@article{Hassani, author = {Hassani, Hassan}, title = {Pre-freedom}, series = {Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2014), pp. 41-46. [Online ISSN 1913-9055] [doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v7n3p41]}, journal = {Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2014), pp. 41-46. [Online ISSN 1913-9055] [doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v7n3p41]}, abstract = {Although some concepts like negative and positive freedom are certainly considerable in the area of freedom; this paper argues to highlight what the researcher has called >pre-freedom<. For this purpose, it tries to clarify the concept of pre-freedom as a condition in which a person is related to other ones by primary ties. It is observed under the light of the fact that s/he does not conceive itself as a person who is being instructed his/her own social role. In other words, pre-freedom is the condition in which a person is not able to choose. It only imitates its leader and practice sheepish obedience of authorities. This person can, thus, be employed and exploited through three major techniques, namely the dependent identity, the doll of authorities, and the fragile security that the researcher attempts to explain them respectively based on various German thinkers such as Erich Fromm, Hannah Arendt, and Herbert Marcuse.}, language = {en} } @article{Hassani, author = {Hassani, Hassan}, title = {Two Concepts of Negative Liberty}, series = {Projet From Pre Freedom to Ultimate Freedom (2011), pp. 1-11. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326395670_Two_Concepts_of_Negative_Liberty]}, journal = {Projet From Pre Freedom to Ultimate Freedom (2011), pp. 1-11. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326395670_Two_Concepts_of_Negative_Liberty]}, abstract = {This paper tries to outline two different ways of thinking about the concept of negative liberty. On the one hand, one can think of negative liberty in the external view that is entitled the external negative liberty in this paper. Here, human being is free if no one stops him/her from doing whatever s/he may want to do. On the other hand, one can think of negative liberty in the internal sense that is entitled the internal negative freedom by the researcher. In this view, human being realizes him/ herself as a person who exists separately from others but s/he does not have his or her own identity. For this purpose, after analyzing of two approaches through a two prominent thinkers' standpoints including Isaiah Berlin and Erich Fromm, this question is going to be answered; what negative liberty is based on the two new perspectives, the external and internal perspectives.}, language = {en} } @article{Hassani, author = {Hassani, Hassan}, title = {Erich Fromm on Freedom}, series = {Projet From Pre Freedom to Ultimate Freedom, pp. 70-76. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322064405_ERICH_FROMM_ON_FREEDOM]}, journal = {Projet From Pre Freedom to Ultimate Freedom, pp. 70-76. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322064405_ERICH_FROMM_ON_FREEDOM]}, abstract = {In this paper the writer examines Fromm's theory of freedom in three stages: pre-freedom, negative freedom and positive freedom in his works especially in >The Fear of Freedom< or >The Escape of Freedom<. The writer discusses Fromm's ideas about three concepts and the distinction between pre-freedom, negative freedom and positive freedom. It seems that Fromm's conception of positive freedom as the rational pursuit of self-interest translates into an idea of independence or opposite pre-freedom in his social philosophy; moreover, Fromm's idea of negative freedom is not just the absence of constraints, since the word >negative< has a twofold aspect. However, his idea of positive freedom involves a certain degree of independence from other people as an individual; in other words, the maximization of everyone's independence from other people is the very important core of positive freedom for Fromm in his works. In short, it can be clearly seen in Fromm's conception that positive freedom is, however, constructed independently from his doctrine: it is built on the assumption of the process of growth in human freedom.}, language = {en} }