly valued in countries with protestant work ethics, is unknown to him. >Mexican time< includes many festivities and reveals a social character related to a matriarchal complex. One lives day by day without concern, expects to always have enough for a living, and tries to regain the paradise lost. How was Fromm able to cope with this attitude to life? To begin with many of his students saw him—the psychoanalyst who had emigrated from Germany and who had been working and teaching in the USA—as an >authoritarian< person. They found the very demand for a punctual start of the sessions and a limitation to a 50- minute duration unacceptable. As time went by, however, a fruitful interchange evolved: not only did the students learn from Fromm the psychoanalytic technique, but they were also deeply impressed by the personality behind it. On the other hand Fromm's comprehensive view of human beings and his humanitarian disposition could not be understood without the experience he gained during his long stay in Mexico. In this way >Mexican time< contributed to a large extent to the development of a >humanitarian psychoanalysis<. Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - The Social Dimensions of Transference JF - M. Cortina and M. Maccoby (Eds.), A Prophetic Analyst. Erich Fromm's Contribution to Psychoanalysis, Nothvale and London (Jason Aronson Inc.) 1996, pp. 325-340. N2 - Salvador Millán's main thesis is that social character--the way patients and therapists internalize the values, cultural beliefs, and class structure of their society--is always present in the consulting room and often becomes manifest as transfer-ence and counter-transference reactions. Indeed, according to Millán, transference and countertransference are just another name for developmental processes of so-cial adaptation as it be-comes expressed in a particular relationship between an analyst and his/her patient. Millán takes us through the origin of the concept of transference in Freud, with its patriarchal and authoritarian overtones, to its classical definition in Fenichel's work. With its surgical metaphors, Fenichel crystallized an approach to technique and the handling of the transference. Analytical technique re-quired a neutral and detached observant role, with precise interpretations directed at the psyche, similar to a surgeon's skilled incisions into the patient's body. Millán compares this approach with the guidance Fromm offered to the students of the Mexican Psychoanalytic Institute during supervision and in his seminars in Cuer-navaca during the 1960s. Fromm's point of departure was like Freud's. Transference has to do with the experience of infancy that is repeated in the presence of the ana-lyst. Fromm (1968) thought that this definition of transference, while true, was lim-ited, since it took into account only one source of irrational strivings based on infan-tile longings. However, if one looked at transference as an experience in which the patient deposits in the person of the analyst the origin of >all of his expectations and fears,< (p. 2) a much broader range of transferential reactions is taken into consid-eration. Some of these reactions may be traced to parental influence. Others may have origins that are broadly social, in which the parents' influence is based on be-ing representatives of societal norms, or parental roles may even be irrelevant. In this definition, transference is not just based on childhood experience, but repre-sents the whole experience of the patient's life. Millán points out that one of the limi-tations of psychoanalysis is that it is primarily based on the experience of working with clinical populations. Millán briefly reviews a series of social character studies that have been conducted in the last two decades in factories, in corporate environ-ments, and in rural communities with normal populations, and that have broadened our understanding of the process of social adaptation beyond the consulting room. According to Millán, these studies provide support for Fromm's more inclusive con-cept of transference. Y1 - 1996 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - Mexican Time. Erich Fromm in Mexico: A Point of View JF - Wissenschaft vom Menschen – Science of Man. Jahrbuch der Internationalen Erich-Fromm-Gesellschaft, Münster (LIT Verlag), Vol. 6 (1995): Gesellschaft und Charakter, pp. 69-75. N2 - >Mexikanische Zeit. Erich Fromm in Mexico<: Die Art, wie in Mexiko mit der Zeit umgegangen wird, unterscheidet sich beträchtlich von der westeuropäischen oder nordamerikanischen: Der Mexikaner >hat< oder >nimmt sich< mehr Zeit; die in der Ländern der protestantischen Arbeitsethik hochgeschätzte Tugend der Pünktlichkeit ist ihm fremd. In der >mexikanischen Zeit<, zu der viele Feste gehören, bekundet sich eine dem matrizentrischen Komplex zugehörige Art von Gesellschafts- Charakter. Man lebt unbekümmert in den Tag hinein, erwartet, dass immer genug zum Leben vorhanden ist, und sucht das verlorengegangene Paradies wiederzufinden. Wie kam Fromm mit dieser Art von Lebenseinstellung zurecht? Anfangs galt er – der aus Deutschland emigrierte Psychoanalytiker, der in den USA praktiziert und gelehrt hatte – bei vielen seiner Schüler als >autoritär<. Schon die Forderung nach pünktlichem Beginn und die Begrenzung der analytischen Sitzung auf 50 Minuten galten ihnen als unannehmbar. Mit der Zeit kam jedoch ein fruchtbarer Austausch zustande: Seine Schüler erlernten von Fromm nicht nur die psychoanalytische Technik, sondern sie waren auch zutiefst von der dahinterstehenden Persönlichkeit beeindruckt. Umgekehrt sind Fromms ganzheitliche Sicht des Menschen und seine biophile Grundhaltung nicht ohne die Erfahrungen, die er während seiner langjährigen Tätigkeit in Mexiko machte, zu verstehen. So trug die >mexikanische Zeit< viel zur Entwicklung der >humanistischen Psychoanalyse< bei. N2 - >Il tempo messicano. Erich Fromm in Messico<: Il rapporto che si ha col tempo in Meseico è molto diverso da quello europeo occidentale o de quello nordamericano. Il messicano >ha< o >si prende< più tempo; la virtù della puntualità, così apprezzata nei paesi dell’etica protestante, gli è estranea. Nel >tempo messicano<, al quale appartengono molte feste, si manifesta un tipo di carattere sociale che appartiene al complesso matricentrico. Si vive alla giornata senza preoccupazioni, ci si aspetta che ci sia mempre a disposizione quanto basta per vivere, e si cerca di ritrovare il paradiso perduto. Come si trovò Fromm con questo tipo di atteggiamento verso le vita? All’inizio, egli – lo psicoanalista emigrato dalla Germania, che aveva praticato e insegnato negli Stati Uniti – sembrava >autoritario< a molti suoi allievi. Già la pretesa dell’inizio puntuale e il limite di 50 minuti alla seduta analitica risultavano loro inaccettabili. Per quanto riguarda il tempo, però, si arrivò ad uno scambio fruttuoso: i suoi allievi non soltanto impararono da Fromm la tecnica psicoanalitica, ma vennero anche profondamente influenzati dalla personalità che vi stava dietro. D’altro canto, la visione globale dell’uomo da parte di Fromm e il suo atteggiamento biofilico di base non si potrebbero capire senza le esperienze da lui fatte durante í molti anni della sua attività in Messico. Pertanto, il >tempo messicano< ha molto contribuito alla >psicoanalisi umanistica<. N2 - >El tiempo mexicano. Erich Fromm en México<: La forma en cual se maneja el tiempo en México se diferencia notoriamente de aquella europea occidental o norteamericana. El mexicano >tienese toma< más tiempo. La virtud de la puntualidad, tan apreciada en los países con una ética de trabajo protestante, le es extraña. En el >tiempo mexicano<, al que pertenecen muchas fiestas, se denota una forma perteneciente al complejo matricéntrico de cácter social: se vive sin mayor preoupación en el día y se espera que siempre haya suficiente para vivir y de reencontrar el paraíso perdido. Cómo logró Fromm adaptarse a esta forma de vida? Al principio contaba él, como psicoanalista emigrado de Alemania y que había practicado y enseñado en los EEUU, entre muchos de sus discípulos como >autoritario<. La simple exigencia de comenzar puntualmente y de limitar la sesión a 50 minutos les parecía inadmisible. Con el tiempo se llegó sin embargo a un intercambio fructífero: sus discípulos no sólo aprendieron de Fromm el psicoanálisis sinó que también fueron profundamente impresionados por la personalidad que se ocultaba detrás de esto. Por otro lado no se puede entender la visióm global del Hombre y su posición biófila, sin las experiencias que él hizo durante su larga actividad en México. De esta manera contribuyó >el tiempo mexicano< en gran medida al desarrollo del >psicoanálisis humanista<. T3 - Yearbook / Jahrbuch (1990-1995) - w06/1995d Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - The importance of initial interviews in psychoanalysis Lecture given at the Helsinki Psychoanalytic Institute, 21. 9. 1995, 16 pp., with an Appendix: Two Casis: My Paricipation as a Supervisor of Initial interviews in IMPAC, 11 pp. (Typoscript). Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - Character Processes as Synonymousw with Transference Paper presented at the International Erich Fromm Symposium at Washington, May 1994, Typescript 10 pp. Y1 - 1994 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - Review Fromm, E.: Vom Haben zum Sein. Wege und Irrwege der Selbsterfahrung (1989a, English), Typescript 1993, 5 p. Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - Methodology for the evaluation of the interpretative questionnaire used during the sessions of the mexican seminary of sociopsychoanalysis JF - Institutio Mexicano de Psicoanalisis, El caracter social, su estudio, un intercambio de experiencias, Coyoacán 1972, pp. 107-125. Y1 - 1993 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Millán, Salvador T1 - The Third World and the Social Character JF - Wissenschaft vom Menschen / Science of Man. Jahrbuch der Internationalen Erich Fromm-Gesellschaft, Münster (Lit-Verlag) 1992, pp. 57-68. [= Millán, S., 1991a] N2 - >Die Dritte Welt und der Gesellschafts-Charakter<: Die von Erich Fromm aufgestellte Theorie des Gesellschafts-Charakters gibt uns die Möglichkeit, uns die emotionalen Prozesse zu erklären, die sich in den Individuen im Verlauf des sozialen Anpassungsprozesses entwickeln und verändern. Nach Fromms Schema, das von den sozialen Strukturen ausgeht, ist der Gesellschafts-Charakter zwischen der ökonomischen Basis und den Ideen angesiedelt. Wenn man in Rechnung stellt, dass die sozio-ökonomischen Faktoren den Charakter beeinflussen und determinieren, kann man nicht von einem gleichartigen Charakter in der Ersten und der Dritten Welt sprechen – Differenzen, die in empirischen Studien aufgewiesen wurden, haben das gezeigt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Dynamik des Geschlechterkampfes geschildert, der nicht nur für die Dritte Welt zu gelten scheint. Die Studien zum Gesellschafts- Charakter haben unterschiedliche Charaktertypen beschrieben; in diesem Text werden Charaktertypen dargestellt, die bei führenden Persönlichkeiten in einer mexikanischen Provinzgemeinde angetroffen wurden. Ebenso werden einige theoretische Aspekte untersucht, wie z.B. der Einfluss der sozio-ökonomischen Bedingungen, das kapitalistische Modell und der Zusammenbruch der totalitären Regime in den Ländern des Ostens. Schließlich erfolgt eine kurze Zusammenfassung des praktischen sozialpsychoanalytischen Prozesses, im Anschluss an eine methodologische Studie, die der Anwendung des interpretativen Fragebogens in der erwähnten Provinzgemeinde voraufging. N2 - >Il terzo mondo e il carattere sociale<: La teoria del carattere sociale elaborata da Erich Fromm ci dà la possibilità di spiegare i processi emotivi che si sviluppano e si modificano negli individui nel corso dei processi di adattamento sociale. Secondo lo schema di Fromm, che parte dalle strutture sociali, il carattere sociale si colloca tra la base economica e le idee. Quando si tiene conto che i fattori socioeconomici influenzano e determinano il carattere, non si può parlare di un carattere simile nel primo e nel terzo mondo. Ciò è stato dimostrato dalle differenze rilevate negli studi empirici. In questo lavoro viene descritta la dinamica della lotta tra i sessi, che non sembra valere soltanto per il terzo mondo. Gli studi sul carattere sociale hanno descritto tipi di carattere distinguibili; in questo testo vengono presentati dei tipi di carattere trovati in personalità preminenti di un’amministrazione provinciale messicana. Vengono anche esaminati alcuni aspetti teorici, come per esempio l’influsso delle condizioni socioeconomiche, il modello capitalistico e il crollo dei regimi totalitari nei paesi dell’Est. Segue infine un breve riassunto del processo sociopsicoanalitico pratico, dopo uno studio metodologico che ha preceduto l’applicazione del questionario interpretativo nell’amministrazione provinciale già menzionata. N2 - >El tercer mundo y el carácter social<: La teoría del carácter social propuesta por Erich Fromm nos permite explicarnos los fenomenos emocionales que se dan y fluctúan en los individuos durante los procesos de adaptación social. La misma estaría colocada entre la base económica y las ideas, esquema que describe a las estructuras sociales. Tomando en cuenta que los factores socioeconómicos influyen y determinan el carácter, no se puede hablar de uno mismo para el primer mundo o para el tercer mundo, las diferencias encontradas en los estudios empíricos lo han demostrado. Se describe la dinámica de la lucha entre sexos que parece vigente no solo para el tercer mundo. Los estudios del carácter social han descrito tipos de carácter y en el texto se describen los encontrados en la modalidad de Líderes en una comunidad de provincia del estado de Hidalgo. Tambien algunos aspectos teóricos de las influencias socioeconómicas, el modelo capitalista y el >fracaso< totalitario de los paises del este. Por último una breve reseña de los procesos de la práctica sociopsicoanalítica derivada de un estudio metodológico previo con el cuestionario interpretativo, en dicha comunidad de provincia. T3 - Yearbook / Jahrbuch (1990-1995) - w03/1992f Y1 - 1992 ER -