@article{Rocha, author = {Rocha, Ant{\´o}nio Menezes}, title = {O conceito de homem em Erich Fromm}, series = {An{\´a}lise Psicol{\´o}gica, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1986), pp. 253-262. [Print ISSN: 0870-8231] [repositorio.ispa.pt/bitstream/10400.12/2118/4/1986_2_253.pdf]}, journal = {An{\´a}lise Psicol{\´o}gica, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1986), pp. 253-262. [Print ISSN: 0870-8231] [repositorio.ispa.pt/bitstream/10400.12/2118/4/1986_2_253.pdf]}, abstract = {Erich Fromm, de origem austr{\´i}aca, viveu grande parte da sua vida nos Estados Unidos da Am{\´e}rica e {\´e} um dos: homens mais representativos da escola neopskaml{\´i}tica. Os factores sociais t{\^e}m uma import{\^a}ncia extraordin{\´a}ria na sua obra, e o instinto seriafun{\c{c}}iio desses mesmos factores. A sua obra, vasta e muito profunda, {\c{c}}up{\~o}e actualmente uma oposi{\c{c}}{\~a}o muito forte {\`a}s concep{\c{c}}{\~o}es freudianas. Segundo Fromm, o grande mro de Freud reside no facto de ele n{\~a}o ter considerado a grande diferen{\c{c}}a que existe entre a rigidez do animal e a relativa liberdade do homem no terreno dos instintos. O homem possui uma sexualidade e todos os outros instintos que o animal tamb{\´e}m possui, mas n{\~a}o lhes est{\´a} subjugado. Tem uma determina{\c{c}}{\~a}o de car{\´a}cter sociwultural que deriva da ant{\´i}teses{\´i}ntese ((instinto-se ciedadev. Abordaremos, seguidamente, as ideias fundamentais da concep{\c{c}}{\~a}o antropkjgica de Erich Fromm.}, language = {es} } @misc{RizkiYuliatin, author = {Rizki Yuliatin, Riyanna}, title = {Lari dari Kebebasan: Kajian psikoanalisis humanistis Erich Fromm terhadap tiga seri novel KKPKk little Ballerina Karya Thia [Escape from Freedom: Study of the three Novel Series KKPKK Little Ballerina by Thia according to Erich Fromm's Humanistic Psychoanalysis], Master's thesis, Literary Studies, Gadjah Mada Univeristy, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 2015, Indonesian [application of Fromm's theories to art]. - Only abstract and content available.}, abstract = {Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat mekanisme pelarian diri yang digunakan Thia sebagai manusia modern dalam ketiga seri novel KKPK Little Ballerina. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan teori psikoanalisis Erich Fromm, khususnya konsep pelarian diri. Fromm berasumsi bahwa pada dasarnya manusia modern melepaskan kebebasan karena kebebasan selalu hadir bersama ancamannya tersendiri. Terdapat tiga mekanisme yang bisa digunakan untuk melakukan pelarian diri, yaitu: otoritarisme, kedestruktifan, dan konformitas. Data-data yang dikumpulkan berupa kata-kata baik yang bersumber dari data utama, yaitu novel, maupun wawancara. Kemudian data-data dianalisis dengan melihat hubungan-hubungan tekstual yang ada dalam ketiga seri novel dengan konsep mekanisme pelarian diri. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara kebutuhan-kebutuhan manusia dengan mekanisme pelarian diri. Melalui jenis kebutuhan-kebutuhan manusia yang dipenuhi memperlihatkan mekanisme pelarian diri yang digunakan. Otoritarisme terbentuk dengan memenuhi kebutuhan keterhubungan. Kedestruktifan muncul setelah kebutuhan keunggulan terpenuhi. Sementara itu, konformitas tercipta setelah kebutuhan kerangka orientasi, keberakaran, dan kepekaan identitas terpenuhi. Thia menggunakan ketiga mekanisme pelarian diri tersebut. Dari ketiga mekanisme tersebut terlihat hubungan antara satu dengan lainnya. Pola kebebasan menjadi pola tetap dalam cerita-cerita Thia, sementara pola ketidakbebasan menjadi bentuk tersendiri yang muncul berkaitan dengan perkembangan psikologis dari anak-anak akhir ke remaja awal dan pengalaman mengikuti les balet.}, language = {mul} } @article{Roh, author = {Roh, Jan}, title = {>Die Furcht vor der Freiheit< von Erich Fromm. Eine Abhandlung zu Kapitel 3a >Mittelalterlicher Hintergrund und Renaissance< Studienarbeit, Fachbereich Soziologie - Individuum, Gruppe, Gesellschaft, Grin Verlag 2016, 7 pp.}, abstract = {Der vorliegende Text setzt sich kritisch mit Erich Fromms Text zur Furcht vor der Freiheit auseinander. Schwerpunkt der Auseindersetzung ist Fromms Kapitel zur Rennaissance. Es wird argumentiert, dass nicht eine Furcht vor der Freiheit ausschlaggebend f{\"u}r die Genese autorit{\"a}rer Gesellschaftlichkeit ist, sondern die der kapitalistischen Produktionsweise immanente Tendenz, jegliche Subsistenzmittel zu zerst{\"o}ren. Der Freudmarxist Erich Fromm widmet sich in seinem Buch >Die Furcht vor der Freiheit< der Charakterstruktur und der Bedeutung der Freiheit f{\"u}r den modernen Menschen. Fromm vertritt die These, dass der moderne Mensch, je mehr er Individuum wird und sich von den >Fesseln der vorindivualistischen Gesellschaft (Fromm 2014: 7) befreie, sich entweder mit der Welt in >spontaner Liebe und produktiver Arbeit< vereine oder Bindungen eingehe, die seine Freiheit und die Integrit{\"a}t seines individuellen Selbst zerst{\"o}re (ebd.23) Das Individuum der Moderne ist f{\"u}r Fromm stets Produkt eines widerspr{\"u}chlichen Gesellschaftsprozesses. Diesen Prozess meint er auch in den ideologischen und sozio{\"o}konomischen Entwicklungen der Reformation entdecken zu k{\"o}nnen. Gesellschaftliche Umw{\"a}lzungen und Verwerfungen gingen Hand in Hand und bringen - damals wie heute - menschliche Freiheit und Autonomie mit sich, jedoch nur um den Preis der sozialen Isolation, die mithin neue Bindungen und die Unterwerfung unter eine h{\"o}here Autorit{\"a}t hervorbringe. In Kapitel 3a >Mittelalterlicher Hintergrund und Renaissance< versucht Fromm den {\"U}bergang von mittelalterlichen Gesellschaften zur Renaissance und dem >Italiener der Renaissance< (ebd. 39) zu skizzieren, dessen Charakterstruktur er als Ausgangspunkt des modernen Individuums sieht. [Buecher.de]}, language = {de} } @article{Rentmeester, author = {Rentmeester, Casey}, title = {Pharmaceutical Advertising and the Subtle Subversion of Patient Autonomy}, series = {Journal of Medical Humanities, Vol. 43, No. 1 (2022), pp. 159-168. [Online ISSN 1573-3645] [doi.org/10.1007/s10912-020-09633-7]}, journal = {Journal of Medical Humanities, Vol. 43, No. 1 (2022), pp. 159-168. [Online ISSN 1573-3645] [doi.org/10.1007/s10912-020-09633-7]}, abstract = {Direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising (DTCPA) is pervasive in the United States. Beyond its effect on consumer behavior, DTCPA changes the relationship between individuals and physicians. The author provides a brief history of pharmaceutical advertising in the United States. The author then analyzes the current commonly used marketing techniques of pharmaceutical companies and argues that pharmaceutical companies are >irrational authorities< in Erich Fromm's sense of the term since they seek to exploit persons. Using concepts from various philosophers from the Continental tradition, with a particular emphasis on the work of Michel Foucault, the author analyzes the power relations involved in DTCPA and ultimately argues that DTCPA subtly undermines the contemporary paradigm of patient autonomy while simultaneously depending upon it by treating health consumers as >dividuals<, that is, as porous entities to be manipulated.}, language = {en} } @article{Ren, author = {Ren, Sizhong}, title = {Humanization of Technology: Observing Digital Integration of the Elderly Group by Erich Fromm's Humanistic Theory [术的人道化:由弗洛姆的人道主义理论看老年群体的数字融入]}, series = {Journal of Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, No. 9 (2022), pp. 51-54.}, journal = {Journal of Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, No. 9 (2022), pp. 51-54.}, abstract = {Entering the 14th Five-Year Plan period, accompanied by significant trend of China's population aging, the digital integration of the elderly group has become the core concern in academic circles. In view of this, taking Erich Fromm's humanistic theory and his philosophy for considering China's reality, open the interface between the elderly and technology from three top-level designs of understanding needs, stimulating creativity, and strengthening education support, which could help the elderly group to adapt to digital life and enjoy its dividends smoothly. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]}, language = {zh} } @article{Rocha, author = {Rocha, Samuel D.}, title = {Obedience}, series = {Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol.56, No. 4 (2022), pp. 627-636. [Online ISSN 1467-9752] [doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12697]}, journal = {Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol.56, No. 4 (2022), pp. 627-636. [Online ISSN 1467-9752] [doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12697]}, abstract = {This is a phenomenological description of existential obedience, which draws out a contrast between it and ressentiment and existential envy, and compares it with pedagogical obedience. The discussion is developed with reference especially to the work of Erich Fromm, Emerson, and Nietzsche. Eds.: This paper forms part of a special issue titled >Beyond Virtue and Vice: Education for a Darker Age<, in which the editors invited authors to engage in exercises of >transvaluation<. Certain apparently settled educational concepts (from agency and fulfilment to alienation and ignorance) can be reinterpreted and transvaluated (in a Nietzschean vein) such that virtues become vices, and vices, virtues. The editors encouraged authors to employ polemics and some occasional exaggeration to reimagine educational values that are all too readily accepted within contemporary educational discourses.}, language = {en} } @misc{Romero, author = {Romero, Rachel}, title = {The Role of Matriarchies and Patriarchies in Social Evolution Vis-{\`a}-vis Bachofen and His Influence on the Social Sciences, Thesis, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree for the degree of Master of Science, Sociology, University of North Texas, Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex, Texas, USA 2008, 69+7 pp. [oaktrust.library.tamu.edu/bitstream/handle/1969.1/85971/Romero.pdf]}, abstract = {Johan Jakob Bachofen (1815-1887) was a Swiss anthropologist and sociologist whose 1861 book, Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World is best known for his radical claims that matriarchy preceded patriarchy, and that matriarchy is the source of human society, religion, and morality. Scholars have acknowledged Bachofen's influence on a long list of writers, including but not limited to: Lewis Henry Morgan, Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Mann, Friederich Engels, Karl Marx, Erich Fromm, Joseph Campbelll, Emile Durkheim, Carl Gustav Jung, Thorstein Veblen, Ferdinand Tonnies, and Pitirim Sorokin. The focus of my thesis is to bring attention to Bachofen's influence on the early sociologists (Engels, Durkheim, Tonnies, Sorokin), and more importantly, on the later sociologists and other social scientists whom these early sociologists in turn influenced, including: David Riesman, Talcott Parsons, and Jean Baudrillard.}, language = {en} } @article{Roehe, author = {R{\"o}he, Daniel}, title = {Oedipus returns to the opera: The repressed in psychoanalysis and musicology}, series = {International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 31 (No. 3, 2022), pp. 161-175.}, journal = {International Forum of Psychoanalysis, Vol. 31 (No. 3, 2022), pp. 161-175.}, abstract = {After publishing a psychoanalytic inquiry on Enescu's and Stravinsky's Oedipal operas, it seemed worth offering comments about other artistic depictions based on Oedipus' myth. Josep Soler's and Xiao-song's versions were studied in relation to their orientalist sources. Soler's opera shed further light on Oedipus' paranoid crisis in his duet with the blind seer. Seneca, Soler's main inspiration, also influenced M{\´e}reaux's Oedipal opera, which portrays the phantom of Laius requiring vengeance for his murder, a situation similar to the one Freud and Jones commented on in their analysis of Hamlet. Another ghost was found in Pierre Bartholom{\´e}e's OEdipe sur la route, which depicts a return of Oedipus' own complex and its psychopathological comorbidities even after he chastised himself. Psychopathological symptoms were also observed in Sacchini's version, probably the most famous of all Oedipal operas in its century. Furthermore, the focus now is not only on Oedipal operas, but also on a version of the Jocasta debate. Also attended to in this article are other operas and artistic representations that do not deal directly with the Oedipus myth. A list of 30 Oedipal operas with musical examples offers a fruitful space for debates on psychopathological issues related to the most important complex in psychoanalysis.}, language = {en} } @article{RosalesMendoza, author = {Rosales Mendoza, Jos{\´e} Manuel}, title = {Habitar en el exilio: casa Fromm y casa Bu{\~n}uel en M{\´e}xico}, series = {Ciencia ergo-sum, Vol. 27, No. 2 (2020), pp. 1-16. [Online ISSN 2395-8782] [cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/12769/10875]}, journal = {Ciencia ergo-sum, Vol. 27, No. 2 (2020), pp. 1-16. [Online ISSN 2395-8782] [cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/12769/10875]}, abstract = {Relacionado con la historia de la arquitectura mexicana del siglo XX, este art{\´i}culo expone y entrelaza la trayectoria del psicoanalista Erich Fromm y el cineasta Luis Bu{\~n}uel con los arquitectos Arturo S{\´a}enz de la Calzada y Oscar Coll Alas, quienes fueron los encargados de crear los hogares de estas figuras en M{\´e}xico. Se explora el proceso de di{\´a}spora de los personajes y su exilio en tierras mexicanas, as{\´i} como el momento y circunstancias de encuentro, sus preconcepciones en el {\´a}mbito arquitect{\´o}nico, las caracter{\´i}sticas de las construcciones que dise{\~n}aron, construyeron y habitaron para finalmente entrelazar su propuesta te{\´o}rica o est{\´e}tica con los hogares elegidos. Palabras clave: exilio espa{\~n}ol en M{\´e}xico, arquitectos del exilio, casas del exilio, arquitectura mexicana del siglo XX.}, language = {es} } @article{RosasdeLeonLabarcaReverol, author = {Rosas de Le{\´o}n, Yn{\´e}s Elena and Labarca Reverol, Catalina}, title = {Violencia, espiritualidad y resiliencia en estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa Arquidiocesana >Bicentenario del Natalicio de El Libertador< [Violence, spirituality and resilience in students of Education Unit Archdiocesan >Bicentenario del Natalicio de El Libertador<]}, series = {Telos (Maracaibo), Vol. 18, No. 2, (2016), pp. 302-317. [Print ISSN 1317-0570] [redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99345727009]}, journal = {Telos (Maracaibo), Vol. 18, No. 2, (2016), pp. 302-317. [Print ISSN 1317-0570] [redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=99345727009]}, abstract = {Este estudio de tipo cualitativo, tuvo como objetivo identificar c{\´o}mo la espiritualidad es un factor de resiliencia ante la cultura de la violencia que viven los j{\´o}venes que asisten a la Unidad Educativa Arquidiocesana >Bicentenario del Natalicio de El Libertador< de Maracaibo. Se realiz{\´o} durante el per{\´i}odo 2012-2013. La recolecci{\´o}n de la informaci{\´o}n se realiz{\´o} mediante entrevistas a profundidad a 10 adolescentes estudiantes de esta Unidad Educativa, de los cuales 6 fueron mujeres y 4 varones, cuyas edades oscilaron entre 13 y 17 a{\~n}os y se encontraban cursando 8vo, 5to y 6to a{\~n}o de Bachillerato. El an{\´a}lisis se realiz{\´o} mediante la Teor{\´i}a Fundamentada. Los principales autores que guiaron el estudio fueron Frankl (1990), Llobet (2005), Gonz{\´a}lez y Ginart (2011) Fromm (1978) y Walsh (2004). Como resultados, se determin{\´o} que para los estudiantes de esta Unidad Educativa, la espiritualidad ha sido un factor de Resiliencia ayud{\´a}ndolos a enfrentar la cultura de la violencia. Estos j{\´o}venes han tenido proceso de interiorizaci{\´o}n y crecimiento interior gracias a la experiencia espiritual, como una b{\´u}squeda, de salud mental, motivaci{\´o}n, comportamiento, conciencia, que imprime identidad y proyecta al ser humano hacia nuevos y mejores horizontes. Esta espiritualidad no est{\´a} conectada con una Iglesia en especial, ni {\´u}nica, sino con una experiencia, con un ambiente, con una manera de vivir, de ser, de estar y de superar los problemas. Permiti{\´e}ndoles Violencia, espiritualidad y resiliencia en estudiantes de la Unidad Educativa Arquidiocesana >Bicentenario del Natalicio de El Libertador<.}, language = {es} } @article{Rosen, author = {Rosen, Lugene}, title = {A Culture of Necrophilia: The Rise of the Undead in Film}, series = {Library Articles and Research (Chapman University), Paper 6 (2008), pp. 1-14. [digitalcommons.chapman.edu/librarian_articles/6]}, journal = {Library Articles and Research (Chapman University), Paper 6 (2008), pp. 1-14. [digitalcommons.chapman.edu/librarian_articles/6]}, abstract = {In recent years, the undead have been on the rise in films. Zombies and vampires are taking center stage and raking in money in record amounts. Resident Evil moved on to its fourth installment, 28 Days Later morphed into 28 Weeks Later, and 30 Days of Night is scoring some serious box office attention. George Romero, the king of the undead film, released his latest Land of the Dead, fourth in the Night of the Living Dead, Dawn of the Dead, and Day of the Dead series. There has even been an updated remake of Dawn of the Dead where the zombies transform from the shambling mounds of the past to the hyperdrive zombies of today. But what makes these films, so focused upon the living dead, so popular? Are we attracted to the undead because we, as Americans, are morphing into a society of necrophiles? Or are we already a society of necrophiles simply searching for an outlet? By examining the genre with an eye to Erich Fromm's concept of necrophilia in a mechanized world, a new trend reveals itself. According to Fromm, as the world becomes more and more mechanized, humans become more and more disassociated from their selves, creating a move from biophilia to necrophilia. As we become inured to social ills and violence, it's a small step from being distanced from life to being attracted to death. If the trend continues, the undead in films will be mere reflections of the undead in a mechanized world. Art imitates life. In the case of the undead in film, art imitates death. And who doesn't love art?}, language = {en} } @misc{Romanetto, author = {Romanetto, Matheus}, title = {Review K. Durkin and J. Braune (Eds.), Erich Fromm's Critical Theory: Hope, Humanism, and the Future, New York (Bloomsbury Academic) 2020}, series = {Thesis Eleven, Vol. 165, September 8, 2021, Sage Journals.}, journal = {Thesis Eleven, Vol. 165, September 8, 2021, Sage Journals.}, language = {en} } @article{Rojo, author = {Rojo, Julieta}, title = {Relaciones humanas y salud mental en tiempo de pandemia}, series = {Red Coteci-CTI, Posicionando a M{\´e}xico en el ecosistema del conocimiento y la innovaci{\´o}n (Tomo 1), 2023, pp. 32-33.}, journal = {Red Coteci-CTI, Posicionando a M{\´e}xico en el ecosistema del conocimiento y la innovaci{\´o}n (Tomo 1), 2023, pp. 32-33.}, language = {es} } @article{Romanetto, author = {Romanetto, Matheus}, title = {Is There Room for Otherness in Humanism? Erich Fromm's Alternative}, series = {Psychoanalytic Inquiry, Routledge, Vol. 44 (No. 1, 2024), pp. 071-084.}, journal = {Psychoanalytic Inquiry, Routledge, Vol. 44 (No. 1, 2024), pp. 071-084.}, abstract = {Humanism has been criticized as a philosophical and political stance from different points of view in recent decades. The paper summarizes four common types of criticism, stemming from political, ethical, technological, and ecological concerns. These criticisms relate back to a preoccupation with the respect for otherness or difference, either toward human or non-human beings. The paper tries to demonstrate that these concerns are also to be found as essential elements in the development of humanism itself, not only among its political and theoretical opponents. It does so with reference to Erich Fromm's works, where a life-oriented ethics is coupled with a demand for sustained political relatedness to difference, without giving up notions of a radical humanism and the anthropology that accompanies it.}, language = {en} } @book{Romanetto, author = {Romanetto, Matheus}, title = {Critique and affirmation in Erich Fromm: Humanistic politics and the psychoanalytic clinic, London (Routledge) 2024, 278 pp.}, language = {en} } @article{Saumantri, author = {Saumantri, Theguh}, title = {Konsep Manusia dalam Teori Psikoanalisis Humanis Dialektik Erich Fromm [Erich Fromm's Humanistic Concept in Dialectic Humanistic Theory of Psychoanalysis]}, series = {Sanjiwani - Jurnal Filsafat, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2022), pp. 13-27. [doi.org/10.25078/sanjiwani.v13i2.1282]}, journal = {Sanjiwani - Jurnal Filsafat, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2022), pp. 13-27. [doi.org/10.25078/sanjiwani.v13i2.1282]}, abstract = {Fromm adalah seorang psikoanalisis, ahli teori sosial, sekaligus filsuf. Dalam perjalanan kehidupannya fromm mengkaji tentang kepribadian manusia, oleh karena itu fromm dalam teori humanis dealiktiknya menunjukkan perhatiannya terhadap perjuangan manusia yang tidak pernah menyerah untuk memperoleh kebebasan dalam kaitannya dengan kebutuhan manusia untuk berhubungan dengan orang lain. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk memahami makna, urgensi dan hakikat kebutuhan manusia dalam teori psikoanalisis humanis dialektik erich fromm sebagai modal eksistensi diri manusia di dunia ini dan membaca kerangka pemikiran erich fromm yang dipandang memiliki pengaruh besar terhadap kepribadian manusia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis deskriptif dihasilkan kesimpulan bahwa konsep munusia dalam perspektif teorinya erich fromm di pandang sebagai bentuk kesadaran manusia. Manusia miliki sifat suprabiologis yang unik dan dibangun dalam karakter manusia. Hidup manusia ditentukan oleh alternatif yang tak terelakkan antara kembali pada eksistensi hewani atau tiba pada eksistensi manusia sejati.}, language = {mul} } @article{SaumantriZulfikarHafizid, author = {Saumantri, Theguh and Zulfikar Hafizid, Jefik}, title = {Rekonstruksi psikoanalisis humanis dialektik Erich Fromm dalam pendidikan pesantren Reconstruction of Erich Fromm's Dialectical Humanist Psychoanalysis in Islamic Boarding Schools (Indonesian)}, series = {Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Ilmu Studi Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2022), pp. 111-133. [doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v18i1.880]}, journal = {Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Ilmu Studi Ushuluddin dan Filsafat, Vol. 18, No. 1 (2022), pp. 111-133. [doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v18i1.880]}, abstract = {Pesantren sebagai lembaga pendidikan memberikan sebuah kontribusi yang besar dalam bidang keagamaan. Pendidikan di pesantren memandang bahwa manusia diberi keistimewaan dengan kemampuan berpikir untuk memahami alam semesta, dirinya sendiri, dan tanda - tanda keagungan Tuhan. Dalam pandangan erich fromm manusia pada esensinya adalah makhluk hidup yang organisme yang memiliki bentuk proses energi atau gairah yang memberikan dorongan untuk mencapai kep uasan kepada dunia sekitarnya. Jika ditinjau dalam perspektif p endidikan pesantren, santri sebagai manusia yang berada dalam dilema eksistensial yang mengalami kebingungan dan mencoba mencari cara untuk mengatasi masalah eksistensialnya tersebut. Pendidikan pesantren yang lebih banyak mendidik secara rohani sangat diperlukan dan memiliki peran dalam permasalahan ini. Erich Fromm dalam teori Humanistik Dialektiknya memberikan sebuah pandangan bahwa manusia yang bereksistensi memiliki kebutuhan dasar dan karakter. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji pemikiran erich fromm sebagai paradigma eksistensi manusia yang tidak pernah berhenti untuk berdialektika dalam dunia realitas ke hidupnya. Metodologi dalam penelitian ini merupakan metode penelitian pustaka atau library research, yang mengkaji sumber literatur mengenai pemikiran tokoh dan objek penelitian yang terdapat dalam buku, jurnal, ataupun artikel. hasil penelitian ini menggambarkan bahwa manusia dalam hal ini santri yang menempuh pendidikan pesantren sepatutnya diberikan sebuah tuntunan untuk memiliki sikap kritis dalam proses pembelajaran bahkan dalam situasi yang mendasari kebutuhan eksistensinya sebagai manusia. Dalam pandangan Teori Humanis Dialektik erich fromm sesungguhnya sikap kritis yang ada pada diri manusia dipakai untuk mendialektikan suatu problematika hidup, yang tampak tidak se suai (berlawanan) dan mencari upaya untuk mengatasinya. Melalui sistem pendidikan pesantren, peserta didik atau santri akan dapa t menge tahui dirinya dan keberdaan orang disekitarnya dengan mem perhatikan serta memahami suatu keunikannya yang ada pada diri manusia.}, language = {mul} } @article{Sastawardani, author = {Sastawardani, Arinda}, title = {Perilaku hedonis tokoh lola dalam Novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah (melalui Pendekatan Psikologi Erich Fromm - The Hedonic Behavior of the Character Lola's in the Novel >Cewek Matre< by Alberthiene Endah (Through Erich Fromm's Psychological Approach)] [application of Fromm's theories to art]}, series = {UNESA - Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2012), 13 pp.}, journal = {UNESA - Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Vol. 1, No. 2 (2012), 13 pp.}, abstract = {Dalam Novel Cewek Matre karya Alberthiene Endah, Lola sebagai tokoh utama memiliki perilaku hedonis yang juga dimiliki oleh sebagian besar masyarakat metropolitan di Indonesia. Perilaku ini membuat kehidupan Lola yang awalnya berjalan lancar tanpa masalah berarti menjadi penuh konflik yang berkepanjangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan (1) Bagaimanakah bentuk perilaku hedonis yang dilakukan oleh tokoh Lola dalam novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah? (2) Bagaimana latar belakang timbulnya perilaku hedonis pada diri Lola dalam novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah? (3) Bagaimanakah dampak perilaku hedonis yang dilakukan oleh tokoh Lola terhadap lingkungan sekitarnya dalam novel >Cewek Matre< karya Alberthiene Endah? berdasarkan teori psikologi humanistik Erich Fromm. Pendekatan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pendekatan sosiologi sastra, sedangkan teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah teknik analisis isi atau content analysis dengan menggunakan metode tafsir sastra atau hermeneutik. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa tokoh Lola memiliki perilaku hedonis yang berupa gemar menghambur-hamburkan uang, membeli barang-barang mewah, dan menjadi cewek matre. Perilaku hedonis ini bukanlah perilaku bawaan lahir Lola, melainkan bentukan dari lingkungan sosial Lola yang menstimulus Lola untuk memiliki perilaku hedonis.}, language = {mul} } @article{SantosGomez, author = {Santos G{\´o}mez, Marcos}, title = {La horizontalidad de las relaciones humanas y la tolerancia [The >Horizontalness< of Human Relations and Tolerance]}, series = {Utop{\`i}a y Praxis Latinoamericana, Vol. 11, No. 34 (2006), pp. 79-90. [Print ISSN 1315-5216] [redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27903406]}, journal = {Utop{\`i}a y Praxis Latinoamericana, Vol. 11, No. 34 (2006), pp. 79-90. [Print ISSN 1315-5216] [redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=27903406]}, abstract = {La >tolerancia< es un valor que se puede entender como inclusi{\´o}n entusiasta del otro en el propio mundo. Partimos de esta visi{\´o}n, resaltan do que, desde ella, sertoleranterequerir{\´i}atenerla capacidad y la posibilidad de escuchar. Aludimos, en este sentido, tanto a una disposici{\´o}n interior del sujeto como a una estructuraci{\´o}n social determinada que permitan esta escucha, pero enfatizamos en especial la necesidad de una configuraci{\´o}n ps{\´i}quica apropiada, que denominamos >horizontalidad<. Seguimos en especial los planteamientos de Erich Fromm y Paulo Freire, entre otros, para describir dicha >horizontalidad tolerante< y terminar hallando en ella la salud y la reconciliaci{\´o}n del hombre consigo mismo.}, language = {es} } @article{SaumantrSanusi, author = {Saumantr, Theguh and Sanusi, Anwar}, title = {Refleksi atas Pandemi Covid-19 Berdasarkan Perspektif Teori Psikoanalisis Humanis Erich Fromm [Reflections on the Covid-19 Pandemic Based on the Perspective of Erich Fromm's Humanist Psychoanalytic Theory]}, abstract = {The world is currently shocked by a new virus, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or what is known as covid-19. The virus, which was first discovered in Wuhan, China, has claimed thousands of human victims, including in Indonesia. Many things have happened in terms of humanity in this Covid-19 phenomenon. The occurrence of social distancing, solidarity to help each other even excessive concern for the victims of covid-19. Which in the end has an impact on the exclusion and rejection of these covid-19 victims, which should not have happened. According to a German philosopher, Erich Fromm. In his humanist psychoanalytic theory, Erich Fromm, basically humans under any circumstances have social attachments in the form of love and cooperation with others.}, language = {mul} } @article{SatriyoWJati, author = {Satriyo W, Deni and Jati, Ariya}, title = {Erotic Love Reflected in Elizabeth Barrett Browning's >How Do I Love Thee?<, Article, English Language and Literature, English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia 2015, 7 pp. [eprints.undip.ac.id/48566/1/JURNAL_-_DENI_SATRIYO_W.pdf] [application of Fromm's theories to art]}, abstract = {The poem entitled >How Do I love Thee?< was written by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. This poem tells about how Elizabeth Barrett Browning loves her sweetheart. Her love to her sweetheart is very wonderful and strong. The purpose of this study is to describe the category of love in the poem by using Erich Fromm's the theory of love as the method of approach. In addition, this study also explains the characteristic of that category of love in the poem. The writer uses library research in his study for collecting the data. The result of this study shows that love desire that is felt by Elizabeth Barrett Browning is not a sexual contact but it is a wish to be a couple of lover. It can be categorized into erotic love. It has been proven by several characteristics of erotic love reflected in the poem. That characteristics are like it is not universal or it is only specific to one person for craving complete union, it is very exclusive from its own nature and strong commitment of Elizabeth Barrett Browning that makes her love is endless love.}, language = {en} } @article{Sattorovich, author = {Sattorovich, Jumaev Ulugbek}, title = {Personal identification and identification in national culture}, series = {Academicia: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2020), pp. 151-155. [Online ISSN 2249-7137] [doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.00028.2]}, journal = {Academicia: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2 (2020), pp. 151-155. [Online ISSN 2249-7137] [doi.org/10.5958/2249-7137.2020.00028.2]}, abstract = {The article explains the importance of forming identity for the psychological and spiritual development of an individual. The author notes that the role of folk culture in the formation of national identity in modern society has diminished, and it analyzes the socio-psychological conditions in which the specific role of folk culture can be restored: modern economic and socio-cultural activities of new cultural functions; acquisition by assimilation by species; creation of favorable environment, including information environment; unifying the community around the main objectives of the educational process; to look for new educational practices and to consider cultural and historical psychology. Indeed, >one of the worst forms of psychological suffering is boredom, not knowing what to do with yourself and your life<, concluded Fromm. The consequences of the state not formed by individuals or the loss of identity become a crisis of national identity, which is a prerequisite for the loss of national sovereignty (national self-consciousness). Problem researchers tell us that the >living< of our native culture, the deep emotional connection with it, and the understanding of the meanings of it, are made by the individual, the customs, values, special forms of cultural, historical, social and spiritual life of the motherland. Book publishing centers, Russian culture of all nations, etc. Their self-awareness in difficult financial conditions made people think not only about survival, but also to adopt a language and culture that was alien to them.}, language = {en} } @article{Siebert, author = {Siebert, Rudolf J.}, title = {The Critical Theory of Religion, Article, Comparative Religion, Western Michigan University, Kalamzoo, Michigan, USA 2001, 56 pp. [rudolfjsiebert.org/web_publications/CT_Intro.pdf]}, abstract = {The critical theory of subject, society, culture and history of the Frankfurt School originated in the experience of the horror of World War I. Max Horkheimer, Walter Benjamin, Theodor W. Adorno, Friedrich Pollock, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse, Alfred Sohn-Rethel and other, later critical theorists tried to make sense out of the senseless war experience in Frankfurt a. M., Berlin, Stuttgart, or elsewhere, by exploring the writings of Immanuel Kant, Friedrich W.J. Schelling, Georg W.F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Karl Marx, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Sigmund Freud.}, language = {en} } @article{SholihahSubandiyah, author = {Sholihah, I'anatus and Subandiyah, Heny}, title = {Kepribadian Marxian Tokoh Utama dalam Novel >Sunyi di dada sumirah< karya Artie Ahmad (Kajian Psikologi kepribadian Marxian Erich Fromm) [Marxian Personality of the Main Character in the Novel >Silence in Sumirah's Chest< by Artie Ahmad (Psychological Study of Erich Fromm's Marxian Personality)] [application of Fromm's theories to art]}, series = {Bapala (Surabaya), Vol. 9, No. 6 (2022), pp. 98-112. [ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/bapala/issue/view/2634]}, journal = {Bapala (Surabaya), Vol. 9, No. 6 (2022), pp. 98-112. [ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/bapala/issue/view/2634]}, abstract = {Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kepribadian Marxian pada tokoh utama pada novel >Sunyi di Dada Sumirah< karya Artie Ahmad menggunakan teori psikologi kepribadian Erich Fromm. Kepribadian Marxian adalah kepribadian yang muncul pada diri manusia sebagai bentuk perjuangannya untuk memperoleh martabat dan kebebasan. Bentuk kepribadian tersebut tampak pada kondisi eksistensi manusia. Kondisi tersebut meliputi dilema eksistensi, kebutuhan manusia, dan mekanisme pelarian diri. Untuk menemukan hal-hal tersebut, digunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui teknik studi kepustakaan dan teknik >Content Analysis< sebagai teknik analisis datanya. Hasil penelitian ini meliputi: (1) 50 data dilema eksistensi manusia yang terdiri atas manusia sebagai binatang dan manusia sebagai manusia, hidup dan mati, kesempurnaan dan ketidaksempurnaan, serta kesendirian dan kebersamaan; (2) 25 data kebutuhan manusia yang terdiri atas kebutuhan kebebasan dan keterikatan, dan kebutuhan untuk memahami dan beraktivitas; serta (3) 7 data mekanisme pelarian diri berupa otoritarianisme, perusakan, dan penyesuaian yang dialami oleh tokoh Sunyi, Sumirah, dan Suntini.}, language = {mul} } @article{SholihahIndarti, author = {Sholihah, Rosita Nur and Indarti, Titik}, title = {Kepribadian Marxian Tokoh Utama dalam Novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut< karya Okky Madasari (Kajian Psikologi Kepribadian Marxian Erich Fromm) [application of Fromm's theories to art]}, series = {Bapala (Surabaya), Vol. 8, No. 6 (2021), pp. 43-56. [ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/bapala/issue/view/2409]}, journal = {Bapala (Surabaya), Vol. 8, No. 6 (2021), pp. 43-56. [ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/bapala/issue/view/2409]}, abstract = {Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dilema eksistensi, kebutuhan manusia, serta mekanisme pelarian tokoh utama dalam novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut<. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah psikologi kepribadian Marxian Erich Fromm. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan psikologi. Sumber data dalam penelitian ini adalah novel >Mata dan Manusia Laut< yang merupakan novel ketiga dari empat serial novel >Mata< karya Okky Madasari. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa unit-unit teks yang menunjukkan aktivitas, dialog, perbuatan maupun perilaku tokoh utama terkait kepribadian Marxian. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik baca dan catat. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis objektif yang berpusat pada karya sastra secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya kepribadian Marxian dalam novel yang digambarkan melalui peristiwa-peristiwa yang dihadapi tokoh Matara. Kepribadian Marxian tokoh Matara yang ditemukan dalam penelitian ini berupa (1)dilema eksistensi meliputi manusia sebagai binatang dan sebagai manusia, hidup dan mati, ketidaksempurnaan dan kesempurnaan, kesendirian dan kebersamaan; (2)kebutuhan manusia meliputi kebutuhan kebebasan dan keterikatan, kebutuhan untuk memahami dan beraktivitas; serta (3)mekanisme melarikan diri dari kebebasan berupa otoritarianisme, perusakan, dan penyesuaian.}, language = {mul} } @article{SilvaJuniorLirio, author = {Silva Junior, Nelson da and L{\´i}rio, Daniel Rodrigues}, title = {A recodifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o p{\´o}s-moderna da pervers{\~a}o. Sobre a produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o do comportamento de consumo e sua gram{\´a}tica libidinal [The postmodern re-codification of perversion: On the production of consumer behavior and its libidinal grammar]}, series = {{\´A}gora (Rio J): Estudos em Teoria Psicanal{\´i}tica, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2006), 13 pp. [Print ISSN 1516-1498] [doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14982006000100005]}, journal = {{\´A}gora (Rio J): Estudos em Teoria Psicanal{\´i}tica, Vol. 9, No. 1 (2006), 13 pp. [Print ISSN 1516-1498] [doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14982006000100005]}, abstract = {Considerando a cr{\´i}tica de Adorno {\`a} ind{\´u}stria cultural, a qual torna a cultura um meio de produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o do comportamento de consumo, tentamos demonstrar como a gram{\´a}tica da pervers{\~a}o tende a monopolizar as formas de prazer na p{\´o}smodernidade. De acordo com nossa hip{\´o}tese, a produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o de consumo recodifica o recalcamento origin{\´a}rio concebido por Freud: tal gram{\´a}tica suprime a satisfa{\c{c}}{\~a}o libidinal de forma an{\´a}loga {\`a} repress{\~a}o prim{\´a}ria, contudo, ao inv{\´e}s de utilizar as tens{\~o}es insatisfeitas da libido para o trabalho, ela direciona a satisfa{\c{c}}{\~a}o erotica para o prazer de consumir. Desta forma, ela formata a satisfa{\c{c}}{\~a}o perversa para que esta se coadune com os interesses da economia.}, language = {pt} } @article{Silvaetal, author = {Silva, Fl{\´a}vio Luiz Honorato da and et al.,}, title = {As perspectivas de Viktor Frankl e Erich Fromm sobre o amor e a humanidade [Viktor Frankl and Erich Fromm's perspectives on love and humanity] [Las perspectivas de Viktor Frankl y Erich Fromm sobre el amor y la humanidad]}, series = {Research, Society and Development, Vol. 10, No. 10 (2021), pp. 1-8. [ISSN 2525-3409] [doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19120]}, journal = {Research, Society and Development, Vol. 10, No. 10 (2021), pp. 1-8. [ISSN 2525-3409] [doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i10.19120]}, abstract = {As perspectivas de pensamentos da Logoterapia e An{\´a}lise Existencial de Frankl e a Psican{\´a}lise de Freud, apesar de vis{\~o}es diferentes de ser humano e mundo, h{\´a} muito em comum, principalmente quando as influ{\^e}ncias do humanismo e existencialismo afetam os pensamentos de psicanalistas. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar os pressupostos te{\´o}ricos sobre o amor e humanidade de Viktor Emil Frankl e Erich Fromm considerados dois humanistas. O artigo busca indicar, apesar das diverg{\^e}ncias entre as duas abordagens psicol{\´o}gicas, posi{\c{c}}{\~o}es em comum principalmente semelhan{\c{c}}as de pensamentos, ou seja, concord{\^a}ncias de ideias em benef{\´i}cio de um bem comum da sa{\´u}de mental do indiv{\´i}duo na terapia. Foram utilizadas pesquisas bibliogr{\´a}ficas em livros e artigos em bases de dados, por meio dos fundamentos te{\´o}ricos dos pensamentos de Viktor Emil Frankl e de Erich Fromm. Averiguou-se que, mesmo de escolas divergentes em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o aos conceitos de ser humano e mundo, as duas abordagens apresentam, de acordo com os pensadores, perspectivas que convergem em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o aos construtos de amor e humanidade.}, language = {pt} } @article{SiguanSoler, author = {Siguan Soler, Miquel}, title = {Erich Fromm: itinerario de un pensador}, series = {Anuario de Psicolog{\´i}a / The UB Journal of Psychology, No. 22 (1980), pp. 3-11. [Print ISSN 0066-5126] [revistes.ub.edu/index.php/Anuario-psicologia/article/view/9534/12383]}, journal = {Anuario de Psicolog{\´i}a / The UB Journal of Psychology, No. 22 (1980), pp. 3-11. [Print ISSN 0066-5126] [revistes.ub.edu/index.php/Anuario-psicologia/article/view/9534/12383]}, abstract = {Erich Fromm nace en Frankfurt con el siglo, en 1900, de modo que su adolescencia coincidc con la primera gran guerra y su juventud y sus afios de estudiante con la derrota de Alemania y el d{\´e}bil equilibri0 de la rep{\´u}blica de Weimar entre 10s intentos revolucionarios y la reacci{\´o}n nacionalista. En estos a{\~n}os recorre su peregrinaje universitario, Heidelberg, Munich y finalmente Berlin, la ciudad sorprendente que al mismo tiempo que v{\´i}ctima de una crisis econ{\´o}mica y pol{\´i}tica sin precedentes es un fabuloso crisol de ideas de las que en buena parte vivimos todavia, de la literature comprometida a la pintura abstracta, del cine impresionista a la arquitectura funcional. Y actuando de fermento y de revulsivo el marxismo y el psicoan{\´a}lisis. Fromm, que ha nacido en el seno de una familia judia piadosa en la que abundan 10s rabinos y que es dolorosamente sensible a 10s horrores de la guerra y de las injusticias de la crisis social, se inclina por el socialisme. Pero 10 que sobre todo desea es entender esta sociedad desgarrada y aparentemente irracional y para el 10 acude a las armas intelectuales que esta misma sociedad le ofrece como {\´u}ltimas novedades. Pronto forma parte del grupo psicoanalitico de Berlin -que Freud considera el mas importallte desputs del vjen{\´e}s- y en el que figuran hombres como Abraham, Fenichel y sobre todo W. Reich. Con Reich comparte el inter{\´e}s por la doctrina de Marx y el prop{\´o}sito de aunar psicoanalisis y mamismo.}, language = {es} } @article{Silver, author = {Silver, Ann-Louise S.}, title = {Ferenczis Einfluss auf Frieda Reichmann. Typescript 7 p.}, number = {unpublished version / unver{\"o}ffentlichte Fassung}, language = {de} } @book{Siebert, author = {Siebert, Rudolf J.}, title = {Hegel and the Critical Theory of Religion, ed. by Dustin J. Byrd, Kalamazoo / Michigan (Ekpyrosis Press) 2021, 349 pp.}, editor = {Byrd, Dustin J.}, language = {en} } @misc{Štědronsky, author = {Štědronsk{\´y}, Josef}, title = {Teorie psychologie osobnosti (starš{\´i} a novějš{\´i}) [Theories of Personality Psychology (Older and Newer)], Bachelor thesis, Psychology, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Poland 2012, 71 pp.}, abstract = {The bachelor´s thesis describes the philosophy of three important philosophers Erich Fromm, Victor Emanuel Frankl and Albert Camus. The work is divided into four chapters, in each of them I always deal with one specific problem from the point of view of all these philosophers. At the end of each chapter there is some conclusion and a summary of these thoughts as well as findings of similar characters of their philosophy. The first chapter is devoted to the problem of authentic way of the human existence. There are presented the basic features of Frankl´s, Fromm´s and Camus´ philosophy. The second chapter deals with the topic of freedom, primarily, whether the absolute freedom possible is or is not. The following chapter talks about the issue of human society and its impact on a human. The last chapter describes the problem of death and suicide. Whether these authors accept death as the end of the human life or whether they accept suicide as the solution of the human life. In conclusion, I tried to summarize the similar points of philosophy of these authors.}, language = {pl} } @misc{Štadlerova, author = {Št{\´a}dlerov{\´a}, Pavl{\´i}na}, title = {Srovn{\´a}n{\´i} n{\´a}zoru na lidskou existenci: existencialist{\´e}, Fromm a Frankl [Comparison of Opinions on Human Being: Existentialists, Fromm and Frankl], Bachelor thesis, Philosophy, University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, Poland 2013, 32 pp.}, abstract = {Bakal{\´a}řsk{\´a} pr{\´a}ce se zab{\´y}v{\´a} filozofi{\´i} tř{\´i} v{\´y}znamn{\´y}ch filozofů Ericha Fromma, Viktora Emanuela Frankla a Alberta Camuse. Pr{\´a}ce je rozdělena do čtyř kapitol, ve kter{\´y}ch se vždy zab{\´y}v{\´a}m jedn{\´i}m probl{\´e}mem z pohledu všech zm{\´i}něn{\´y}ch autorů. V z{\´a}věru kapitoly je určit{\´e} shrnut{\´i} těchto myšlenek a nalezen{\´i} podobn{\´y}ch znaků jejich filozofie. Prvn{\´i} kapitola je věnov{\´a}na probl{\´e}mu autentick{\´e}ho způsobu lidsk{\´e} existence. Ve druh{\´e} kapitole se zab{\´y}v{\´a}m t{\´e}matem svobody, a to předevš{\´i}m, zda je či nen{\´i} absolutn{\´i} svoboda možn{\´a}. N{\´a}sleduj{\´i}c{\´i} kapitola řeš{\´i} ot{\´a}zku lidsk{\´e} společnosti a jej{\´i}ho vlivu na člověka. Posledn{\´i} kapitola představuje probl{\´e}m smrti a sebevraždy. V z{\´a}věru pr{\´a}ce jsem se pokusila o shrnut{\´i} společn{\´y}ch bodů filozofie již zm{\´i}něn{\´y}ch filozofů.}, language = {pl} } @article{Steinberg, author = {Steinberg, Aaron}, title = {Die Weltanschauung des Bolschewismus}, series = {Sans phrase - Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Ideologiekritik, Wien 2021, pp. 225-240.}, journal = {Sans phrase - Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Ideologiekritik, Wien 2021, pp. 225-240.}, language = {de} } @article{Stambulski, author = {Stambulski, Michał}, title = {Batalia o człowieka czy przeciwko >człowiekowimanChiasm< Publishing Initiative) Poland 2016, pp. 103-112.}, journal = {Paweł Jabłoński and Rafał Włodarczyk (Eds.): Fromm - aplikacje, Wrocław (>Chiasm< Publishing Initiative) Poland 2016, pp. 103-112.}, abstract = {Praca ma na celu por{\´o}wnanie koncepcji filozoficznych Ericha Fromma i Michela Foucaulta. W szczeg{\´o}lności, rozważana jest w niej refleksja obu myślicieli nad XX-wiecznymi totalitaryzmami, ich stosunek do teo¬rii Marksa i Freuda oraz problem ujęcia historii w ich pracach. Z analizy tej wyłaniają się dwie odmienne hermeneutyki w ramach teorii krytycz¬nej. Jedna nakierowana na emancypację w imię materialistycznej na¬tury ludzkiej (Fromm), druga natomiast na emancypację od >człowieka< (Foucault). Pomimo iż obie koncepcje są odmienne, nie są przeciwstaw¬ne. Filozofia Fromma pozwala dostrzec ograniczenia filozofii Foucaulta i odwrotnie.}, language = {pl} } @article{Stachowski, author = {Stachowski, Ryszard}, title = {Ericha Fromma model zdrowia psychicznego [Erich Fromm's Model of Mental Health] [Erich Fromms Model der psychischen Gesundheit]}, series = {Boguslav Stelcer et al. (Eds.): Zdrowy człowiek i społeczeństwo w wizjach Alberta Schweitzera i Ericha Fromma, Poznań (Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski in Poznań), Poland 2012, 226-233.}, journal = {Boguslav Stelcer et al. (Eds.): Zdrowy człowiek i społeczeństwo w wizjach Alberta Schweitzera i Ericha Fromma, Poznań (Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski in Poznań), Poland 2012, 226-233.}, abstract = {Fromm's approach to mental health is based on the neurophysiology principle that the brain has an innate tendency to preserve life. This principle implies a basic condition of psychic health: the concomitant of the process of life itself respect for life, that of others as one's own. According to Fromm, this universal criterion of mental health, inextricably linked to ethical issues, gives a satisfactory solution to the problem of human existence.}, language = {pl} } @article{Stehen, author = {Stehen, Reiulf}, title = {Sosialisme og demokrati}, series = {E. Fromm (Ed.),Demokratisk Socialisme. Et internasjonalt symposium, Oslo (Dreyers Forlag) 1975, pp. 183-191.}, journal = {E. Fromm (Ed.),Demokratisk Socialisme. Et internasjonalt symposium, Oslo (Dreyers Forlag) 1975, pp. 183-191.}, language = {mul} } @article{Sporrer, author = {Sporrer, Lisa Maria}, title = {Was l{\"a}sst Menschen so irrational handeln? Gespr{\"a}ch mit Rainer Funk {\"u}bver Erich Fromm}, series = {Schw{\"a}bisches Tagblatt, T{\"u}bingen, 18. Februar 2023,}, journal = {Schw{\"a}bisches Tagblatt, T{\"u}bingen, 18. Februar 2023,}, language = {de} } @article{SteinOmeta, author = {Stein, Richard A. and Ometa, Oana}, title = {When public health crises collide: Social disparities and COVID-19}, series = {The International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 74, No. 9 (2020). [Online ISSN 1742-1241] [doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13524]}, journal = {The International Journal of Clinical Practice, Vol. 74, No. 9 (2020). [Online ISSN 1742-1241] [doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13524]}, language = {en} } @article{Redžić, author = {Redžić, Saduša F.}, title = {ЛИЧНОСТ, ТЕМПЕРАМЕНТ И КАРАКТЕР У ТЕОРИЈИ ЕРИХА ФРОМА [Personality, temperament and character in Erich Fromm's theory]}, series = {Зборник радова Филозофског факултета [Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini], Vol. 42, No. 2 (2012), pp. 391-410. [Online ISSN 2217-8082] [scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0354-3293/2012/0354-32931202391R.pdf]}, journal = {Зборник радова Филозофског факултета [Zbornik Radova Filozofskog Fakulteta u Prištini], Vol. 42, No. 2 (2012), pp. 391-410. [Online ISSN 2217-8082] [scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0354-3293/2012/0354-32931202391R.pdf]}, abstract = {Сажетак. Интерпретација тумачења људског карактера Ериха Фрома. Анализа индивидуалног и друштвеног карактера, као и односа религије и карактера, симбиотичког одношења, повучености-деструктивности и љубави као односа социјализације. Истицање важности продуктивне и непродуктивне оријентације у односима асимилације. Осврт на типове непродуктивног карактера: прималачки, израбљивачки, згрталачки и тржишни карактер, као и ауторитарно садомазохистички и револуционарни карактер. Разматрање величине и значаја Фромове мисли са социолошког становишта: друштвени карактер за Фрома има етички и хеуристички значај. Људске страсти су укорењене у карактеру и представљају начин да се да смисао постојању, да се одговори на људску егзистенцијалну ситуацију. За Фрома, најважнији циљ друштава би требало да буде потпуни развитак човека.}, language = {mul} } @misc{Qiu, author = {Qiu, Xiaoping}, title = {Love and Harmonious Society, Master thesis, Sociology, University: Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China 2007.}, abstract = {Love should be the moral ideality, spiritual backbone and value foundation which person should always be pursued. Ever since the society start, there has been mankind love of existence and mankind to love of pursue. But the spirit of love is lost in the social modernize. The interpersonal relation steps up a piece more, the morals apathetic phenomenon is widespread day by day, and the precious love is slowly disappearing; Person himself bear of the more and more mental stress, the self-contradict conflict of the outside in the mind and body turn worse, and the mental problem has already become an outstanding social problem; the relationship of the person and the nature also is placed in unprecedented opposition period. So, the ability of love for person has been appeared a certain degree to change with degeneration. Now, love, friendship, benevolence, all the precious virtues of person are giving way to the inhospitality, insulate, conflict, antinomy, all the hostile relationship. The western scholars have put forward many resolve paths, like Feuerbach's >The Religion of Love<, Fromm's >The art of Loving<, and Marcuse's >The Liberation of Eros< etc., all include very big meaning to loving theories analytical and realistic social judgment, but can't resolve the problem from the source. But the our country then is clearly putting forward the harmonious social great speculation of the socialism which sets up >democracy rule of law, fair justice, trustworthiness friendly affection, the stability have a preface, vibrant, person and nature harmony get along with<, resetting alight the mankind's fire of love, indicating mankind continuously toward the communism that person is free but develop completely.- Except the foreword and epilogue, this paper consists of three chapters. The first chapter mainly trims the thinking development about love in china and overseas history, which gives us academic references for solving the social problems. The second chapter analyses the loving alienation and imperfection problem in the contemporary society. Draw lessons from western scholars' research in the middle of the modern capitalism society, emphasize to point out that our country in the transform period appears the loving alienation and imperfection problem to have particular history source and realistic back ground at present, and compare the loving problems between china and overseas, explicit socialism harmony society be resolve loving alienation and imperfection, rebuild the ability of mankind's love, carry out the basic path of the mankind's love. Finally point out how to reconstruct the ability of mankind's love in the socialism harmony society. On the one hand continuously perfect the democracy role of law system, make the fair justice become the initial value of socialism, on the other hand strengthen the loving education, make the love become the behavior norm of the socialism and the spirit main factor of the socialism, provide strong spirit motive in the construction for the harmonious society. Deep study on this problem makes for much: to eliminate the thinking misunderstanding and transiting the social mental mentality; to make a better development of market economy in social democracy; to accelerate an intimately, cooperative and mutual affectionate social relationship; to establish a harmonious socialism social, construct an honest and helpful, friendly and harmonious social ethic atmosphere. By all means the harmonious society is the society full of a love. We must inherit the loving tradition in the excellent culture in the present stage and on the base of actual society continuously raise mankind spiritual civilization character, continuously make great effort for the harmonious society that full of love. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 6/2023]}, language = {zh} } @misc{Qiu, author = {Qiu, Manxia}, title = {The Alienation and Reconstruction of Stevens' Identity in >The Remains of the Day<, Master thesis, Chonqing University, Shapingba District, Chonqing, China 2022 [application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {As one of the most prestigious writers in contemporary British literary circles, Kazuo Ishiguro won the 2017 Nobel Prize for Literature owing to the fact that his novel with great emotional force, >has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world<. Kazuo Ishiguro's works have received a high degree of attention as soon as they were published. His works emphasize self-salvation and cherish the warmth of the world, break through the limitations of the theme of immigrant writers and set his sights on the universal human nature of the world. >The Remains of the Day< is the third novel published by Kazuo Ishiguro. It is known for its simplicity, elegance and subtle narrative style and it is also his most prestigious work so far. Kazuo Ishiguro succeeded in portraying the role of Stevens, a high-level butler who dedicated his life to the career of butlers in >The Remains of the Day<. The novel unfolds with Stevens, an ordinary British butler, using a reminiscence narrative approach. Stevens, the protagonist in his twilight years, has a reputation, but he is lonely, self-abased and helpless, and his identity is severely alienated. With Miss Kenton's letter and permission from his new employer, Stevens sets off on a six-day trip. Through the memories of the past, the people he meets and the things he sees during the journey, he explores the true meaning of life and rebuild the alienated identity. The novel leaves the reader with a hopeful open ending, which implies that Stevens will embrace a more real life on a positive way in the rest of the time. Academia usually studies and interprets >The Remains of the Day< from the perspectives of post-colonialism, cultural studies and narrative techniques. Some critics also analyze the power mechanism embodied in the novel from the perspective of the image of the other. However, the research on Stevens' identity cognition is not enough. Therefore, from the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis finds that Stevens' identity cognition is seriously alienated. The influence of social environment, the relationship between the dominant and the dominated, and the human nature that is the fear of loneliness are the most fundamental psychological factors of Stevens' identity alienation. From the perspective of social psychological analysis, this thesis will reveal the lonely and helpless living state of Stevens, the root of Stevens' identity alienation under the influence of the change of the times and the people around him, and the road of redemption to rebuild his identity recognition. In the meantime, the thesis aims to explore the intention that Ishiguro Kazuo tries to achieve in depicting the living conditions of the universal individual in modern society. First, in view of the theory of >abstract< social psychological analysis, the thesis discusses the social and environmental factors which contribute to the formation and alienation of Stevens' identity under the imperialist consciousness. Next, with the help of Fromm's authority theory, the deep psychological causes of Stevens' identity alienation from his treatment of father-son affection, loyalty and love are investigated. Then, from the perspectives of history and memory, love and emotion, the thesis analyzes the significance and value of Stevens' salvation of identity alienation. >The Remains of the Day< enlightens us that we should recognize our own identities and adapt to society correctly. Even if our identities are alienated, we can be redeemed and rebuilt through our own efforts, rekindling hope in life. [www.cnki.net, 1/2023]}, language = {zh} } @article{Puhl, author = {Puhl, Travis}, title = {Goethes >Clavigo< unter der Ideologie eines patriarchalisch-pr{\"a}kapitalistischen Systems. Erich Fromms Gesellschaftskritik des 20. Jh. in Johann Wolfgang Goethes Trauerspiel des Sturm und Drang, Studienarbeit, Fachbereich Germanistik - Neuere Deutsche Literatur, Grin Verlag 2021, 34 pp.}, abstract = {Schon Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wird die Thematik des Zusammenspiels von Patriarchat und Kapitalismus als konvergente Ideologie der Ungleichberechtigung der Frau in der literarischen Kunst sichtbar. Genauer: Goethes >Clavigo<, 1774 publiziert, thematisiert diese Thematik prototypisch. Doch wie kann diese Ideologie literarisch so umgesetzt werden, dass sie neben viel anderem Text auff{\"a}llt, sichtbar wird? Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, jener Frage nachzugehen und diese nach folgenden Schritten zu beantworten: Zuerst werden anhand eines Theorieteils systemtheoretische Grundlagen zu Patriarchat, M{\"a}nnlichkeit und Fragilit{\"a}t, Pr{\"a}kapitalismus und dessen Ideologie des Habens, nach Erich Fromm, dargelegt. Nach einem Modell von R. W. Connell - und z. T. auch von J. Halberstam - wird eine M{\"o}glichkeit zur Bestimmung des Grads sozialer M{\"a}nnlichkeit angewendet; im Anwendungsteil wird hieran aber auch Kritik aufgezeigt und versucht, weitere M{\"o}glichkeiten/Kriterien zur Bestimmung des Grads der sozialen M{\"a}nnlichkeit anzuf{\"u}hren. Im zweiten Teil der Ausarbeitung wird sich mit der textuellen Anwendung der Theorie befasst: Anhand der beiden Figuren Joseph Clavigo und Marie Beaumarchais wird versucht, die genannte patriarchalisch-pr{\"a}kapitalistisch Ideologie im St{\"u}ck aufzuzeigen und diese als Ursache f{\"u}r Figurenbeziehungen oder werkstrukturelle Abl{\"a}ufe zu betrachten, wie z. B. ein Figurentod - so die These. Hier werden u. a. der Warencharakter und die Fragilit{\"a}t der Marie Beaumarchais analysiert, aber auch der Grad der sozialen M{\"a}nnlichkeit Clavigos. [Weltbild.ch]}, language = {de} } @misc{Qin, author = {Qin, Chuan}, title = {The Research of Alienation Theme from >Hū l{\´a}n h{\´e} zhu{\`a}<, Master thesis, Chinese Literature, Xihua University, Jinniu, Chengdu, China 2022 [application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {The human term is Marx's lifelong theoretical subject. As the core connotation of Marx's philosophy, Marx's alienation theory expresses Marx's profound thinking and active exploration of human value. Marx's alienation theory differs from Hegel's and Feuerbach's theory. For Marx, he takes the realistic individual as the object of study, discusses four parts of alienation in >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844<. This book discusses about the four specific aspects of labor alienation theory. Marx's alienation theory is not invariable, but with the maturity and deepening of Marx's thought constantly changing and developing. >Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844< as a concentrated expression of Marx's early alienation theory, highlights the human alienation. At the middle and late of alienation theory focuses more on the level of methodology. After the publication of the 1844 manuscripts, western Marxists further enriched and developed Marx's alienation theory. With Luk{\´a}cs and Fromm as representatives, they also proposed the alienation theory at the spiritual and psychological levels. Based on Marx's alienation theory, this paper analyzes the theme of alienation in the novel from three aspects, including the alienation under the customs and conditions, the alienation of individuals and collectivity, and the alienation of family relations, by means of literature research, comparative analysis and other methods. The first level of alienation expresses existential alienation and spiritual alienation through some means of expression. The second alienation focuses on the three characters depicted by Xiao Hong, and reveals the alienation of individual and collective. The third level mainly focuses on the alienation of the sex and family in >Hū l{\´a}n h{\´e} zhu{\`a}<. The significance and value of individual life and existence revealed in the novel can also play a certain role in warning and guiding the problem of alienation arising in the developing of society. More than one hundred years ago, when China was facing the choice of system, Marx's alienation theory played a significant role. For the current reality, we need to combine Marx's theory alienation with social development, and realize, criticize and improve ourselves in the new stage of social development, so realize liberation and the freedom of human. [Translation: www.cnki.net, 1/2023]}, language = {zh} } @article{Putterman, author = {Putterman, Theodore L}, title = {Berlin's Two Concepts of Liberty: A Reassessment and Revision}, series = {Polity, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 416-446.}, journal = {Polity, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 416-446.}, abstract = {In distinguishing between negative and positive freedom, Isaiah Berlin expressed a preference for negative freedom. Given the track record of those who in the past have advocated positive freedom, this is not surprising. But advocates of positive freedom do not accept that tyranny necessarily results from embracing their conception of freedom, and they are convinced that a commitment to negative freedom is never enough to defend "freedom" against tyrants. They do, however, share one thing in common with those who favor negative freedom: both equate their conception of freedom with >true freedom,< and treat the other as either false or incomplete. This might suggest that Berlin's distinction is more a partisan's tool than a tool of analysis. I disagree. But rather than reducing it to a distinction between >freedom from< and >freedom to,< we need to expand it. Not only will this enable us to move beyond an important criticism of Berlin's conception of freedom, it will also provide a better explanation for why negative freedom is as likely as positive freedom to diminish "true freedom" and why positive freedom is as likely as negative freedom to increase it.}, language = {en} } @article{Qiu, author = {Qiu, Xuexian}, title = {弗洛姆的人生論及其在教育上的意義 [Fromm's Theory of Life and Its Significance in Education]}, series = {臺南師院學報 [Journal of Tainan Teachers College], Vol. 25 (1992), pp. 123-134.}, journal = {臺南師院學報 [Journal of Tainan Teachers College], Vol. 25 (1992), pp. 123-134.}, abstract = {本研究旨在探討弗洛姆的人生論,並闡釋其在教育上的意義。本研究主 要採用理論分析法。 本文共分四部分,首先,探討人究竟是什麼;其次,分析當前的社會環境;再次, 指出人類的新希望;最後,詳述弗洛姆的人生論在教育上的意義。}, language = {zh} } @article{RadziszewskaSzczepaniak, author = {Radziszewska-Szczepaniak, Danuta}, title = {Koncepcja religii w pismach Ericha Fromma [The Concept of Religion in the Writings of Erich Fromm]}, series = {Humanistyka I Przyrodoznawstwo, No. 0 (1994), pp.131-142.}, journal = {Humanistyka I Przyrodoznawstwo, No. 0 (1994), pp.131-142.}, language = {pl} } @article{Rabadanova, author = {Rabadanova, R. S.}, title = {Erich Fromm as a reformer of psychoanalysis}, series = {философия и культура [Philosophy and Culture], No. 7 (2008). [ISSN: 1999-2793]}, journal = {философия и культура [Philosophy and Culture], No. 7 (2008). [ISSN: 1999-2793]}, language = {ru} } @article{Remer, author = {Remer, Scott}, title = {Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom, and Pseudo-Populist Authoritarianism}, series = {New Politics Journal, New York January 21, 2022.}, journal = {New Politics Journal, New York January 21, 2022.}, language = {en} } @article{Reichardt, author = {Reichardt, Horst-Peter}, title = {Partisanen der Humanit{\"a}t [Partyzanci humanistyki] [The Partisans of the Humanities]}, series = {Boguslav Stelcer et al. (Eds.): Zdrowy człowiek i społeczeństwo w wizjach Alberta Schweitzera i Ericha Fromma, Poznań (Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski in Poznań), Poland 2012, 68-75.}, journal = {Boguslav Stelcer et al. (Eds.): Zdrowy człowiek i społeczeństwo w wizjach Alberta Schweitzera i Ericha Fromma, Poznań (Medical University of Karol Marcinkowski in Poznań), Poland 2012, 68-75.}, abstract = {Tytuł rozdziału zaczerpnięty został z tekstu Hansa Jurgena Schultza ukazują-cego pięć jego zdaniem kluczowych w kontekście walki o godność człowieka i ludzkości postaci dwudziestego wieku. Są to Martin Luther King, Dietrich Bon-hoeffer, Reinhold Schneider, Albert Schweitzer i Erich Fromm. Dw{\´o}ch ostatnich, mimo tak odmiennych biografii i dziedzictwa rodzinnego połączyło szczeg{\´o}lnie dobitnie wyrażanie szacunku dla pełnego rozwoju wszelkich form życia. Erich Fromm wskazywał że człowiek może i powinien znale{\'{z}}ć poprzez własne nieza-leżne i krytyczne myślenie o sobie, wolne od manipulacji i interes{\´o}w politycz-nych, czy ograniczeń ekonomicznych ideał istoty biofilnej. Erich Fromm opisy-wał biofilność jako charakterologiczną podstawę swej analitycznej psychologii społecznej. Biofilność powoduje że człowiek jest przyciągany do innych istot żywych i potrzebuje kontaktu z naturą, aby być zdrowym, aby znale{\'{z}}ć sens swo-jego życia i realizować się w nim. Albert Schweitzer odnalazł kontakt z naturą w dżungli w Gabonie i w tym szczeg{\´o}lnym odległym od cywilizacji miejscu reali-zował w praktyce idee szacunku dla życia. Jego biofilność bardziej niż w przy-padku Fromma, wyrażała się czynem. Dla obu filozof{\´o}w życie jest podstawą ludzkiej egzystencji i gwarantem obecności najwyższych wartości kulturowych. Można ich traktować jak partyzant{\´o}w humanistyki chociażby dlatego, że podob-ni są do oddanych swej sprawie bojownik{\´o}w na rzecz szlachetnego człowieczeń-stwa. Fromm zwr{\´o}cił uwagę, że nie starczy życie zasobne, bogate, wolne od głodu, bez wewnętrznego rozwoju człowieka. Schweitzer z przekonaniem, że każdy ma swe własne Lamaberene, zwracał uwagę na praktyczne kształtowanie człowieka etycznego. Obaj ukazali że r{\´o}żne drogi prowadzą do wsp{\´o}lnego celu, odmienne światopoglądy wskazać mogą wsp{\´o}lny cel jakim jest poszanowanie życia.}, language = {de} } @misc{RanggaErfizal, author = {Rangga Erfizal, Muhammad}, title = {Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam perspektif teori Agresi Erich Fromm The Scope of War in the Perspective of Erich Fromm's Aggression Theory, Bachelor thesis, Philosophy, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Java, Indonesia 2016, Indonesian. - Only abstract and content available.}, abstract = {Penelitian ini berjudul >Ruang Lingkup Perang dalam perspektif teori Agresi Erich Fromm<. Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh sebuah realita kehidupan manusia. Perang memiliki latar belakang dan tujuan berbeda dari masing-masing individu dan kelompok. Hal ini sering dipertanyakan apakah perang merupakan sebuah kehendak manusia. Peneliti tertarik untuk mengkaji lebih jauh mengenai pandangan masyarakat tradisional dan modern dalam memandang perang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengupas pandangan manusia dalam melihat perang dengan menggunakan teori Erich Fromm dalam konsep Agresinya. Kekerasan muncul disebabkan oleh kondisi eksistensial manusia yang tidak dapat berkembang ke arah kebaikan. Kondisi eksistensial yang buruk menyebabkan manusia bertindak sadis. Erich Fromm membagi ke dalam dua jenis agresi. Pertama, agresi defensif yang secara biologis telah terprogram dalam diri manusia, fungsinya sebagai alat bertahan, juga ada pada binatang yang muncul ketika kepentingannya terancam. Kedua, agresi destruktif yang tidak terprogram secara biologis dan hanya dimiliki manusia, agresi ini muncul semata-mata dipengaruhi oleh nafsu untuk mendominasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menemukan sudut pandang masyarakat tradisional dan modern dalam memandang perang dengan tinjauan Teori Agresi Erich Fromm. Objek material dalam penelitian ini adalah kehendak berperang manusia. Objek formal penelitian adalah Teori Agresi Erich Fromm. Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian sistematis reflektif dengan pengambilan dan analisis data melalui studi pustaka, baik dari buku-buku, jurnal, karya ilmiah yang berkaitan dengan judul penelitian. Metode yang digunakan adalah sistematis reflektif secara filosofis. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan unsur metodis deskripsi, interpretasi, kesinambungan historis dan refleksi kritis. Hasil yang dicapai dalam penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: memperoleh pemahaman mengenai kehendak berperang manusia yang menjadi realitas tidak dapat dihindari, sehingga membuat manusia berjuang untuk melakukan kekerasan. Dalam hal ini, kekerasan digunakan oleh manusia karena merasa terasing oleh keadaan di sekitarnya. Manusia tradisional maupun modern sering terjebak dalam keadaan destruktif yang memaksanya untuk melakukan kekerasan. Perkembangan masyarakat memaksa manusia untuk bergerak lebih dinamis, secara langsung menghubungkan manusia yang tadinya terpisah menjadi makhluk sosial, hal ini memotivasi manusia untuk mendominasi manusia lainnya. Perang merupakan keniscayaan hidup dalam perjalanan peradaban umat manusia.}, language = {mul} }