@article{Westen, author = {Westen, Drew}, title = {The bilingual self duet in two voices}, series = {Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 12 (2002), pp. 915-920.}, journal = {Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 12 (2002), pp. 915-920.}, abstract = {Two central questions raised by Spezzano's commentary have to do with the extent to which we seek objectivity in psychoanalytic theory and practice, and the extent to which one or another set of methods (e.g., clinical observation) is adequate or optimal for generating that knowledge. A discipline and treatment devoted to understanding subjectivity is nevertheless devoted to objective knowledge about a patient's subjectivity, defenses, and so forth and requires valid theories to guide exploration, inference, and intervention. Seeking objective knowledge does not require a na{\"i}ve empiricism ignorant of the limits of objectivity. We would do well to use multiple methods to learn about how the mind works and what leads to therapeutic change.}, language = {en} } @article{Westen, author = {Westen, Drew}, title = {The authority of logic and the logic of authority: The import of the gr{\"u}nbaum debate for psychoanalytically informed psychotherapy}, series = {Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 12 (2002), pp. 857-898.}, journal = {Psychoanalytic Dialogues Vol. 12 (2002), pp. 857-898.}, abstract = {Much contemporary analytic writing is focused on the intersubjective >space< between analyst and analysand. This article focuses on a different area of analytic subjectivity and intersubjectivity - on the implicit rules that guide psychoanalytic thought and discourse, which have not received the kind of critical scrutiny as our explicit theories. The paper describes five problematic aspects of this implicit grammar and corresponding ways of refining it: articulating conceptual multiplicity where we often use unitary constructs (such as the unconscious or the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis) specifying mechanisms rather than causally ambiguous descriptions (such as two unconsciouses talking to one another) and conditional rather than blanket statements avoiding using terms in overdetermined ways that lead to theoretical imprecision and confusion of theory and metaphor exercising greater caution in the use of developmental constructs and analogies, particularly from infancy and rethinking the nature and presentation of evidence in psychoanalytic discourse.}, language = {en} }