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    <title>OPUS 4 Latest Documents RSS Feed</title>
    <description>Latest documents</description>
    <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/index/index/</link>
    <pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2011 09:14:23 +0100</pubDate>
    <lastBuildDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2011 09:14:23 +0100</lastBuildDate>
    <item>
      <title>Documentation of the WALDATEM-2003 Experiment April, 28th to August, 03rd 2003</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/641</link>
      <description>no abstract</description>
      <author>Christoph Thomas; Johannes Ruppert; Johannes Lüers; Joel Schröter; Jens-Christopher Mayer; Theresa Bertolini</author>
      <category>report</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/641</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2011 09:14:23 +0100</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Qualitätsbegutachtung komplexer mikrometeorologischer Messstationen im Rahmen des VERTIKO projects </title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/640</link>
      <description>keine Zusammenfassung</description>
      <author>Matthias Göckede; Matthias Mauder; Thomas Foken</author>
      <category>report</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/640</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Mar 2011 08:49:50 +0100</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Documentation and Instruction Manual of the Eddy Covariance Software Package TK2</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/639</link>
      <description>no abstract</description>
      <author>Matthias Mauder; Thomas Foken</author>
      <category>report</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/639</guid>
      <pubDate>Tue, 15 Mar 2011 13:06:51 +0100</pubDate>
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    <item>
      <title>Freisetzung und Transport von polyzyklischen aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen aus / in kontaminiertem Bodenmaterial:Säulenversuche und Lysimeterstudie</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/416</link>
      <description>Polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PAK) stellen ein besonderes Risiko für Mensch und Umwelt dar. Auf zahlreichen Flächen, vor allem ehemaligen Industriestandorten wie Gas- und Teerwerken, finden sich mit PAK kontaminierte Böden. Mit Hilfe von Säulen- und Lysimeterversuchen wird in dieser Arbeit der Einfluß der Temperatur sowie Fließgeschwindigkeit und Ionenstärke der Perkolationslösung auf die Freisetzung und den Transport von PAK unter wassergesättigten Bedingungen untersucht. Untersuchungsmaterial ist ein sandig-lehmiger Schluff, der mit Mineralöl und PAK belastet ist. In ihrem grundsätzlichen Aufbau entsprechen die Säulenversuche den Anforderungen der Vornorm prEN 14405 [CEN, 2002] und den Entwürfen DIN V 19736:2001-11 [DIN, 2001] sowie ISO/TC190WG6 [ISO, 2001]. Säulenexperimente wurden bei 15 und 25 °C mit zwei unterschiedlichen Fließgeschwindigkeiten und Flußunterbrechungen zur Identifizierung ratenlimierter Freisetzung durchgeführt. Um den Einfluß der Ionenstärke zu prüfen, wurde mit NaClO4-Lösung (0,02 mol/L, stellvertretend für eine Bodenlösung) und entsalztem Wasser (nach den Vorschriften der Normenentwürfe bzw. stellvertretend für Regenwasser) perkoliert. Die Lysimeterstudie stand unter natürlichem Temperaturregime des Versuchsortes Bayreuth. Von sonstigen atmosphärischen Einflüssen abgeschirmt, wurde das Lysimeter mit den gleichen Perkolationslösungen, die für die Säulenversuche Verwendung fanden, künstlich beregnet. Als bedeutsam für PAK-Transport und -Freisetzung erwies sich die Temperaturerhöhung um 10 °C. Bei hohen Fließgeschwindigkeiten stiegen die Konzentration im Eluat und die Quellstärke toxischer und cancerogener PAK um bis zu 500 % an. Damit erweist sich die in den Normentwürfen festgelegte Temperaturspanne für Säulenexperimente als zu groß. Noch weit stärker wirkt sich der Wechsel der Perkolationslösungen aus. Perkolation mit entsalztem Wasser führte bei hohen Fließgeschwindigkeiten, wie sie etwa bei Starkregenereignissen zu erwarten sind, zu einem Anstieg der Kolloidfreisetzung und der Eluatkonzentration und Quellstärke aller betrachteten PAK. Hervorzuheben ist hier die Zunahme von cancerogenem und für Wasserorganismen hochtoxischem BaPYR und Bbjk-FLA um den Faktor 400 bei hoher Fließgeschwindigkeit. Generell scheint sich mit höherer Fließgeschwindigkeit auch die Quellstärke zu erhöhen. Ergebnisse des Lysimeterversuches und der Säulenexperimente sprechen dafür, daß sich unter den gewählten experimentellen Bedingungen der PAK-Austrag fast ausschließlich auf Kolloide bzw. Partikel mit einem Durchmesser größer 0,7 Mikrometer beschränkt und DOC als Lösungsvermittler eine geringe Rolle spielt. Ratenlimitierte Freisetzung konnte in den Säulenexperimenten für DOC, nicht jedoch für PAK nachgewiesen werden.</description>
      <author>Florian Storck</author>
      <category>masterthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/416</guid>
      <pubDate>Fri, 26 Sep 2008 08:30:18 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Response to the „Comment on ’Geoarchaeological and chronometrical evidence …’ ” by J.C. Carracedo et al.</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/358</link>
      <description>This paper is a reply to the comments made by Carracedo et al. (Quaternary Science Reviews 23, 2045-2049) to the original paper by Zöller, L., Suchodoletz, H.von &amp; N. Küster (2003): Geoarchaeological and chronometrical evidence of early human occupation on Lanzarote (Canary Islands), Quaternary Science Reviews 22, 1299-1307. The reply copes with comments concerning chronometrical dating, the origin of investigated material and geomorphologic and geoarchaeologic problems.</description>
      <author>Ludwig Zöller; Hans von Suchodoletz; Henrik Blanchard; Dominik Faust; Ulrich Hambach</author>
      <category>workingpaper</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/358</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 17 Mar 2008 08:00:31 +0100</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Die Spur der Glasperlen. Akteure, Strukturen und Wandel im europäisch-ostafrikanischen Handel mit Glasperlen</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/216</link>
      <description>In seiner 2004 eingereichten Dissertation folgt Ulf Vierke der Spur der Glasperlen von ihren europäischen Produktionsorten im oberfränkischen Fichtelgebirge und im böhmischen Isergebirge bis hin zu den Maasai in Ostafrika. Eine Route, die die Glasperlen sogar – jetzt zu Souvenirs verarbeitet – wieder nach Europa zurückführt. Es sind aber keineswegs die Glasperlen selbst, die im Zentrum der Untersuchung stehen, sondern vielmehr die Akteure, die mit diesen umgehen: die Perlenmacher in handwerklichen Betrieben etwa im Fichtelgebirge, die Arbeiter in den grossen Perlenindustrien Böhmens, die Händler in Europa, Indien und Afrika, die Frauen, die in Ostafrika Perlen zu Schmuck verarbeiten, und diejenigen, die letztlich diesen Schmuck tragen. Der Focus der Arbeit liegt auf dem Handeln der Menschen und auf der Vitalität gegenwärtiger Prozesse. Aneignung und Übereignung sind zentrale Begriffe, wenn es um die Interaktionen innerhalb der Vernetzung des globalen Warenaustausches geht. In Prozessen Aneignung, denen bisher das Hauptaugenmerk der Ethnologischen Forschung gilt, ist der Konsument Hauptakteur und dem Händler oder anderen Bringern kommt lediglich eine Hilfsrolle zu. Der Autor wendet die Perspektive und betont gerade die Prozesse der Entäusserung, des Vermittelns, des Werbens, die auf Seiten der Händler und Mittler untersucht werden müssen. Analog zur Aneignung führt er das Konzept der Übereignung ein. Sie umfasst den tatsächlichen Austausch, also den Übergang der Ware von einem Besitzer zu einem neuen, ebenso wie die kulturelle Interpretation und Umdeutung, die gerade zu das bestimmende Element der Handlungen eines Händlers ist. Der Händler ist in diesem Sinn mehr noch als ein Übersetzer, er ist cultural broker. Angeregt durch Sidney Mintzs klassische Studie aus dem Jahr 1985 “Sweetness and Power” bezieht der Autor seine Analyse nicht nur auf eine ethnologische Mikroperspektive sondern bezieht sich ebenso auf Prozesse und Strukturen globaler Integration. Indem er dies tut, eröffnet er auch einen facettenreichen Blick auf die historischen Hintergründe der Produktion, Distribution und Konsumption. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hierbei auf dem 16. bis 20. Jahrhundert. Analog zum weit gespannten Gegenstandsbereich kann der Autor auf ein breites methodologisches Instrumentarium rekurrieren, das von Teilneh-mender Beobachtung über Archiv-, Bibliotheks- und Museumsrecherchen bis hin zu Methoden aus der aktuellen Multi-Sited-Ethnography reicht.</description>
      <author>Ulf Vierke</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/216</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 10 Aug 2006 13:33:21 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Abschätzung der mikrobiellen Diversität in anoxisch sauren Sedimenten von Braunkohle-Restseen unter Berücksichtigung des Eisenschwefelkreislaufs</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/195</link>
      <description>Das Sediment im Restsee 77 wird durch den Verlauf des pH-Wertes dominiert. Dieser liegt im oberen Bereich bei 3 und steigt mit der Tiefe auf Werte von 5,5-6 an. Anhand des pH-Verlaufs wurde das Sediment in die Zonen I bis IV unterteilt. In Zonen I und III konnte eine spontane Fe(II)ges.-Freisetzung beobachtet werden, wobei diese in Zone I abhängig vom pH-Wert war. Diese konnte durch eine Anhebung des pH um den Faktor 2,2 gesteigert werden. Für die Zone III konnte bei Absenkung des pH-Wertes hingegen kein eindeutiger Effekt beobachtet werden. Mit Anstieg des pH im Sediment konnte zwar eine Abnahme der Zellzahl/ml beobachtet werden, die Diversität der Mikrobiota stieg jedoch an. Dies konnte mit unterschiedlichen molekularbiologischen Methoden bestätigt werden. Die allgemeine sowie die DGGE-Klonbibliothek wiesen in Zonen III eine höhere Diversität als in Zone I auf. Dominierend war die ubiquitär vorkommende Gruppe der Acidobacteria. Allerdings ist bis heute mit A. capsulatum nur eine Art kultiviert worden, von der eine dissimilatorische Fe(III) Reduktion nicht bekannt ist. Die allgemeinen Klondatenbank enthielt keinen Hinweis auf eine spezifische Fe(III)-reduzierende Mikrobiota. Von den bis heute bekannten dissimilatorischen Fe(III)-Reduzierern wurden nur Vertreter aus der Gruppe der Geobacteriaceae gefunden. Mit dem Primer-Set GM3/Geo825R für Geobacter konnte ein positives Signal in Zone III bei einer Verdünnugsstufe von 10-1 erhalten werden. In Zone I und Zone II lag die höchste positive Verdünnungsstufe bei 100. Mit dem Primer-Set Gb564/Gb1290 ergab sich ein leicht abgewandeltes Bild. Mit diesen Primern lag die höchste positive Verdünnungsstufe in Zone II und Zone III bei 10-2. Hingegen konnte in Zone I nur mit der unverdünnten DNA ein positives Signal erhalten werden. Mit den für Geothrix spezifischen Primern konnte nur in Zone II bis zu einer Verdünnungsstufe von 10-1 ein positives Signal erhalten werden. Allerdings bestand das erhaltene Produkt aus einer Doppelbande, was auf eine unspezifischen Reaktion während der PCR hindeutet. Kein positives Signal konnte für Shewanella erhalten werden. Für die azidophilen Fe(III)-Reduzierer konnte eine Anpassung beobachtet werden. Für die Acidiphilium-Spezies konnten acht Phylotypen differenziert werden, von denen vier in Zone I und III vorkamen. Die restlichen vier wurden hingegen nur in Zone III nachgewiesen. Ein Sequenzvergleich der Phylotypen aus Zone I und Zone III mit der EMBL-Datenbank ergab ausschließliche Ähnlichkeiten von 99% zu Acidiphilium-Spezies. Die Sequenzen der vier Phylotypen aus Zone III waren zu 95% sequenzähnlich zu kultivierten Acidiphilium oder Acidosphaera Spezies. Die phylogenetische Analyse ergab zwei Gruppen. Gruppe 1 enthält die Phylotypen, die nur in Zone III gefunden wurden. Die Phylotypen von Zone I und Zone III clusterten in Gruppe 2. Für die 'Bioleaching-Assoziierten'-16S rDNA wurden 20 Klone aus Zone I und 28 Klone aus Zone III auf redundante Klone über RFLP gescreent, wobei nur 1 Phylotyp mit 99%ige Sequenzähnlichkeit mit A. ferrooxidans unterschieden werden konnte. A. ferrooxidans reduziert unter sauren pH-Bedingungen (pH 3) mit 20 mM S° als Elektronenquelle alle getesteten Eisenfestphasen, wobei die Fe(II)ges.-Freisetzung mit abnehmender Kristallinität der Fe(III)-Minerale zunimmt. Unter erhöhten pH-Bedingungen (pH 5) erfolgte keine nennenswerte Fe(III)-Reduktion. Die Ergebnisse mit den Reinkulturen deuten darauf hin, dass autotrophe azidophile Fe(III)-Reduzierer unter erhöhten pH-Werten keinen Beitrag zur Fe(III)-Reduktion in Zone III leisten. Eine Fe(III)-Reduktion konnte ebenfalls für den heterotrophen Modellorganismus A. capsulatum gezeigt werden. In Reinkulturexperimenten mit A. capsulatum wurde die Fähigkeit zur Fe(III)-Reduktion getestet. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, das sowohl Fe(III)-Minerale als auch lösliche Fe(III)-Formen in einem pH-Bereich von 2,2-5 reduziert werden. Hierbei werden zwischen 5 und 40% der aus der Glukoseoxidation gewonnenen Elektronen auf Fe(III) übertragen. Die von PEINE (1998) formulierte Hypothese eins gekoppelten Eisen-Schwefelkreislaufs konnte an zwei Anreicherungskulturen sowie einem Isolat demonstriert werden. Hierbei wurden unterschiedliche Prozesse identifiziert. Anreicherungskulturen MB1 und MB2 oxidierten elementaren Schwefel bzw. Thiosulfat, wobei die Elektronen auf die Fe(III)-Minerale übertragen werden. Isolat MB3 betrieb eine Disproportionierung, bei der das gebildete Sulfid mit den Fe(III)-Mineralen chemisch zu Fe(II) und elementarem Schwefel reagiert. Beide Prozesse gehen vom elementarem Schwefel aus, der im Sediment durch eine Reaktion des Sulfids aus der Sulfatreduktion mit den Fe(III)-Mineralen entsteht. Die Bildung von elementarem Schwefel als Reaktionsprodukt aus der chemischen Reaktion von Na2S mit Fe(III) unter sauren Bedingungen konnte sowohl in Batch-Versuchen als auch in Mikrokosmenexperimenten gezeigt werden.</description>
      <author>Marco Blöthe</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/195</guid>
      <pubDate>Tue, 04 Apr 2006 14:41:15 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>MAS NMR of Nuclei with Spin S=1/2 in Polycrystalline Powders: Experiments and Numerical Simulations</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/160</link>
      <description>The objective of this work is the examination of one-dimensional magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. These spectra serve as a source of spin-system parameters which are related to structural and conformational parameters. It is to show that all spin-system parameters can be derived in a robust and reliable manner. Further on it is investigated how experimental conditions can be optimised in order to determine parameters in a stepwise fashion and get best accuracy for the derived data. This work is dealing with dipolar coupled spin S = 1/2 systems in polycrystalline powdered samples. MAS is used in order to increase spectral resolution and achieve gain in signal-to-noise ratio. However, MAS also causes a substantial down scaling of the information content about the anisotropic interactions of a spin system. A technique to remedy this drawback, while keeping the advantages of MAS, is the use of pulse sequences that reintroduce ("recouple") anisotropic dipolar coupling interactions. To access the spin-system parameters encoded in the lineshapes of MAS NMR spectra an iterative fitting approach is applied. These procedures make numerically exact simulations mandatory and involve accurate calculations of the complete spin-system dynamics. As a consequence all spin-system parameters sensitively encoded in the spectral lineshapes can principally be extracted. Computation of numerically exact simulations can be quite demanding on hardware (CPU speed). The algorithmic implementation of the spin dynamics has significant impact on the time required to simulate a spectrum. Optimisation and clever design of such algorithms is crucial especially when considering the need for repeated simulations in the process of iterative fitting. Usually spin-system size and the complexity of the pulse sequence are the principal factors determining the computation time of a spectrum. The numerical strategy adopted here is applied to one- to four-spin systems where the limiting factor is less the size of the spin system but rather the spin-system characteristics themselves. Spin systems composed of one to four spins have been chosen such that a representative range of spin-system parameters is covered. A combination R² and DQF proved to build robust and reliable experiments making all spin-system parameters accessible to an iterative fitting approach in a usually stepwise manner. The numerical simulations used in this approach additionally can serve for optimising existing pulse sequences. This usually results in better experimental spectra due to a better prediction of optimum experimental setup parameters. Such pre-experiment simulations are especially useful when large CSA interactions are present in dipolar coupled spin systems, a scenario not amenable to a complete theoretical description. Numerically exact simulations can also be regarded as an additional way of designing new pulse sequences. However, there is a certain lack of insight in the physical mechanisms of a pulse sequence when obtained by numerical methods only. For the future it would be useful to improve further the techniques of NMR that give complete and accurate information about local structure. This includes dipolar recoupling experiments of improved selectivity like R²-DQF. But when aiming for the ability to handle larger dipolar coupled spin systems it would also be advantageous to exploit pulse sequences that completely suppress the influence of CSA interactions while maintaining/recoupling the information about dipolar interactions. Further it is important to vary the information content of the spectra, a task for which e.g. OMAS experiments could be used.</description>
      <author>Matthias Bechmann</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/160</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 29 Aug 2005 08:26:13 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Intact and Damaged DNA and their Interaction with DNA-Binding Proteins: a Single Molecule Approach</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/154</link>
      <description>In the present work we study the architecture of intact and damaged DNA and their interaction with DNA-binding proteins using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). In the beginning of this scientific work we therefore focus our efforts on the development of a reproducible protocol for the surface-deposition of different biomolecules, such as linear and circular DNA, different types of proteins and DNA-protein complexes. The analysis of the apparent contour length of intact DNA molecules of different lengths and under different preparation routines is found to be consistent with its B-DNA conformation. In this thesis we report about the first structural study of long DNA molecules that carry UV-light photolesions at random sites. An exposure of DNA to UV light introduces different modifications to the DNA structure: regions of unpaired DNA of different lengths, sharp kinks, the presence of knot like structures and single-strand breaks. In addition, the dynamics of damage accumulation can be traced with AFM. UV-exposure influences both the apparent contour length and the persistence length of the molecules. The structure of UV light damaged DNA strongly depends on the exposure time. Longer UV-light exposure time introduces increasing DNA damage. An FCS study on DNA exposed to UV-light shows that the presence of photoadducts influences the hydrodynamic properties of DNA molecules. The results obtained using both AFM and FCS are compared with gel-electrophoretical experiments. Further, we report about a first AFM study of the hRPA binding properties to intact and damaged DNA. The damage types under investigation were a 6 nt bubble modification, a cisplatin modification as well as lesions induced by UV-light. In our AFM experiment we never find RPA to be bound to the intact dsDNA chain. In complexes with intact DNA human RPA is only found to be bound to the termini of the linear DNA molecules. Human RPA binds with a very low affinity to both DNA containing a 6 nt bubble modification and a single cisplatin modification. Moreover, hRPA showed in this case still a preferential binding to the ends of the linear DNA molecules as seen in the complexes with intact DNA. Because of the low binding strength of hRPA to the cisplatin intrastrand adduct it is easily possible to remove the protein from its DNA complexes by scanning movements of the AFM tip. The images of the DNA molecules after removal of the hRPA proteins show significant distortions of the DNA chain, namely: the separation of the double strand into single-strands resulting in a large region of unpaired bases. Such structures are never observed in images of DNA carrying a cisplatin lesion before the addition of hRPA. This fact may explain a possible role of hRPA in damage excision. Our experiments show a rather high affinity of hRPA to UV-light damaged DNA that increases with UV-light exposition time. The formation of complexes of hRPA and UV-light damaged DNA molecules was studied by both EMSA and AFM. When hRPA was added to the damaged DNA, globular objects sitting on the rod shaped DNA strands were regularly observed in the AFM images. A systematic analysis of the apparent contour length of DNA molecules in protein-DNA complexes reveals a reduction of the contour length in comparison to the one of uncomplexed DNA molecules damaged for the same time. Such reduction of 27.7±7.6 nm suggests a wrapping of the DNA molecule around the hRPA protein. Additionally, using the hRPA-DNA system, we show that the application of the phase signal allows to differentiate between components of similar architecture, but different origin within one AFM image. The last chapter of the thesis is dedicated to the analysis of the DNA-binding properties of ORF80, a novel leuzine protein of unknown physiological role. Our AFM measurements demonstrate that under low protein concentration a specific binding of ORF80 dominates. To the best of our knowledge ORF80 is the smallest protein that was resolved in complexes with DNA by AFM. The single molecule approach in the study of the ORF80 binding properties to DNA with AFM shows that one, at most two ORF80 monomers recognize a specific sequence on the dsDNA. Both AFM and FCS clearly show that higher ORF80 concentrations lead to the formation of big protein-DNA agglomerates that contain numerous DNA and protein molecules. The formation of these agglomerates can be explained both by the unspecific ORF80 binding and its high aggregation properties.</description>
      <author>Marina Lysetska</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/154</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 04 Aug 2005 15:37:56 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Effects of land-use changes on the properties of a Nitisol and hydrological and biogeochemical processes in different forest ecosystems at Munesa, south-eastern Ethiopia</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/140</link>
      <description>The effects of conversion of natural forest into different exotic tree species plantations and crop cultivation were investigated at Munesa, south-eastern Ethiopia with the objectives of (i) determining changes on soil physical and chemical properties, (ii) quantifying water and nutrient fluxes under the different forest ecosystems, and (iii) assessing nutrient dynamics in water flowing through the soil under the different forest ecosystems. Soil samples were taken from the organic layer and at 0-20, 20-40, 40-70, 70-100 cm depths from the mineral soil. Rainfall and throughfall were collected using plastic funnels mounted 1 m above the ground. Soil solutions were collected with zero-tension (organic layer) and tension (mineral soil at the depth of 20, 50 and 100 cm) lysimeters. After 26 years of cultivation, surface (20 cm depth) soil structure was deteriorated and total soil organic carbon (SOC) and N contents both in bulk soil and water stable aggregates were significantly reduced. Below 21 years old Eucalyptus plantation no significant changes on the above mentioned parameters could be identified, but significant reductions in SOC, N and S concentrations associated with the sand and silt separates were evident. There were also significant reductions both in quality and quantity of particulate organic matter (POM) due to cultivation and only in quality of POM due to 21 years Eucalyptus plantation. The organic layer mass under 21 years old Pinus patula, 21 years old Eucalyptus globulus and third rotation Eucalyptus globulus (established 42 yr ago) decreased by 43%, 57% and 15%, respectively, relative to the natural forest. There were also significant reductions in the organic layer C and N stocks (9 to 60% and 25 to 68%, respectively), being highest under Pinus and lowest under third rotation Eucalyptus. In the mineral soil, to 1 m depth, there was a significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction (16 to 20%) in SOC stock after conversion of natural forest into forest plantations. The N stocks under the 21 years old Pinus and third rotation Eucalyptus plantations were significantly reduced amounting 27 and 20% respectively, whereas 21 years old Eucalyptus had nearly an equivalent amount of N as that of the natural forest, probably due to a dense forest floor vegetation, fixing N. The changes in the organic layer and mineral soil S stocks after plantation establishment were not significant. Of the total annual rainfall (1190 mm) recorded during the monitoring period (October 2001 to September 2002), about 47% and 18% were intercepted by the canopies of Cupressus and the natural forest, and Eucalyptus, respectively. Total annual nutrients (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, NH4–N, NO3–N, PO4–P, SO4–S ) deposition by rainfall was 12 kg ha–1yr–1. Throughfall K, Mg, Ca and Cl fluxes were enriched relative to rainfall, whereas Na, NO3–N, NH4–N, PO4–P and SO4–S were depleted. Total annual throughfall nutrient inputs (Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, NH4–N, NO3–N, PO4–P, SO4–S) were 14 kg ha–1yr–1 under Cupressus, 21 kg ha–1yr–1 under the natural forest and 24 kg ha–1yr–1 under Eucalyptus. Water passing through the different forest floors differed only in K, Mg and NO3–N concentrations, the latter two being higher under the natural forest and Eucalyptus plantation than Cupressus. Potassium was greater under Eucalyptus than the natural forest and Cupressus. Except for NH4–N in the natural forest, forest floor leachate nutrient concentrations were enriched in all forest types in relation to throughfall. Most nutrient fluxes to the mineral soil decreased in relation to throughfall fluxes, whereas NO3–N fluxes increased by over 50% in all forest types. At all soil depths, the concentrations of most nutrients in the mineral soil solution decreased relative to the concentrations in the forest floor leachate, but Mg, Na and NO3–N at all depths in Cupressus plantation and SO4–S and Na at some soil depths in the natural forest and Eucalyptus plantation had increased. The vertical trends in soil solution nutrient concentrations showed a decreasing trend with depth increments for most of the nutrients, but the concentrations of Cl and Na in all forest types and Ca, Mg and NO3–N in Cupressus increased with increasing soil depth. At 1 m soil depth, the concentrations of Ca, Mg and NO3–N in Cupressus, respectively, were 8, 7 and 23 times higher than in the natural forest and 3, 4 and 81 times higher than in Eucalyptus indicating losses by leaching. Generally, the results of this study emphasize the importance of forest type, species composition and management in affecting carbon and nutrient storage, water and nutrient fluxes and dynamics.</description>
      <author>Yeshanew Ashagrie</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/140</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2005 12:47:22 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>In situ studies of sugar metabolism in Ricinus communis L. and Saccharum officinarum L.</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/137</link>
      <description>In order to find the sucrose efflux transporter of the endosperm of Ricinus communis L., the yeast complementation selection method was used, but it was unsuccessful. Mutation was occurred on the nSC4+ plasmid during the selection. Maybe the stress of the yeast cells was too strong and then induced the mutation in the yeast cells. Using a weak promoter and reducing the copy number of the plasmid may avoid the mutation occur during the selection. The endosperm of Ricinus communis L. stores lipid and converts it to sucrose for the growth of seedlings. Sucrose phosphate phosphatase gene, RcSPP1, was cloned from the endosperm of the germinating seedling of Ricinus communis L. The endosperm cells synthesize sucrose by using SPS and SPP rather than sucrose synthase. Northern blot analysis indicated that the RcSPP1 expression level of the germinating endosperm was very similar from day 2 to day 6. The expression of nsLTPc1 is cotyledon-specific. It is also confirmed by in situ hybridization. The results of nsLTPc1 in situ hybridization indicate that the expression of nsLTPc1 was a cell-specific. The expression of nsLTPc1 was found only in the lower side of the cotyledons of Ricinus communis L. The expression of RcSCR1 is found in the endosperm, hypocotyl and cotyledons of the Ricinus communis L. germinating seeds. By northern blot analysis of the RNA from different days old endosperm, it indicates that the RcSCR1 has a highest expression level at day 5. By in situ hybridization and immunolocalization, the results illustrate that the mRNA and protein can be found in the lower epidermis of cotyledons from day 2 to day 5. In the 6-day-old cotyledons, the mRNA and protein of RcSCR1 are predominantly found in palisade parenchyma cells, but they are also found in the lower epidermis of cotyledons. The results of in situ hybridization indicate that the transcript of RcSCR1 can be found in most of the endosperm cells. RcSCR1 can be found in the middle layer of the endosperm from day 2 to day 5, no transcript of RcSCR1 is found in the cell layers near the seed coat. On the day 6, no RcSCR1 transcript can be detected in the endosperm cells. It is suggest that the function of RcSCR1 protein is to retrieve the sucrose from apoplastic space to avoid sucrose escape. Compared to the amino acid sequence of known sucrose transporters, the putative sucrose transporter of Ricinus communis , RcSCR2, belongs to SUT4 subfamily. The transcript of RcSCR2 is found in the endosperm, hypocotyl and cotyledons of the Ricinus communis L. germinating seeds. The expression of RcSCR2 is very weak. The expression level of RcSCR2 cannot be detected by northern analysis. By quantitative real time RTPCR, it indicates that the RcSCR2 has a highest expression level at 3 day. By in situ hybridization, the results illustrate that the mRNA cannot be found in the endosperm, cotyledons and hypocotyl. The results of in situ RTPCR indicate that the transcript of RcSCR2 can be found in most of the endosperm cells. RcSCR2 can be found in the middle layer of the endosperm from day 2 to day 5, no transcript of RcSCR2 is found in the cell layers near the seed coat. On the day 6, no RcSCR2 transcript can be detected in the endosperm cells. Although RcSCR2 in yeast does not function properly, but it shares high homology to other SUT4 type transporters, so they may have the same function to take up sucrose into cells. It is suggest that the function of RcSCR2 protein is to retrieve the sucrose from the apoplastic space to avoid sucrose escape. How the expression of RcSCR1 and RcSCR2 is regulated in the endosperm is still unknown. Sugarcane is a very important food crop. Sugarcane yellow leaf virus leads to sugarcane yellow syndrome and reduces the sugar production. Starch accumulation was found in the virus-infected plants. Within the starch staining, the results indicate that starch is accumulated in bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells of virus -infected plants, however, starch can be found only in the bundle-sheath cells of virus-free plants. The in situ hybridization study indicates that the expression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the mesophyll cells of virus-infected plant is stronger than it in virus-free plants. The results of in situ hybridization of starch branching enzyme indicates that no significant difference between the virus-free-plants and virus-infected. The results are different to it of starch staining. The mechanisms are still unclear, more carbohydrate metabolism related genes must be studied.</description>
      <author>Shih-Long Yan</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/137</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jun 2005 16:01:40 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New Methods for the Investigation of Organic Thin-Film Devices</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/136</link>
      <description>We have developed new techniques for the investigation of organic thin-film devices and have focussed on properties on the molecular scale as well as on macroscopic properties of organic devices. Scanning probe techniques were used to obtain spatially resolved information on morphology and electro-optical properties. Structural changes in composite-based devices were found to have an important influence on device performance. Furthermore, two modes of electroluminescence detection have been developed. Local luminescence detection in the optical near-field by a scanning near-field optical microscope allowed us to monitor the light emission around a dark spot with a resolution better than 134 nm and to observe the electrode ablation. Finally, we have established a new scanning probe technique, named SELM, "Scanning Electroluminescence Microscopy". The simultaneous detection of a PtIr-tip-induced electroluminescence and shear force allows us to distinguish between topography and conductivity. This technique has revealed a strong spatial variation in the electro-optical properties of Alq3 films on ITO substrates. The existing combinatorial preparation method has been supplemented by a variable testing setup that permits the simultaneous investigation of 64 devices under nearly identical conditions. Both OLEDs and photovoltaic cells have successfully been tested over more than 300 hours of continuous operation so that it was possible to study the influence of material combinations and layer thicknesses on the performance and on the degradation of the devices. Variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry has been used for the optical characterisation of materials and an automation has been provided for the analysis of combinatorially prepared device arrays. Furthermore, a Mathematica program has been developed for the theoretical description of the short-circuit current in photovoltaic cells. By this means it was possible to explain in detail the observed performance enhancement in heterojunction solar cells, induced by an additional TiO2 layer. The optical and electronic contribution could only be identified by the variation of both layer thickness and device type. The strength of the setup presented is its ability to produce and to test devices under nearly identical conditions and to yield reliable data, which in turn can be used to test physical models. Finally, we have addressed the degradation process of OLEDs. The experiments have shown that inert gas plays an essential role in protecting against degradation, not only by the exclusion of reactive species but also by its heat-transport capabilities. These investigations are only just beginning and further combinatorial studies paired with AFM measurements are currently being developed.</description>
      <author>Helmut Hänsel</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/136</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 09 Jun 2005 15:58:37 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>The use of 10Be surface exposure dating of erratic boulders in the reconstruction of the late Pleistocene glaciation history of mountainous regions, with examples from Nepal and Central Asia</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/135</link>
      <description>Be-10 surface exposure dating (SED) of erratic boulders is an innovative approach in Quaternary geochronology. It proves to be an excellent tool for the reconstruction of the glacial history of mountainous regions, which is an important part of climate change research. In the course of this work, I have 1) installed the analytical procedure to extract in-situ produced Be-10 from quartz-bearing rock surface samples in the laboratory of the Institute of Soil Science and Soil Geography at the University of Bayreuth; 2) developed and calibrated the program TEBESEA for quick calculation of Be-10 surface exposure ages with fully propagated errors, thereby evaluating the existing procedures; 3) deduced a new interpretation scheme for exposure age distributions from several stratigraphically related moraines in an area; 4) provided 37 new Be-10 exposure ages for the Nepal Himalaya, complementing earlier soil geographic studies in the Langtang Valley and the Macha Khola Valley; and finally 5) provided 108 new Be-10 exposure ages for the Pamir, and the Alay- and Turkestan Ranges, defining a new glacial chronology for Central Asia. The analytical procedure used to extract Be-10 from quartz-bearing rocks and to prepare it for measurement closely followed the one established at the ETH Zurich, where all Be-10 measurements have been done. The accuracy of the analytical work in Bayreuth was confirmed by preparation of five calibration samples from the Koefels landslide, Oetz Valley, Austria. The traditional scaling system of Lal (1991) as modified by Stone (2000) still proves to be the most suitable one to be used in Be-10 exposure age calculations. For this procedure, I have calibrated a total standard production rate at sea level, high latitude of 5.35 ± 0.15 atoms/(g a), using a contribution of capture of slow negative muons of 1.2%, and including all possible corrections. The altitude dependency of Be-10 production used in the scaling systems of Dunai (2001) and Desilets &amp; Zreda (2003) is as yet not convincing, given the existing calibration data, but suggests that ages calculated for sites above 2000-3000 m a.s.l. in High Asia may be overestimates. Detailed error propagation shows that the uncertainties of Be-10 surface exposure ages at present are dominated by the errors of the scaling factor, the erosion rate, and the tectonic uplift rate. As long as surface erosion and tectonic uplift rates cannot be constrained to within 10%, however, exposure ages older than 30-40 ka have uncertainties of 20% or more and can be no more than rough approximations. For exposure age distributions from a set of stratigraphically related moraines, a new interpretation scheme is presented, which is able to detect ages older than the deposition age of the moraine (Be-10 inheritance), and to interpret age clusters younger than the deposition age, which may be synchronous on several moraines (phases of regionally enhanced surface activity). In the Nepal Himalaya, glacier advances in the Macha Khola Valley have occurred 70-100, 20-23, 11-12 and around 3 cal. ka B.P. Glacier advances in the Langtang Valley are dated to 14-15, 8-9 and ~3.5 cal. ka B.P. Late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial activity in the Nepal Himalaya seems to be controlled by the Indian monsoon rather than the westerly circulation. Only in the MIS 2, the westerly jetstream appears to have shifted as far south as to affect glaciation all over the Himalaya. During the Younger Dryas, the eastern limit of the influence of the westerly circulation on Himalaya glaciation may have been situated between the Manaslu and Langtang Himal. Glacial advances in the Pamir and in the Alay and Turkestan Ranges have occurred &gt;93-&gt;136, ~60-80, (40-55), ~27-25, ~22-20, ~18, ~15.5, ~14.3, and 10.5 cal. ka B.P. The most extensive late Pleistocene glaciation occurred during the MIS 5-3, and is characterized by ELA depressions of ~370-380 m in the eastern Pamir, as well as 600 m and &gt;750 m, in the Alay and Turkestan Ranges, respectively. Late Pleistocene glacier advances in northwestern High Asia, were triggered by climatic cold phases rather than by monsoonal maxima. Climate in the region seems to have been mostly under the influence of the westerly circulation and the Siberian anticyclone. Asynchrony of Central Asian and western hemisphere glacier advances is due to increasing aridity in Central Asia in the course of the last glacial cycle. High altitude glaciers seem to have reached their maximum extent earlier (MIS 5-4) than low altitude glaciers (first half of MIS 3). Some indirect monsoonal influence in the eastern Pamir may be responsible for the existence of some of the lateglacial moraine stages in this area.</description>
      <author>Uwe Abramowski</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/135</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 08 Jun 2005 09:02:19 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Aerob-thermophile Reinigung mineralölkontaminierter Abwässer</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/134</link>
      <description>Unter aeroben Bedingungen ist der thermophile Mikroorganismus Geobacillus thermoleovorans im Labor- und Pilotmaßstab fähig, verschiedene mit Mineralölen kontaminierte Abwässer als einzige Kohlenstoffquelle zu nutzen. Die Verwertbarkeit eines synthetischen Dieselöls sowie eines Kühlschmierstoffs standardisierter Zusammensetzung durch die Kultur wurde untersucht. Des Weiteren wurden Kühlschmieremulsionen aus Kfz-Produktionsstätten und Spüllösungen zum Reinigen von Lackleitungen auf deren biologische Abbaubarkeit hin geprüft. Der Nachweis von Metaboliten erfolgte an einem GC-FID-System (Gaschromatograph mit Flammenionisationsdetektor). Im Vergleich zum Standardsubstrat Olivenöl wurden ähnliche, in Einzelfällen sogar höhere Wachstumsraten und Zelldichten erzielt. Hierbei wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Initialisierung der Lipaseexpression durch Triglyceride Voraussetzung für den effizienten Abbau von Mineralölkohlenwasserstoffen (MKW) durch Geobacillus thermoleovorans ist. Da MKW in der Praxis nahezu ausschließlich in Verbindung mit einer Vielzahl von Additiven gebraucht werden, wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Zusatzstoffe auf die Mikroorganismen erforscht. Als Kohlenstoffquelle diente das synthetische Dieselöl, als Zusatzstoffe wurden insbesondere Tenside, Flockungsmittel, Komplexbildner und Entschäumer verwendet. Es zeigte sich, dass alle eingesetzten anionischen Tenside (Natrimlaurylsulfat = SDS, Natriumlaurylbenzolsulfonat = SDBS) und nichtionischen Tenside (Tergitol NPX, Triton X 100) in Konzentrationen unterhalb der kritischen Mizellenbildungskonzentration (CMC, engl. Critical Micelle Concentration) nachweislich das Wachstum der Kultur durch die Verbesserung der Substrat-Bioverfügbarkeit stimulieren. Oberhalb der CMC fördern anionische Tenside das Wachstum der Kultur; nichtionische Tenside wirken mit ansteigender Konzentration zunehmend inhibierend. Triton X 100 unterdrückt in Konzentrationen oberhalb der CMC die extrazelluläre Lipaseaktivität vollständig. Positive und negative Effekte auf das Wachstumsverhalten der Kultur sind gleichermaßen das Resultat von Tensid-Membran-Interaktionen. Durch Einlagerung in die Zellmembranen erhöhen die Tenside die Permeabilität der Membranen für Enzyme, was wiederum zu einer Beschleunigung des MKW-Abbaus führt. Der inhibierende Einfluss von Triton X 100 hingegen kann auf die Konformation des Tensids zurückgeführt werden, die entweder die Ausscheidung von Enzymen behindert oder Zellmembran oder Enzyme direkt schädigt. Die experimentell ermittelten CMC im aerob-thermophilen System betrugen 50 mg/L für SDS und SDBS, 90 mg/L für Tergitol NPX® und 108 mg/L für Triton X 100. Darüber hinaus wurde nachgewiesen, dass SDBS in Anwesenheit von MKW metabolisiert wird. In Abwesenheit anderer Kohlenstoffquellen kann auch SDS von Geobacillus thermoleovorans verwertet werden. Ein Abbau nichtionischer Tenside wurde hingegen nicht beobachtet. Die Anwesenheit nichtionischer Tenside ist daher, wie nach der Durchführung einer Diskriminanzanalyse bestätigt wurde, das wichtigste Entscheidungskriterium bzgl. der Anwendbarkeit des Verfahrens zur Reinigung bislang nicht experimentell untersuchter MKW-haltiger Abwässer. Basierend auf den versuchsbegleitend erhobenen Wachstumsparametern wurde ein Vorhersagemodell zur Übertragbarkeit des aerob-thermophilen Verfahrens entwickelt. Geobacillus thermoleovorans weist eine hohe Resistenz gegenüber Bioziden, Schwermetallen und weiteren in Reinigungs- und Schmiermitteln eingesetzten Zusatzstoffen auf. Erst in Konzentrationen ab 1.500 mg/L bewirkt Antimon(III)oxid eine Inhibierung des Wachstums. Eine Anreicherung der genannten Substanzen im Abstrom der Anlage ist daher zu erwarten. Weiterer Forschungsbedarf besteht hinsichtlich der Aufklärung der Metabolisierungspfade von Geobacillus thermoleovorans in Bezug auf (Poly-)Ether und Biozide. Bei der weiteren Verfahrensoptimierung ist insbesondere die Reduktion des Energiebedarfs der Anlage anzustreben. Darüber hinaus empfiehlt sich der Einsatz des Verfahrens in (sub)tropischen Ländern sowie die Ausnutzung von Prozesswärme. Die Entsorgung metallbelasteter Schlämme und anderer nicht abbaubarer Feststoffe ist sicher zu stellen. Bei der Behandlung von Kühlschmierstoffen und ähnlich hoch CSB-belasteten Abwässern (CSB: Chemischer Sauerstoffbedarf) ist die Bereitstellung von Verdünnungswasser notwendig, da eine Raumlast von 13 kg CSB/m -3 d -3 die Belastungsobergrenze für das Verfahren darstellt. Aufgrund der hohen Prozess-Stabilität, der kurzen Anlaufzeiten, der hohen Wachstumsraten und der einfachen Betreuung ist das Verfahren sehr flexibel und vielfältig einsetzbar. Eine weitere Vertiefung dieses innovativen Ansatzes in der Abwasserreinigung ist von daher wünschenswert.</description>
      <author>Alexandra Oberthür</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/134</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 02 Jun 2005 14:39:12 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Adoption of footprint methods for the quality control of eddy-covariance measurements</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/133</link>
      <description>Footprint models determine the spatial context of a measurement by defining a transfer function between sources or sinks of the signal and the sensor position. The resulting source area provides an important quality control tool to improve the interpretation of micrometeorological data sets. However, to date no approaches have been presented in the literature that provide a standardised footprint-based methodology that allows observers to include terrain characteristics into quality assessment and quality control strategies. One problem in this context is the small number of studies that concentrate on the validation of footprint models under the non-ideal conditions in which they are frequently being used. Therefore, for many applications, the accuracy of the source areas computed by the footprint models cannot be evaluated. To further increase the acceptance of footprint-based studies, a stronger focus on footprint validation studies for a wide variety of experimental designs is needed. This dissertation focuses on the development of a footprint-based evaluation tool for complex measurement sites that allows the combination of quality assessment results for micrometeorological measurements with characteristics of the surrounding terrain. The standardised method is easy-to-use in order to encourage its application on a large number of sites. To improve the interpretation of the obtained results, a second objective of this thesis was to develop and test approaches to validation experiments for footprint models. Göckede et al. (2004) presented an approach for the evaluation of micrometeorological measurement sites in complex terrain, which combined a method for quality assessment of eddy-covariance measurements with an analytic footprint model. Their software package provided micrometeorologists a practical tool for determining the average flux contributions from the land use type intended to observe at a specific site, or to identify footprint areas for which a high data quality could be assumed. Rebmann et al. (2005) proved the efficiency of this evaluation approach for extensive studies on a large number of sites organised in a network. Their results may serve as a tool for an improved determination of yearly sums of the net ecosystem exchange, because fluxes originating from sectors of minor quality could be excluded from the analysis. Because of these important contributions to quality control, Foken et al. (2004) integrated the site evaluation approach into a comprehensive survey on micrometeorological post-field data quality control techniques. The experiences obtained during the extensive study by Rebmann et al. (2005) allowed us identification of the major weak points of the approach, which we were able to improve in subsequent studies. Using remote sensing methods Reithmaier et al. (2005) studied the influence of the characteristics of the land use maps and different roughness length assignment schemes on the performance of the site evaluation approach. Finally, Göckede et al. (2005a) developed an updated version of the site evaluation approach, which improved the basic method by replacing the analytic footprint model with a Lagrangian stochastic footprint model that is more suitable for studies above high vegetation, and by applying a more sophisticated microscale flux aggregation method for the determination of areally-averaged roughness lengths. Although the implemented models are far more sophisticated than in the original version, the approach by Göckede et al. (2005a) still permits a practical application that allows for comparative studies of a large number of sites. With respect to the development of validation methods for footprint models using natural tracer measurements from field scale experiments, Göckede et al. (2005b) presented two different experimental approaches. Firstly, a comparison of measured flux differences and modelled land use differences for pairs of measurement positions revealed general correlations between measurement data and model results. Secondly, Göckede et al. (2005b) tested a correlation analysis between measured and modelled parameters using reference measurements and footprint results. This approach resulted in an objective quantitative evaluation of the accuracy of the footprint model. The study by Reth et al. (2005) could not be employed for footprint validation purposes because of a large systemic scatter between these measurement systems. Overall, both the paper by Göckede et al. (2005b) and by Reth et al. (2005) provided successful methods to testing the suitability of natural tracer experiments in the validation of footprint models. Although experimental deficits prevented the working out of significant differences between the results of the employed footprint models, their studies developed an improved design for natural tracer experiments that are especially designed for footprint validation purposes.</description>
      <author>Mathias Göckede</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/133</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 01 Jun 2005 16:34:29 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Hochtemperatursynthese von Smectiten und deren dreidimensional geordnete Einlagerungsverbindungen</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/130</link>
      <description>Mit Hilfe einer Hochtemperatursynthese bei 1750 °C im geschlossenen System konnte eine Reihe neuer, einphasiger und ladungshomogener 2:1 Schichtsilicate hergestellt werden. Durch Kombination unterschiedlicher isomorpher Substitutionen in den 2:1 Schichtsilicaten zur Generierung der negativen Schichtladung mit verschiedenen Zwischenschichtkationen der Alkali- und/oder der Erdalkalielemente konnte gezeigt werden, dass bei den phasenreinen 2:1 Schichtsilicaten die durch zweidimensionale, planare Defekte verursachte Fehlordnung von der Größe des Zwischenschichtkations und der Art der isomorphen Substitution abhängt. Trotz häufigem Wechsel der Kationenaustauschlösung konnte aber aus zwei Gründen bei keinem aus der Hochtemperatursynthese erzeugten dreidimensional geordneten Schichtsilicat eine vollständige Einlagerung erzielt werden. Zum einen wirkt sich das Aspektverhältnis bei dünnen (&lt;&lt; 1 µm), in der lateralen Ausdehnung sehr breiten Silicatkristallen (&gt; 1 mm), negativ auf die Geschwindigkeit und die Vollständigkeit einer Einlagerungsreaktion aus. Zum anderen behindern die Verwachsungen in den Produkten aus der Hochtemperatursynthese die Einlagerungsreaktion beträchtlich. Durch thermische Nachbehandlung knapp unterhalb des Schmelzpunktes wurde versucht, diese beiden Probleme zu beseitigen. Während beim Cs-Hectorit ein exakter Schmelzpunkt bestimmt werden konnte und nach dem Tempern kaum verwachsene Kristalle mit deutlich höherem Aspektverhältnis erhalten wurden, mussten beim K-Vermiculit aufgrund eines inkongruenten Schmelzverhaltens mehrere Temperversuche durchgeführt werden, die sowohl ein eher lockeres Gefüge von Kristallen als auch einen kompakten, „glasartigen“ Bulk ergaben. Bei Kationenaustauschversuchen der verschiedenen K-Vermiculit-Temperproben mit Ba2+ bei gleichen Reaktionsparametern zeigte der „glasartige“, kompakte Bulk zwar die höchste intrakristalline Reaktivität, aber selbst in dieser Temperprobe konnten die Zwischenschichtkationen nicht vollständig gegen Ba2+ ausgetauscht werden. Dagegen konnte durch das Tempern beim Cs-Hectorit die intrakristalline Reaktivität so weit gesteigert werden, dass nach Optimierung der Austauschbedingungen mit mehreren organischen Kationen dreidimensional geordnete Einlagerungsverbindungen erhalten wurden. Bei zwei dieser Verbindungen (DDABCO-Hectorit und TMA-Hectorit) konnte durch Einkristallstrukturanalyse und -verfeinerung die Anordnung der organischen Kationen im Zwischenschichtraum relativ zu den Silicatschichten bestimmt werden. Beim DDABCO-Hectorit wurde außerdem eine reversible Umorientierung des Zwischenschichtkations in Abhängigkeit von der relativen Feuchtigkeit der Umgebung beobachtet, mit der auch das Entstehen bzw. Ausheilen von planaren Defekten einhergeht. Weil die organischen Zwischenschichtkationen bei diesen beiden Einlagerungsverbindungen mehrere entartete Orientierungen relativ zueinander annehmen können, wurde trotz homogener Schichtladungsverteilung im Röntgenpulverdiffraktogramm nur im Ansatz eine zweidimensionale Fernordnung beobachtet. Dagegen traten bei dreidimensional geordneten Einlagerungsverbindungen des getemperten Cs-Hectorits mit 2H-DABCO2+ und H-MDABCO2+ in den Pulverdiffraktogrammen nach vollständiger Einlagerung deutlich Überstrukturreflexe in Erscheinung. Mit dem getemperten Cs-Hectorit liegt nun erstmals ein dreidimensional geordneter Smectit mit ausreichender intrakristalliner Reaktivität vor, aus dem sich durch Einlagerung mit geeigneten Zwischenschichtkationen dreidimensional geordnete Einlagerungsverbindungen erzeugen lassen. Durch Einkristallstrukturanalyse kann bei den Einlagerungsverbindungen die Struktur des Zwischenschichtraums routinemäßig aufgeklärt werden, was in Zukunft zu einem deutlich besseren Verständnis der Wirt-Gast-Wechselwirkungen im Zwischenschichtraum eines 2:1 Schichtsilicates führen sollte.</description>
      <author>Wolfgang Seidl</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/130</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 19 May 2005 16:12:07 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>A macroscopic and microscopic investigation of the magnesite – otavite solid soluition</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/129</link>
      <description>The magnesite (MgCO3) – calcite (CaCO3) system is the most geologically important of the carbonate minerals. At intermediate compositions a distinct ordered phase exists, dolomite [MgCa(CO3)2], which has symmetry. A complete, disordered ( c symmetry) solid solution exists, but at temperatures in excess of 1400°C. Unmixing and ordering processes that occur at high temperatures in the magnesite – calcite system make experimental work difficult. However, the use of an analogue system allows syntheses under more accessible experimental conditions. The effects of cation substitution and ordering in the magnesite (MgCO3) – otavite (CdCO3) solid solution have, therefore, been investigated using X-ray powder diffraction and Hard Mode Infrared Spectroscopy (HMIS). The results from Rietveld refinements of the X-ray powder diffraction data show that the variation of the a-axis is linear as a function of composition and is not affected by different degrees of order at intermediate compositions. However, the c-axis shows a positive deviation from linearity as a function of composition for the 800°C series. The observed deviation decreases with increasing degree of order for samples of composition Mg0.5Cd0.5CO3. Oxygen-carbon-oxygen bond angles for samples with symmetry showed a decrease in bond angle from 120° (constrained by symmetry in samples with the c structure) with increase in degree of order. Site occupancies were used to determine the long-range order parameter, Q, for samples with symmetry. The square of the order parameter varies linearly as a function of temperature, suggesting a second-order phase transition, and a critical transition temperature of Tc = 719°C. Intensity ratios between reflections present only in the low symmetry phase and reflections present in both the low and high symmetry phases can be used to determine a value proportional to the square of the long-range order parameter, Q. Intensity ratios, between the (101) and (202) reflections for samples of composition Mg0.5Cd0.5CO3, were determined from X-ray powder diffraction patterns and show a linear variation as a function of temperature, with a critical transition temperature, Tc = 716°C. The local mixing and ordering behaviour of the magnesite – otavite solid soluition has been characterised using infrared powder absorption spectroscopy. Phonon bands due to cadmium-oxygen translations, and magnesium-oxygen translations were both observed in the IR spectra for samples of intermediate composition. Band positions for cadmium-oxygen translations remained constant as a function of composition, whereas band positions for magnesium-oxygen translations showed a decrease in wavenumber as a function of composition. Vibrational bands in other spectral regions (libration and translation of carbonate groups and doubly degenetrate in-plane bending and out-of-plane bending of carbonate groups) vary linearly as a function of composition and no effect of order on band position is observed. At high frequencies the samples with c symmetry (800°C series) show a linear shift in band position as a function of composition, whereas, samples in the cadmium dolomite stability field, with symmetry, show a marked increase in frequency compared to their c symmetry counterparts. Cation substitution, or disordering causes broadening of IR vibrational bands for a given material. In this study an alternative method was used, which makes use of the autocorrelation function to establish average line widths for six spectral regions. The autocorrelation results, delta corr, can be interpreted in terms of local strain fields present in the structure due to cation substitution and disordering. In the low frequency region, the delta corr values show a positive deviation from linearity as a function of composition. For samples of composition Mg0.5Cd0.5CO3 the delta corr values are virtually all the same, independent of the degree of order. Over all the spectral regions, the addition of 10mol% MgCO3 (1 Mg atom every 2 unit cells) to the otavite results in a large increase in line width. It is, therefore, suggested that the strain fields surrounding the substituting magnesium atoms into the otavite structure are on the order of 30Å. In the low MIR and at a composition of Mg0.5Cd0.5CO3, an effect of order is observed as a reduction in delta corr values with respect to the sample with c symmetry. The difference in delta corr values between the ordered and disordered samples was used to determine the local-order parameter, q, which scales linearly with the long-range order parameter, Q.</description>
      <author>Fiona Bromiley</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/129</guid>
      <pubDate>Tue, 17 May 2005 11:18:50 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Transfer and Distribution of Cantharidin within Selected Members of Blister Beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and Its Probable Importance in Sexual Behaviour</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/127</link>
      <description>Cantharidin (C10H12O4) is a repellent against a wide variety of predators and is known to be produced by blister beetles (Coleoptera: Meloidae) and oedemerid beetles (Col: Oedemeridae) where it is found in hemolymph and various tissues. Males of blister beetles transfer large pockets of cantharidin along with sperm to the female during copulation. Cantharidin movement through different parts of male and female genitalia was surveyed to get a better time sequence of the pharmacodynamic of this compound. Since cantharidin titre in meloid beetles highly depends on the age, sex and mating record of the individuals, deuterated cantharidin (D2C) was introduced into meloids’ body by injection, mixed with artificial diet or floating the beetles’ internal organs in Ringer and D2C solution. All samples were analysed by GC-MS, but because of the approximate coelution of cantharidin and D2C, their exact measurement via normal MS seemed to be very difficult. Therefore, MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring) method for cantharidin/D2C separation and independent quantitation was developed for the first time. Cantharidin pharmacodynamic in male of studied species could be quite different over a period of time. As the accessory glands absorb high amount of D2C in short term, they will eventually accumulate less amount than the testis. Confirming the previous studies, it has been concluded that post-farnesyl steps in the cantharidin pathway may occur entirely in the male’s body outside the reproductive system but the ultimate product is transported into male internal genitalia via membrane of the accessory glands which should be permeable to the chemical. It transfers afterwards to epididimis and the vas deferens in higher volume comparing to the other organs of the male genitalia and finally absorbed by the testis. In females, cantharidin is first absorbed by spermatophoral receptacle in high volume while at the same time goes through ovary and is distributed upon eggs; by the way the up-taken volume by ovaries remains considerably lower than the receptacle. By time these two organs stopped accumulating of cantharidin, whereas the bursa copulatrix starts incorporating the gift actively. This reserved amount should be mainly supplied by the receptacle and ovaries directly, so that the internal way of the terpene transfer remains as the main transport way. Analysis of the eggs laid by D2C injected females of Hycleus polymorphus demonstrated that the marker has been transferred from female to the eggs. It was found that D2C had been also incorporated into the triungulin larvae; however the titre decreased significantly from egg to larva. There is a good correlation between density of cuticular pores and the cantharidin/D2C level of the scape and pedicel antennomeres of the male specimens of Cyaneolytta sp. Light microscopy of semi thin cross sections of male scape and pedicel indicates that there are plenty of canal shape structures which have been stretched from the antennal hemolymph to the antennomere surface where cuticular pores situated. These structures can be uni- or multicellular tubules which bring the circulating cantharidin of hemolymph into the surface where later on released via the opening of cuticular pores. Tracing the head capsule and antennal segments of those Cyaneolytta females which were injected by D2C shows that the marker is found mostly in the two first antennal segments. Similarly, a higher concentration of the cuticular pores was also observed on the scape and pedicel. Tubular cells or any other carrying structures such as tyloids were found neither in cross sectioning of female antennomeres nor on integument surface. We suppose a natural system has been evolved in females of genus Cyaneolytta which let them select males with abundant reservoir of cantharidin prior to any mating behaviour. Males and females have antennation during which males antennomeres as well as cantharidin containing pores which are located on the 1st and 2nd antennomeres come into direct contact with the female antennae and thus release cantharidin on its surface. So, the porous area of male antennae can be considered as cantharidin release structures (CRS). In contrast, female porous area of antennae is apparently regarded as multiporous gustatory sensillae (MGS) which means a chemoreceptor to recognize the cantharidin titre of male sexual partner. We hereby refer to cantharidin as a precopulatory sex pheromone and support the idea who suggests cantharidin role in close range sexual selection.</description>
      <author>Mahmood Reza Nikbakhtzadeh</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/127</guid>
      <pubDate>Thu, 21 Apr 2005 15:26:32 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Electrostatic Trapping as a Self-Consistent Phenomenon in Plasmas and other Collective Systems</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/126</link>
      <description>This thesis investigates self-consistent electrostatic structures in plasmas and related collective systems. They are coherent structures in which particles become trapped in the wave potential. These phenomena require a kinetic description i.e. a description in which the velocity distribution of the particles is taken into account. Trapping structures extend the areas in configuration space in which a plasma is unstable. The main argument and result of this work is that there exist certain kinds of perturbations of an equilibrium that can destabilize the plasma, even if linear theory predicts stability. The usual procedure in plasma theory of analyzing the stability of a plasma by means of a linearization of the equations is therefore questioned. Particle trapping is an essentially nonlinear phenomenon, still present for infinitesimally small wave amplitudes. The effect of the particle trapping is therefore not linked only with the treatment of finite amplitudes, as often assumed, but has also to be taken into account from the very beginning if one wants to arrive at generally valid predictions about stability and the associated anomalous transport. Thus it is not surprising that the problem of transport represents a not yet closed chapter in the theory of plasmas, a fact which is shown in many examples from fusion and space research, where almost collisionless plasmas are present. Particle trapping is however not confined to classic plasmas. Another result of this work is to show that the applied formalism can also be extended to other systems that present a collective behavior. Namely, a quantum extension is possible, which allow us to investigate quantum-like systems and also to draw a connection between electrostatic trapping in plasmas and envelope solitons in nonlinear optical media like e.g. optical fibers. The longitudinal dynamics of charged particle beams in accelerators and storage rings provides a further example of a collective system in which the phenomenon of particle trapping plays an essential role of the dynamics.</description>
      <author>Alejandro Luque Estepa</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/126</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 18 Apr 2005 11:16:01 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Experimental deformation of forsterite, wadsleyite and ringwoodite: Implications for seismic anisotropy of the Earth’s mantle</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/123</link>
      <description>The rheological properties of the major minerals of the Earth’s mantle are still not well constrained. However, these properties are crucial for the understanding of a wide range of processes in the Earth’s interior such as mantle convection. The purpose of this work is to address the issue of the rheology of the lowermost upper mantle and of the transition zone through the mechanical properties at high pressure of olivine (with forsterite composition Mg2SiO4) and of its high-pressure polymorphs wadsleyite and ringwoodite. Indeed, the properties of the Earth’s mantle can be inferred as a first approximation from the mechanical properties of those polymorphs which volumetrically dominate the mineralogy of the region of concern. Deformation experiments have been performed on hot-pressed forsterite samples and on pre-synthesized wadsleyite and ringwoodite samples under pressure conditions of the Earth’s mantle and at 1300-1400°C. The possible influence of the phase transformation from forsterite to wadsleyite on rheology has been also investigated. Deformation has been achieved by shear using the Kawai-type multianvil apparatus. Complementary experiments on forsterite have been performed in the newly developed Deformation-DIA. Some of them have been carried out on a synchrotron beam line to perform in-situ stress and strain measurements. In order to gain a maximum of information on the deformation mechanisms and on the Crystallographic Preferred Orientation (CPO), a special attention has been devoted to the microstructural characterisation of the samples. Electron BackScattering Diffraction (ESBD) and Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) have been mainly used. An important pressure-induced change in deformation mechanism is shown in forsterite. The deformation of forsterite at high pressure and temperature is dominated by the [001]{hk0} slip system rather than the [100](010) glide which is extensively observed at low pressure and high temperature.. Concerning the high-pressure polymorphs, their plastic behaviour has been studied with a strong emphasis on the formation of CPO. ViscoPlastic Self Consistent (VPSC) modelling is used to link the CPO with known elementary deformation mechanisms of these phases. The main features of the CPO of wadsleyite are characterized by the alignment of the [100] axes parallel to the shear direction and the alignment of the [001] axes toward the normal to the shear plane. Too many uncertainties remain on the ringwoodite CPO for them being used to interpret seismic anisotropy. Finally, we suggest that strain-induced CPO might be responsible for the seismic anisotropy observed in the lowermost upper mantle and in the upper part of the transition zone. The low seismic anisotropy of the lowermost upper mantle can be explained from the slip system change in forsterite and the CPO of wadsleyite point toward a dominant tangential flow in the upper part of the transition zone.</description>
      <author>Hélène Couvy</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/123</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 11 Apr 2005 10:30:47 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Änderungen intramolekularer Abstände bei der Faltung des Kälteschockproteins aus Bacillus caldolyticus</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/124</link>
      <description>Das kleine Kälteschockprotein Bc-Csp bildet ein beta-barrel aus fünf antiparallelen beta-Faltblattsträngen. Es faltet gemäß einem Zweizustandsmechanismus und erreicht den nativen Zustand in Abwesenheit von Denaturierungsmittel innerhalb einer Millisekunde. Um die strukturellen Veränderungen während dieser schnellen Faltungsreaktion zu untersuchen, wurden intramolekulare Abstandsänderungen mit Hilfe des Förster-Resonanzenergietransfers (FRET) bestimmt. Einzelne Tryptophanreste wurden als Donor und einzelne 5-(((acetylamino)ethyl)amino)-naphthalin-1-sulfonsäure-Reste (AEDANS) als Akzeptor in das Protein eingeführt. An der Oberfläche von Bc-Csp wurden vier verschiedene Donor- und vier verschiedene Akzeptorpositionen ausgewählt. Diese Positionen wurden zu neun einzelnen Donor-Akzeptor Proteinvarianten kombiniert, so daß Änderungen von neun intramolekularen Abständen verfolgt werden konnten. In den nativen Proteinen betrugen diese Abstände zwischen 1,4 und 2,8 nm. Für das Trp/AEDANS Paar liegt der charakteristische Transferabstand im Bereich von 2,2 nm, was ungefähr dem Durchmesser von Bc-Csp entspricht und daher sehr empfindliche Messungen ermöglicht. In den einzelnen Proteinen wurde der Abstand zwischen Donor und Akzeptor sowohl unter nativen als auch unter Entfaltungsbedingungen bestimmt. Für die gefalteten Proteine sind die gemessenen Abstände mit denen aus der Kristallstruktur von Bc-Csp vereinbar, wenn die Länge des AEDANS linker berücksichtigt wird. Bei den entfalteten Proteinen wird eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den berechneten Abständen in einer zufällig angeordneten Peptidkette gefunden. Es gibt daher keinen Hinweis auf nativähnliche Reststrukturen im entfalteten Protein. Die Mutationen und Modifikationen, um sowohl den FRET Donor als auch Akzeptor einzuführen, verringerten die Stabilität von Bc-Csp nur geringfügig und führten zu keiner Veränderung der Rückfaltungsreaktion. Die Änderungen der Transfereffizienz während der Faltung wurden in kinetischen stopped-flow-Experimenten anhand der Trp- und der AEDANS-Fluoreszenz bestimmt. Für diese beiden Sonden wurden reziproke Effekte beobachtet. Bei niedrigen Konzentrationen des Denaturierungsmittels wird bereits in der Totzeit der stopped-flow-Rückfaltungsexperimente ein Anstieg der Transfereffizienz beobachtet, der von einem schnellen Kollaps des entfalteten Proteins verursacht wird. In Abhängigkeit von der Position des Donors und des Akzeptors findet bis zu 70 % der gesamten Abstandsänderung vor dem geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Faltung statt. Mit Drucksprung- und Temperatursprungexperimenten wird eine höhere Zeitauflösung erreicht, aber der Zeitverlauf des Kollapses konnte auch mit diesen Methoden nicht verfolgt werden. In der Totzeit der Temperatursprungmessungen kommt es zu einer schwachen Effizienzänderung, so daß der Kollaps möglicherweise schneller ist als 0,1 Mikrosekunden. Alle Donor-Akzeptor Proteine zeigen unabhängig vom äußerst schnellen Kollaps ein Zweizustandsverhalten im geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Faltung. Es tritt keine Abweichung von der Linearität in den Chevronauftragungen auf, und die kinetischen und die Gleichgewichts-m-Werte stimmen überein. Diese Befunde deuten auf einen kollabierten Zustand hin, der zwar eine kompakte Struktur besitzt, aber für Wasser und Denaturierungsmittel immer noch gut zugänglich ist. Beide Eigenschaften konnten mit Hilfe verschiedener Lösungsmittelzusätze bestätigt werden: Ammoniumsulfat stabilisiert den kompakten kollabierten Zustand, durch Ethylenglykol wird er hingegen destabilisiert. Ethylenglykol wird vom immer noch lösungsmittelzugänglichen Peptidrückgrat des kollabierten Zustands ausgeschlossen. Beim kollabierten Zustand handelt es sich also nicht um ein gut definiertes, teilgefaltetes Intermediat. Der entfaltete und der kollabierte Zustand von Bc-Csp sind wahrscheinlich nicht durch eine Energiebarriere getrennt, sondern bilden zusammen ein Kontinuum von Konformationen mit unterschiedlicher Kompaktheit. Thermodynamisch betrachtet können die kollabierten Moleküle so dem entfalteten Zustand zugeordnet werden. Der Kollaps der Peptidkette ist eine Reaktion auf den Transfer in ein schlechteres Lösungsmittel bei der Rückfaltung. Dieser kollabierte Zustand verzögert den geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Schritt der Faltung nicht, und daher erfolgt die effiziente und schnelle Bildung des nativen Zustands von Bc-Csp innerhalb von Millisekunden.</description>
      <author>Christine Magg</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/124</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 04 Apr 2005 12:10:46 +0200</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Factors regulating signal composition and task allocation in colonies of the ant Myrmicaria eumenoides</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/122</link>
      <description>The integrity of social insect colonies is facilitated by nestmate recognition. A defining characteristic of social insect colonies is their elaborate division of labour system. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have long been implicated in nestmate recognition. In the African ant Myrmicaria eumenoides they also appear to vary with task. The factors regulating the task allocation (i.e. division of labour), as well as the CHC profiles (i.e. signalling) are still not well understood. Both external and internal (endocrine) factors have both been postulated in the past. Most of the evidence to-date suggests that juvenile hormones (JHs) and ecdysteroids are the prime endocrine control candidates. The aim of this project is to investigate how signalling and task allocation are dynamically governed in M. eumenoides colonies. Firstly, the CHC profiles of individual workers in relation to their task (behavioural development phase) over their life span are assessed. Secondly, the influences of the two endocrinological factors (JHs, ecdysteroids) hypothesised to play a role in task allocation, as well as signalling, are investigated. 1) The behavioural transition from callow to brood-tender, and on to forager was shown to be continuous and to change in a synchronous manner in all individual M. eumenoides focus workers. In addition, all workers were shown to go through the “reserve” phase (characterised by a high degree of inactivity) before changing to foraging activities. 2) The CHC profiles of all individual workers were shown to change parallel to the behavioural development transition noted above. Overall, the CHC profile change is only quantitative, and characterised by a decrease in short-chain, and a simultaneous increase in long-chain components, as well as an increase in saturated, and a decrease in unsaturated CHCs. 3) Direct behavioural evidence, and the strong correlation of signalling with task suggests that in M. eumenoides the CHC profiles inform task decisions. Only five components were shown to contribute more then 90% to the variance between brood-tender-type and forager-type CHC profiles. This suggests that perhaps “task signalling” requires only a few CHCs. These may be of a saturated and/or unsaturated nature, but must be of a high or medium high relative concentration. 4) The levels of ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone (found to be the main free ecdysteroids in workers), as well as the sum of the total free ecdysteroids in workers, are only high after eclosion, and then fall to a low, steady level within two weeks. Thus no correlation was found between the above and signalling, or task. 5) Interestingly, JH I was found (only) in the haemolymph of female M. eumenoides alates: this is the first time this JH homologue has been identified in the Hymenoptera. It is hypothesised that JH I plays a role in either flight or migratory behaviour, and is thus absent from worker haemolymph. 6) Foragers were demonstrated to have significantly higher JH III titres than brood-tenders. Exogenous JH III and JH analogue application however did not result in an observable change in, or acceleration of, the behavioural development of workers. This may however be due to the much reduced longevity of the applied workers, and the hence decreased observational period. 7) The changes from a brood-tender-type to a forager-type CHC profile are accelerated in a concentration-dependent manner by the application of JH III, and JH analogue. This appears to take place independent of task changes, resulting in e.g. brood-tending workers that display clear forager-type CHC profiles. Thus these results demonstrate for the first time that signalling in Hymenoptera is strongly influenced by JH. Several possible pathways for the action of JH III are discussed. 8) Finally, it is suggested that workers assess the colony needs using CHCs as simple, localised cues. The CHCs would thus play a key role in efficiently regulating a colony’s behaviour. Several promising approaches were also detailed with respect to further work on this topic.</description>
      <author>Lengyel Florian</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/122</guid>
      <pubDate>Mon, 14 Mar 2005 10:47:49 +0100</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>New block copolymers of Isobutylene by combination of cationic and anionic polymerizations</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/121</link>
      <description>The studies presented in this thesis deal with the new block copolymers of isobutylene by combination of cationic and anionic polymerizations, which are new materials with numerous promising potential applications. A new method for the synthesis of tailored polyisobutylene(PIB)-based block copolymer by combination of controlled / living cationic and anionic polymerizations has been developed. In addition and parallel to these subjects, new synthetic routes for preparation of telechelic PIBs and conductive polymers have been investigated. The PIB precursors used for subsequent anionic polymerization and other processes were prepared by controlled / living cationic polymerization of isobutylene followed by quenching with thiophene under selected conditions. Quantitative functionalization of living PIB with thiophene (T) has been achieved. The process is complicated by coupling between living PIB and PIB-T formed by in situ deprotonation. By lithiation of PIB-T a new, convenient method has been demonstrated for the synthesis of PIB-based block copolymers, involving anionic initiation of tert-butyl methacrylate. A major improvement is that for an industrial process, lithiation by n-BuLi is much more convenient than metalation by Na/K alloy, which had to be used in former processes. Block copolymers with narrow and unimodal molecular weight distribution (MWD) were synthesized under well-controlled conditions. The lithiated thiophene-capped PIB was also used to prepare four-armed star PIB via chlorosilane coupling. Using the same method, new amphiphilic block copolymers, namely PIB-b-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) and PIB-b-poly(ethylene oxide) were synthesized. The anionic polymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) was carried out with a binary initiator system prepared from thienyllithium and the Lewis acids triethylaluminium (Et3Al), diethylzinc (Et2Zn) or triethylborane (Et3B) in THF. Polymerizations proceeded in a homogeneous manner and gave polymers having controlled molecular weights. However, in presence of alkoxides the polymerization results in polymers insoluble in THF, even using Et3Al. Finally, lithiated PIB-T, in conjunction with Lewis acids, was used to initiate the living anionic polymerization of DMAAm, resulting in the new amphiphilic block copolymer PIB-b-PDMAAm. The anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) was carried out with a binary initiator system prepared from thienyllithium and the polyiminophosphazene base tBu-P4 in THF. Lithilated PIB-T- in conjunction with tBu-P4 was used to initiate the living anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide. In a second method, PIB-b-PEO was synthesized using hydroxyl end-capped PIB as macroinitiator in conjunction with tBu-P4. The aggregation behavior in dilute aqueous solutions of a PIB-b-PEO copolymer, produced from the combination of cationic and anionic polymerizations, was investigated by dynamic light scattering in aqueous solution. The monoaddition of ethylene oxide to lithiated PIB-T is demonstrated as a new pathway for the synthesis of hydroxy-functional PIB (PIB-OH). This is a useful alternative to the tedious procedures used in the literature so far. PIB-OH was successfully used as a macroinitiator for the ring-opening polymerizations of L-lactide and epsilon-caprolactone catalyzed by stannous octoate. Combination of chromatographic methods and MALDI-TOF ass spectrometry gave information about the side reactions during polymerization. Quantitative functionalization of living PIB with 2-bromothiophene has been achieved. Using various coupling methods, this polymer was convertet to a macromonomer with a pendant thiophene group, which is accessible in the 1- and 5-position. Oxidative copolymerization with thiophene led to graft copolymers consisting of polythiophene-graft-PIB.</description>
      <author>Nemesio Martínez-Castro</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/121</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Mar 2005 10:20:14 +0100</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biogeochemical Consequences of Hydrologic Conditions in a Tropical Montane Rain Forest in Ecuador</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/119</link>
      <description>Tropical montane forests regulate the hydrological cycles of high-elevation areas being an important service for the local population. The objectives of my work were (1) to determine the major hydrological flow paths, (2) to quantify concentrations of dissolved organic C and organic and inorganic forms of N, P, and S, and (3) to identify the major controls of the dissolved C, N, P, and S dynamics in a tropical montane forest in south Ecuador. Three 8-13 ha large microcatchments (MCs) under montane forest at an altitude of 1900-2200 m above sea level were selected. Scientific equipment was installed on five transects, about 20 m long with an altitude range of 10 m. Three unforested sites near the microcatchments were used for rainfall gauging. Within the three monitored years between May 1999 and April 2002, on average 2448 mm of precipitation fell on the study area. The delta 18O of rainfall shows large variations (-12.6 to +2.1 per mil) related to different air-masses. The delta 18O values of throughfall and lateral flow are similar to those in rainfall. Variations in delta 18O values of the soil solution and the stream water are smaller (-9.1 to -3.0 and -5.8 to -8.7 per mil) than those of rainfall, throughfall, and lateral flow. The delta 18O values in stream water increased immediately after an intense rainstorm event to isotope values similar to those of rainfall and lateral flow. This indicated that during elevated rainfall the water flows rapidly in the organic layers to the stream channel paralleling the surface. During this time the water content of the organic layer was higher than of the upper mineral soil. Results from an isotope two-component hydrograph separation for the three microcatchments showed that new rain water ('event water') contributed 44-81 % to the total stormflow runoff during one selected peak discharge. The canopy was a small and the organic layer the major source of DON, DOP, and DOS, which were almost completely retained in the mineral soil. The organically bound forms contributed, on average in all solutions, 54 %, 78 %, and 59 % to the total concentrations of N, P, and S, respectively. The contribution of organically bound forms to total nutrient concentrations was element-specific and differed among the ecosystem fluxes. The portions of DON (23-81 %) were similar and those of DOP (5-100 %) highly variable in all solutions. There were high DOS portions in the aboveground fluxes (51-100 %) and lower portions in the mineral soil (8-47 %). The pH was positively correlated with the DOC and organic N, P, and S concentrations at the scale of pedons. Increasing DOC concentrations in stream water following rainstorms indicated that rainstorms were an important control of the dissolved organic matter dynamics on a regional scale. During the passage of the water through the forest, dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and DIP concentrations increased between the canopy and the mineral soil and strongly decreased in the mineral soil. In contrast, DIS concentrations were highest in the mineral soil and stream water. Thus, the organic layer was the major source for DIN, the canopy for DIP and the mineral soil for DIS. The mineral soil was a sink for DIN and particularly for DIP. Soil drying and rewetting promoted the release of inorganic N. High discharge levels following heavy rainstorm events were associated with pulses of NO3-N and partly also NH4-N concentrations in stream water. Nitrate-N concentrations in the stream water were positively related to runoff conditions. The DIP and DIS concentrations in throughfall and stemflow were negatively correlated to the respective water fluxes, whereas DIS concentrations in the mineral soil solutions of both studied soil depths were positively related to the rainfall volume. DIN and DIP concentrations and fluxes tended to be positively related to the pH of the organic layer. My results demonstrate that nutrient dynamics were mainly controlled by hydrological conditions in the studied steep forested catchments. Furthermore, small ecosystem inputs and outputs indicated tight cycles of dissolved N, P and S in the study forest, except for DIS.</description>
      <author>Rainer Goller</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/119</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 16 Feb 2005 15:51:32 +0100</pubDate>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Biogeochemical Investigations in Old Growth and Disturbed Forest Sites at Mount Kilimanjaro</title>
      <link>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/118</link>
      <description>Areas covered by mountain rainforests in East Africa have important functions as catchment areas for the streams in the savannah. Still, little is known about the biogeochemical processes in these often threatened ecosystems. The current study aims to present basic information on soils and different parameters of the water and nutrient cycle in intact as well as disturbed tropical mountain rainforest sites at Mt. Kilimanjaro in order to assess the long term effects of forest dissection on biogeochemical parameters. For this purpose, the chemical and physical soil properties, soil water tension, rainfall, throughfall, litter percolate and soil solution were determined on twelve study sites in mature forest, secondary forest and elder clearings between 2100 and 2300 m a.s.l. on the southwestern slopes of the mountain. The soil water tension was monitored from May 2000 to August 2002. The simultaneously collected water samples were combined to form fortnight samples and subsequently analysed for their content of K, Mg, Ca, Na, NO3-N, NH4-N, TOC, TON, TOS and TOP. The soils, which comprised of several buried horizons, were Andisols with high C and N stocks, some hydromorphic properties and comparatively low pH values. The latter led to very small ECEC values and low base saturation. Consequently, the retention of cationic nutrients in the soil was considered to be poor. Rainfall amounts were slightly less at the higher sampling sites where the mature forest was located and differed between the study years (2600 mm and 2480 mm at 2100 m, 2210 mm and 1960 mm at 2250 m). Rainfall interception was close to zero in the clearings, but reached up to 30% of incident rainfall in both studied forest types. The analyses of the soil water tension revealed the driest conditions to be under secondary forests. The reason for this was probably a combination of the topographic position of the secondary forest sites and the forest fragmentation. Since the secondary forest sites and the clearings had higher sand contents, the water holding capacity of these sites was lower than in the mature forest. With the exception of NO3-N in the forests, all nutrients in rainfall were increased upon passage through the forest canopy, but nutrient fluxes in rainfall as well as throughfall were still low compared to other mountain rainforests, especially for Mg, Ca and K. Considering the lower biomass of the clearings compared to the forest, the amount of nutrients leached from the vegetation of the clearings was relatively high. Since NO3-N was not assimilated by the vegetation of the clearings, NO3-N throughfall fluxes were higher in the clearings as were the K fluxes, which was probably attributable to different leaf properties of the vegetation at the different sites. In the mature forest, the highest concentrations of nutrients were found in the litter percolate, followed by a pronounced decline in the soil solution. This was especially the case for K. NO3-N was an exception since it exhibited the highest concentrations only in the topsoil solution. Nutrient concentrations in litter percolate and the topsoil solution were usually higher in the clearings than in both forest types. This probably resulted in higher belowground nutrient fluxes since greater water amounts reached the ground surface in the clearings. The high belowground nutrient concentrations were likely the result of the higher mineralisation rates in the clearings induced by higher temperatures and the greater nutrient contents of the litter. With increasing soil depths, nutrient concentrations in seepage water below the clearings declined so that the differences among sites were not significant at deeper soil layers. The contribution of organically bound nutrients to the total concentrations of respective nutrients was highest in throughfall water and lowest in the soil solution, in which OM concentrations were overall lower than in other mountain forests. This was most likely attributable to the adsorption of organically bound nutrients to the mineral phase of the Andisols studied. Again, the highest concentrations in seepage water were measured in the clearings. The results show that mature forests at Mt. Kilimanjaro exhibit a more closed nutrient cycle, especially for basic cations, while the nutrient cycle in the clearings is more open. This probably reflects the different nutrient usage and conservation strategies of the pioneer and the late successional vegetation. Therefore, the forest disturbance on Mt. Kilimanjaro leads to long term changes in biogeochemical cycles. The opening of the forest at lower elevations, which resulted in the formation of large clearings with impeded regeneration and highly fragmented secondary forest patches, led to a higher spatial and seasonal variability of soil moisture and nutrient contents in seepage water. The large scale effects of these forest conversions on water yields and nutrient outputs need to be tested in the future.</description>
      <author>Marion Schrumpf</author>
      <category>doctoralthesis</category>
      <guid>http://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-ubbayreuth/frontdoor/index/index/docId/118</guid>
      <pubDate>Wed, 09 Feb 2005 14:09:59 +0100</pubDate>
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