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The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (E-XFEL), currently under construction in Hamburg, Germany, is intended to be an international linear accelerator (linac) based user facility. Its electron beam can carry maximal average power of 600 kW. A beam with such a high power needs to be carefully transmitted through the machine and safely dumped after utilization. This is supported by various diagnostics tools. A Beam Halo Monitor (BHM) based on synthetic diamond and sapphire sensors has been designed.
Diamond sensors are developed by the company element6 for the detection of ionizing radiation and used previously elsewhere. Sapphire sensors are in this thesis applied for the first time.
The BHM concept has been applied already at the Free-electron Laser in Hamburg (FLASH). A module with four diamond and four sapphire sensors was designed, installed inside the beam pipe, commissioned, calibrated and has been successfully operated for 4 years. The system contributed significantly to safe and efficient operation of FLASH.
Both types of the sensors for the BHM were characterized. Measurements of radiation tolerance are done in a 10 MeV electron beam for polycrystalline CVD (pCVD) diamond sensors for the first time up to a dose of 10 MGy and for sapphire sensors up to 5 MGy. The charge collection efficiency (CCE) drops as a function of the absorbed dose, is however still sufficient for application as a BHM.
To improve a main sensor characteristic, the charge collection efficiency, for sapphire sensors the impurity concentration was reduced and different growth techniques were compared. Finally, charge collection efficiency of about 5 % for a bias voltage of 500 V was reached.
The BHM concept for the XFEL is designed and in the construction phase.
The Higgs mechanism is responsible for the spontaneous breaking of the electroweak symmetry leading to the generation of masses of fermions and weak bosons. This thesis is devoted to search for the neutral supersymmetric Higgs particles Φ=h, H and A decaying into b quarks produced in association with at least one more b quark at the Large Hadron Collider. Here the study of the final states characterized by three b-tagged jets is described in detail. The analysis was performed using data corresponding to 2.7 − 4.8 fb^−1 integrated luminosity of pp collisions with a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV collected in 2011 with the CMS detector. Two analysis scenarios were adopted to perform a search for neutral Higgs bosons of low and medium masses, 90 GeV ≤ MΦ < 180 GeV and 180 ≤ GeV MΦ ≤ 350 GeV, respectively. Two-dimensional templates, built up from double-b-tagged data and based on the invariant mass of the two leading b jets and a variable reflecting b-jet properties of three leading jets, are used to model the background. The signal is modeled by templates obtained from Monte Carlo simulation. Various systematic effects affecting the signal efficiency and changing shapes of the signal and background templates were investigated.
The fitting machinery, based on a binned least-squares fit of the signal and background templates and the systematics model dependent on the hypothesized mass of the pseudoscalar Higgs particle A, was developed to extract the signal and background yields from the data. No significant evidence for the production of the Higgs bosons is found.
Using the CLS method, we set cross section times branching fraction upper limits at 95% confidence level (CL) on the production of such neutral Higgs bosons Φ in the mass range from 90 GeV to 350 GeV. The observed exclusion limits are well within the expected ±2σ band.
The benchmark scenario of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model, denoted as mmax , with the two choices of the Higgsino mass parameter, μ = +200 GeV and μ = −200 GeV is considered. The obtained 95% CL upper limits on σ (pp → bb + Φ) × BR(Φ → bb) are interpreted as the upper limits on the MSSM parameter tan β . Ranges 27 ≤ tan β ≤ 51 and 22 ≤ tan β ≤ 37 for the masses of the Higgs boson from 90 to 350 GeV are ruled out at μ = +200 GeV and μ = −200 GeV, respectively. The 95% CL limits on tan β obtained in this channel supersede previous tan β limits established by CDF and D0 experiments.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) currently in operation intends to explore particle physics on the TeV scale. The International Linear Collider (ILC) and the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) are being designed to measure the properties of particles possibly discovered at the LHC with high precision. Very forward detector systems at these machines are needed for the precise measurement of the luminosity and to approach full polar angle coverage. In the current detector concepts for linear collider detectors two electromagnetic calorimeters, Beam Calorimeter (BeamCal) and Luminosity Calorimeter (LumiCal), are foreseen. Both calorimeters are designed as sandwich calorimeters with tungsten absorber layers instrumented with finely segmented sensors. Due to a large amount of beamstrahlung remnants hitting BeamCal at the innermost radii, the sensors must withstand up to 1 MGy radiation dose per year. In this thesis two types of sensor materials were investigated: single crystal chemical vapour deposition diamonds (scCVDD) and gallium arsenide doped by chromium (GaAs:Cr). The very forward calorimeters ensure coverage for high energy electrons, positrons and photons down to very low polar angles. Within this thesis, simulation studies are presented for different beam parameters of the ILC. A new sensor segmentation was proposed to achieve better reconstruction efficiency of single high-energy electrons, positrons and photons on top of the beamstrahlung background. Only for a few years ago polycrystalline diamond sensors have been used for beam diagnostics in high-energy physics experiments. The Compact Muon Solenoid experiment, CMS, at the LHC is instrumented with several detectors for the Beam Conditions and Radiation Monitoring. The Fast Beam Conditions Monitor (BCM1F) is part of these systems. Here for the first time single crystal diamond sensors have been used. Eight detectors, comprising each a single crystal sensor and front-end electronics, are positioned around the beam pipe on both sides of the interaction region. They monitor the beam halo to protect the inner CMS detectors from adverse beam conditions and ensure high quality data for CMS. In this thesis, BCM1F data is evaluated for intrinsic time resolution and performance under harsh radiation conditions. Furthermore, it is investigated if it can be used for a bunch by bunch on-line luminosity measurement. The second type of sensor, made of GaAs:Cr, was produced in Tomsk State University and tested as a candidate for the BeamCal for future ILC and CLIC detectors. Several GaAs:Cr sensors were characterized in the laboratory for leakage current and capacitances and used for test beam investigations. Two sensors were assembled with a fan-out, front-end and ADC ASICs to build a fully functional prototype of a sensor plane. Several test beam campaigns were done to measure the performance of the system.