@misc{Pan, author = {Pan, Jiayun}, title = {A Necrophilous Character vs. a Biophilous Character [恋死性格与恋生性格 - 《收藏家》中的两个对立人物的存在主义心理分析], PhD thesis, English Language and Literature, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China 2005, 121 pp. [Application of Fromm's theories to art].}, abstract = {This dissertation is to psycho-analyze two antithetical characters in John Fowles' The Collector in the light of Erich Fromm and Karen Honey's existential-psychoanalytical characterology. Necrophilous and biophilous orientations are very new in Chinese literary criticism. Humanistic psychoanalysis postulates that human individuals are unique and there is an innate growth mechanism within individuals that will mobilize their libido toward the realization of their potentialities, or self-actualization if environmental social conditions are right. Still, they hold there exists a universal set of values rooted in people's biology that allow people to make moral decisions by looking inside themselves for meanings rather than relying on the prevailing judgments of dominant society. The life-forwarding orientations are people's primary potentiality and destructiveness is a secondary potentiality. Nature distills a love of life. If individuals' growth is checked by unfavorable circumstances, they will develop aggression and destructiveness to answer their existential needs. Human destructiveness embedded in character structure will exhibits itself in the form of malignant narcissism, sadomasochism, malignant anal-hoarding orientation and necrophilous orientation while biophilia expresses itself as independence, freedom, spontaneity and ability to love others. These antithetical needs are built into their character structure as a ready-made substitute of human instincts. Clegg's character structure mainly goes in destructive orientation and regresses progressively into necrophilia while Miranda's life orientation is mainly life-loving and existential opening to life here and now. When we approach Clegg from pan-sexism of Sigmund Freud's libido theories, we meet with a meager success, which indicates the impotence of Freud sexuality theories in the interpretation of some social psychopath. But when we retry to interpret the enigma of Clegg's character formation from Erich Fromm's psychological characterology, we immediately see a clear picture of Clegg's aberration. Clegg is a pathological character. He is a sufferer of malignant narcis