TY - GEN A1 - Cui, Jingjing T1 - Absence of Love in James Joyce’s >Dubliners< [论詹姆斯•乔伊斯《都柏林人》中爱的缺席], Master Thesis, English Language and Literature, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China 2018 [application of Fromm's theories to art] N2 - 詹姆斯•乔伊斯是后现代主义文学史上极具影响力的领军人物和奠基人之一,他是二十世纪最伟大的作家之一,其作品及>意识流<思想对世界文坛影响巨大。乔伊斯的作品风格并非一开始就具有鲜明独特的现代主义特色,而是逐步从现实主义文学特征转变而来。小说集《都柏林人》是他的所有作品中拥有最多读者的一部,也正是这部小说集使乔伊斯意识到自己有着作为小说家的无穷潜力。由于乔伊斯不愿为了迎合出版商和公众的品味而修改或删除作品中的任何一个字符,因此,他花了大约八年时间才使这本书得以出版。由此可见,《都柏林人》中的每一个字符对乔伊斯来说都意义非凡,同时对于解读这部作品也起着至关重要的作用。《都柏林人》是一部很容易阅读的作品,但是要真正理解这部作品却很困难。虽然至今为止这部小说集已出版100余年,但是文中仍有许多疑问吸引着乔学研究者和普通读者去研究和解答。文中描写的都柏林人面临着各种各样的困境是人们的共识,而埃里希•弗洛姆有关爱的理论指出爱是解决人类生存问题的答案,因此,运用弗洛姆有关爱的理论去解读文中人物所面临的生存困境具有十分重要的意义。生命中爱的缺席导致无论是《都柏林人》中的儿童还是成年人都面临着由此带来的各种问题。正是由于都柏林人丢失了爱这把解决自我存在问题的钥匙,他们的生活才变成了一幕幕悲剧。博爱源于同情心,是一切爱的基础,它是一种对于非血缘关系之人的爱,是共性而非个性。乔伊斯以一种客观的态度描写了《都柏林人》描写了朋友之间、熟识的人之间、陌生人之间爱的缺席现象。亲属之间的爱已经缺席,而这一问题在无血缘关系的朋友,熟人和陌生人之间更为严峻。爱需要付出、关心、尊重、责任以及了解,但是这些都是他们不愿或者没有能力给予对方的。文中的都柏林人对自己的同胞缺乏最基本的同情心。父母之爱是孩子健康成长的保护伞和助推器。母爱给孩子带来安全感,让他们感受到生活的美好;父爱教会孩子勇敢的面对生活中的困难和挫折;父母之爱的陪伴是培养孩子学会爱人能力的不可或缺因素。《都柏林人》描写了父母之爱缺席的三种不同家庭:未提及父母而孩子与其他亲属住一起的家庭、父母离异或者其中一人过世的破碎家庭、完整却无爱的家庭。由于父母的缺席,或者作为父母却未履行其责任和义务,又或者是对于父母之爱的误读,这些家庭中的孩子无法享受到父母之爱,从而也丧失了爱人的能力。两性之间的爱具有排他性,但是正是在这种爱之中,人们学会去爱其他人。文中所谈及的恋人或者夫妻之间没有爱情可言,还有一些人终其一生也没有机会享受到爱情的美好。恋人之间没有爱,夫妻之间的爱随着时间的流逝逐渐淡化直至消失,还有很多单身之人对爱情持有不恰当的观点,或者由于自身和外部环境无法享受到爱情的美好。爱的缺席对于当时的都柏林人和现代社会中的人来说都是一个亟待解决的问题。正如乔伊斯在《都柏林人》中所描写的那样,爱的缺席给当时的都柏林人造成了的极大的危机,这也正是他们陷入生存困境的重要原因。爱是人类生存问题的答案,但是人们却在逐步丧失爱的能力。人们必须在生活中不断学习去爱、培养爱的能力。 N2 - James Joyce is one of the leading and most influential modernists in the literature history. His works of streams of consciousness have greatly influenced the literature world. However, he was not a modernist at the start of his writing career but became one gradually. >Dubliners< as one of the most widely read among his works is a starting point where Joyce discovered his power as a writer of fiction. It took him around eight years to make it published to keep every original word instead of modifying or deleting some contents to meet the public taste according to the publishers’ suggestion, which obviously proves the importance of every word of Dubliners to Joyce and of the analysis. It is easy to read but difficult to understand this book practically. Though it was published over a hundred years ago, there are still lots of confusing questions puzzling both researchers and common readers. However, it is agreed that Dubliners are in various plights. According to Erich Fromm, love is the answer to all human problems. Children and grow-ups face all kinds of problems owing to the absence of love in their life. It is of significance to analyze Dubliners according to Fromm’s love theory. Love is the key to all human troubles. Dubliners lose this key, which causes their tragic life. Brotherly love, the basis of other kinds of love, is a kind of love among people who are not genetically related with each other. It is based on one’s sympathy for others. James Joyce describes the absent love among friends, acquaintances, and strangers in an objective manner. Love is absent among the intimate relatives, let alone among those relations which are not connected by blood. Love needs giving, responsibility, concern, respect, knowledge and sympathy, but all of these are what they do not want to or have no capacity to give. Dubliners in the novels lose the sympathy with each other. Parental love is the protection and impetus to help children grow up healthily. Maternal love gives the children a sense of security and helps them see the beauty of life; fatherly love encourages children to face and solve the problems bravely. Parental love is a necessary element to cultivate the children to learn to love others. Dubliners describes three different kinds of families in which parental love is absent: the first one is a family with children who do not live with their parents but with other relatives; the second is a broken family in which children grow up with their parents who are divorced or one of whom is dead; the third one is an intact family in which children are raised without love. Due to the absence of parents, unfulfilled duties of the parents or the improper understanding of parental love, children who grow up in such families cannot enjoy parental love and lose the right to be loved and the ability to love. Love between the two sexes is exclusive, but a man learns to love all the rest from this love. There is little love between lovers or couples in this collection of stories, and the Spinsters and the Unmarried Male have no chance to enjoy this love. True love does not exist between the lovers, or it disappears between couples with time going by. Some unmarried men have inappropriate views about love and cannot see its charm. Love is not only absent in Ireland during that time, but also in modern society. As Joyce describes in Dubliners, the absence of love causes Dubliners identity crisis and dilemmas. Love is the answer to all human problems, but more and more people are losing this ability. One must learn to love others constantly. [Author’s translation] Y1 - 2018 ER -