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The thesis discusses the problems of database development and maintenance, and presents an approach to conceptual tuning realized by conceptual design using the HERM/RADD notation. The RADD design tool has been designed in order to develope HERM specifications graphically. RADD adds semantics and operations to the design, which are not directly annotated on the graphical specification, such as "afunctional" dependencies and SQL operations and procedures. The RADD/raddstar system extends the graphical specification of the database schema with the posibility to specify the operations and with the invocations for transforming the schema, for evaluating transactions, and for optimizing the schema, each of which according the implicite requirements graphically modeled and the explicite requirements specified by means of the conceptual specification language (CSL). CSL is used as command line interface of the RADD/raddstar. The graphical RADD schema as well as the CSL specifications are compiled into terms of the RADD* data model by the system, such that these terms are used for further evaluation actions. The actions performed by the RADD/raddstar (schema transformation, transaction and cost evaluating, schema optimization) are based on rules, that can be developed and modified by the user using the CSL.
Today, developers of human-computer interaction increasingly face high expectations regarding the adaptivity of interaction. The World Wide Web is a fitting example for how diverse and 'fickle' the demands on interaction are which users, service providers and even the available technical infrastructure pose. In this thesis, a general framework for the development of interaction for such heterogeneous and dynamic interaction environments is created. The main focus is the provision of abstract constructs which make it possible to specify interaction abstractly, i.e., independently from concrete properties of an individual interaction environment. We then show how such an abstract specification can be used to automatically create human-computer interfaces which - due to the fact that the automatic generation takes the current interaction environment into account - are tailored to the requirements of the current user, technical infrastructure, etc.
Production of atmospheric sulfate from SO2 emitted into the troposphere is the key question we have to answer for assessing main problems like acid rain, forest decline and negative climate forcing which is believed to counteract the green house effect. About one decade ago many researchers agreed that sulfate formation occurs dominantly (80-90 %) via the aqueous phase chemical transformation, where the SO2 dissociation is the first step. However, there is still a high uncertainty on the amount of sulfite (dissolved SO2) being oxidized and on that removed by wet deposition in the reduced form S(IV) (sulfite). This important question, whose answer gives climate modellers an essential input on the percentage of emitted SO2 converted into sulfate, was the aim of this work. This work presents experimental and theoretical results from studies of the ratio sulfite/sulfate in rainwater and cloudwater to assess the contribution of S(IV) to the total sulfur amount in the aqueous phase. The wet deposition of S(IV) in rainwater was studied by collecting rainwater samples from two different levels using a 324 m high tower. The increase of S(IV) wet deposition flux from the 324 m level to the ground level via sub-cloud scavenging of SO2 is significant. 13-51 % (36 % in average) of sulfur in rainwater on the ground level was found to be in the form of S(IV). The result that S(IV) is an important form of sulfur in rainwater was further confirmed by our theoretical study using a one-dimensional time-dependant physical-chemical cloud model. Model calculations show that most of sub-cloud scavenged SO2 will remain as free S(IV) in rainwater. In highly polluted areas the ratio can be as high as 0.9. This ratio in cloudwater is much less than that in rainwater according to our field experiment carried out at Mt. Brocken. Neverthless, under some special conditions, this ratio can be as high as 0.2, which means that the role of S(IV) in cloudwater is not ignorable. Thus, this study has confirmed the very few S(IV) measurements found in literature, suggesting the importance of S(IV) wet deposition. Our findings suggest that considerable part of emitted SO2 will not be transformed to sulfate especially in the sub-cloud layer. Therefore, the production of climate affecting sulfate aerosol via aqueous phase transformation of dissolved SO2 is more limited than believed by climate modellers.
PLETS (Product Lifecycle Extension Technique/Process Selection) model is a computer supported decision making analysis method developed for the management of mechanical products at the utilisation and retirement stages. The core of the work involves the hybridisation of a number of classical MADM methods to suit decision making in the product life extension domain. The model provides a comprehensive view of the economic implications, technical requirements and environmental effects of using one of the five identified lifecycle-extension-processes (PLETs): repair, refurbishing, remanufacturing, upgrading and cascading, to elongate the service life of a given hardware. The PLETS model is intended for the evaluation and screening of PLETs, and for the selection of the best option under a given scenario. The results obtained for the shelling machine used to illustrate the applicability, and to validate both the methodology and its companion demonstrative computer implementation prototype showed that repair is the best PLET under the given conditions. The compatibility of this result with what obtains in practice shows that the methodology is a suitable decision making aid for product life extension.
The dynamics of an information system (IS) is characterized not only by its computational behavior, but also by its interactive behavior. Interactive dynamics forms an integral part of most information systems. Despite this, an understanding of the interactive nature of an IS is still low. Interaction impacts expressiveness of an IS at such fundamental levels that Wegner [Weg97, Weg99a] came with a contention saying interactive behavior cannot be modeled by Turing Machines (TMs). A TM is considered the foundational model of computation. It models computable functions that map between problem and solution domains. However, a TM models only non-interactive mappings. A mapping between a problem and a solution domain that is interactive in nature can change its direction of computation resulting from intermediate interactions. Based on this contention, Wegner proposes interaction (rather than computation) as the fundamental framework for IS modeling [Weg99]. In this thesis, we address Wegner's contention and the nature of interactive dynamics. An information system is modeled as a collection of semantic processes or Problem Solving Processes (PSPs). If these PSPs are interactive in nature, they are called open systems; and if they are non-interactive, such an IS is called a closed system. Intuitively, open system dynamics are known to be richer than closed system dynamics. We make this distinction precise in this thesis. Interaction is shown to be made up of three properties: computation, persistence of state across computations, and channel sensitivity. Persistence of state and channel sensitivity each contribute to richer behavioral semantics than just computation. This is shown by introducing a concept called the solution space of a semantic process. A solution space is the abstract domain characterized by the process dynamics. Interactive solution spaces are found to be richer than algorithmic solution spaces and also interactive solution spaces require at least a three-valued system of logic for their characterization. The earlier question of interactive behavior as applied to IS design is then revisited. Interactive dynamics of an IS characterize the IS functionality. We call the solution space of interactive IS behavior as its interaction space. The interaction space of an IS is contrasted with the object space of the IS which is concerned with the IS structure and state maintenance dynamics. The interaction space has a degree of autonomy with respect to the object space. This aspect is often not acknowledged in IS design, resulting in the intermixing of structural and functionality concerns. Separating these concerns can avoid certain conflicting problems in IS design, as well as provide better maintainability. We call this the "dual" nature of open systems. Based on this insight we propose an IS design paradigm called dualism, where an IS model is made up of an object schema, characterizing the IS structure and an interaction schema, characterizing the IS functionality. The interaction schema is characterized by a three-valued system of logic, representing a set of obligated (or liveness) behavior, permitted (or possible) behavior and forbidden behavior. The system should perform the obligated behavior to be termed functional; it may perform any of the permitted behavior and it may not perform forbidden behavior. An analysis of the dynamics of any real world system can make these three-valued characteristics apparent. Domain theory is used to propose solution space concept, and deontic logic is used to represent the three modalities of interactive IS behavior.
The thesis discusses a fundamental question of reconstruction on the Si(100) surface as well as three material combinations, which are important for perspective microelectronics technologies: Si/Pr2O3/Si(100), W/WNx/poly-Si/SiO2/Si(100), and CoSix/Si(100). A refined mixed ad-dimer model is developed for the Si(100)-c(4´4) reconstruction on the basis of scanning tunnelling microscopy investigations. A thermal stability of Pr2O3/Si(100) and Si/Pr2O3/Si(100) structures is studied with ion sputtering assisted Auger electron spectroscopy. The latter technique is also applied for precise determination of O and N content in the new W/WNx/poly-Si/SiO2/Si(100) structure, and to study the preferential sputtering of Si in CoSi2, CoSi, and Co2Si phases on Si(100) surface. The WSix/poly-Si/SiO2/Si(100) system, which was previously used in microelectronics, is studied for comparison. The preferential sputtering of Si in WSix is shown to be qualitatively similar as in the CoSix case.
Many recent works have focused on hearing modeling. In human localization play the outer ears and the shape of the human body a significant role. Little modifications of the acoustical environment near to the listeners’ head have significant effects on the transfer functions (HRTFs). This work analyses the transmission of the directional information and contributes to the suggestions of the physiological hypotheses based on the role of the HRTFs. Microphones are placed at the eardrums of a dummy-head, and accurate measurements will be performed. First, a good quality binaural playback system is tested using equalized headphones and HRTF filtering in order to find well-known errors and the localization blur. The second part introduces an accurate dummy-head measurement system with increased precision, signal-to-noise ratio and reproducibility. Finally, the HRTFs in the frequency domain and the effect of the acoustical environment near to the head will be evaluated (effects of the “everyday objects” near to the head). In the discussion section we try to specify the quality levels of existing binaural systems and the role of the HRTFs in virtual and non-virtual environments during the decoding of the acoustical information.
We analyze here some electron properties and lattice dynamics in semiconductor heterostructures, pointing out the dramatic changes relative to the bulk properties due to the existence of the interfaces in these systems. The first part of the study is devoted to the electron scattering phenomena in noninteracting open systems and to the transport properties described in the Landauer-Büttiker formalism. We develop a resonant theory of transport and apply it first to the conductance through a quantum dot embedded in a quantum wire and second to the capacitance of a two dimensional electron gas formed in a MIS-type semiconductor heterostructure. In the second part of the study we illustrate the four major new features of the optical phonon spectra in a strained semiconductor heterostructure in contrast to an unstrained one. The results are particularized for double heterostructures InP/GaAs/InP grown on the faces (001) and (111) of the substrate.
We consider semiconductor devices at very low temperatures, composed of a mesoscopic quantum structure (QS) constituting the active region contacted by ideal probes with infinite conductivity. The coherent transport through the QS is described in the Landauer-Büttiker formalism. We perform self-consistent calculations for the electron density in the QS. We present a capacitance model that takes into account the openness of the QS and the existence of finite contacts embedding the system. For single-barrier tunnelling structures, we present the implicit connection between the capacitance and the conductance. For a field induced two-dimensional electron gas in a special GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs heterostructure we present a detailed analysis of the coupling to the contact reservoir. Excellent quantitative agreement in the C-V characteristic is obtained. It is also analized the conductivity of systems with confinement in more dimensions.
Cavity Ringdown laser Spectroscopy has been applied to develop a novel in-situ monitoring device for atmospheric trace gases. The study has been dedicated to the detection of NO2 and HONO compounds which play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The system, based on a Nd-YAG pumped UV-VIS OPO laser, has performed field experiments under harsh conditions showing high reliability and a detection limit in the 500 ppt range. Longer term measurements performed from the laboratory of the institute for air chemistry (BTU Cottbus) in Berlin-Adlershof in autumn and winter 2001/2002 showed very good coincidence with the results of the Berliner Luftgüte Meßnetz (BLUME). Present limitations in the performance have been elucidated putting in to evidence the effect of the aerosol content of the atmosphere. On the other hand, the possibility of quantitative aerosol analysis could be demonstrated.