@misc{Pereira, author = {Pereira, S. P.}, title = {El psicoan{\´a}lisis humanista y la incorporaci{\´o}n del paradigma de la complejidad en la formaci{\´o}n anal{\´i}tica. Dissertation Universidad Argentina John F. Kennedy, Escuela De Graduados, Doctorado En Psicolog{\´i}a Social, Buenos Aires 2006, 473 p.}, number = {unpublished version / unver{\"o}ffentlichte Fassung}, language = {es} } @misc{Pekkola, author = {Pekkola, Mika}, title = {Phrophet of Radicalism. Erich Fromm and the Figurative Constitution of the Crisi of Modernity, Jyv{\"a}lskl{\"a} (University of Jyv{\"a}lskl{\"a}) 2010, 271 p.}, language = {en} } @misc{Chai, author = {Chai, Danlu}, title = {Survey on Philosophy of Alienation [异化问题的哲学审视], Master thesis, Philosophy of Science and Technology, Chang'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 2009, 190 pp.}, abstract = {Alienation is a concept of philosophy and sociology. The word, alienation, originated from Latin with the following meanings: surrender, transfer, estrangement, difference, separation, insanity, etc… Later, different philosophers interpreted alienation in different ways. Hobbes explained transfer of rights with the use of alienation. As for Hegel, he considered alienation as externalization of absolute spirit. Marx's alienation theory mainly focused on laboring alienation. Luk{\´a}cs regarded alienation as materialization. Fromm argued that modern society was a collective alienating society. Based on the origins of alienation this article analyzed these classical ideas through various perspectives of its meaning and characterization such as productivity alienation, consumption alienation, science alienation, politics alienation and so on. The article also analyzed the features of alienation at different social conditions and times on the basis of traditional western sociologies, which deemed that the interaction of the relation between human being and the nature and the relation among human beings contributed to the development of human history. However, this kind of interaction must alienate at special period of human history. Additionally, this interaction could definitely choose to quit alienation at some period. Therefore, the article comes to a conclusion that alienation is a >must< way to the evolution of human society and a product of the development of human society.- Actually, alienation is a definition on relations. This article argued that alienation is that the object negate the subject during the practice process and social development and human values come into conflict in the field of social history and finally concludes that alienation exists inside the whole process of human practice and lives with the history of human being, which will not form the basis of human tragedies, but the inside motivation and source of human pursuit and the endless development of human beings. Currently, China at a special period should give much attention to >alienation< phenomena and its severe negative effects, take a correct attitude at its long-term inevitability during the process of social development and its possibility that might be controlled, valued the diversity of social conditions, strive to create a fair society, complete social legal system, improve socialism spiritual construction and inherit the classics of Chinese traditional culture and effectively carry out these measures in order to restrain the phenomena of alienation at the beginning period of socialism.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Chai, author = {Chai, Tingting}, title = {Another Marx: A Humanism Annotation. On Fromm's Humanistic Interpretation of Marxist Philosophy [另一个马克思:一种人本主义化的诠释], PhD thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2008.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is a humanitarianism philosopher, he and Frankfurt's classmate advocated that through eliminates the disassimilation, the regression human nature path to realize person's liberation. Fromm's humanism theory intently reflection in his book >Marx's Concept of Man<, and he appeared by explains the genuine Marxism. Therefore, our research mainly bases on Fromm's this book. Fromm stood on >Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844<, carried on humanism explanation to the Marxist philosophy, thought that Marxist philosophy is take >the humanitarianism and the disassimilation< as the foundation person study. To Marxism's understanding is the Fromm's humanism theory premise. Firstly, he has criticized that kind and twists the Marxist philosophy misregistration to only pay great attention person's material want, to neglect person's spiritual needs and the spiritual development vulgar materialism explanation at that time. In his opinion, Marxist philosophy is one kind about person's philosophy. >Marx's philosophy also represents one kind of protest, protested that person's disassimilation, protested the human loses his oneself, protested that the human changes into the thing.< It is the result that Marx inherits the West humanitarianism philosophy tradition, this philosophy tradition's essence is causes to person's concern, the human latent to be able to realizes. Obviously, Fromm has made the understanding which make the Marxist philosophy humanism, and pointed out that opposes the Marx youthful days and the grown-up time's thought and separates the Marx thought unified to make the law is to the Marx theory and Marx misinterpreting. In his eye, Marxist philosophy is a human study. From this indication, Fromm carries on the explanation to the Marx philosophy from person's natural disposition, the disassimilation, humanitarianism.- About person's natural, Fromm believed that Freud uses >the biology< the method belongs to person's natural disposition biological, Marx emphasizes person's sociality using one kind >the sociology< the method, this both respectively have the limitation, only synthesizes two person of theories in the glory truth thought, then possibly forms one perfect theory of human nature. Therefore, he studies the human nature question the method to surmounts two person >the sociobiology<, makes one kind of dynamic explanation from inside and outside factor interaction's angle to the human nature, he believed that the human nature is the potential, Human, then develops this kind of potential which does in the historic course, and defers to the human nature possible development direction to transform this kind of potential. Fromm stressed that human's natural takes root in the human survival condition one kind of contradiction. When the human was unable to overcome the existence two things to have all sorts of spiritual needs, these spiritual needs are precisely >humanity's unique driving influence Archimedes spot<, which also the human becomes person's only factor. Thus it can be seen, Fromm was still replying that >the human is anything< this question, but >anything is anything< the inquiry is actually the modern metaphysics thinking mode, makes every effort to obtain one to eternally unchanging, the idealistic ultimate existence, then definitely say, Fromm obtains finally >the abstract person<, this >the reality person< is very different from Marx.- Embarks from the modern metaphysics' thinking mode, presses >the human is anything<, take this kind of hypothesis's invariable abstract essence as a premise, take that this kind of idealistic person as the genuine person, but under system of private Capitalist property condition, when the reality person's work causes itself and person's that ideal essence departs from and opposes, Fromm's disassimilation theory as scheduled. He regards the disassimilation as individual one kind of subjective feeling, namely >the human takes the main body which and the object separates, to accept passively experiences the world and his oneself<, and develops the work disassimilation in >Draft manuscript< into the universal disassimilation, thus pointed out that >the disassimilation< for the Marx philosophy's core, but this kind of understanding has violated Marx's original intention. We acknowledged that the disassimilation in >Draft manuscript< is a central concept, the disassimilation is the deviation to person's kind of essence. In the final analysis, >Draft manuscript< did not have to get rid of the old philosophy abstract humanism completely the fetter. But after 1845, the situation had the obvious change, about the disassimilation, Marx only has also used, if also used this philosophy terminology >temporarily<, >was easy to understand with the philosopher< like this described, The disassimilation no longer discussed as the theory, but takes one kind of phenomenon to describe. This is a scotoma in Fromm's thought platform, therefore, we must understand the relations between Marx earlier period and the later period work, Marx establishes historical materialism which provided the survival thought logic, To understand human, no longer presses >person's essence is anything<, but >person's reality survival condition is what kind of<, as realized from the abstract person to the reality person's transformation. Fromm ignores totally the Marx later period's thought change, take vulgar materialism's question, the human nature reconstruction, the disassimilation analysis as one kind of humanitarianism concern finally. He thought that the Marxism essence is humanitarianism, the goal is the humanitarianism socialism, his socialism is that the human liberates from the disassimilation, through restores all people the disassimilation and the free activity to cause oneself to be liberated, and in this society, the pursue goal is a human, not the product, the human no longer is abnormal, it turned the full development person, thus realizes the unifies between the human and the ideal natural. Embarks from such thought logic, take the Marxism understanding as traditional humanitarianism inevitably.- This kind of humanitarianism is a humanism itself, But Marx still care about the human, he similarly take the human as core. From this significance, we are called the Marxism >new< humanitarianism for the time being, in fact, this is an appraisal and the standard criterion question. What so-called >the humanity< is the human >road of the survival<, but under the different historic condition, have the different survival need, namely >the humanity criterion is the history<, similarly, under any historic condition, exists conforms with the human survival the need, namely >humanity value<. Therefore, cannot embark from ideal, the general human nature, but appraises the reality the rationality from under the reality historic condition person. Thus, when tradition humanitarianism bases on the abstract human nature or person's essence establishes ethics principle, formed abstract ethics principle which has surmounted so-called which all historic condition, abstract eternally unchanged >justly<, >fair<, >friendly< and so on, but when Marx the philosophy has realized the transformation from the abstract person after the reality person, and caused the philosophical basis of the ethics to have the target transformation. The ethics principles are also put person's reality survival requirement foundation to understanding, namely, >friendly<, >just<, >fair<. These ethics principle is also understood for the reality, the history, but non-abstract, eternal. Thus, take the humanity's survival value as the appraisal social system's ultimate criterion, as surmounts all the evaluation criteria of the abstract humanitarianism, then this is run counter that Fromm pulls Marx back abstract humanitarianism. Generally speaking, this book's basic concept is untenable, but it provides a new angle of view to understand many Marx's thought, it is a big instructive to how to us to understand that person's question. And it is a critique to the capitalism cause personality's distortion, human nature loses, person's perishing with the disassimilation, make us see capitalist society's other aspect, deepen to the capitalism understanding, for us, it provides the theory weapon to understand and the analysis capitalist society comprehensively, objectively.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Ceng, author = {Ceng, Cairu}, title = {Fromm's Idea of >Escape from Freedom< and its Contemporary Significance [弗罗姆>逃避自由<思想及其当代意义], Master thesis, Marxist Theory and Ideological and Political Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China 2008.}, abstract = {Since from the ancient Greek and the ancient Roman, the human society has been developed for several millenniums and the freedom is always the human's valuable goal for pursuing as well as the attentive topic in this process, people's reverent desire for dreaming of and pursuing the freedom becomes the power to push forward the human society to advance and progress unceasingly. But in 1930's, the Germanic nationality sang the elegy for the freedom, they gave it up, choosing Hitler's despotic and dictatorial ruling. Why did the history process become so differently? Was the desire for pursuing it wrong? Or was the way wrong? Facing this paradox, the western scholars did some research on it and proposed their own answers from different angles. Among them, the representative of the new Freudianism, the social psychologist, the important member of the Frankfurt school of thought Erich Fromm, who was from the USA, found another way to view the historical phenomenon >Escape from Freedom< focusing on the angle of the social psychology. He discussed the intricate psychic mechanism of the human's loneliness and freedom as well as the question why and how the modern people escaped from the freedom in the process which the natural state changed into the capitalism modern society emphatically, in order to form the bright and rich characteristic >Escape from Freedom< thought. The article adopted the angle of the modernity to explain >Escape from Freedom< thought again, combining the freedom and the modernity together to explain the significant and pathological psychology phenomenon in the modern society and thus discuss the question how to pick and choose the freedom reality and the modernity. Through this series of theoretical elaboration and construction, we wanted to explain the important significance about the >Escape from Freedom< thought during the process of finding >The road of political development with Chinese characteristics< and building a harmonious society for modern China in the background of the opening of the Seventeenth Congress. According to the above main train of thought, we set up the frame of this article as following: - Chapter 1 is the introduction. At first it mainly elaborated the research significance of this selected topic, and then analyzed the research on the present situation about Fromm and the >Escape from Freedom< thought in China, finally explained the author's theoretical innovation and the research way.- Chapter 2 explained and analyzed the main content of the Fromm thought >Escape from Freedom<, then formed the relational vein between the freedom and the modernity.- Chapter 3 analyzed the relationship between Fromm's thought and Marxism.- Chapter 4 discussed the theoretical values of the >Escape from Freedom< thought as well as the important significance during the process of finding >The road of political development with Chinese characteristics< and building a harmonious society for modern China in the background of the opening of the Seventeenth Congress.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Ceng, author = {Ceng, Lin}, title = {Drabble Discussion of the Ideal Spiritual Realm [德拉布尔对理想精神境界的探讨], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2007, 65 pp. [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {>Jerusalem the Golden< is one of Margaret Drabble's most important early works, for which she won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1967. This novel is presented with ambiguity in the themes. And many critics have interpreted it in various ways, amon>Jerusalem the Golden< is one of Margaret Drabble's most important early works, for which she won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in 1967. This novel is presented with ambiguity in the themes. And many critics have interpreted it in various ways, among which the image studies and the feminist approaches are most frequently used. However, for Drabble's deep concern on moral issues, this paper is dedicated to the study of the theme in terms of Fromm's theory of love, aiming at providing a new perspective to explain the theme of the novel. In this paper, by analyzing the way of the female protagonist Clara's spiritual salvation through love, Drabble's ideal spiritual world is explored, that is to drive away the loneliness and alienation through love, living harmoniously with others, and with the whole world.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Chen, author = {Chen, Chaoyan}, title = {The Escape and Pursuit of Freedom. >Play It As It Lays< Psychological Analysis [自由的逃避与追求 -《顺其自然》的心理学分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art] .}, abstract = {Joan Didion, entering the literary field in the1960's, has achieved great success in contemporary American Literature. Of Her works covers fiction with non-fiction and scriptwriting. Play It As it Lays depicts the social scenario and of America in the1960's and portrays especially the subsistent and psychological status of the female character Maria. It is for this reason that this novel becomes a symbol for the contemporary American society. This novel centers upon the process of Maria's psychological development, displaying the commonplace sense of people's insecurity and anxiety at that time, though they enjoy the abundant material pleasures. Living in the1960's, Maria takes on unconsciously all those features of that time, but only finds disappointment in the mechanism of how people think and behave. She feels more and more alienated and powerless in that world, which leads her to the midst of void.- In this thesis, the social-psychological theories by Erich Fromm are applied to analyze Maria's psychological development in the postmodern society. The theoretical framework, with >freedom< as its core conception, is intended to analyze the meaning of freedom to modern man as well as the reasons why people want to escape passive freedom and then point out the path to positive freedom. Maria's psychological status can be divided into two periods: the escape of passive freedom and the pursuit of positive freedom. Maria has experienced the disillusionment of the simulated Hollywood, wanting to escape the freedom that is gained through material pleasures and to pursue her individual freedom. The actions that Maria takes to escape the passive aspect of freedom almost end up with her self-destruction. For Maria, the three mechanisms of escape brought up by Fromm, namely, authoritarianism, destructiveness and automaton conformity, are all attempted by her unconsciously. However, by adopting these three escape mechanisms, Maria feels more isolated and anxious than ever. As a matter of fact, she doesn't want to perform as a part of this big machine called capitalism at the cost of losing herself. That's why she is defined by the society as a neurotic and ends up in neuropsychiatric hospital. Then Maria is on her way to freedom in a positive sense, which is realized through spontaneous love and work. The fact is that, in this novel, we only see the tendency and attempts of Maria's spontaneous activities as an individual self.- The spontaneity proposed by Fromm doesn't necessarily lead to any tangible results, but the willingness of individual to fully realize his true self. Through all the spontaneous activities mentioned above, Maria sets off on her way to freedom and salvation.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Chen, author = {Chen, Jian}, title = {Study on Fromm's Humanistic Ethics [弗洛姆人道主义伦理学研究], Master thesis, Ethics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2007.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm is a well-known modern Western psychologists, philosophers and humanistic ethicist. Faced with the dehumanization caused by economic development, material abundance together with science and technology advancement in the 20th century, he was acutely aware that the progress of industrial civilization did nothing good to its sanity and perfectness for human soul. On the contrary, it made people roam in the knitting of the ecology imbalance, environment pollution and human alienation. In this regard, Fromm, who started with original value point of humanitarian ideology on the basis of criticizing the defects of industrial civilization, revealed the unique predicament of modern existence, and by dropping a shower of holy rain of love thoroughly, hoped for a revolution in human psychology, which could awaken human beings from the dream of alienation, thus achieving the liberation of humanity and sanity of the society. This paper, taking Fromm's humanistic ethical ideology as the main clue, explores his anthropology theory deeply and systematically.- First, through expounding his theory of human nature and social personality and survival situation of human alienation and escape from freedom, this paper lays the theoretical and practical basis for Fromm's humanistic ethics.- Second, the paper focuses on stating the theory on love and the value tendency towards paying attention to survival and contempt for occupation, which inherently includes Fromm's solution to the survival plight, and his value standard which he established for human beings getting rid of dichotomic living environment.- Then very naturally the paper points out: to build a sane society is his destination in the theory and practice of humanistic ethics, finally, it also points out its theoretical deficiencies and practical reference value in sorting out academic characteristics from Fromm's humanistic ethics.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Chen, author = {Chen, Mo}, title = {Love for Human Nature's Salvation [拯救人性的爱 - 弗洛姆人道主义伦理思想初探], Master thesis, Ethics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2005, 66 pp.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm (1900-1980) was a famous socio-psychologist, humanistic ethicist as well as one of the main representatives of Frankfurt School. What he had presented to the human's culture through his abundant works and research was far more than the fields of psychology and ethics, it nearly involved most of the main topics of social science which was from the macro-socio-economy, politics and culture to the micro-personal-psychology, behavior, emotions, character and temperament. He was an outstanding explainer of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis and the modern developer of this centurial significant achievement of psychology as well, therefore, he had obtained an academic status as >the Leader of New American psychoanalysis School<, Moreover, his attempts to starting up the new humanity science and the human's deep psychology by synthesizing Marxism's essence and Freud's psychology, as a result, he obtained the name of >Psychology Analysis's Marxism<. Fromm had built his system of humanistic ethics on the basis of synthesizing Freud's theory of psychoanalysis and Marxism. Agape is the core concept of it, he had explained a series of theories and the main is about the origin, essence, purpose, use, basic elements and all kinds of expressive forms of love as well as discussions of practice of love, which is considered to be an unique one in the western ethical history. Fromm had based his theory of love on the critical inherit of traditional abstractive theory of human nature, compared with the traditional ones, his theory contains more abundant and profound connotations, firstly, his argument that love is the answer to the question of human being's existence, which for the first time brings the issue of love into human being's living fields, secondly, his conceive that the essence of love is giving, described the deep meanings of it. Lastly, his belief, love is an art of living which needs knowledge, power, ...}, language = {zh} } @misc{Cheng, author = {Cheng, Aiai}, title = {Fromm's Theory of Social Unconsciousness [述评弗洛姆的社会无意识理论], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2012.}, abstract = {Fromm is an important contemporary Western philosopher, psychologist and sociologist. His theory of social unconsciousness analyses deeply the nature, causes and operating mechanism of the social unconsciousness, and the way of revealing the social unconsciousness. In doing this it unveils the mystery of the social unconsciousness. It is of great significance for us to understand this theory. Fromm's theory of social unconsciousness is based on Freud's theory of individual unconsciousness and the Marxist doctrine of social existence and social consciousness. He treats Freud's theory of individual unconsciousness as an intermediate step of interaction between social existence and social consciousness according to the Marxist doctrine, thus complementing the Marxist theory. At the same time, He transforms Freud's theory of individual unconsciousness into the theory of social unconsciousness with the help of Marxist social theory. It is through this creative comprehension that Fromm creates his own theory of social unconsciousness.- Fromm gives a detailed explanation on those many issues involved in the theory of social unconsciousness. In his view, the social unconsciousness is same for most members of a society, repressing or unperceiving certain mental content. The core of the social unconsciousness is depression, the psychological roots of fear. It is the fear of certain objects that lead people to repress some inner experience. The operation of the social depression is carried out by three kinds of >social filter<, that is, of the language, logic, and social taboos, which depress certain mental contents into unconsciousness that can't go through the filters. However, the social repression itself will lead to the false social consciousness, and it is the social unconsciousness that represents the more complete humanity, so that only can the transformation of social unconsciousness into consciousness achieve the >common goal of human nature<.- Therefore, we must remove the depression. The specific method is to intuit unconsciousness through the emotional experience of individuals, as well as to criticize the >false consciousness< through the humanitarian social criticism. Only in this way can people become complete and free, and can the society become sound. Fromm's theory of social unconsciousness has some important theoretical contributions, for it enriches and integrates the doctrine of Marx and Freud, and provides reasonable argument for the social reforms and feasible recommendations to solve the problems of the contemporary social problems. But it also has some important theoretical defects, for Fromm's understanding of Marx is distorted and Freudianism, and it is unrealistic of his humanitarian standpoint, the presumption of >common goal of human nature<, and the doctrine of >psychological revolution<. Finally, Fromm's theory of social unconsciousness has important implications for contemporary Chinese society. It is revelation that we must unswervingly adhere to the road of Marxism in China, to social reform, and to the socialist spiritual civilization and socio-cultural construction. Only in this way can we truly build a harmonious society.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Cheng, author = {Cheng, Wen}, title = {On the Theory of Love in Fromm's Ethics [论弗洛姆伦理学中爱的理论], Master thesis, Ethics, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China 2008, 58 pp.}, abstract = {Since the issue of love has rarely been discussed in depth in the history of Chinese thought, but love is so important in the human community, this thesis takes the interpretation of Fromm's book >The Art of Loving< as the starting point to start the analysis of Fromm's theory on love, to study in depth the problems and relationships between Fromm's belief in love and free existence, as well as social integrity, and finally to reveal that Fromm's theory of >love< is based on >human beings< in a comprehensive manner, with the aim of saving humanity and helping people to achieve self-perfection. >Love< is a theory that revolves around >man< and aims at saving humanity and helping people to achieve self-improvement. In the course of this study, the author uses the method of philosophical analysis to bring the question of love to the forefront of philosophy, thereby contributing to the understanding and grasp of human nature, the recognition and commitment to a just and harmonious existence of a healthy society, and furthermore to the awareness and establishment of the principle of freedom in philosophy. With this in mind, the essay focuses on three questions: why people need love; what is true love; and how to obtain love in the true sense of the word. The essay is thus divided into three parts: an argument for love as an answer to the question of human existence; a definition of the concept of love and an analysis of the ideological elements and theoretical foundations of Fromm's interpretation of love; and a discussion of how to obtain true love from the theory and practice of love and the relationship between love and faith. These three sections are structured around Fromm's theory of the art of love, linking questions and answers, true love and humanity, and action and faith. The conclusion is that love is necessary for human existence and that humanity will be constantly sublimated and transcended in the theory and practice of love. She will eventually become a universal phenomenon in society, just as a rational faith will eventually become the essential basis of human understanding of the objective world. Such a conclusion reveals that Fromm, while presenting a seemingly flat categorization of the theory of love, actually constructs it as a progressively ascending order, an order that demonstrates the continuous sublimation of human nature in the education and practice of love, the continuous transcendence of the human condition. [Automatic translation]}, language = {zh} } @misc{Cho, author = {Cho, Viktor}, title = {Das Verh{\"a}ltnis von Pers{\"o}nlichkeit und Kultur in der Sicht der Psychoanalyse und der Neopsychoanalyse [The relationship between personality and culture in the views of psychoanalytic and neopsychoanalytic theory, Dissertation Philosophische Fakult{\"a}t I der}, number = {unpublished version / unver{\"o}ffentlichte Fassung}, abstract = {Die Studie erwuchs aus dem Anliegen, das psychologische Verst{\"a}ndnis der individuellen Pers{\"o}nlichkeit nicht isoliert, sondern aus einem umfassenden mitmenschlichen, sozialen und kulturellen Lebenszusammenhang heraus zu erschließen. Aus der Sicht der klassischen Psychoanalyse und der Neo-Psychoanalyse wird das menschliche Individuum in seiner mehrfachen Bezogenheit (als Wesen der Natur, als Produkt der pers{\"o}nlichen Lebensgeschichte und als Teilhaber einer geschichtlich gewordenen, gesellschaftlichen Realit{\"a}t und Kultur) untersucht. Besonderes Gewicht wird auf die Analyse des Stellenwertes kultureller und gesellschaftlicher Wertvorstellungen und Lebensbedingungen als notwendiger Dimension jeder psychologischen Betrachtung gelegt. Unter anderem wird folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Wie leitet sich individuelles Erleben und Verhalten aus der Natur des Menschen ab? Welche Rolle spielen Kultur und Gesellschaft f{\"u}r die gesunde oder pathologische Entwicklung der individuellen Pers{\"o}nlichkeit? Inwiefern liegt im Verh{\"a}ltnis von individueller Autonomie und sozialer Verbundenheit, bzw. von Selbstinteresse und Gemeinschaftssinn, Widerspr{\"u}chlichkeit oder Identit{\"a}t vor? Entspricht soziales Empfinden und Handeln der Natur des Menschen? Bedarf es zu dessen Realisierung des Zwanges der Kulturgemeinschaft? Was ist der >Sinn< der sozialen Gemeinschaft und der Kultur aus der Perspektive der evolution{\"a}ren Betrachtungsweise? Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich aus der Kl{\"a}rung dieser Fragen f{\"u}r die individuelle und soziale Ver{\"a}nderung? Die Auseinandersetzung mit diesen Problemkreisen erfolgt aus der Sicht der Psychoanalyse S. Freuds und der Neo-Psychoanalyse K. Horneys, E. FROMMs und H. S. Sullivans, deren Auffassungen ausf{\"u}hrlich dargestellt werden.}, language = {de} } @misc{BucheggerMentzel, author = {Buchegger-Mentzel, Franziska}, title = {Depression und Melancholie aus tiefenpsychologischer Sicht [Depression and melancholy from a depth psychological point of view, Dissertation Philosophische Fakult{\"a}t I, Universit{\"a}t Z{\"u}rich 1982, 139 p.; esp. pp. 22-25.}, number = {unpublished version / unver{\"o}ffentlichte Fassung}, abstract = {Es wird versucht, verschiedene tiefenpsychologische Konzepte der Melancholie und Depression zu analysieren und zu vergleichen. Psychoanalytische, neopsychoanalytische und individualpsychologische Beitr{\"a}ge zur Depressionsforschung werden bez{\"u}glich ihres zugrundeliegenden Pers{\"o}nlichkeitskonzepts und des sich daraus ergebenden Krankheits- und Behandlungsmodells {\"u}berpr{\"u}ft. Nach einer abrisshaften Darstellung der Pers{\"o}nlichkeitstheorien von S. Freud, A. Adler und K. Horney folgt eine vergleichende Darstellung ihrer tiefenpsychologischen Begriffe, was als Grundlage zur Bearbeitung der {\"A}tiologie, Genese und Therapie der Melancholie dient. Bei der Gegen{\"u}berstellung der Melancholiekonzepte werden insbesondere die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen {\"u}ber die Psychogenese analysiert. Unterschiede der Therapieans{\"a}tze von Freud, Adler und Horney werden abgehandelt. Die psychoanalytische Auffassung seelischer Erkrankung wird aus den Werken von S. Freud und K. Abraham erschlossen, die individualpsychologische Auffassung hat die Schriften Adlers und seiner engeren Mitarbeiter zur Grundlage. Hinsichtlich des neopsychoanalytischen Erkl{\"a}rungsmodells wird auf K. Horneys Schriften zur{\"u}ckgegriffen, erg{\"a}nzt durch die Ver{\"o}ffentlichungen von C. Thompson, E. FROMM und H. Schultz-Hencke. Folgende Charakteristika kennzeichnen den Depressiven nach {\"u}bereinstimmender Auffassung aller tiefenpsychologischen Schulen: geringe Selbsteinsch{\"a}tzung und infantile Verhaltensweisen. Unterschiede in der Ansicht {\"u}ber die Zielgerichtetheit der menschlichen Psyche f{\"u}hren je nach Schule aber zu verschiedenen Therapieans{\"a}tzen.}, language = {de} } @misc{Cai, author = {Cai, Hui}, title = {The Compromised Humanity. A Study on the Protagonists of three of George Orwell's Novels [妥协的人性 - 谈乔治•奥威尔三部小说中的主人公形象], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {As one of the most important writers and thinkers in Britain in the 20th century, George Orwell is well-known around the world for his most celebrated novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-four. Though he passed away about six decades ago, Orwell's literary creative thoughts and political views are still hot topics in the eyes of literary critics. However, there remain a number of problems in comprehending Orwell since his works are closely connected with the international situations in the first half of last century. In addition, Orwell's unique life experiences have also led people into a labyrinth in understan-ding him. There is no doubt that' politics' takes an essential position in Orwell's writing career, but in many of his works he also reveals his deep concerns on the distortedness of human nature under different political circumstances. With a purpose of finding a new angle to decode George Orwell, this thesis studies three main characters in three of his novels which demonstrates the author's different life stages. These books are Burmese Days, Coming Up For Air and Nineteen Eighty-four. This thesis is divided into five parts.- Chapter One serves as a general introduction to George Orwell's life experiences, the background of the selected novels and Erich Fromm's theories of humanity.- Chapter Two discusses Flory in Burmese Days. Haunted by the feeling of loneliness, Flory commits a suicide to end his isolation from the outside world.- Chapter Three focuses on George Bowling in Coming Up For Air, a victim of the society that laid great pressure on him while depriving him of a healthy environment.- Chapter Four analyzes Winston Smith who found himself completely dehumanized by totalitarianism. The last chapter is the conclusion which dates back to Orwell's early school years to prove his emotional attitude in writing analyzed in this thesis.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Cai, author = {Cai, Lingling}, title = {Fromm's Theory of >Escape from Freedom< 弗洛姆>逃避自由<理论述评, Master thesis, Foreign Marxism Research, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2011.}, abstract = {For thousands of years, human freedom has been a favorite topic of conversation, and a goal of pursuit. In the >war< of fighting for human freedom, human got the final victory, accessing to coveted freedom. However, with an increasing sense of individual freedom, the sense of powerlessness and loneliness are increasing, too. People are unable to endure loneliness and anxiety, so they began to escape from freedom. Why is there such a big contrast on people's liberal attitude? Many western scholars had analyzed it and gave the answers. Among them, Erich Fromm with a special perspective of social psychology analyzes this historical phenomenon >Escape from Freedom< thoroughly. He brought forward the dual view of freedom, forming a distinctive >escape from freedom< ideology. This paper aims at carding Fromm's >Escape from Freedom< theory systematically, analyzing its ideological origins, historical background, the double meaning of freedom and the concept of a sound society deeply. At the end, this paper will make an objective and appropriate evaluation on his thought.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Cai, author = {Cai, Xiujuan}, title = {The Solitude of Dubliners. Joyce's >Dubliners< Psychoanalytic Interpretation [都柏林人的孤独 - 关于乔伊斯《都柏林人》的新精神分析解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China 2006, 47 pp. [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {James Joyce's works, which are dense, obscure and full of symbols and metaphors, always attract the attentions of scholars at home and abroad. His early work Dubliners follows the traditional realistic with writing style; though it is not so much disputable as his later writings, it still cannot be ignored by Joyce researchers. In the past few years, the studies about Dubliners mainly focused on its narrative skills, epiphany, characterization, culture, symbols, mythic prototype or the relation with his later works. Although Joyce doesn't adopt stream of consciousness in Dubliners to show the characters' inner world directly, he has already made his preliminary research on Dubliners' existence and their spiritual world. Especially at the turn of the century, Ireland faced grand social unrest: the colonial domination of British government, the failure of Irish Independence, the ivory-towered Irish Renaissance and the invasion of Roman Catholicism, all of them made Ireland go into a dead end. The whole society was permeated with a kind of pessimistic mood. Ireland went into paralysis and Dublin was the center of it, which caused the pessimism, emptiness and perplexities of the Dubliners. Hence, solitude became a common disease of the adults. Beginning with the story of >Eveline<, all the Dublin adults are living in isolation and without love.- This thesis will use American psychologist Erich Fromm's Neo-Psychoanalytic theory on >solitude< to analyze the Dublin Adults' isolated psychological and mental state. According to Fromm's theories, the mood of solitude is inherent in human existence. This solitude cannot be eliminated completely but man could transfer it by many ways. Through Dubliners, Joyce displays the Dubliners' solitude and alienation that are caused by social paralysis and their negative methods to transfer it, such as orgy and Abstinence. However, these methods to escape from solitude don't rescue them from it but drive them into anguish and anxiety. So how to save the Irish nation and how to cast off their mental crisis, Joyce suggests the way to rescue themselves from the isolation in the last story of Dubliners. Just like the hero Gabriel's final epiphany: though their bodies are alive, their spirit has already stepped into the procession of the dead; and the men who are still alive are those dead that have the passions and unpretending characteristics of the Irish nation. In >The Dead<, Joyce intentionally brings his readers to west Ireland. In his eyes, only these westerners have the Irish nation's unsophisticated pure characteristics; their generosity and selflessness.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Cao, author = {Cao, Yuchang}, title = {Fromm's Human Development Theory [弗洛姆个人发展理论研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2007.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm's attention to human being is mainly from his deep Judaic family and education background; Freud's psychoanalysis gives him a microcosmic angle on observing human being; while Marxian historical materialism lets him learn to inspect human being's development in open and dynamic society. The ideal that Fromm develops about individual is to cultivate the >newcomer< on the basis of positive liberty and critique reason, who owns the productive character and the mode of being. However, besides existing survival contradiction, modern capitalist society is a null-condition society in which capitalist's objective is to pursue the profit as possible as they can. In the society, the ruling class expands the capitalism ideological form to any human being's survival corners with the help of the intermediary in social character and unconscious. Their aim is to transfer the modernist to a productive, consumptive, obedient, jointly enjoyable, unanimous >machine<.- Fromm refuses to take the defilade in people's real nature. He sets off from society approach and ethics approach on the basis of analyzing, criticizing capitalist system, exploring various conditions which are helpful to individual development: the country should provide personal income that guarantees dignity; the production should be from disorder individual production to social production; the education should be developed in scientific spirit and humanity spirit, which are of equal importance; we can draw support from the psychoanalysis method and cultivate the loving ability. Fromm's theory of personal development inherits and creatively interprets Marx's free all-round development theory about human being, which shows the human being's survival value, expressing the viewpoint to rescue human nature to reform society and perfect human being, which is of great significance in using for reference to the country and individual that are in the turning period. It is undeniable that Fromm's theory has also some limits: he exaggerates the importance of >The Manuscript of Economics and Philosophy in 1844<, cuts apart human being's instrument and teleological character, also ignores the decisive effect of practicing to human being's nature.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Denbo, author = {Denbo, Sheryl J.}, title = {Synthesis of Liberation: Marx - Freud and the New Left. An Examination of the Work of Wilhelm Reich, Erich Fromm and Herbert Marcuse, Rutgers University Dissertation, New Jersey 1975, 245 pp.}, language = {en} } @misc{Cui, author = {Cui, Hairong}, title = {The Human Needs Theory Interpretation - Fromm's Theory of Marx Need to Expand [人的需要的生存论解读 - 弗洛姆对马克思需要理论的拓展], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2011.}, abstract = {Need is the intrinsic reason of human activities, and is the important research field historical materialism. The study to be rooted problems have never stop, And people felt more and more need for human thought and behavior and historical development in the role. One problem is the need which Marx lifelong attention important questions, attention to multiple needs, and seeks satisfying the people's needs the realistic way, is engaged in practice and theory of Marxism and end-result of the campaign.- This paper is based on Marx in the text research needs to abundant connotations reveals need theory, and on this basis focuses on analyzing Fromm's inherited Marx people need thoughts. For people who need to theory of research is Fromm's living theory at the beginning of the connection to think, the Fromm's began from the deep solicitude for human survival. Fromm's theory of Marx's inheritance and development needs help us to deeply understand the profound meaning of Marxist philosophy. In order to overcome the dissimilation, realize need to meet, finally realizes the person's general liberation and overall human liberation provides a kind of rational thinking mode, to contemporary Chinese socialist construction also has profound implication and reference.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Deng, author = {Deng, Zhiwei}, title = {An Inquiry into E. Fromm's Neo-humanistic Ethics - Productive Personality Development as Goal [E.弗洛姆新人道主义伦理思想研究 - 以生产性人格的发展为目标], PhD thesis, Ethics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2008.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm is one of the most famous contemporary humanistic ethicists. His neo-humanistic ethics established through synthesizing Karl Marx's macroscopic social theory and Sigmund Freud's micros-copic psychoanalysis takes an unique position in the development of western ethics. Fromm's neo-humanistic ethics finds its theoretical source in the western humanistic tradition, Marx's and Freud's ethical thoughts, social critical theory of Frankfurt school, Judaist ethics, Zen Buddhism, and so on; and places its practical foundation in all kinds of realistic problems, contradictions and crises in the contemporary society and culture. To save individuals and the whole society, he attempted to establish a neo-humanistic ethical system with objective rationality and universal validity which pays much attention to the overall development of human being and sees the highest value in human being. This kind of ethics has the knowledge of human nature as its logical starting point, and is thus based on the psychoanalysis which takes hold of man in whole as its object. Focusing on the development of productive personality, Fromm's neo-humanistic ethics consists mainly in the theory of human nature, of personality, of total social alienation, of total moral revolution (including the theory of self-realization).- Fromm believes that human nature has its root in the contradictions of human existence and is the unity of man's natural and social attributes. During the settlement of existential contradictions, man brings forth special spiritual needs, and then shows both good and evil potential in the ways to meet the spiritual needs. Human nature is universal, but embodies itself in different kinds of personality within different social cultural system. Personality is composed of temperament and character, and character is mainly divided into productive and nonproductive orientation. Individual personality is molded both by social culture (mainly social character) and by individual efforts. The productive personality is the ideal of Fromm's neo-humanistic ethics. However, there widely exists non-productive personality which is characteristic of the non-productive character, the existential pattern of having preference, and the mental mechanism of escaping from freedom. This kind of sick personality is caused by the sick society.- The modern industrial society, especially the capitalist society, is alienated in such fields as economy, politics, education, religion and science \& technology, which has led to the universal and serious sickness in personality. Based on his social critique, Fromm proposed a plan of total moral revolution, that is, taking humanism as the general principle, carrying out moral revolution in various social fields to remove all sorts of alienation, and improving human mentality and morality, at the same time, developing human potentials in the view of molding the inner mechanism of productive personality and finally shaping an ideal personality. Fromm's ethics is abundant and profound. His theory revived western humanistic tradition, re-established the status of rationalism in the history of contemporary western ethics, promoted the sound development of psychoanalytical ethics, and refreshed western Marxist ethics. Fromm's neo-humanistic ethics is perfectly helpful for us to deepen our understanding of the >people oriented< principle, and is highly referential for present-day China to settle some problems of moral construction, including the shaping of subjective personality, the cultivation of individual moral character, and the construction of socialist institutional ethics.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Dai, author = {Dai, Jixia}, title = {The Frommian Humanity Thought [弗洛姆人性思想研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2010.}, abstract = {The American scholar, Erich Fromm, 1900-1980, who advocated the neo-Freudianism, was an important leading figure of the Frankfort School. He had abundant works covering the fields of philosophy, sociology, psychology and so on. In his works, he analyzed the contemporary developed capitalistic social and its human problem, and his theory about human nature is reckoned as the most influential thought to solve the contemporary social problem. Erich Fromm's thought on human nature, integrating the theoretic of Freud and Marx, is the result of his historic and dialectic study, and also is the core and sill of his philosophic theory.- In my paper, the first chapter is introduction, and it introduces the research significance, the situation, method, etc.- Chapter Two of this paper introduces Freud depth psychology, Marx's throes on human, and Oriental Zionism's great influence to Fromm human nature.- Chapter Three gives a comprehensive research on Fromm human nature, including its methodology and meanings. In Fromm's mind, humanity is a kind of contradict human existing state, human survive in the world to solve the contradiction, this course arouses the needs of existence. Fromm thought these needs are human needs, and he revealed the pattern to meet the needs by canalizing social character and social unconsciousness. Fromm also posed the theory of human alienation and conception of sane society by repudiating the wheaten society.- Chapter Four evaluates Fromm's human thought, taking Marx's fundamental measures. Fromm's human thought development Marx's theory on human. It points out the rationality and limitations of Fromm's human thought. And the thought has great significance to the China's modernization.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Fu, author = {Fu, Xiaojing}, title = {The Research of Erich Fromm's Love Thought [弗洛姆"爱"的思想探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Public Administration School, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China, 51 pp.}, abstract = {In Fromm's system of humanitarian ethics, the theory of love is its core, and the Art of Love intensely expresses Fromm's theory of love system. Fromm's love thought is deeply affected by the factors of times and society, and it has profound theoretic background.- In the system of Fromm's love thought, firstly, Fromm believes that love is the answer of the problem of human being's existence. From the perspective of human's survival circumstances including' survival antinomy' and 'history antinomy', Fromm holds that men have the needs of contact, surpassing, seeking roots, identification and orientation, and that love is the best way of overcoming loneliness and isolation.- Secondly, Fromm believes that the essence of love is giving not gaining, and true love has the trait of productive character, meaning the creation of life's value and vitality. True love embodies in four elements such as concern, responsibility, respect and understanding, and they permeate in brother's love, maternal love, sexy love and the love of God.- Finally, love thought must be connected with practice, and then we'll achieve the art of love. Fromm tried to build a sane society' by means of exploring love, namely, so-called psychological revolution, to make individuals full of love and be persons of productiveness. Seeing the limitation of Fromm's love theory, this article focuses on the digging of certain rationality and realistic significance of Fromm's love thought. The research of Fromm's love thought provides important theoretical resources for the love ethical research in our country.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Fu, author = {Fu, Yan}, title = {Imaginary World, Illusory Happiness - >Brave New World< Frankfurt School's Critical Perspective [虚幻的世界,虚假的幸福 - 法兰克福学派批判视角下的《美丽新世界》], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2007 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {The hidden danger in the modern society influences the living conditions of human beings and changes people's traditional belief and ideology. Huxley through his >Brave New World< in the thirties of last century presented to the readers today the horrible picture of the possible human world in the future: the sick, alienated and technology-oriented world. The story of Brave New World happens in the future but it is a novel about the present. Both Herbert Marcuse and Erich Fromm of the Frankfurt School focus their attention on the serious problems of Western society and the human conditions under it. Their critical theories explain and expose the latent danger and serious disease of the capitalist society, whose trace can just be found in Huxley's Brave New World. With the analysis of the novel Brave New World and the research on the present living conditions of human beings, the major aim of this dissertation is to prove that in order to obtain the real happiness rather than the illusory one given to the citizens in the novel, people living in the modern society need to seek their real identity and the essence of living.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Fang, author = {Fang, Qi}, title = {A Social Psychological Study of Refugees from Freedom in >The Room< and >The Birthday Party< [《房间》和《生日聚会》中自由逃避者之社会心理学研究], Master thesis, Foreign Language and Literature, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China 2012 [application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {Harold Pinter (1930-2008), the winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2005, has been the most influential modern British dramatist. With an accurate and affectionate ear for the irrationality of the real-life conversation, he produces plays which stand out in their own enigmatic style-puzzling, dramatic and charged with fascination. From the one-act play The Room to the full-length The Birthday Party, one single pattern predominates: Within a cocoon-like room, the ordinary people pursue their mundane life and are reluctant to go out, always talking in a way which is full of uncooperative responses, awkward silence and pauses, until one mysterious figure enters and eventually leads to the mental breakdown of the characters when their internal fear of freedom is fully projected externally. Based on the study of freedom by the American social psychologist Erich Fromm, this thesis applies social psychoanalysis to identify and understand the characters in The Room and The Birthday Party as freedom escapers. It views personal progress in the social context and aims to conduct a social psychological research on the principles, neurotic symptoms, and mechanisms of the freedom escapers.- The thesis first puts forward the research questions and objectives of the thesis and introduces Harold Pinter, his reception and related criticisms on his plays; and then Chapter One discusses the social psychological principles of the freedom escapers to elucidate freedom as a social psychological problem.- Chapter Two collects qualitative data from the two plays and conducts a social psychoanalysis of neurotic symptoms of the freedom escapers.- Chapter Three categorizes mechanisms adopted by the freedom escapers with detailed analysis from the perspective of social psychology.- Finally, the thesis concludes that it is under the social influence that the characters who are in the fear of isolation and powerlessness become freedom escapers but never find a way out. As an interdisciplinary study in nature, the task of conducting a social psychoanalytic literary research is thus completed.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Fang, author = {Fang, Xingfu}, title = {On Erich Fromm's Theory of Hominology [弗洛姆人学思想研究], PhD thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2008.}, abstract = {The German American scholar Erich Fromm (1900-1980) plays a leading role in the circle of Neo-Freudianism. He is also an important representative of Frankfurt School. Erich Fromm is a prolific writer on many areas, such as western philosophy, sociology, psychiatry, psychology, ethics and religion. His works make an in-depth analysis of modem capitalist society and the human nature of the people living in it. His theory is thought to be one of the most applicable to solving present-day social problems. Erich Fromm's works are very popular in the western world. Therefore, he exerts great influence on people from all walks of life. Synthesizing Freudianism and Marxism, Erich Fromm's theory probes extensively into the problems of man in historical and dialectical approaches. Scholars at home and abroad have ever analyzed Erich Fromm's theory from the aspects of psychology, philosophy, sociology, religion or culturology. Hominology characterizes itself as all-embracing while studying the problems of man, quite appropriate for the purpose of systematizing Fromm's theory. Centering on human studies which relate to literature closely, this dissertation reorganizes Erich Fromm's ideas into a theoretical system of hominology in comparative approach. The author systematizes Fromm's ideas with a logical structure of 3 levels: the lost self, the search for self, and the redemption of self. In Foreword, the author makes a survey of the research work on Fromm's theory both at home and abroad after defining hominology. Then the author sketches out the outline of the work, the research approach employed, and the main idea of the dissertation. The body of the dissertation consists mainly of 3 parts. Part I expounds the sources of Fromm's ideas first from four aspects: his life and academic experience, his family background, the social environment, and a brief list of the sources of Fromm's hominological theory. Then the writing focuses on the two most important elements of the sources which offer decisive influences on Fromm's theory of hominology: Freudianism and Marxism. The last section explicates the possibility of Fromm's synthesis of Freudianism and Marxism. The survey shows that Fromm's theory of hominology embraces various sources which are integrated into his own theory. The fate of Freudianism and Marxism is >altered< with his integration, which fosters the unique characteristics of Fromm's hominological theory. The Second Part is made up of Chapters 2-4. This part is the focus of the dissertation which expounds and systemizes Fromm's theory of hominology. Revolving round human studies, this part is divided into three chapters entitled respectively >the lost self<, >the search for self<, and >the redemption of self<, to systemize Fromm's hominological theory on three levels. The three levels of his theory relate to each other closely.- The first level of Fromm's theory of hominology >the lost self< is the start of his theoretical system. This section systemizes Fromm's theory with his description of the sick society in a >macroscopic< view and the morbid individuals or the lonely self living in the alienated society in a >microscopic< view. In the eye of Fromm, people living in the alienated society have lost their natural feelings. Their love is fake and sick. Their natural self is suppressed. The human nature is twisted. Therefore, the self of the individual is alienated, lonely and missing.- The second level of his theory >the search for self< is an all-round analysis of man, from the aspects of human condition, human needs, individual character and social character, social unconscious, living mode, with the purpose of searching for the lost self in the sick society. Fromm asserts that human situation results in human alienation. When analyzing human needs, Fromm attaches most attention to human social needs rather than human instinctive needs as Sigmund Freud does. Based on Freudian character theory and theory of unconscious, Fromm originates his theory of social character and theory of social unconscious, with which to analyze and to criticize the social reality. Fromm also classifies living modes into two types: >to have< and >to be<, the latter of which is what Fromm hopes to promote.- The third level >the redemption of self< proposes the roads to the redemption of the lost individual self: psychological transformation and the social transformation. According to Fromm, only a man of reason and production, a man with freedom and the art of loving, only a man living happily in a sane society full of love, can he get rid of all kinds of shackles, can he get redeemed, can he get all-round developed.- Part III (Chapter 5) makes the comments on Fromm's hominological theory. The author holds that the integration of Freudianism and Marxism into Fromm's theory makes his theory more scientific compared to Freudian theory. Fromm's discerning eyes on the society draw his theory much closer to reality with sharp criticism. In Fromm's theory, there are always pairs of terms in form of binary opposition, as in >positive freedom< and >negative freedom<, >active love< and >passive love<, >active personality< and >passive personality<, which impart to Fromm's theory dialectical color. The delicate analysis of the sick society and the morbid people in his theory does not put him into despair. On the contrary, Fromm's theory conveys all the way his optimistic attitude towards human future.- In the conclusive part, the author makes comments on Fromm's theory of hominology, pointing out the greatness and limitations of Fromm's theory, evaluating and forecasting the research work in the present dissertation. There is a close relation between the research work on Fromm's hominological theory and literary study. The study of Fromm's theory is beneficial to the development of Chinese literary theory. It widens the view of literary study in China. It promotes Marxist theory of art and literature in China and multiplies the receptive views of Marxist theory of art and literature. At the same time, the research work is significant to the accomplishment of upholding the humanist idea of man-disoriented and to the establishment of a harmonious society in China.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Lang, author = {Lang, Virgil R.}, title = {A Comparison of Aspects of the Riesman, Fromm and Morris Typologies Relevant to Self-Concept, St. John's University Dissertation 1968. (Abstract available)}, language = {en} } @misc{Kong, author = {Kong, Wenqing}, title = {Frommian Autonomic Morality and Its Revelation on Moral Construction in the Chinese Social Transformation [弗洛姆自律道德及其对中国转型时期道德建设的启示], PhD thesis, Marxism and Ideological and Political Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China 2007, 160 pp.}, abstract = {From a perspective of autonomy, this dissertation probed into Frommian moral philosophy systematically, and on this basis, discussed its revelation on the Chinese moral construction and moral education in the transformation of the society. As a criticizer and successor to those autonomy theories of Kant, Nietzsche and Freud, Fromm thinks morality is the affirmation of oneself on the basis of universal human nature. Autonomy is a whole man constituting moral law for realizing his potential and becoming a man with fully developed capability of love, reason and so on. Morality is a self discipline for oneself and to oneself. Materially, the content of autonomy is a realization of one's potential, and good is the affirmation of life and the unfolding of one's power. Virtue is a responsibility for one's own existence. Morality is a re-action of ourselves. It is the voice of our true selves which summons us back to ourselves, to live productively, to develop fully and harmoniously, that is, to become what we potentially are. Formally, moral law must be constituted by no other powers than man himself. Those laws which are constituted by exterior powers such as God or authorities and are internalized into our heart are not autonomic, but heteronomous in essence. On the basis of human nature, moral good and bad are induced from the question inherent in the primal condition of man. Thus, cognition to morality is equivalent to that of human nature. Because of man's particularities, Fromm opposed objectivism epistemology, holding that cognition is interfusion between subject and object. The knowledge of human is experiential knowledge. The epistemology of Fromm tally with the pragmatic turn of epistemology, the objective comprehension with a stress on the subjective factors in the process of cognition. Now that autonomy means the realization of man's potential in content, autonomy is equivalent to freedom to.- Since autonomy formally rejects constitution of moral laws for man by the other powers outside man, autonomy is equivalent to freedom from the other men's interference. A moral man is an independent, free man. Between freedom to and freedom from, Fromm considered that freedom from is a condition of freedom to while freedom to is the aim of freedom from. If there is only freedom from, without the development of our own capability, man will try any means to escape from freedom. As to free will, Fromm argued that one has a limited will freedom to choose between the fulfillment of our own potentials and degeneration to a thing in the scope determined by physiological and social conditions. A human being is a social being, fulfilling autonomic morality requires a sane society in favor of man's development. With a critical eye on capitalistic society, Fromm proposed his conception of a sane human being and society. However, because of the logic inherent in his theory, he requested that man only has an ear to the voice of our true selves, a sane society can only emerge when all factors, economic, cultural, transform simultaneously. This meditation, therefore, lacks a realistic basis. A transforming society characteristic of disordered moral calls for a reconstruction of morality. It's important to cognize the autonomic attribute of morality in a socialistic market economy. This property lays a stress not only on norm, but also on inner moral sensibility and drive. The socialistic concept of honor and disgrace emphasizes that the cohesion of moral norm and inner moral sensibility and drive is the result of cognition of the attribute of autonomic morality. In short, autonomic morality demands an aim for whole moral personality, attaches importance to human being's inner moral sensibility and drive as well as development of all potentials of man.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Kong, author = {Kong, Xiangzhen}, title = {D.T. Suzuki and Zen Study in the Western Context [铃木大拙与西方语境下的禅学研究], PhD thesis, Religious Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2010.}, abstract = {DT Suzuki is undoubtedly the most crucial figure in the formation of Zen context of the 20th century in the West. His achievements not only prevent Zen from scapegoat-type presentation by Jesuit missionaries and orientalists, but also make Zen enter Western world as an academic research. Therefore, He represents a new epoch in the history of Western Zen. People call this phenomenon >Suzuki effect< or >Suzuki stage<. From this, one can see how important Suzuki is to the Zen study in the Western context. This thinking pattern is what my paper follows and expands. The whole structure and content can roughly be expressed as below: Introduction: to expound the motivation and purpose of this paper by four questions which are >Who is DT Suzuki?<, >What does Suzuki effect bring to West?<, >How does Zen be understood and interpreted in the Western context?<, >Is there any problem of communication between Zen and Western culture?< According to these four questions, the theme and scope of this paper can be described as to discuss DT Suzuki's Zen and relevant study by Western scholars from the fields of psychology, philosophy, history and religion. From this, one can know clearly that West absorb something from Zen on the surface, but in fact there exists an ideology of orientalism.- Chapter One: Focus on discussing the description of Zen from 16th Century to 19th Century which forms the >Zen context< of 20th Century in the West. Basically the image of Zen belongs to atheism, mysticism and quietism both in the observation from Jesuit missionaries and in the books written by orientalists. It doesn't make any change until the World's Parliament of Religion in Chicago, 1983. Zen Masters coming from East introduce the real Zen during the Conference; this is the first time for Zen to speak about itself. Japanese Zen monk Shaku Soyen who is Suzuki's spiritual teacher is one of the crucial figures in this big event. After that, through Suzuki's efforts, he finally makes Zen enter Western world successfully.- Chapter Two: Focus on discussing Suzuki's life history, academic career, sectarian heritage and Zen experiences. This is a way that we place Suzuki in the circumstances of the whole society so that one can explores specifically the background from which Suzuki and his thought grow up. It's surprise to know that the life of Suzuki is not just only his own personal history, but also reflects a trend of the time of the academic achievements. Some people praise him as >The great results of human knowledge< or >a great persuasive advocate of Zen<; but also some people criticize him as >a great tailor of Western Zen< or >the spirit of colonist<. Such a life that mixes with praises and criticizes just stand out the meaning and worth of my research.- Chapter Three: Focus on the inheritance and development of Suzuki's Zen thought from Chinese Ch'an school. One can see specifically the connection between it and Daosheng, Sengzhao, Huineng, Huayan school. Moreover, Nishida's >pure experience< which emphasizes on direct experience integrated subject with object also enrich the interpretation of Suzuki's Zen. But without the spirit of practice, one can't understand clearly about what real Suzuki's Zen thought is, therefore, we must discuss >the Ch'an methods of Linji< and >the combination of meditation and wisdom<. Those two factors bring the spirit of practice and life into Suzuki's Zen, this is why it is so attractive to West.- Chapter Four: Focus on the psychological characteristic of Suzuki's Zen, such as >self<, >consciousness<, >unconsciousness<. This tendency builds a close connection between Zen and Western psychology. For example: Fromm thinks Zen and psychology share the same goal because of the insight into human nature and the release of inside power; Jung thinks Zen's unconsciousness is more profound than Freud's repressed unconsciousness. Although the connection is built by Suzuki and those psychoanalysts, but the truth is their differences are more than similarities. For example: psychology wants unconsciousness to enter into consciousness, but Zen asks consciousness to go back to unconsciousness. One can see Zen and psychology share the same words with different meanings. Moreover, Western psychology often treats Zen as a kind of psychotherapy, but the truth is Zen help people not only to return to normal, but also to live in an integral life of body and mind. Therefore, it is true that Zen shows up the strong side on psychology, but Zen is not a kind of psychology, it is more than that!- Chapter Five: >Experience< is the core thought of Suzuki's Zen which has the characteristic of individuality, intuition and ineffability. Coincidentally, there are the similar essences in the mystical experience of Christian, so both of Zen and Christian get a further chance to know each other. For example: Suzuki praises Eckhart's thought is very close to Mahayana Buddhism especially Zen; and Thomas Merton thinks Zen can wake Christian's religious consciousness because Zen includes many contents of practice which is similar to Western religion. This kind of idea is accepted by many Westerners, so they treat Zen as a kind of mysticism. Therefore, Suzuki starts to clarify the differences between Zen and mysticism. In addition, West chooses to practice Zen through meditation which Suzuki mentions less. Some scholars think this phenomenon represents West has went out of Suzuki's effect, but we think no matter which way to approach Zen, the final goal is still something that Suzuki emphasizes.- Chapter Six: Although Suzuki insists not to confuse Zen with any system of philosophy, but his philosophical interpretation of Zen just stands out the philosophical factors in Zen. This way builds a strong connection between Zen and post-modern philosophers in the second half of the 20th century, especially on the concepts of >illogical<, >practical experience< and >absolute freedom<. For example: Van Meter Ames declares both Suzuki and Dewey are the critics of traditional logic, they all try to de-construct the method of dichotomy; moreover, both Suzuki and Heidegger grasp >person< as a subject through Being and experience. Such analogy from appearance is a habitual way for West to study Zen, but in fact, there exist some key points which are completely different in Zen and philosophy. For example: Heidegger sets up an average state of Being for people to follow, but Zen opposes this kind of state because it violates the basic spirit of human. In sum, Zen comes from experience; philosophy derives from logical analysis and conceptual knowledge, therefore, Zen after all can't be confused with any philosophy.- Chapter Seven: In the eighties of 20th century, West turns its methodology of Zen study into historical and critical research, it seems a debate between Suzuki and Hu Shih happens again in the West. They expect to pull Suzuki's non-historical Zen back to the scene of history in order to get new understanding. The result is Suzuki and his Zen thought are subjected to strong criticism. Moreover, by using systematic academic discourse and narrative strategy, West scrutinizes Suzuki's ideology, then put many labels such as ideology of sectarian, ideology of nationalism or reverse orientalism on Suzuki himself. This is the main content of Zen study in the West of the eighties of 20th century. Such intention of strong criticism or action of de-construction and reconstruction actually reveals an ideology of orientalism that Edward W. Said mentions that is no matter what Suzuki says, West is the real one to interpret Zen.- Chapter Eight: Undoubtedly, >DT Suzuki< is the name worthy to be remembered forever in the history of Western culture; He is not only a pioneer of Zen study in the West, but also a driver in this field. Just like Luis O. Gomez says that to stand on Suzuki's shoulder one can see farther. Indeed, in the Zen boom of 1950, West finds out its own potential of culture through Suzuki's Zen; and in the academic change of 1980, West retrieves its own cultural identity also through Suzuki's Zen. These two leaps represent not only the influences caused by >Suzuki effect<, but also the manifestation of orientalism of West. Therefore, Suzuki is just like the bridge of Zhaozhou which never mind people's abuse and just finishes its duty. But when we look closely into the study of Zen in the West, we find out obviously that West is anxious to restate Zen before completely understand it, so even though Zen in the West obtain a new epistemology, but it has already lose the essence of Zen. Suzuki says that Zen will be invited as long as people needs. It means Zen is always flexible and free enough to be applied to any kind of situation and to meet different people in the world. This is why Zen can be developed in the fields of psychology, philosophy, history and religion. From this point of view, we can say that Zen is just like a moon in the sky which becomes thousands of moons on thousands rivers, and each moon in the water is real, because there is no certain form called moon, this is Zen!}, language = {zh} } @misc{Lan, author = {Lan, Junli}, title = {Research on the Comparison of the Theory of Alienation between Marx, Luk{\´a}cs and Fromm [马克思、卢卡奇、弗洛姆的异化理论及其比较研究], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2004, 41 pp.}, abstract = {Alienation is an ancient concept, which is also an important theory category. On the basis of the thought of the predecessors, Marx creatively put forward the theory of alienated labor, which was used to reveal the tragic situation of the worker under the capitalistic society, meanwhile, this theory affected the later ages greatly. On the basis of the understanding of Marx's Works, Lukacs raised the theory of reification according to Marx's theory, which was used to give an overall Criticism to the social phenomenon of reification in the modern society. As to Fromm, who lived in the later capitalistic society, he made an general description on the phenomenon of alienation in the contemporary capitalistic society. This thesis is an approach to make a theoretical comparison by the statement on the theory of alienation of three thinkers. This thesis is divided into two parts.- Part One makes a statement on the thought of these three persons from the following aspects. The origin of the theory, the intension of the theory and the method with which to realize the sublation of alienation.- Part Two makes a theoretical comparison between Marx / Lukacs, Marx / Fromm and Lukacs / Fromm, which is carried out from the following aspects: the cultural tradition, the style of the theory, attitude and the understanding of the concept.- With the transform of the historical ages, undoubtedly the theory of alienation changed and developed, the theoretical comparison made in the thesis is just a description of the developing course and theoretical character of the alienation theory. It's just a small part of the cultural criticism. Hope to provide some reference in the research of systematic cultural criticism.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Krische, author = {Krische, Petra}, title = {Aspekte einer Psychologie des Gewissens [Aspects of a psychology of conscience, Dissertation Philosophische Fakult{\"a}t I der Universit{\"a}t Z{\"u}rich 1984, (Typescript) 97 p.; esp. pp. 71-74.}, number = {unpublished version / unver{\"o}ffentlichte Fassung}, abstract = {Based on FROMM's proposed personality theory of the productive and nonproductive use of four character types, studied the productive facet of the four life-style orientations. Analyses of the data from surveys of life and interpersonal relations orientations supported the four orientations suggested by FROMM's theory. (RC)}, language = {de} } @misc{Han, author = {Han, Yanqiu}, title = {Being Questioned - On the Southern School of Zen Thinking and the Early Development of Its Modern Psychological Sense, Master thesis [论南宗禅思想的初期发展及其现代心理学意义], Special History, Northwestern University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China 2006.}, abstract = {The southern Zen which originated with Interpretation on had distributed in the middle of AD eight century. Among these factions there are two important. Factions that influenced people deeply the Hongzhou of Nan Yue Huai Rang - Ma Zu Dao Yi, and the Shitou of Qing Yuan Xing Si - Shi Tou Xi Qian. They respectively represented two different thought in development of the southern Zen. I try to study these two kinds of thought with comparative method in the first part of this paper.- The former emphasized the solution to the conflict between human and the real society, but the latter paid more attention to the relation between human and the world. During their development, they had absorbed something useful from each other, and made great progress. Just because of these, they laid the foundation of the distribution of the Zen afterward. Furthermore, I attempt to discuss the development of the unique style of the Zen's language. In the second part of this paper, to study the modern meaning of the Zen, I compared the theory of new depth psychology which has deeply effect on the history of western psychology with the Zen. With the method of depth psychology, I carefully thought about the revelation of the Zen.- The second part consists of three sections: the feasibility demonstration for the comparative study of the new depth psychology and the Zen, the theoretical basis of the comparative study for the two thought; the influence on the main representative of the new depth psychology from the thought of the Zen; the ethical direction of the two thought. It aims to display all the possible positive meanings for the modern west and the whole society from the Chinese ancient Zen.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Hao, author = {Hao, Hongcui}, title = {Response to the Behavior of Parents of Young Children's Favorite Cartoon Hero Type [基于幼儿喜爱英雄型动画片的家长回应行为研究], Master thesis, Pre-primary Education, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China 2011.}, abstract = {Any questionnaire survey and It does not the present paper took the hero-type cartoon >Ultraman< as an example to study the actual state of the children's love about hero-type cartoons and the parents' response behaviors to it The author also in-depth analyzed the possible effects on children and reasons of parents' response behaviors. The survey found that most children like the hero-type cartoons. They like watching the cartoons, talking about them, imitating the hero and asking their parents to buy related productions for them. The reasons are that the great heroes, simple and repeated stories and the strong stimulation from screen not only attract children, but also cater to the children's psychological needs. In addition, the environments of family and community are influencing factors too. Based on the four types of children's reaction to the cartoons, parents' response behaviors are divided into four corresponding aspects. As for the first type that children like watching cartoons, parents' response behaviors are letting children watch TV themselves or watching cartoons with other children. In terms of children's talking about cartoons, parents usually refuse them, but only repeat what they say, or teach them what they should learn from the cartoons or rearrange and continue the stories. For children's imitating the hero, some parents prohibit their conducts while some other parents allow them to do so. For children's requirement of buying related productions, parents may refuse them, or meet their requirement immediately but with conditions.- According to Erich Fromm's viewpoint, the author analyzed the possible effects which parents' behaviors may bring to children. The result is that parents' supportive actions ie watching cartoons with children, talking with children about cartoons and allowing them play games of super hero, are in favor of children's growth. On the contrary, the averse and restrictive behaviors are bad for children. The study analyzed the reasons of parents' behaviors using Charles H. Zastrow's Social ecosystem theory. The author found that parents' own factors are the main reason, while other persons' effects are the direct reasons for parents' response. Children's pressure of communication with companions makes parents have less control, and the social environment also imperceptibly influences parents' behaviors.- On the basis of the above results, the researcher gives some suggestions to parents and the society in order to help parents make better response to children. Parents should have correct ideas toward children. They may study by themselves and the society should set up schools for parents. In practice, parents must give children the correct guidance. They should watch cartoons with children together, talk with children about cartoons, allow children to play and meet children's requirements latterly. This study proposes the positive impact on children and takes away the negative impact. Consequently, children can get more benefits from the hero-type cartoons.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Guo, author = {Guo, Wenchao}, title = {Women's Freedom Tortured by Existence - Interpretation of the Doctrine of >Summer Bird Cage< [生存对女性自由的拷问 - 对《夏日鸟笼》的人本主义解读], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {>A Summer Bird-Cage< (1963) is the virginal novel of Margaret Drabble (b. 1939), the famous contemporary woman writer in Britain. In the novel, Drabble creates two different characters, Sarah and Louise. Though they are sisters, they vary from one another in life value and pursuit. Through the description of their discrepancies, Drabble uncovers the contemporary British women's predicament. Actually, A Summer Bird-Cage undertakes to reveal the true state of contemporary women, whether the women >in the cage< or >outside of the cage<, cannot escape from alienation and loneliness. Previous scholars and critics have done some research on the theories of alienation, freedom and love, for example, the well-known American humanistic psychologist and philosopher in the 20th century, Erich Fromm has made a profound study on them. Furthermore, several scholars and critics make studies on literary works based on the Fromm's theories. As for A Summer Bird-Cage, there are also a lot of studies on it since its publication, though more to be followed in the future, just as what the thesis intends to do. Based on these studies and enlightened by Fromm's theories, the thesis takes A Summer Bird-Cage as the object of study, trying to analyze the contemporary women's predicament in this novel from the aspects of alienation, freedom and love.- In terms of alienation, Drabble shows a panorama of women's dilemma in the contemporary society in A Summer Bird-Cage, and she studies the various conflicts brought about by the materialized society in the course of industrialization, elaborating that the western modern society is suffering from alienation without love. It follows that alienation as a common phenomenon has spread over each corner of the contemporary society.- As far as freedom is concerned, through the common predicament of both married and unmarried women in A Summer Bird-Cage, it reveals that freedom is double-edged as well as marriage. As for freedom, women pursue it, but too much freedom may not contribute to their predicament. As for marriage, it is not only a >cage< with bondage, but also a >bay< for women to escape from freedom. Freedom or marriage seems like a double-edged sword, torturing women's existence at times. Thus, facing freedom, are women supposed to go after it or escape from it? They are at a loss.- As for love, it is the theme running through A Summer Bird- Cage. Fromm has made a profound study on love in contemporary society, and he makes a conclusion that people's alienation and fear of freedom originate from lacking of love. In the novel, both Sarah and Louise don't have the proper understanding of love. Moreover, they live a life without love. All these result in their predicament. Consequently, it may safely be concluded that, >Love is the answer to the problem of human existence< (Fromm 1956: 7). And love can be the satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence. While, as for the dilemma brought about by the modern civilization, Drabble fails to point out a way-out, and she lacks the courage to overthrow the alienated and male-dominated society.- However, the open ending of the novel also hints that Drabble may see a pin point light penetrating darkness and a ray of hope beyond despair. The greatness of Margaret Drabble lies in the fact that her works reflect women's social predicament vividly and truly. To a certain degree, Drabble's A Summer Bird-Cage provides with an access to the knowable community by depicting the women intellectuals' life in the contemporary society. Essentially, love is only regarded as a struggle for the women, particularly when their existence is threatened.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Han, author = {Han, Song}, title = {Research on Erich Fromm's Theory of Human Nature [弗洛姆人性理论研究], PhD thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2008.}, abstract = {In this thesis, I focus my research on an outstanding American psychoanalyst, philosopher and sociolo-gist, Erich Fromm's theory of human nature. The concept of man is the motif of Fromm's thought. His concern is mainly on exploring laws governing both individual life and society, which in other words are laws that control human beings existing in society. Consequentially, Fromm reaches his understanding on the valuable tropism of human beings, which is the theoretical basis for Fromm to examine and analyze social reality and to express his ideal for human character and society. In Fromm's idea, human nature is a concept concerning directly on the subsistent circumstance of human beings and on human character as well. In this sense, human nature presents to us its real look only when we research it in the interrelation of man's subsistent circumstance and the real society. This is also the key point in understanding Fromm's theory of human nature. For this reason, I make a research in the thesis on the core of Fromm's theory of human nature and differentiate the specific concept of human nature from the general one. In my viewpoint, the specific concept of human nature means the theory of human nature in the macrocosmic perspective, which is called in the thesis the fundamental theory of human nature, while the general concept of human nature entails three elements, which are the specific concept of human nature, the structure of human character as the real state of human nature and social theory. Moreover, the latter two elements have vital effect on human nature. After reworking on Fromm's theory of human nature, I get a better background to understand and expatiate on the essence of Fromm's theory of human nature, which is actually that human beings can work out their own salvation and unite together into one body. Therefore mentioned is the theoretical logic of my thesis, which is mainly about research on the three parts of Fromm's theory of human nature. Furthermore, my aim in the thesis is to show firstly the humanist spirit that Fromm expresses with his concern on the existence and potentiality of human beings; secondly, the transcendence that Fromm achieves in his theory comparing to the metaphysics which causes the vainness of human life and to the theoretical Degree, etc that the relativist theory of human nature reaches; and thirdly the special theoretical quest and viewpoint that Fromm proposes on contemporary social critique and values. There are five chapters in the thesis.- In the first chapter, I make a research on the background of Fromm's theory of human nature. In order to get something valuable and meaningful, I pay much attention to the relation of Fromm's theory and its background. Firstly, I analyze Fromm's family and the times he lives in, which aims on the one hand to explicate that a person could be influenced in a great Degree, etc by his family and his living times, on the other hand to emphasize that Fromm himself is definitely impelled by the abnormal family and times he lives in to think deeply about the problem of human nature and its value. Secondly, I analyze the process that Fromm's theory of human nature achieves, which indicates that it is in the examination on the antinomy of German arbitrary autarchy and American liberalist democracy that Fromm gets his conclusion on human nature. In Fromm's eye, both of the afore mentioned nations' values are neither real nor normal. Just for this reason, Fromm decides to search for a kind of new values. Thirdly, I analyze the theoretical origin of Fromm's theory of human nature. Actually, Fromm is indebted his theory much to ideas of Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Johann Bachofen and Buddhism, especially the sect of Zen. From Chapter Two to Chapter Four, I focus my research on the content of Fromm's theory of human nature.- In the second chapter, I introduce the fundamental theory of Fromm's concept of human nature in his own theoretical environment, presenting his understanding on human nature in the macrocosmic per¬spective which is being a multilayer unity of conflicts. The fundamental theory of Fromm's concept of human nature entails the understanding of human nature as man's intrinsic contradiction, man's desire for solving and relieving from the contradiction, the different ways of meeting man's needs, and the potentiality of human good and evil. I also believe that the main idea of the fundamental theory of human nature is that the good potentiality of human nature is the basis for man and his rebuilding of social value. Only in this sense, can we achieve the transcendence to the other two kinds of theory of human nature which are aforementioned. I have to repeat that Chapter Two is both about the basis of Fromm's theory of human nature and definitely the heart of this thesis.- In the third chapter, I explore the theory of human character which is a part of Fromm's theory of human nature from the perspective of relation of human beings and the world. I also make a research on the function of the theory of human character and its structure, which is special for exploring the real state of human nature. Therefore, Chapter Three is a further exhibition of the fundamental theory of Fromm's concept of human nature. Since I pay much attention to the research of human nature in the macrocosmic perspective in the former chapter, I turn to research human nature and its transition in the dynamic development of social history in this chapter. In the structure of human character, we find out the historicity, sociality and changeability of human nature. The foundation of human character is the relationship of human beings and the external word. In Fromm's theory, the relation of human beings and the external world is embodied in the relation of character structure and social structure, in detail, it is about the adaption and counterwork of character structure to social structure and about the impact that social structure has on character structure. In this chapter, I classify different character preference and relations of character structure to social structure both in theory and in reality, among which two types of character preference (viz. productive character and unproductive character) and five types of social character are stressed. Fromm analyzes especially the function of unproductive character like a bomb and productive character like a gum, which indicates his critique on contemporary society and pursuit of a healthy human character.- In the fourth chapter, I put my eyeshot on the phenomena of alienation in both production and consumption of capitalist society in the twentieth century, which in the final sense caused the alienation of human nature. Especially, I believe that the abnormal social state and relation of man with the world violates man's development and self-realization. After that, I analyze Fromm's project for curing the abnormal society, that is, humanist socialism. Further, I repeat Fromm's proposal for achieving a healthy society which is to reconstruct a society integrally. I also give prominence to Fromm's pursuit of ideal society and human character in the end of this chapter.- In the fifth chapter, I do a further research on Fromm's extending and enriching on Marx's theory on human nature. In this thesis, some systematic research on Fromm's theory of human nature is presented, which I believe is somewhat advanced in field of Chinese academy, for I use an extraordinary way to reassure the connotation and extension of Fromm's theory of human nature, to present and evaluate Fromm's viewpoint.- I hope my thesis will make some contribution to impel the discussion on the contemporary significance of Marxist philosophy, to solve the key problems in the research of human nature in Chinese academy, to push the recognition of scientific concept of development which is based on the development of human beings and to supply people in contemporary society with some inspiration on recognize and choose a correct mode of subsistence.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Han, author = {Han, Wie}, title = {Fromm's Ethical Thoughts of Love [弗洛姆爱的伦理思想探微], Master thesis, Ethics, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2010, 50 pp.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is a well-known Western social psychologist, humanitarian ethicists, philoso-phers, is a well-known representative of the Frankfurt School in twentieth-century. He have written a lot in his life, his research areas almost range from the macro socio-economic, political and cultural to the micro-personal psychology, behavior, emotion, character, temperament and other characteristics of most of the social and human sciences. After the 20th century, the standard of Western society's material living had a big leap, but along with satisfaction of the material life, there was also a spiritual crisis: people felt their own strength insignificant in front of a huge community, and the development of modernization, mechanization made people feel lonely, anxious and lose the meaning of existence, so there was increasing suicide rate, pan-sexual doctrine, alcohol and other undesirable phenomena. In this realistic conflict and crisis situations, Fromm took the Frankfurt School' social critical theory, Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Marx's materialist conception of history, humanism and alienation theory as theoretical, source, he aimed at modern people's survival dilemma and spiritual confusion, and took human alienation as logical basis and establishment of a sound social as moral goal, he proposed on the ethics of love which was based on psychoanalysis.- In the system on ethics of love of Fromm, he preserved and discarded the understanding of traditional love, and he thought love is a positive dynamic and creative activity and its nature is given. Only through this emotion, people can keep their own independence while maintaining the whole world together. Fromm divided love into five kinds: universal love, motherly love, sex love, self-love and God love while he interpreted that love is foundation of human existence. He thought love is a kind of practical art, and it is a panacea for people to pursue their own perfection and save humanity and establish a sound social. Due to the reference and absorption of the theory of Marxist historical materialism and the love, Fromm's definition of love is more mature than Freud, and his understanding on love is more optimistic. However, after all he is a successor of >New Freudianism<, the content of his theories about love is rich and the point of view is deep, but it's limited inevitably for him to try to combine Marxist theory with Freud's psychology. Besides, his implementation plan on establishment of a sound society is only a cosmetic repair to social system, it didn't yet touch the root of capitalist economic and political foundation, so his so-called socialist ideal is just an utopian fantasy. Fromm's in-depth analysis on a variety of pathological conditions right in real life provides us with a new perspective that examine ourselves and measure modern society. It has reference value for China that is in the social transition period to heal individual personality and maintain social stability.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Han, author = {Han, Wenyan}, title = {Fromm's Critical Character Structure Theory [弗洛姆性格结构批判理论探析], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China 2007.}, abstract = {This paper deeply analyses and explains the theoretical meanings and realistic significances of the Fromm critical theory in character structure according to the carding of its theoretical foundation and content from cultural critical view.- First of all, this article approves that Fromm had synthesized Marxist Philosophy and Freud's theories carrying on the critical spirit for the social critical theory of Marx and Frankfurt School by revealing the theoretical basis of Fromm critical theory in character structure.- Secondly, by carding the main content of Fromm critical theory in character structure from cultural field to penetrate holding and understanding the Fromm theories, the goal of Fromm critical theory in character structure is to establish concordant society has been confirmed.- Finally, this essay explains the modern value of Fromm critical theory in character structure from the theoretical meanings and realistic significances, outstanding the realistic significances of Marxism, analysis the realistic aspects during the period of the social reformation in China.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Lessin, author = {Lessin, Edward John}, title = {Aspects of Structure in Fromm's Marketing Orientation, Michigan State University Dissertation 1968, 89 pp.}, language = {en} } @misc{Lee, author = {Lee, Lester C.}, title = {An Investigation of Erich Fromm's Theory of Authoritarianism, Claremont Graduate School Dissertation 1963, 115 pp.}, language = {en} } @misc{Leng, author = {Leng, Yandan}, title = {An Analysis of Zweig's Novels from the Perspective of Fromm's Theory [茨威格小说的弗洛姆式解读], Master thesis, Comparative Literature and World Literature, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, Shanxi, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {Zweig left us with many excellent works as a Jewish writer writing in German. His poetry, novels, plays and biographies have made impressive achievements in the Literature domain, especially his novel writing, which have a wide range of readers in the world. With an entry point of alienation, this paper, which takes Zweig's novels as the research object, is based on the novel texts as well as using Fromm's humanistic psychoanalysis theories. The thesis is composed of four chapters: Chapter one includes a brief introduction of Zweig's life, the general plot summary of his novels as well as the critical responses to them home and abroad. At the same time, this part makes a general introduction to the theoretical system of Fromm's humanism. His humanistic theory mainly talks about three issues, namely, the theory of escaping from freedom, the theory of alienation and the love theory.- Chapter two applies Fromm's alienation theory to the description of Zweig's novel world. Alienation has pervaded every corner of his creation which is displayed in the following two aspects: people are alienated by the war; the relationship between work and the people is alienated. This chapter also analyzes the psychological causes of the alienation.- Chapter three applies Fromm's love theory to analyze the way advocated by Zweig to resist the alienation.- Chapter four, driven by alienation, the character in his work often leads to tragic ending. In Zweig's life, meanwhile, there is a trace of alienation. The personality factors of Zweig's early experience and his Jewish identity have caused the anxiety of his heart while creative activities provide balance for the anxiety. Here, by the application of Fromm's theory, the thesis gives an analysis to Zweig's loneliness and his need of freedom. And the analysis centers on his relationship with his mother during his childhood.- The final chapter is the part of conclusion. It summarizes the factors of Zweig's tragedy and maintains the importance and significance of a humanistic interpretation of his novels.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Qian, author = {Qian, Xiaoli}, title = {Fromm's Humanitarian Ethics and Its Pedagogic Significance [弗洛姆人道主义伦理学及其教育学意义], Master thesis, Principles of Pedagogy, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China 2001, 41 pp.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm was the famous modern humanistic ethicist. The construction of his ethics was in his peculiar person's care, the historical background of the times he lived and multiple thoughts. In order to pro-mote human healthy development and accomplish human well-being, Fromm used other theories for re-ference extensively, mainly consist of Freud's psychoanalytic theory Marxism, Zen, Frankfurt School and its theory of social criticism. Fromm set up his fundamental position and guiding ideology of the >normative humanism< on the basis of his inheritance of the >humanism< in western culture. He also reviewed the lasting tradition of the humanistic ethics in the western culture, and his ethics was influenced deeply by the tradition. Using >normative humanism< as guiding ideology >the science of man< as theoretical basis, the analysis of human's character as scientific method, his ethics first exposes arid criticizes the authoritarian ethics lying in the reality sharply and deeply. On the basis of above, his ethics follows such principles as >only man (but not authority that place itself above man) can stipulate the standard between good and evil< inform and >what is good to man can be called good, while what is bad to man can be called evil<, >the unique standard of ethical value is human well-being< in content to set its moral model, to accomplish its highest value up >man for himself< and realize its final aim - to create >the sane society<. The content of Fromm's ethics is very rich. This thesis mainly involves three aspects: Firstly, the science of man is the theoretical basis of the humanistic ethics. On the question of >what is man<, Fromm though man is the result of the historical evolution and develop continuously. Man is the social being with self-conscience and rationality. On the theory of human nature, he thought the existence of it and it is the unique nature of man. Its basic parts are the contradiction and the need of the existence of man, the experience of feelings and character of man. It had the latent energy of good and evil. Its development was influenced by the natural inheritance, but it is >mainly the result of the culture<.- SecondIy, characterology with scientific method of the humanistic ethics. Fromm paid much attention to the ethical meaning of character and divided it in form and content and analyzed various characters in detail. He thought the character was >not only the theme of the ethical judgment, but also the aim of the human ethical development<.- Thirdly the moral model of the humanistic ethics. Fromm criticized authoritarian ethics' elaboration of (1) seIfishness, self-love and self-interest, (2) conscience, (3) doubt and faith, (4) man's moral strength and put forward his own viewpoint opposing to them on the basis of the above two aspects. The author thinks, although Fromm seldom spoke of education and morale education in his ethics, his guiding ideology method and some content of his ethics have great significances on the school education, especially on the moral education. First, it helps us to self examine the theory and practice of the authoritarian moral education. Secondly it helps us to think about and construct the educational system conforms the humanistic ethics in order to enhance the development of man. Thirdly it helps us to look on humanistic principle as the basic principle of the moral education. Fourthly it helps us to try to explore a kind of new moral educational mode, and treat the relationship between teachers' authority and students' freedom properly. Fifthly it helps us to think about and pay attention to the personal education in the modern market economy. [Author's translation]}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Xiaoyan}, title = {Split Behind the Dilemma. >Grass is Singing< Mary's Tragedy Analysis [《困境后的分裂 - 《野草在歌唱》中玛丽的悲剧分析], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {>The Grass Is Singing< is Doris Lessing's first novel taken Africa as background. It receives wide attention as soon as it is published for its vivid and overall description of colonial life. Through a meticulous depiction of Mary Turner's living background and personality development, Lessing presents us a clear view of the colonial life, thus revealing the brutal oppression of colonization and the living crisis of the white settlers. Under the guidance of Marx's dialectic view and Fromm's view about personality development, this thesis is proposed to analyze the essential reason behind Mary's living background (external cause) and her psychological growth and development (inner cause), thus achieving the conclusion: only when a person is developing in accordance with the society and the external world, can he achieve the balance and sanity between his personality development and the external world. Otherwise, he will suffer from the disaster of spirit chaos and split. The paper consists of three chapters.- Chapter one gives an introduction to the living environment of the heroine, Mary Turner and analyzes Mary's confused and frustrating situation under the pressure of impoverishment and racial discrimination.- Chapter two is proposed to reveal the inner cause of Mary's tragedy and conducts psychoanalysis on Mary based on her traumatic childhood, unhappy marital life and contradictory relationship with Moses thus pointing out that a false social character is the remote cause of Mary's twisted psychological development and spiritual split.- Chapter three focuses on the combined action of the indifferent social context and false self system. It deprives Mary's self-knowledge of pushes her to spiritual split and schizophrenia and final destroy.- The conclusion part proposes that human beings are the output of certain social system and ideology, thus only when individual psychological development goes accordant with the social circumstances he lives in without loss of self-knowledge can he achieve integrate personality development.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Xiujuan}, title = {The Research on Anthropology Ideology of Fromm [弗洛姆人学思想研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Southwest Normal University, Chongqing, China 2003, 39 pp.}, abstract = {Anthropology is an old as well as popular research subject. In the research of the problem about human in modern western society, the Frankfurt School holds an important position. Fromm is one of the main representatives of the Frankfurt School. He is a scholar well-known in the west and with profound anthropology ideology. However, there is rare systematic research on the ideology of Fromm from the perspective of anthropology ideology at home and abroad. Then, this thesis studies Fromm's anthropology ideology systematically. It consists of five parts.- Part One: the introduction to Fromm. Fromm's life and major works are firstly introduced. This is followed by the theoretical sources of Fromm's ideology. Absorbing the ideologies of Marx and Freud, Fromm develops them.- Part Two: human nature. Fromm's research on human includes two levels. The first one is the birth of human. Fromm holds that the birth of human is composed of three separation-processes, that is the separation of human from animals, the separation of human from nature, the separation of self from others. The second one is the human nature. Fromm proposes that human nature consists in the dichotomy of human, and human need is decided by and derived from human nature.- Part Three: human alienation. This part studies the view of Fromm's alienation ideology, compares it with that of Marx, and describes people's abnormal characters produced in the alienation state, as well as the manifestations of alienation with regard to people's life, consumption, politics and social relations produced in capitalism.- Part Four: human salvation. Fromm suggests that we must develop humans with healthy characters and correct life styles by means of psychology revolution, and carry out economic, political and cultural revolutions. There are healthy humans and healthy society only by combining psychology revolution with social revolutions.- Part Five: Comment on Fromm's anthropology ideology. This part briefly summarizes Fromm's anthropology ideology, presents the contribution of his theory, points out the theory's insufficiency, and posits that Fromm's ideology can function as the reference and guidance for our social reality.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Xiuzhen}, title = {Discussion on Anxiety in Literary Activities [论文学活动中的焦虑], Master thesis, Literary Theory, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2011 [application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {This paper chooses >anxiety in literary activities< as the object of research, and starts with the anxiety in various stages of literary activities, tries to discuss several specific aspects such as subject creation, literary acceptance, writing of literary history and literary communication, and focuses on the relationship between anxiety and current literary activities. This section mainly discusses the theoretical origins of the anxiety of the creative subject and the intrinsic connection between the two important concepts of >intersubjectivity< and >parody< and the anxiety of the subject. Secondly, the section on literary reception and anxiety deals specifically with the phenomenon of frustrated readers' >expectation horizons< and the reasons for this, as well as Bloom's main theories in this area. The question of the relationship between the writing of literary history and anxiety then begins with the >re-writing of literary history<, looking at the state and causes behind the way in which the writing of literary history has been going. In this paper, we focus on the paradoxical relationship between the freedom of the subject and the anxiety of the subject in literary communication activities in the age of electronic media, in the light of Fromm's theory of >escape from freedom<. After a more comprehensive description of the complexity of anxiety in literary activities, the thesis focuses on the analysis of the phenomenon of anxiety in current literary activities and its underlying causes, firstly discussing the origins of anxiety in current literary activities, starting from the rise of the technological reproducibility era, aesthetic fatigue and the >objectification< of human beings. The essay discusses thoughts on anxiety in current literary activities, analyses the characteristics of current literary activities with reference to the creation and reception of current literary activities, takes literary texts with aesthetic meaning as an example, and provides a comparative and in-depth understanding of certain important characteristics of current literary activities. At the end of the paper it is emphasized that the anxieties in literary activity are viewed through the lens of historical development. [Automatic translation]}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Yan}, title = {On Fromm's Modern Comment on the Dilemma of Human Existence [论弗洛姆对人生存困境的现代性批判], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changshun, Jilin, China 2007.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm was a renowned psychologist, sociologist and philosopher of the 20th century and the founder of humanistic psychoanalysis. In the field of psychology, he is a representative of the cultural school of psychoanalysis, and in the field of philosophy, he is one of the representatives of the Frankfurt School and of >Western Marxism<. He has written extensively and his scholarly activity covers the fields of philosophy, ethics, psychology, sociology and religious studies. The question of human existence runs through his thought. At the heart of Erich Fromm's teachings are the dilemmas of modern human existence and the way out. He was not concerned with a few mentally ill people or self-actualized people, but with the dilemmas of survival and the answers to the questions of the majority of people. The main body of the paper is divided into three parts: the first part is devoted to presenting Fromm's modern understanding of the human dilemma. Through >Escape from Freedom<, >Man for Himself< and >The Sane Society<, Fromm has made a comprehensive analysis of the survival situation of modern man and concluded that >escape from freedom and alienation< are the unique dilemmas of modern man's life. According to Fromm, the common human existence has given rise to three kinds of contradictions, namely, the contradiction between life and death, the contradiction between the transience of life and the infinity of potential, and the contradiction between individuation and loneliness. In order to resolve these existential contradictions, people develop various spiritual needs. The social personality and the social unconscious are the ways in which people meet these needs in certain situations. >The existential contradictions of >individualization and loneliness< dictate that people both relentlessly pursue freedom and, at the same time, escape in various ways from the >negative freedom< that is so prevalent in today's society. Man's alienation as manifested in Western society.- The second part aims to provide a comprehensive overview and exploration of Fromm's modern critical thinking on the dilemma of human existence. Fromm proposes two solutions to the dilemma of human existence. In order to eliminate the alienation of human nature and achieve a >sound society<, Fromm argues that one is to develop the capacity for reason and love, and the other is to carry out a comprehensive >social reform< of the politics, economy and culture of capitalist society.- The third part is an evaluation of Fromm's anthropological thought on the basis of the Marxist anthropological point of view, based on the preceding comprehensive and systematic introduction of Fromm's anthropological thought. Fromm's thought on human nature is not only of great theoretical significance, but also has important reference significance for the soundness and development of human nature in the construction of China's socialist modernization. [Automatic translation]}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Biyan}, title = {To Have or to Be - >Song of Solomon< Black Way of Life, Master thesis [占有还是生存 - 对《所罗门之歌》中黑人生存方式的探讨], English Language and Literature, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China 2012 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {Song of Solomon is the first African-American woman Nobel Prize laureate Morrison's representative novel. The Regard and wide Acclaim and catapults Morrison of its publication receives high into the ranks of the most revered contemporary writer The glamour of the novel, the author believes, lies most in Morrison's exploration of the mode of existence for contemporary African-Americans and even for contemporary mankind. As for this respect, few researches set foot in home and abroad and the research into the respect is attractive and worthy. The thesis thus studies the mode of existence in the novel. In >To Have or to Be<, Erich Fromm proposes his theory that people exist in one of two states: the having mode or the being mode. In the having mode, one is obsessive with material possession, acquisitiveness, power and aggression and such kind of existence yields evils such as greed, jealousy, and violence. In the being mode, one concentrates on sharing and engages in meaningful, creative, and productive activity as the mode is based on love. According to Fromm, the having mode would bring the world to the brink of psychological and ecological disaster and thereby he appeals people to live the being mode of life. The thesis combines Fromm's theory with the description of the state of life in the novel and aims at studying Morrison's thought on the option of the modes of existence. The thesis falls into three chapters.- The first chapter deals with the having mode of existence.- The second chapter handles with the being mode of existence.- The third chapter is mainly about the option between the two modes of existence. In all, the study on the mode of existence could not uncover the charm of the novel fully. But through the study, the life state and mode of African-Americans are fully revealed. Moreover, the study unveils Morrison's thought on African-Americans' future and destiny, that is, the having mode could distort blacks' life and soul and the best way for blacks is to live the being mode of life and treasure their cultural traditions and values; only in this way can African-Americans live better in America and find real happiness and meaning in their life.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Bo}, title = {Analysis of Fromm's Theory of Man [浅析弗洛姆人学思想], Master thesis, Marxist Philosophy, Shanxi University, Taiyun, Shanxi, China 2012.}, abstract = {Current, worldwide, along with the continuous development of science and technology, man and nature, man and society, man and its contradiction is increasingly acerb, the problems on the existence and development of human threat, therefore, people gradually aroused the attention of scholars at home and abroad. Fromm as the main representative figures in the Frankfurt school, is a renowned psychologist in the west, is a rich person study thought by scholars, based on Fromm's theory of human comprehensive carding system, consists of three parts.- The first part of Fromm's human thought theory origin. Mainly to the Fromm made a brief introduction, elaborated Fromm person study thought is put forward in the background of the times and Fromm person study thought theory origin.- The second part of human nature as the core concept, from the four levels of carding Fromm person study thought. First of all, the contradiction of human nature as the logical starting point, by human nature and human existence, human nature and human survival needs, human nature and the relationship between free to interpret human nature; secondly, from the psychology angle to analysis the concept of alienation, alienation in the human interpretation of the unconscious and alienation in the modern west a variety of social performance, reveals the essence of capitalist alienation is the alienation of human nature; again, discusses the contemporary capitalist society people escape from freedom of roots and way; finally, in order to eliminate the alienation of human nature, to achieve the perfect society, Fromm proposed to psychological revolution social transformation scheme, namely in the >moral< on the foundation, at the same time to the community to carry out economic, political, cultural and other aspects of the change, the psychological revolution and social reform to combine, the all-round development of man.- The third part of the Fromm person study thought evaluation. In this chapter the finishing touch, explains Fromm person study thought the transcendence and its positive value; Fromm concerned the capitalist society people's survival condition, therefore, his thought has the necessity and feasibility, but he discusses the way to solve the problem are the subjective psychological experience, so his solution has a utopia; at the same time Fromm humanism is also desirable and the place that draw lessons from, in the transition period in China, how to pay attention to the problems in person, how to achieve the person's freedom, how to promote the construction of a harmonious society plays an important enlightening role.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Guilian}, title = {Making the Most of Our Freedom [善用我们的自由], Master thesis, Ethics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China 2007.}, abstract = {The central theme of the teachings of Erich Fromm, a leading Western social philosopher and psychologist of the twentieth century, was the plight of modern man and the way out. In view of the touchstones of the times and the considerations of the academic point of departure, the idea of freedom is the first issue addressed by Fromm's entire doctrine. Fromm reveals the double meaning of freedom in terms of both negative and positive freedom, pointing out that while freedom makes one more independent, it also leads one to loneliness, which presupposes two attitudes towards one's own freedom - the pursuit of freedom or the flight from it. People by nature desire and seek freedom, but when freedom becomes an unbearable burden to the individual, the tendency to avoid it arises. Escaping from freedom and reverting to dependence and subservience does not lead one to happiness, nor does it resolve the contradiction inherent in freedom between individualization and loneliness. The only way out is to strive for positive freedom, and there are two paths to positive freedom: the attainment of human wholeness through creative love and work, and the establishment of a humanist socialist society. In the course of this discussion, the paper presents a dialectical analysis of Fromm's ideas on freedom, examining both the contributions and shortcomings of his theories and suggesting their relevance to China's social reality. [Automatic translation]}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Hailan}, title = {The Love of Fromm's Family Ethics [弗洛姆家庭伦理之爱研究], Master thesis, Foreign Philosophy, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2011.}, abstract = {Erich Fromm (1900-1980) is a German-American Jews who is famous as a psychologist, a sociologist, an ethicist and a philosopher. At the same time, he is the important person who is the representative of Freudian Marxism and Frankfurt School. He is concerned about the human being's living situation and tries his best to solve the problem. His Love Theory offers us a valuable consult, making us think society problems. By his book >The Art of Loving<, we try to explore the way of solving problems of our concern. It consists of three parts. Part One: the theory of Love, including the essence and basis of love. Part Two: the theory of family ethics. This part studies the relationship among families, giving some advice how to deal with the problems. Part Three: an apocalypse to our society. This part gives us the support of how to set up the Love points, family ethics points and values points in order to solve the problems we are facing.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Yanli}, title = {On the Women's Persistent Pursuit of Freedom in >The Golden Notebook< [《金色笔记》中的女性对自由的不懈追求], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China 2010 [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {Since the 19th century, because of the rapid development of science and technology and strengthening of people 'ability to reform the nature, people's chief part initiative and the functions of spiritual factors protrude, and so appear various kinds of theories, doctrines, views, trend of thoughts and schools. Existentialism is a trend of thought of irrationalism, it emphasizes individuals, independence and self-decision, subject experiences. The formation and development of existentialism are never an isolated issue. It mainly criticizes socially the alienation of people's way of survival caused by the capitalism development after the Second World War, it has vivid time brand. It shows despair mood and contradiction psychology after the Second World War and during the cold war period. It is a crisis of philosophy, it supplies people with philosophical base.- Sartre is one of the most active preachers of the western society. He emphasizes human being, emphasizes the individual's chief part, emphasizes the chief part's initiative choice, it has positive significance. The fundamental viewpoint of existentialism is to regard isolated individual's irrational conscious activities as the truest existence, and as the whole philosophical starting point. It claims to be a philosophy that regards human being as center and respect human being's personality and freedom. Sartre is not only a highly productive man of letters who advocates intervening reality, but also a positive social activist with vivid viewpoints. The transmission of his existentialism thoughts and mainly depends on the argument in philosophical theories, but through literature and art. In his whole life, he regards freedom and justice as standards. His existentialism should be believed as an introspection philosophy facing miseries. His philosophy can be mainly summarized as the following three points: (1) Existence precedes essence; (2) Free choice; (3) The world is fantastic. Sartre's philosophy is in fact the freedom philosophy. Freedom is the center of Sartre's whole life philosophy, and is the basic content and important component of his existentialism philosophy. A human being's freedom issue is extremely concerned in Sartre's whole life, his freedom notions are mainly the following: First, a human being is free, a human being is freedom. Second, freedom is the freedom of choice, absolute freedom is realized by choice. Third, a human being should be responsible for his free choice. Sartre closely concerns human beings' existence and freedom, and in his corresponding individual practice, he positively and boldly intervenes in the society. The existence problems of human being have shown to the contemporary people. Their spiritual living situations show that affluent modern life hasn't brought people healthy and contended spiritual condition but enslaved them. Not only have individual spirit lives fallen into an unprecedented anxious and immanent state, but also the contemporary people faced the plights of living.- Erich Fromm has been keenly concerning about the conditions of living, fate, and soul of the temporary people. He concretely explained the living conditions of humankind, made an overall analysis on the existing conditions of the contemporary people, revealed the living dilemma of the contemporary people. He argues that mankind's history is just the history of pursuing freedom, the real outlet for the living plight of men should be developed toward the direction of freedom, and develop the creative activities of men.- Another well-known existential philosopher Karl Jaspers cares for human existence in the modern society. He analyzed the spirit conditions of the modern people and put forward the spirit crises of the modern people.- The free women in >The Golden Notebook< fall into plight. Though they praise themselves as free women, they are only apparent free women, limited free women, they are free women without freedom. It's just an irony on freedom. Reflecting on free women, they come to the answer of life state of gender reconciliation. The last section discusses Sartre's existentialism intervening thought, viewpoint of literature, viewpoint of love and their embodiment in free women.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Yufen}, title = {Weaving Her Own Myths - A Preliminary Study on the >Escape Mechanisms< in Doolittle's Mythological Poems [编织自己的神话-杜利特尔神话诗中>逃避机制<初探], Master thesis, English Language and Literature, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China 2009 [application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {Hilda Doolittle [HD] is an American poet, best known for her association with the early 20th century imagist poets. At the start of her career, she wrote her short and concise poems which best demonstrated the principles of Imagism. But after the 1920s, HD gradually abandoned the imagist principles and turned to accommodate her life-long interest in occultism and mysticism and the tendency of recasting Greek myths. In her later poems, she showed a strong desire to escape from the real life. This desire, which coincides with >Mechanism of Escape<, a concept proposed by Erich Fromm, an internationally renowned psychoanalyst, aroused my academic interest in the study. In the light of Fromm's theory, I'd like to interpret HD's >escape< as is displayed in her poems from a psychoanalytical perspective. In his famous work Escape from Freedom, Fromm argues that although human beings have a deep longing for freedom and modern individualistic freedoms are typically considered an advance over pre-modern and traditional societies, these freedoms are also a curse: simultaneously he is also freed from those ties which used to give him security and a feeling of belonging. He is overwhelmed with a sense of his individual nothingness and helplessness. The pursuit of freedom for human beings ends psychologically in insecurity, powerlessness, doubt, solitude, isolation and fear. In order to overcome fear and loneliness, man has to escape. Fromm calls this >Mechanism of Escape< and suggests several ways to escape. But there is only one way that can lead to >positive freedom< and attain security, individuality and identity: it's identical with the full realization of the individual's potentialities, together with his ability to create something actively and spontaneously. Upon examining HD's life experience, poems and letters, I find that HD experienced the same process as Fromm argues. HD wanted to seek freedom, to keep her individuality, but the realistic world confined her. Freedom and understanding for her, ended eventually in solitude, isolation and fear. In order to seek positive freedom and keep her own individuality, she intentionally chose to escape into her mythic poetic world. She created an idealistic world through her writing of mythic poems and thus fulfilled spiritual freedom and self-realization-realizing the pursuit of beauty and truth, the pursuit of women's equality, the pursuit of the freedom of belief, the pursuit of the freedom of love and pursuit of the freedom of creation. HD created a rich world in her mythic poetry and fulfilled her spiritual transcendence and gained the positive freedom. This thesis is divided into six chapters.- The first chapter gives an introduction to HD's life and her major works.- The second chapter presents a literature review, in which I shall briefly report the international and domestic study on HD and her works, especially those that bear strong relevance to my study.- The third chapter offers the theoretical framework of the whole thesis, in which I shall expound Fromm's psychoanalytical theory of >Mechanism of Escape<.- And in the fourth chapter, I shall illustrate the factors that caused HD to escape and point out that it is these factors that relate her poems to Fromm's psychoanalytical theory of >Mechanism of Escape<.- In the fifth chapter, I shall focus on the process of HD's spiritual transcendence in her mythic poetry world.- The sixth chapter is the conclusion of my paper, in which I try to outline the major points of my thesis that HD's escape is her intentional and active choice and through her spontaneous mythic poetry creation, she achieved her spiritual freedom in her mythic poetic world.}, language = {zh} } @misc{Li, author = {Li, Zhongxiang}, title = {Western Marxist Critique of Capitalist Alienation Reflection [西方马克思主义者对资本主义异化现象的批判性反思], Marxist Philosophy, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2008.[application of Fromm's theories to art]}, abstract = {The two world war especially the WWII has brought great lose on both physical and mental, the bankrupt of the concept of rational country and society, and the feeling of sad and flushed with fever. Embarrassed by the crowd, which covers the whole west countries, pain, not worry, annoyance and death become the dilemma of the basic living. After WWII, people have variety substance life but the spirit is vice versa, the capital and technology dominate the human beings, people lost his status, people changed from the subject to the object etc. the western Marxism has considered those serious social problems in early 30s of the 20th Century. To them, those problems are ubiquity in capitalism this special social form. There are some basic problems that are dissimilation is quite common in capitalism society. Some of the western Marxist made some critical reflections on the dissimilation from the angle of humanism. Such as Lukacs, Marcuse, Fromm, Lefebvre, Sartre and some scholars made critics on capitalism dissimilation from the angle of scientism, such as Althusser and Frankfurt School.- We look through the dissimilation theories of the western Marxism; we can see clearly they have quite obvious differences with the labor alienation theory. Anyhow, the western Marxism has got great achievements on the critical fields. Such as capitalism have pushed a lot of oppression on human, enthrall the spirits, dissimilate the daily life, and technology dominate the human beings. Meanwhile, they have a lot of limits on the alienation theory. The essay has made a serious analysis and fair judge on its rationality and limits and revealed the critical reflections which bring the inspiration on China's modernization.}, language = {zh} }